Index

Note: Page numbers in bold type refer to tables; those in italic refer to illustrations.

Abies amabilis 155 Atlantic Uplands 254 A. balsamea 109, 155 Attawapiskat River 87 A. lasiocarpa 155 augers 27 Abitibi Greenstone Belt 31, 72, 167 Avalon Peninsula 269, 270, 277 gold concentrations 207 Avalon Zone 241,247, 255 gold deposits 201-224 ice flow 202 B-horizon 23, 46, 61, 112, 334 location 201 Babine belt 47, 54, 63, 145 ablation till 252, 325 background concentrations 61 abrasion, clasts 7 backhoe digging 29, 30, 219 Abukuma-type alteration 76 Baffin Island 85 Adams Lake 301,304, 307, 327, 328, 331 Baie des Chaleurs 241 Adams Plateau 325, 327, 331 Baie Verte 277, 280-283 aillikite 87, 90 Bakos deposit 128 alder, see Alnus crispa Baldy Batholith 303 alnoites 90 balsam fir, see Abies balsamea Alnus crispa 155 barite 75, 303, 317 alteration zones barium, in till 314 element concentrations 171 bark, biogeochemistry 156 indicator minerals 70 bark ash 152 uranium mineralization 226 Barriere 329 amoeboid dispersal trains 9, 272, 283, 330 basal till 47, 48 amphibole 79 characteristics 49 analytical methods 36-37 copper concentrations 52 anomaly evaluation 58-63 dispersal 51-54 anorthosite, boulders 241 gold in 61, 62 anthophyllite 75 massive sulphides 301 Antigonish Highlands 244 basal transport 7-9 antimony base metals association with gold 139 drilling for 31, 33 in dispersal trains 291-293 Labrador 267 in till 293, 313 lake sediments 128 apatite 85 Batchelor Lake 87 Appalachia, lake sediments 131 Batty Complex 88 Appalachian Ice Complex 240-241,249, 260, 269 Bay of Exploits 277 and Laurentide Ice Sheet 4, 5 Bay of Fundy 243, 244 Appalachian Orogen 237 beach deposits, kimberlite sampling 96 Aquarius deposit 71 Beaver River Till 251,252, 253, 254 argentite 303 clast geology 259 Arkhangelsk 96 dispersal 246 Arrow Lake 55 dispersal parameters 260 arsenic overprinting 255 association with gold 139 renewal distance 258 in lake sediments 140, 141,142 bed roughness, and dispersal trains 6 in soils 327, 332 bedrock, sculpted 54 in till 308, 311, 313 bedrock contacts, predicted 260, 261 arsenides 74 bedrock geology 61 arsenopyrite 217, 303 bedrock mapping 21 ashing 161 bedrock signature 184, 197 aspen, see Populus tremuloides bedrock slopes, and ice flow 6 Athabasca Basin bedrock sources 46 Landsat image 226 West Lawrencetown 242 location 225 bedrock surface 22 uranium deposits 225-235 Bell deposit 47, 63 Athabasca Group 225 copper concentrations 60 340 INDEX

Bell Island mine 267 288, 290, 325 beryllium, Strange Lake 274 Casa Berardi 71 Betts Cove 267 case study methods 58, 327-333 biogeochemical exploration 151-164 cassiterite 74, 77 biogeochemical surveys 109, 114, 151-164 Central Mineral Belt, Labrador 274-276 analytical methods 161-162 Central Volcanic Belt, Newfoundland 272 contamination 159 CH property 54, 55 rules 159 chalcopyrite 74, 75, 77, 78, 219, 288, 308 sampling methods 155-156 Chaleur trough 243 tissue washing 160 Chapleau Moraine 168 biogeochemical and till data 162 Chedabucto Bay 243 black spruce, see Picea mariana 155 chemical weathering, forested areas 23 'blue' ground 89 Chignecto Phase 243-244, 254, 256 325, 329 Chilcotin Group 61 boreal forest 155 295 borrow pits 27 chlorite 226, 229 Botwood Group 277 chrome-diopside 90 boulder geochemistry 225-235 distribution 78 boulder pavements 251 Kirkland Lake 104 boulder sampling 227-228 chrome-pyrope illite content 227 Canadian Prairies 106 boulder tracing 57 Lac de Gras 105 boulder transport, glacial flow lines 8 chromite 73, 77, 78 box and whisker plots 170, 171, 184, 191, 192 high Cr-Mg 94 Bralorne Takla 288 Newfoundland 267 branches, element distribution 157 Thetford 295 Brett River Synform 174 zinc-bearing 79 Brigus deposit 267 chromium, in till 315 Cordillera 47 chromium anomalies 13 Brook Till 241 Newfoundland 278 Brown Lake Formation 275 Chuchi Lake 290, 291,295 Bruce River Group 274, 275 Churchill Province 85 Buchans 267, 277 Chutanli Lake 13 I, 145 Buffalo Hills 88 Cigar Lake 225, 231 Burgeo 277 cinnabar 287, 288, 291,294, 295 Burin Peninsula 277 clast analysis 57 clast fabric analysis 270-271,280, 281-282 C-horizon 23, 25, 38, 61 clast uptake, Beaver River Till 252 Cache Creek Group 131 clasts, basal tills 48 Cache Creek Terrane 288 clay content, composite boulders 229 Cadillac, gold deposit 201 clinopyroxenite 79 Cadillac-Larder Lake fault 168 Clisbako Lake, gold 133, 137 calcite, replacement mineral 89 Cluff Lake 225 Caledonia Phase 241,251,254, 260 CM property 329 Canada, Surficial Materials Map 2, 3, 4 Coast Mountains 47, 288, 325 Canadian Cordillera 21, 45-68 Cobequid Highlands 241,251,252, 256 deposits 145 Cochrane Till 203 drift prospecting 323 cohesive flows 51 geochemical surveys 130, 297 colluvial fans 325 map 46 colluviated till 51, 63 till cover 54 comminution 7, 12, 257 Canadian Prairie composite boulder samples 227-228, 228 chrome-pyrope 106 analysis 228-230 regional surveys 107 Comstock claims 331-333 Canadian Shield concentration/distance relations 60 drainage 129 cones, biogeochemistry 159 glaciation 21 copper Candle Lake 85, 107 Bell deposit 60, 63 Cape Breton Channel 243 in colluvium 329 Cape Breton trough 243 Cordillera 145 Cape Chidley 270 in GIS 170 Capoose Batholith, gold 53 Hill-Tout Lake 133 Capoose Lake, base metals 131, 145 in humus 177, 181 carbonate-rich till 10 Nak prospect 54 INDEX 341

Newfoundland 267 in basal till 48 Old Fort Mountain 59 case studies 327 sample statistics 171 contacts 52 in soil 327 detection 61 in stream sediments 309 diffuse 283 in stream water 310 elongate 22, 46, 52 in till 312, 315 geochemical signatures 334 copper anomalies, surficial deposits 173 gold in 70, 71 copper concentrations, basal till 52 ice flow 11 copper and zinc anomalies 172 kimberlite in 83, 97, 109, 112, 113 correlation 189 length 333 and glacial dispersion 189-190 mercury in 291-293 in lake sediments 186 modelling 262 lithological signatures 185, 187, 188, 197 palimpsest 7, 20, 249 in soils 186, 194 Pinchi Lake 293-294 in surficial deposits 185 platinum group elements in 74 Coppermine River 130 shapes 9-12 Cordilleran Ice Sheet 325 Strange Lake 273, 284 coring 33, 34 surface expression 333 Comus stolonifera 111, 155 three-dimensional geometry 53 correlation analysis 140 and topography 54 Corylus cornuta 111, 155 see also specific forms Country Harbour 243 dissolved oxygen 127 Counts Lakes, molybdenum 135 distance/concentration plots 191, 192, 193 crag-and-tail landforms 6, 53, 273 Diversion Lake 277 Cree Lake deposit 231 Doctor's Point 153 creep 57 dogwood, red, see Cornus stohmifera Cross diatreme 85 dot maps, Swayze greenstone belt 175 Crowfoot Mountain 330 Douglas fir, see Pseudotsuga rnenziesii cryoturbation 26 drainage lakes 132-134 cumulative frequency plots 140 dravite 226, 229, 231,232, 233, 234 drift, carbonate-rich 9, 10 Daniels Harbour 267 drift prospecting 83, 239 data collection 55, 56 drill bits, contamination by 31 Davis Lake pluton 247 drill cores 33, 34, 35 debris flow deposits drilling, sampling from 31, 33 glacigenic 50 drilling methods 30 ice-marginal 51 drumlin tills 251-252 Newfoundland 282 drumlins 6, 53, 54 decoilement surfaces 7 Nova Scotia 239, 241,247 deformation till 6, 48 sections 250 density concentration 98 till transport 8 depositional environments 6 Dry Bones 85 depositional processes, ice sheet margins 2 Dumont sill 77 Destor-Porcupine fault 168, 201,217, 218 diamictons 48, 51,270, 280, 281 Eagle Bay, drift exploration 324 diamond Eagle Bay Assemblage 302, 303, 306, 325, 333 drilling for 31, 33 Eakin Creek property 329-330 exploration 83-123 East Kemptviile 127, 143, 237, 247 kimberlite indicator minerals 70, 90 East Milford Till 241 regional surveys 103-107 Eastern Shore 256 diamond indicator minerals 94 Eastmain deposit 126, 143 Diamond Lake 102, 108 eclogites 90 diatreme facies 88 Ekati diamond mine 85 Diavik prospect 85, 88 element analyses dickite 229 detection limits 307 digital elevation models 183 Newfoundland and Labrador 271 2.5 dimensional image maps 182, 183 rock samples 317 diopside 77 stream sediments 308 see also chrome-diopside element associations 37 dispersal curves 60 element concentrations dispersal fans 7, 249, 307, 328 background 61 dispersal profiles 20 Kirkland Lake 111 dispersal trains 6 Peddie kimberlite 110 342 INDEX

element mobilization 20 Gaspereau Ice Centre 241 end member tills 7, 249-256, 262 geobotanical survey 111,112 end moraines, transport distances 8 geochemical analysis 36 Endako mine 132 gold exploration 207-209 Engelmann spruce, see Picea engelmannii quality control 58 englacial till 251 geochemical anomalies 20 englacial transport 9, 258 evaluation 45 enstatite 76, 85, 90 and mineralization 190-195 enzyme leach 111 geochemical criteria, massive sulphides 320 epidote, manganese 75 geochemical dispersion, lake basins 127 epithermal deposits 145 geochemical distributions, characterising 170-174 erosion, differential 5 geochemical exploration, Quaternary 1-17 erosional features 239 geochemical exploration model 318, 319 erosional processes, ice sheet margins 2 geochemical profiles 24, 27 erosional stratigraphy 239 geochemical sampling, for GIS 177 erratics trains 57, 252 geochemical surveys Escuminac Ice Centre 241 property scale 131-135 Escuminac Phase 241-243, 251,254 scales 21 esker sediments 73, 95 southern B.C. 305 exhalative mineralization 128 Swayze greenstone belt 168 Exploits River 277 geochemical variation, and partitioning 13 geographical information systems 141, 165-200 facies recognition 6 data analysis 170-195 factor analysis 140 geological mapping 57 Fawnie Creek 61, 63 Germansen Landing 291 Fennell Formation 325 glacial deposition, modelling 238 Fennoscandian Shield, glaciation 21 glacial dispersal field data form 56 granite pebbles 251 field methods, shield terrain 21-22 modelling 257-260 fine fractions, geochemical sampling 19 Newfoundland and Labrador 267-285 Fish Lake 295 processes 20 Flatwater Pond 280, 281 and till thickness 317 floods, outburst 6 zonal concept 244-249 Fluke claims 330 glacial dispersal models 1, 2, 7-12 fluorine 139 local 58 fluorite 77 Maritime Canada 237-265 flutes 6, 53 vector addition 249 forest climatic zone 21 zonal concept 244 forsterite 76, 77 glacial erosion 6 Fort ~ la Corne 85, 88, 107, 109-111 modelling 238 Fort Fraser 131 glacial flow lines, boulder transport 8 Fort St James 131 glacial lakes 269 fracturing, glacial 253 glacial landforms, map 3 Francois Lake 135 glacial processes, and partitioning 12-13 franklinite 74 glacial sedimentology 6-7 Fraser Basin 288 glacial sediments, identification 21 Fraser Glaciation 304, 325, 329 glacial transport Fraser Lake 135 modelling 238 freeze-thaw reworking 257 trace elements 323-337 frost action 25 glaciation, Maritime Canada 239-249 fuchsite 317 glacier calving 271 glacier flow, linear 46 G9 pyrope 94 glaciers, polythermal 252 G 10 pyrope 94 glaciofluvial outwash 48 gahnite 74, 75 glaciofluvial sediments, kimberlite sampling 95 Galaxy porphry deposit 52 glaciolacustrine deposits galena 217, 219, 308 characteristics 51 Gander River 277 sandy 95-96 Garden of Eden, dispersal 248 shearing 7 garnets size fractions 12 kimberlite indicator minerals 73, 85 glaciomarine deposits mantle-derived 93 Newfoundland 271 plots 93 shearing 7 surface features 100-101 Glenwood 277 INDEX 343 goethite 26, 295 Harrison Lake 153 gold Hartlen Till 241,251,254, 255 analytical methods 37 harzburgite 79 anomaly patterns 221 hazelnut, beaked, see Corylus cornuta in basal till 61 Hazelton 131 Capoose Batholith 53 Hazelton Group 61 central British Columbia 289, 291 heavy mineral concentrates 97, 103, 217, 291,294 Clisbako Lake 133 heavy mineral fractions 36, 57, 204 concentrations 208, 217 heavy minerals in dispersal trains 70, 71 alteration zones 76 drilling for 31, 33 analytical methods 37, 69 Eakin Creek 330 localities 70 lake sediment surveys 127, 128, 145 nickel-copper deposits 77 Matheson 210 skarn and greisen deposits 76 mineralization 139 helicopter support 29, 135 Newfoundland 279 Hemlo deposit 143 partitioning 287-299 hercynite 77, 78 Peterlong Lake 212 high strain zones, Au deposits 168 in soil 316 Hill-Tout Lake, copper 133, 134 southern British Columbia 301-327 Hislop gold deposit 218-219, 220 in stream sediments 309 Homestake deposit 301,302, 303 in till 208, 311, 312 Hope Brook deposit 128, 267, 277 in trees 1611 Houston 134 Wolf prospect 62 Hudson Bay gold concentrations, trees 153 Laurentide Ice Sheet 2 gold grains stream sediments 96 Abitibi 205-207 hummocky moraine, transport distances 8 abundance 206, 211, 214, 215 hummocky topography 51 analysis 71 hybrid till 7, 254--256, 262 laboratory methods 204 hydromorphic dispersion 328, 335 Matheson 210 hydrothermal alteration 73, 76 modified 206 pristine 205-206 ice ablation 12 reshaped 206 ice bed, shear stress 4 size 206-207, 207, 296 ice divide tills 252-254, 262 wear 70, 72, 205, 206 ice divides 2 gold mineralization 206, 221 active 4 gold signatures, Abitibi Greenstone Belt 201-224 evolution 6 gold-arsenic correlation 152 shifting 238 gold-bearing formations 26 ice dynamics, variation 253 Golden Pond deposits 71,216 ice flow section 216 Abitibi Greenstone Belt 202 gossans 138, 301,303 indicators 325, 326 grain-size effect 257 ice flow histories Grand Falls 277 central British Columbia 288 granite, peralkaline 273 flowlines 240 granophile deposits 145 kimberlite exploration 96 graphite 226 mapping 57 gravel, sandy 48 Maritime Canada 260 gravel lithology 12 Newfoundland 276, 280 gravity flow deposits 50, 51 and till formation 238 Great Northern Peninsula 269 ice flow record 5-6 greenschist facies, minerals 77 ice flow trends 5 greisen deposits 71, 74, 77 ice flow velocity 2 Grew Creek 47 subglacial 2 grossular 77 ice rafting 51,270 groundwater, leaching 334 ice retreat 269 Gulf of Maine 243 ice rises 249 Gulf of St Lawrence 241 ice sheet models 1, 2 Gullbridge 273 ice sheets, growth and decay 5 gyttja 126, 132, 137 ice streams 4, 249, 257 deformation till 7 Halifax 254 landforms 6 hand excavation 27 till 262 344 INDEX illite 226, 229, 231 pipe cross-sections 88 in composite boulders 230, 232 published surveys 84 ilmenite root zones 88 Mg-rich 73, 85, 90, 101, 102, 108 Siberia 114 plots 91 volcaniclastic facies 88, 110 incompatible elements 85, 102, 277 kinoshitalite 85 indicator clasts 271 Kirkland Lake 33, 73, 85, 88 indicator concentration 8 cross-section 90 indicator erratics 2, 275 dispersal trains 97 and transport distance 7 erosion 89 Indicator Lake 87 geochemistry 102 indicator minerals 69-81 gold deposits 168, 201 inheritance, see till, inheritance local surveys 107-109 instrumental neutron activation analysis 37, 57, 103, pyrope 104 109, 128, 207, 271,290, 306 regional surveys 103-105 integrated images 183 Kisseynew gneisses 76 intensity-hue-saturation transforms 183 Kitts 275 47, 5 !, 13 I, 323 knebelite 77 lntermontane Belt 325 komatiites 77 interpolation, in GIS 177-179 Kootenay Terrane 47, 302, 325 interval sampling 30, 31 kriging 179 Inzana Lake 291 Kuyakuz Lake, molybdenum 134 iron ore, Labrador 267 kyanite 75, 76 Kyle Lake 87, 96 jack pine, see Pinus banksiana James Bay Lowlands 87, 96 La Manche, copper 267 Jericho pipe 88 La Ronge belt 72, 128, 143 Joggins 257 Labrador, glacial history 269 johannsenite 77 Labrador and Newfoundland Johnson Creek 307 glacial dispersal 267-285 Johnson Lake 302 location map 268 Labrador tea, see Ledum groenlandicum Kaipokok River 275 Labrador Trough 269, 272 Kamad 3 property 328 Lac de Gras kames 95 aerial photograph 89 302 beach deposits 96 kaolin 227, 229 chrome-pyrope 105 Kechika Trough 128, 131 dispersal train 97 Keewatin 26 geochemistry 102 Kejimikujik National Park 260 kimberlite 83, 88 kelyphite 100 local surveys 109 Ken deposit 132 regional surveys 105-107 Kennady Lake 85, 88 Lac des Iles 128 Kenty 168 Lac Rocher 77, 79 Key Lake 128, 143, 225, 231 Ladner Creek 157 Kikkerk Lake 85 Lake Agassiz 72 kimberlite indicator minerals 70, 73, 79, 90-95, 99, 112 Lake Melville 269 geochemical methods 102-103 Lake Ojibway 203 local surveys 107-112 lake sediments 125-149 physical features 92 accumulation 126 relative abundance 102 analytical methods 138-139 size range 101-102 arsenic 140 kimberlites 33 composition 126-127 analytical methods 98-100 copper and zinc anomalies 186, 195 boulders 95 field observations 137-138 in Canada 85 gold 145 characterisation 85 nickel anomalies 143 in dispersal trains 83, 113 reconnaissance surveys 130-131 distribution 86 sample site choice 136 facies 88 sampling devices 136 fields 87 sampling methods 135-138, 137 hypabyssal facies 88 Shield deposits 143-145 model 87 statistical analysis 139-141 pebble abundance 108 surveys 129 INDEX 345

Swayze greenstone belt 169 marcasite 288 in uranium exploration 127 marine limit Lake Timiskaming 85, 88, 102 Labrador 275 local surveys 107-109 Newfoundland 270 lakes Maritime Canada glacial 21 bedrock geology 238 profundal 126 glacial dispersal models 237-265 lamproites 90 glacial evolution 240 lamprophyres, ultrabasic 87, 90 glaciation 239-249 landforms, streamlined 6 mass wasting 57, 325 Larder Lake, gold deposit 201 massive sulphide deposits 70, 75, 128, 277, 301-321 Larder Lake-Cadillac fault zone 201 location map 302 Larix occidentalis 155 massive sulphide indicator minerals 73-79 Laurentian Channel 243 Matachewan gold deposit 217-218, 219 Laurentide Ice Sheet 2, 269, 275 Matheson 73 Abitibi Greenstone Belt 203 geochemical surveys 209-211 and Appalachian Glacier Complex 4, 5, 241 Matheson Till 203, 217 Lawrencetown Till 241,251,254 Mealy Mountains 269 clast lithologies 256 megacrysts 85, 90 overprinting 256 Meguma Zone 237, 241,249, 251,255, 260 layered intrusions 77 Melody Lake 275 leaching 111,334 melt-out deposits 48 lead melt-out till 251,257, 270 in soil 316, 330 meltwater, and landforms 6 in till 314 mercury lead anomalies 52 analytical methods 37 leaves and needles, biogeochemistry 157 and grain size 294, 295 Ledum groenlandicum 155 lake sediments 145 Lemotte's Lake 277 mineralization 288, 293 Lewis Hills 267 partitioning 287-299 lherzolites 79 in soils 332 limnological factors 127 in till 290, 291,292 lithogeochemical trends, uranium deposits 232-233 metal mobilization, secondary 323-337 lithogeochemistry, composite boulders 230-231 metal zonation, lake sediments 132, 134 lithoiogic signatures, in geochemical data 184-189 metamorphism, Barrovian 76 lithology, description 56 metasomatism 73, 79 lithophile elements 127, 274, 295 MgO/AI203 ratios, composite boulders 231, 233, 234 Little Bay 267 Michelin 275 Little Fort 329 Mine Series 303 Locker Lake Formation 225 mineral deposit types, element associations 37 lodgement till 6, 48, 251,270, 281 mineral exploration, and element partitioning 296-297 lodgepole pine, see Pinus contorta mineral partitioning 12, 38 ioellingite 74, 75, 77 mineral preservation 21 Long Range Mountains 269 mineralization, and geochemical anomalies 190-195 loss on ignition 139, 140 mineralization zones, element concentrations 171 Lupin deposit 143 mineralized ground, sampling 22 Misery kimberlite 88 Mac deposit 127, 131, 145 molybdenum 127 McArthur River deposit 225, 231,232-233 Cordillera 145 maceration 161 Counts Lakes 135 Mclean deposit 231 Kuyakuz Lake 134 McLean Lake 269 lake sediments 130, 131 Magdalen Shelf 241,243, 252 Tatin Lake 132 magmatic sulphides 71, 128 Monashee Mountains 325 magnesium minerals monticellite 85 alteration 231 moraines enrichment 233 Athabasca Basin 226 magnetic highs, Swayze greenstone belt 174 kimberlite sampling 95 magnetic surveys 96 Moran Lake 275 manganese 75 Moran Lake Group 274 and copper 194, 195 Mount MiUigan 47 Manitou Falls Formation 225, 226, 227, 230, 234 Mount Peyton 277, 280 mantle, partial melting 85 mountain hemlock, see Tsuga rnertensiana map production 141 Mountain Lake 85, 111-112 346 INDEX

mudboils 26, 29, 275 orange peel texture 100-101 multiple deposits, signatures 334-335 ore bodies, buried 22 Munro Esker 73, 95, 103 ore-indicator elements 36 Myra Falls 47 organic carbon, lake sediments 139 organic gels 126 Nadina Lake 134 orthopyroxene 75, 77 nail-head striations 270 orthopyroxenites 79 Nain plateau 273 Outokumpu 77, 79 Nain Province 74, 87, 128 outwash sediments 95 Nak prospect 54 overburden drilling 22, 221 Naskaupi Lake 269 overconsolidation, deformation till 7 National Geochemical Reconnaissance Programme overland flows 51 126, 168 overprinting, see till, overprinting nearest point algorithm 189, 190 Owl Creek deposit 214-215 126, 128, 130, 131, 145, 288 oxidation 26 Nechako River oxidation zone 20, 22 properties 47, 54 surveys 131 Pacific silver fir, see Abies amabilis neutron activation analysis, see instrumental neutron palimpsest landforms 239 activation analysis Pamour gold deposit 216-217, 217 Newfoundland paraglacial environments 51 glacial history 269 partitioning ice flow histories 276 and glacial processes 12-13 mining 267 minerals 12 Newfoundland and Labrador pathfinder elements 36, 37, 102-103, 106, 208, 221, glacial dispersal 267-285 318, 327 location map 268 Peace River 85 surficial geology 271,272 pebble lithology 239, 255 nickel anomalies 13 Peddie kimberlite 88, 108, 109 Lac de Gras 106 surface 91 lake sediments 143 pedogenesis 61 in streams 307 peralkaline granites 273, 280 nickel deposit, Voisey's Bay 267 percentile ranges 58, 59 Nickel Plate 47 percussion drills 34, 35 nickel-copper mineralization 73, 76 Percy Lake 126, 143 indicator minerals 77-79 peridotite 73 Labrador 143-145 xenoliths 90, 94 Nikwikwaia Creek 331,333 permafrost Nipigon Diabase 74 active layer 22, 25 location map 75 weathering processes 25-27 Nithi Mountain 135 perovskite 85 non-cohesive flows 51 Peterlong Lake 206, 211-214 Noranda/Kuroko deposit 325 pH, stream water 310 norite 77 phlogopite 85, 90 normal probability plots 172 phyllosilicates, size fractions 58 normalizing data, in GIS 174, 197-198 Picea engelmannii 155 North American Craton 288 P. mariana 109, 155 North Star Hill 153 Pinchi 131 North 325, 329 Pinchi Fault 287, 288, 290 Northumberland Strait 241,244 Pinchi Lake 290 Norwegian Fjordlands 21 Pine Cove 277 Notre Dame Bay 267 Pinus banksiana 155 Nova Scotia P. contorta 155 cross section 243 P. ponderosa 155 mineral exploration 237 Pipe Mine 2 body 79 nugget effect 37, 132, 179, 290, 291,297 pit sampling 27 Nugget Pond 277 placer deposits 73 Nunavut 26, 85, 88 plant species, selection 154-155 plant tissues Old Fort Mountain, copper concentrations 59 ash yields 158 Old Woman formation 174 element concentrations 158 olivine 77, 85, 90 selection 156-159 Omineca Mountains 288 platinum, Tulameen 47 Ootsa Lake Group 61 platinum group elements INDEX 347

alloys 77 rotasonic drilling 32-34, 34, 204 analytical methods 37 Rottenstone mine 153 in dispersal trains 74 Rouyn-Noranda 216 lake sediments 128 rutile 75, 77 Ponderosa pine, see Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides 111 St John's, copper 267 porcellanite 275 Samatosum deposit 301,302, 303, 317, 318 porosity 114 dispersal train 333 porphyry deposits 47, 128, 135, 327 geology 303 portable drills 34-36, 36 location 302 preglacial deposits 6, 12 surficial geology 304 pressure conditions 48 sample processing Prince Edward Island, erratics 241 biogeochemistry 160-161 Prince of Wales Island 10 flow charts 38, 97, 205 principal component analysis 277 for gold grains 204 proportional symbol map, Swayze greenstone belt 176 kimberlite exploration 97 provenance envelopes, West Lawrencetown 242, 262 sample sizes 96 Prunus pennsylvanica 109 sampling density 22, 128, 135 Pseudotsuga menziesii 155 sampling depths 22 pyrite 26, 217, 218, 288, 303 sampling grids 22, 55 pyrochlore 295 sampling methods 21-22 pyrope 73, 85, 90, 94 biogeochemical surveys 155-156 abundance 103 composite 227 fractured 101 diamond exploration 96-97 Kirkland Lake 104 lake sediments 135-138 in Munro Esker 103 thick drift areas 30-36, 30 SEM images 100 thin drift 27-30, 28, 29, 221 pyrope-almandine garnet 94 till geochemical surveys 55, 63, 96, 209, 271,290 pyroxene, omphacitic 90 sapphirine 75 saprolite 244 quarrying, glacial 253 scale factors, lake sediments 128-135 Quaternary, geochemical exploration 1-17 scale variations 1, 2, 54 Quesnel 133 scatter plots 141 Quesnel Terrane 128 scavenging, by Mn 195, 198 Quesnelia 288 scheelite 74, 77, 295 Schefferville 145, 269 Rabbit Lake 225 Scotch Creek 325 Radisson Lake 211-214 Scotian Ice Divide 243, 244, 247, 253 Rainy River 71, 72, 77 Scotian Phase 243, 254, 256, 260 raised beaches 270 Scotian Shelf 241 Rambler deposit 277 sea-level changes, Newfoundland and Labrador 269- rammelsbergite 74, 77 270 Ranch Lake 109 seasonal variation, biogeochemical survey 154 Rankin Inlet 85 secondary weathering 21 rapakivi granite 273, 274 sediment sampling, geochemical surveys 95-98 rare earth elements sedimentological data 55 Labrador 267 sedimentology, see also glacial sedimentology Strange Lake 97, 126, 128, 145, 269 sediments rat-tail features 270 characteristics 49 Rea gold deposit 301,302, 303, 317, 318 deformation 6 Read Lake 232, 233 size fractions 12 reconnaissance exploration 80 seepage lakes 134-135 regolith, size fractions 12 selective queries, in GIS 193, 194, 198 renewal distance 252, 253, 257 Selwyn Basin 128 reverse circulation drills 31, 32, 32, 204 SEM images, kimberlite minerals 100 ribbon-shaped dispersal trains 9, 329, 331,333 serpentine 85, 89 Rideout strain zone 174, 179 shearing, subglacial 7 Ridge Zone 62 Shebandowan Greenstone Belt 74, 78 road cuts 27 location map 75 rock hardness 257 Shediac Channel 243 Rocking Horse Lake 85 Shield deposits, lake sediments 143-145 Rocky Mountains 47 shield terrain, field methods 21-22 root systems, biogeochemistry 151 Shunsby 168, 174, 177, 179 rotary drill 31 Shuswap Basin 325 348 INDEX

Shuswap Highland 323 sulphide minerals Shuswap Lake 330 gold-bearing 219 Siberia, kimberlites 114 oxidation 26 significant anomalies 58 redistribution 25 sillimanite 75, 76 stability 74 silver sulphides, see massive sulphides, magmatic sulphides in soils 331, 332 Superior Province 87 in trees 157 supraglacial till 50 Silver 1 property 327-328, 327 surface water, percolation 51 Sinmax Creek 302, 304, 328 surficial geology, Newfoundland and Labrador 271, site duplicate samples 137 272 size fractions, geochemical analysis 36 surficial processes 51 skarn deposits 71, 74, 77, 327 Swayze greenstone belt 165-200 Skeena Mountains 288 analytical methods 169 skip zones 9, 252, 262 bedrock geology 166 Slave Province 85 dot maps 175, 177 slickensides 48 lake sediments 169 Slide Mountain terrane 325 lithogeochemical data 170 slope wash 57 magnetic highs 174 Smeaton 110 proportional symbol map 176, 177 Smithers 131, 134 surficial geology 167 Smiths Cove 250 survey methodology 168 Snap Lake 85, 88 tabling 98 Snow Lake 76 Takatoot Lake 291 soil geochemistry, kimberlites 114 Tatin Lake 127 soil horizons 19, 22 molybdenum 132 soil profiles 23, 25 Tchentlo Lake 290, 291,295 soils temperate conifer forest 154-155 geochemical anomalies 61-63 temperate deciduous forest 155 geochemical surveys 51, 54, 327 tephra cones, kimberlites 88 Somerset Island 85, 88 ternary images, in GIS 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 196 South Mountain Batholith 237, 254, 256 131 bedrock geology 245 tetrahedrite 303, 308 South Mountain Ice Cap 244 textural variation 20 spatial analysis 165 Tezzeron Lake 131,291 spectrometry 37, 57, 228, 271,305 Thetford Mines 295 sperrylite 74, 77 thick drift areas, sampling methods 30-36 spessartine 75, 77 thin drift areas, sampling methods 27-30 sphalerite 74, 217, 303, 308 Thompson Nickel Belt 78, 79 spinel 75, 85, 90 323 discrimination 94-95 Thuja plicata 155 plots 93, 94 Thunder Bay 128 Springdale 282, 283 till staurolite 75, 76 allochthonous 106 zincian 73 and biogeochemical data 162 stibnite 55, 288, 291,293 calcareous 25 Stikine Terrane 128 classification 238 Stony Till Plain 252 immature 253 Strange Lake 97, 126, 128, 145, 267, 269 inheritance 254, 255, 262 clast distribution 273 kimberlite sampling 95 stream sediments multiple sheets 226, 249 element analyses 308 overprinting 254-256, 255, 262 kimberlite sampling 96 sampling methods 203-204 massive sulphides 304, 306 shield-derived 12 stream water surveys 305, 306 size fractions 109 striae 21, 54, 241 see also specific types, e.g. basal, lodgement striation mapping 270 till fabric 96 striation trends, near ice divides 5 till genesis, Maritime Canada 237-265 Stuart Lake 291 till geochemistry 19-43 Sturgeon Lake 111 Abitibi 203, 213 sub-alpine fir, see Abies lasiocarpa evaluation 58-63 subaerial debris flows 51 field techniques 55-57 subaqueous debris flows 51 kimberlites 102-103, 114 sudoite 229, 231 laboratory methods 36-37, 57, 204 INDEX 349

major and trace elements 107, 108 Ungava Bay 269 massive sulphide deposits 301, 318 uranium deposits, Athabasca Basin 225-235 Matachewan deposit 218 uranium exploration methodology 325-327 drilling 31 Newfoundland and Labrador 271 Labrador 267 principles 19-21 lake sediments in 127 southern B.C. 306, 307-318 uranium mineralization 26 survey design 55 Uranium Reconnaissance Program 127 surveys 46, 54-58, 209, 209-219 uvarovite 77 till reworking 63, 215, 238, 249, 254 mechanisms 256-257 Val d'Or, gold deposit 201 till surface 22 valley glacier 50 till thickness, and glacial dispersal 317 Vanderhoof 134 till wedges 257 variograms 177, 178, 197 Tilt Cove 267 vector addition 247, 249, 262 Timiskaming, metasediments 217 vegetation zones 154 Timmins 71, 168, 201 vertical mixing 25 till distribution 203 vertical profiles 12 tin 127, 237 Victoria Island 85 dispersal 246, 247 Victoria Lake Group 277 Tommy prospect 145 Vikings, iron smelting 167 topaz 77 visualization, in GIS 174-184, 197 Topsails granite 282 Voisey's Bay 74, 143, 267 Torngat Mountains 269, 270 volcaniclastic facies, kimberlites 88 tourmaline 75, 77, 231 volcanosedimentary sulphides 70, 75-77, 128, 277 tourmalinite 153 trace elements, in exploration 168 Wakami shear zone 179 trace metal concentrations 25 water content, kimberlites 114 traction zone 257 water sampling, massive sulphides 304-305 transition elements 85, 102 water table, soil horizons 23 transport distance weathering, kimberlites 88-90 boulders 227 weathering processes 20-21 calculations 8 websterite 79 clasts 281, 283 wehrlite 79 and concentration 60 Wekusko Lake 85 dispersal trains 333 West Lake 277 indicator erratics 7 western hemlock, see Tsuga heterophylla transport distance distribution 8, 9 western larch, see Larix occidentalis transport time 72 western red cedar, see Thuja plicata tree tissue 109, 111 Westmin Lynx orebody 52 tree tops, biogeochemistry 158 Whitesaii Lake 131, 134 trees whole rock geochemistry 37 element concentrations 153, 154, 156 wiilemite 74 gold concentrations 153 Wisconsinian Trembleur Lake 291 Abitibi 203 trenching 30 ice-flow history 48 troctolite 77 Nova Scotia 239 trunk wood, biogeochemistry 157 Wolf prospect 55, 61, 62, 128, 131 Tsacha Mountain 134 wolframite 77 Tsacha prospect 128, 144, 145 Wolverine Point Formation 225 Tshinakin limestone 303 Tsuga heterophylla 155 x-ray fluorescence 37 T. mertensiana 155 xenocrysts 90 Tulameen 47 'yellow' ground 89 tundra climatic zone 21 Young-Davidson gold deposit 217 tungsten 295 yttrium 274 tunnels, subglacial 48 Yukon twigs, biogeochemistry 157 deposits 47 Twin Mountain 303, 317, 318 lake sediments 131 ultrabasic rocks 90, 111 zinc ultramafic rocks in GIS 170 clasts 282 in humus 179 till source 13 Newfoundland 267 350 INDEX

sampling statistics 171 zinc anomalies 52 in soils 186, 328, 332 zircon 90, 295 see also copper and zinc anomalies zonal concept, glacial dispersal 244-249, 262