NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. This file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in full or in its original format. All links external to the document have been deactivated. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. "Information resources on the care and use of molluscs" United States Department of Agriculture Information Resources on the Care Agricultural and Use of Molluscs Research Service AWIC Resource Series No. 22 May 2003 National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center Compiled by: Gregg B. Goodman, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture Published by: U. S. Department of Agriculture molluscs.htm[3/31/2015 9:00:20 AM] "Information resources on the care and use of molluscs" Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center Beltsville, Maryland 20705 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.nal.usda.gov/awic Policies and Links CONTENTS Acknowledgments How to Use This Guide Laboratory Care / Research Aquaculture Related Resources World Wide Web Resources Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges the staff members of the Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC): Barbara Buchanan for her assistance in editing/ formatting/ the web publication, D’Anna Jensen for guidance/ editing/ formatting the print version of this publication (available by request), Tim Allen for help developing the search strategy, Michael Kreger (former staff) also for help developing the search stragegy, and Jean Larson for overall guidance/ support. How to Use This Guide* Invertebrates are playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research. Because many of their biological processes are temperature dependant, they have allowed us to view biochemical pathways and intermediate steps in ways that would be impossible with birds or mammals. Some have cells or organs similar to those found in man but greatly enlarged. The giant axon in the squid and the muscle cells in barnacles are the largest in the animal kingdom. Octopuses have the most complex brain of all invertebrates; which include long and short-term memories. Aplysia are used in many different types of nervous system studies. Sea squirts have been used to study kidney stones and squid are used in multiple sclerosis research. From scallop to sea slug, invertebrates have served as models of human and animal disease. Invertebrates are relatively easy to maintain, less expensive, and less labor intensive than more traditional laboratory animals. From a societal standpoint, invertebrates may be more acceptable as laboratory animals than vertebrates. Many researchers, either by law or policy, are required to consider ways to reduce the number of animals proposed for an experiment, refine their techniques to minimize pain and distress to the animals, and replace the animal model with a non-animal model or a taxonomically lower species. Use of the invertebrate is considered a replacement alternative to the use of vertebrates. Since research has not yet shown invertebrate cognition of what would be considered pain in mammals and birds, their use is also a refinement alternative. molluscs.htm[3/31/2015 9:00:20 AM] "Information resources on the care and use of molluscs" This guide, Information Resources on the Care and Use of Molluscs, provides a snap shot of how Molluscs are being used in research and, just as important, how they are cultured, reared, and housed in the laboratory and elsewhere. The bibliographic citations cover the publication years 2002 to approximately 1973. The bibliographic citations resulted from searching numerous scientific and technical databases. The call number is included for materials in the National Agricultural Library’s (NAL) collection. NAL’s document delivery policies can be found at http:/www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/. The websites and organizations at the end of some sections are current through April 2003. They were found by running general searches on the World Wide Web. As sites can become outdated or relocated and new sites emerge, a general search on one of the commercial search engines should help locate address changes or new sites if the addresses included in this document no longer function. *Information included in this portion of this publication and other web-resources sections were adapted from Information Resources for the Care and Use of Invertebrates (published previously in AWIC by Michael D. Kreger, Ph.D.) and included with his permission. Laboratory Care / Research Bivalves Cephalopods Gastropods Miscellaneous Bivalves 2002 Kreeger, D.A.; Gatenby, C.M.; Raksany, D. (2002) Variability in condition index and tissue biochemistry of Elliptio complanata held in the field and laboratory. Journal of Shellfish Research 21 (1): 378 379, ISSN: 0730 8000. NAL call no: SH365.A1J6 Descriptors: freshwater ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, Elliptio complanata, freshwater mussel, adult, microalgae, food, lab cultured, animals, nonvascular plants, tissue, biochemistry, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, continuous flow chambers, laboratory equipment, ash, environmental conditions, field conditions, food quality, laboratory conditions, natural seston, physiological condition index, reproductive cycling, seasonal variation, sediment conditions, water quality. Piano, A.; Asirelli, C.; Caselli, F.; Fabbri, E. (2002) Hsp70 expression in thermally stressed Ostrea edulis, a commercially important oyster in Europe. Cell Stress and Chaperones 7 (3): 250-257, ISSN: 1355-8145. Descriptors: Ostrea edulis, animal model, commercial importance, thermal stress, Heat shock protein-70, heat induced thermally stressed oyster gill, expression, heat induced thermally stressed oyster mantle expression, Europe. 2001 Barfield, M.L.; Farris, J.L.; Black, M.C. (2001) Biomarker and bioaccumulation responses of Asian clams exposed to aqueous cadmium. J Toxicol Environ Health A 63(7): 495 510, ISSN: 1528 7394. Abstract: Measured responses of biochemical or physiological indicators have been suggested to reflect thresholds where pollutants exert their initial effect. Responses in cellulolytic enzyme activity and DNA strand breakage of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea exposed to cadmium in the laboratory were measured and metal body burdens were determined concurrently. Clams were exposed to aqueous cadmium concentrations of 3, 6, 12, or 25 ppb for 23 and 28 molluscs.htm[3/31/2015 9:00:20 AM] "Information resources on the care and use of molluscs" d. Cadmium concentrations in clam tissue were highest in lower cadmium treatments, and body burdens increased with length of exposure in only the 28 d experiment. Cellulolytic enzyme activity decreased with increasing cadmium concentrations for clams in the 28 d experiment. Induced enzyme activities were observed in cadmium treatments for both experiments and are thought to precede declines in activity through the length of exposure. Significant reductions in DNA strand lengths of cadmium exposed clams were observed by wk 3 in the 23 d exposure and by wk 2 in the 28 d exposure. Reduced DNA strand lengths in these cadmium treatments for the 28 d exposure precede significant declines in cellulolytic activity at subsequent sampling events. Combining these data with observations of mortality in higher cadmium treatments suggests that impairment of DNA structural integrity and reduced digestive enzyme activity may indicate metal induced stress in clams. Descriptors: cadmium pharmacokinetics, cellulose metabolism, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, analysis of variance, biological markers, body burden, cadmium toxicity, clams, DNA, single stranded drug effects, dose response relationship, drug, tissue distribution, water pollutants, chemical toxicity, biological markers, DNA, single stranded, chemical, cadmium. Borcherding, J.; Wolf, J. (2001) The influence of suspended particles on the acute toxicity of 2 chloro 4 nitro aniline, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol on the valve movement response of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40(4): 497 504, ISSN: 0090 4341. NAL call no: TD172.A7 Abstract: The Dreissena Monitor is a biological early warning system for the continuous monitoring of river water quality, based on the valve movements of two groups of 42 zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Laboratory experiments with Cd, PCP, and 2 chloro 4 nitro aniline were conducted in combination with suspended particles (a mixture of stinging nettle powder, bentonite, and quartz powder). An increase of suspended particles up to a nominal concentration of 540 mg/L within 5 min did not evoke any reactions by the mussels significantly different from normal. The distribution between water and solids was analyzed for Cd and 2 chloro 4 nitroaniline, with the result that the former quickly adsorbed to the particles, whereas the latter did not bind to the particles at all. The behavior of the zebra mussels revealed that the detection of 2 chloro 4 nitro aniline was not affected by the presence of suspended matter. In the cases of Cd and PCP, D. polymorpha was able to detect these substances when they were particle associated at least as well or better as when they were dissolved in the water. The results are discussed with respect to the physiology of the organisms and the bioavailability of toxicants, as well as to the consequences these results may have