DOCSLIB.ORG

Large-Diameter Reverse Osmosis Facility Redefines Water Reuse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Large-Diameter Reverse Osmosis Facility Redefines Water Reuse Plant Profile Large-Diameter Reverse Osmosis Facility Redefines Water Reuse A vision for the future was realized when the city of Scottsdale, Ariz., began operating the Scottsdale Water Campus in 1999 to augment the city’s water supply and reclaim water. The facility remains at the forefront of water reuse. BY KEVIN ALEXANDER, ART NUNEZ, BINGA TALABI, DAVE FABER, AND GERRY FILTEAU N THE EARLY 1990s, Scottsdale, Ariz., ■ tertiary filtration with cloth-media filtrate production capacity to increase from managers and planners examined filters. 16 mgd to 23.6 mgd within the existing future growth and water needs. ■ chloramination for primary and resid- process building. The RO system capacity They envisioned a water resources ual disinfection. increased from 13.8 mgd to 20 mgd of per- Imanagement facility that would reclaim ■ MF and RO followed by lime meate production using a large-diameter the city’s sewage, allow for aquifer stabilization. RO system to save space. Additionally, UV storage and recovery, and augment the Product water from the plant has been treatment was added to the building that city’s limited groundwater and surface recharged to the local aquifer, achieving a housed the expanded RO system. water sources. The facility—the Water higher quality than required by state per- The Scottsdale Water Campus pio- Campus—was strategically designed mitting authorities. neered the use of the latest RO technol- to allow the city to reclaim water that Historically, area golf courses received ogy. The facility is a great place to see previously had little chance of being tertiary treated effluent, but rising salin- the history of RO technology and how reused as it was discharged to another ity in the reclaimed water caused turf all of the technology is still successfully regional wastewater treatment plant. management problems and prompted operated. The Scottsdale Water Campus golf course managers to ask the city to A unique aspect of the recent expan- Advanced Water Treatment Facility was improve the irrigation water’s quality. sion project is the use of large-diameter one of the first water treatment plants That prompted the city to embark upon RO technology. At the time, the large- to use microfiltration (MF) and reverse the most recent expansion. The city also diameter RO membrane market had set- osmosis (RO) for treating wastewater to addressed contaminant removal, includ- tled on two membrane sizes—16-in. and drinking water standards. Since begin- ing N-nitrosodimethylamine and other 18-in. diameter. Therefore, during design, ning operation in 1999, the facility has unregulated compounds, using a combi- two complete RO train designs were reclaimed more than 19 bil gal of waste- nation of ozonation, chloramination, and developed for competitive bidding. The water for aquifer recharge and golf course ultraviolet (UV) technology. large-diameter RO trains incorporated irrigation. During the latest expansion (2009– additional design features that weren’t The plant was designed to operate 2012), the original primary disinfection used in the original system because of during the winter to treat wastewater for system using chlorine gas and aqueous size and system constraints. injection into the local groundwater aqui- ammonia was replaced with an ozone sys- The design represented one of the first fer. The treatment process originally con- tem. The residual chlorine was converted large-diameter RO systems installed in the sisted of to a new on-site chlorine-generation United States as well as the first custom ■ a conventional nitrification and denitri- system. The MF system was replaced RO installation, allowing for competitive fication activated sludge process. with newer technology that allowed the bidding of 16- and 18-in. RO elements. 16 Opflow February 2014 www.awwa.org/opflow 2014 © American Water Works Association 2014 © American Water Works Association http://dx.doi.org/10.5991/OPF.2014.40.0010 Kevin Alexander is with Hazen and Sawyer (www.hazenandsawyer.com), San Diego. Art Nunez and Binga Talabi are with the city of Scottsdale (www.scottsdaleaz.gov), Scottsdale, Ariz. Dave Faber is with H20 Innovation (www.h2oinnovation.com), San Diego. Gerry Filteau is with Separation Processes (www.spi-engineering.com), Carlsbad, Calif. vessel dimensions, particularly port-to- port dimensions for side-ported vessels, reflect marketplace maturity for 8-in. diameter pressure vessels. This wasn’t the case for the large-diameter vessels. The 18-in. vessels use five 61-in. elements, and the 16-in. vessels use seven 40-in. ele- ments. Even among 16-in. diameter ves- sels, there were significant differences in port-to-port dimensions and overall lengths. During design, information from various vessel manufacturers was evalu- The Scottsdale Water Campus ated to allow designers to require port-to- implemented one of the first large- port dimensions to be a fixed value that diameter RO systems installed in could be verified during construction. the United States as well as the Designed piping layouts were flexible to first custom RO installation. allow the contractor to verify final instal- lation dimensions based on port-to-port dimensions. This proved valuable during The system’s design and startup proved crane or forklift to be used and minimiz- installation, as the manufacturer’s dimen- the technology requires focused attention ing floor space requirements around the sions didn’t match their own published on many design aspects that weren’t nec- units. design information. essary for the smaller-diameter RO tech- RO Trains. Existing and new RO train The original RO train pressure vessels nology originally installed. design included water quality goals for were designed to accommodate cellulose low total dissolved solids, sodium, and acetate membranes in the 1990s, because DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS chloride, with an overall RO system water new polyamide membrane elements had Membrane Elements. The large-diameter recovery goal of 85 percent. As proven little operating experience. Therefore, RO membrane elements provided 4–5 times by the length of time in operation, water pressure vessels for those RO trains allow the surface area of a standard 8-in. diam- quality and recovery are easy to achieve for 450-psig-rated vessels. After startup of eter element. One significant membrane with standard, brackish RO elements. the original system with polyamide mem- element feature is weight, an important Scottsdale’s actual operating experience branes, it was clear the operating pres- consideration in RO unit maintenance. illustrates that the limiting constituent sure wouldn’t require the 450 psi design. Standard 8-in. diameter, 40-in. long ele- for recovery is calcium phosphate scale, During operation, the maximum pressure ments generally weigh less than 50 lb which is controlled by adding sulfuric has been 125–260 psi. Therefore, a maxi- each, even wet. This means one person acid to a feed pH of 6.5. mum 300-psig rating was adequate for the can safely unload wet elements, and a The existing 8-in. RO trains are con- latest RO system. minimum number of people is needed to figured in a 24:10:5 array of three stages RO Unit Access. The existing 8-in. RO change a complete RO unit. with six-element pressure vessels. The trains use a six-vessel tall-rack design, Large-diameter elements can’t be new 16-in. RO trains were designed in a which allows membranes to be loaded loaded or unloaded by hand because of 13:7 two-stage configuration with seven- and unloaded from floor level without their weight but require special handling element pressure vessels. The size of the platforms or lifting equipment. The 8-in. equipment—scissor lifts, loading tables new RO units was limited to the foot- diameter elements, vessel end caps, and with roller-wheel guides, and ropes and print width of the existing 8-in. RO units. thrust cones are light enough to be han- pulleys—which one would think would Ultimately, this determined the size and dled manually. Membranes are unloaded add considerable time to the loading and capacity of the new large-diameter RO on one end and loaded at the other by unloading process. However, the equip- units. pushing the elements through in one ment actually reduced loading time. The RO Pressure Vessel Design. RO pressure direction. Relatively little clearance space facility’s design ensured membranes vessel design considerations included is required on the feed end where mem- could be loaded and unloaded from one port-to-port dimension coordination and branes are pushed through or into the PHOTOGRAPH: SEPARATION PROCESSES PHOTOGRAPH: SEPARATION end of the RO trains, allowing a bridge pressure rating. Standardized pressure vessel. www.awwa.org/opflow February 2014 Opflow 17 2014 © American Water Works Association 2014 © American Water Works Association Plant Profile Scottsdale Process Diagram The facility’s recent expansion addressed contaminant removal using a combination of ozonation, chloramination, and UV technology. MF system Tertiary water reclamation plant MF clean Compressed Ozone air disinfection RO system To wash-water Reservoir B equalization basin Automatic Filtrate strainer MF tank Sulfuric Anti- Chloramine acid scalant To water reclamation Advanced water treatment bypass plant RO Lime UV RO ush addition To injection wells Cartridge RO clean lter in place Product water Decarbonator pump station To RO waste sump Concentrate to sewer In contrast, the new, longer 16-in. RO However, height was limited by the clear- dealing with a more significant volume of trains (seven elements rather than six- ance of the existing bridge-crane support water wouldn’t be practical. A tee with a element vessels) require more floor space. structure, which was just less than 12 ft. reducing bushing and ¾-in. full-port ball To improve access, the new trains were RO Conductivity Profile Access. The valve was added to each permeate con- designed with traffic-rated grating to existing RO units have a small sample cock nection to facilitate conductivity profiling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Treatment and Reverse Osmosis Systems
    Pure Aqua, Inc.® Water© 2012 TreatmentPure Aqua ,and Inc. ReverseAll Right sOsmosis Reserve dSystems. Worldwide Experience Superior Technology About the Company Pure Aqua is a company with a strong philosophy and drive to develop and apply solutions to the world’s water treatment challenges. We believe that both our technology and experience will help resolve the growing shortage of clean water worldwide. Capabilities and Expertise As an ISO 9001:2008 certified company with over a decade of experience, Pure Aqua has secured its position as a leading manufacturer of reverse osmosis systems worldwide. Goals and Motivations Our goal is to provide environmentally sustainable systems and equipment that produce high quality water. We provide packaged systems and technical support for water treatment plants, industrial wastewater reuse, and brackish and seawater reverse osmosis plants. Having strong working relationships with Thus, we ensure our technological our suppliers gives us the capability to contribution to water preservation by provide cost effective and competitive supplying the means and making it highly water and wastewater treatment systems accessible. for a wide range of applications. Seawater Reverse Osmosis Systems System Overview Designed to convert seawater to potable water, desalination systems use high quality reverse osmosis seawater membranes. The process separates dissolved salts by only allowing pure water to pass through the membrane fabric. System Capacities Pure Aqua desalination systems are designed to provide high
    [Show full text]
  • Circle Reverse Osmosis System
    CIRCLE REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM KEY FEATURES Water Saving Technology – Patented technology eliminates backpressure The RC100 conforms to common in conventional RO systems making the Circle up to 10 times more NSF/ANSI 42, 53 and efficient than existing products. 58 for the reduction of Saves You Money – Conventional RO systems waste up to 24 gallons of Aesthetic Chlorine, Taste water per every 1 gallon of filtered water produced. The Circle only wastes and Odor, Cyst, VOCs, an average of 2.1 gallons of water per 1 gallon of filtered water produced, Fluoride, Pentavalent Arsenic, Barium, Radium 226/228, Cadmium, Hexavalent saving you water and money over the life of the product!. Chromium, Trivalent Chromium, Lead, RO Filter Auto Flushing – Significantly extends life of RO filter. Copper, Selenium and TDS as verified Chrome Faucet Included – With integrated LED filter change indicator. and substantiated by test data. The RC100 conforms to NSF/ANSI 372 for Space Saving Compact Design – Integrated rapid refill tank means more low lead compliance. space under the sink. SPECIFICATIONS Product Name H2O+ Circle Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration System Model / SKU RC100 Installation Undercounter Sediment Filter, Pre-Carbon Plus Filter, Post Carbon Block Filter (RF-20): 6 months Filters & Lifespan RO Membrane Filter (RF-40): 24 months Tank Capacity 6 Liters (refills fully in less than one hour) Dimensions 9.25” (W) x 16.5” (H) x 13.75” (D) Net weight 14.6 lbs Min/Max Operating Pressure 40 psi – 120 psi (275Kpa – 827Kpa) Min/Max Water Feed Temp 41º F – 95º F (5º C – 35º C) Faucet Flow Rate 0.26 – 0.37 gallons per minute (gpm) at incoming water pressure of 20–100 psi Rated Service Flow 0.07 gallons per minute (gpm) Warranty One Year Warranty PO Box 470085, San Francisco CA, 94147–0085 brondell.com 888-542-3355.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinery Wastewater Management Using Multiple Angle Oil-Water Separators
    REFINERY WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT USING MULTIPLE ANGLE OIL-WATER SEPARATORS Kirby S. Mohr, P.E. Mohr Separations Research, Inc. 1278 FM 407 Suite 109 Lewisville, TX 75077 Phone: 918-299-9290 Cell: 918-269-8710 John N. Veenstra, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University Dee Ann Sanders, Ph.D., P.E. Oklahoma State University A paper presented at the International Petroleum Environment Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1998 ABSTRACT In this work, an overview of oil-water separation, as used in the petroleum refining industries, is presented along with case studies. Discussions include: impact of solids, legal aspects, and differing types of systems currently in use, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Performance information on separators is presented with an emphasis on new multiple angle coalescing plate technology for refinery wastewater management. Several studies are presented including a large (20,000 US GPM flow rate) system recently installed at a major US refinery. The separator was constructed by converting two existing API separators into four separators, and adding multiple angle coalescing plates to increase throughput and efficiency. A year of operating experience with this system indicates good performance and few problems. Other examples provide information on separators installed in the United States and other countries. Keywords: Oil-water separator, multiple angle, coalescence, refinery, wastewater management, petroleum, coalescing plate technology BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Oil has been refined for various uses for at least 1000 years. An Arab handbook written by Al-Razi, in approximately 865 A.D., describes distillation of “naft” (naphtha) for use in lamps and thus the beginning of oil refining (Forbes).
    [Show full text]
  • Reverse Osmosis As a Pretreatment of Ion Exchange Equipment at PSE
    Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to distribute this thesis or dissertation Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty. ABSTRACT REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A PRETREATMENT FOR ION EXCHANGE AT PSE&G'S HUDSON GENERATING STATION by Steven Leon Public Service Electric and Gas Company's Hudson Generating Station has historically had problems providing sufficient high quality water for its two once through, supercritical design boilers. The station requires over 60 million gallons annually to compensate for system losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Using Inter-Stage Ion Exchange Joshua E
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Civil Engineering ETDs Engineering ETDs 7-3-2012 Selective salt recovery from reverse osmosis concentrate using inter-stage ion exchange Joshua E. Goldman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ce_etds Recommended Citation Goldman, Joshua E.. "Selective salt recovery from reverse osmosis concentrate using inter-stage ion exchange." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ce_etds/8 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil Engineering ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL ENGINEERING Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Kerry J. Howe , Chairperson Dr. Bruce M. Thomson Dr. Stephen E. Cabaniss Dr. Jerry Lowry i Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Using Inter-stage Ion Exchange BY Joshua E. Goldman B.A., Anthropology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2000 M.S, Environmental Science, University of South Florida, 2007 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Engineering The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2012 ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my grandmother, Henriette Stein. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was funded by the WateReuse Research Foundation. Resins were donated by ResinTech and Purolite. Francis Boodoo of ResinTech provided technical consultation for the pilot design.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Brine NOD, Phase I
    This document is part of Appendix A and includes Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Brine: Nature of Discharge for the “Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS),” published in April 1999. The reference number is EPA-842-R-99-001. Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Brine: Nature of Discharge April 1999 NATURE OF DISCHARGE REPORT Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Brine 1.0 INTRODUCTION The National Defense Authorization Act of 1996 amended Section 312 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (also known as the Clean Water Act (CWA)) to require that the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develop uniform national discharge standards (UNDS) for vessels of the Armed Forces for “...discharges, other than sewage, incidental to normal operation of a vessel of the Armed Forces, ...” [Section 312(n)(1)]. UNDS is being developed in three phases. The first phase (which this report supports), will determine which discharges will be required to be controlled by marine pollution control devices (MPCDs)—either equipment or management practices. The second phase will develop MPCD performance standards. The final phase will determine the design, construction, installation, and use of MPCDs. A nature of discharge (NOD) report has been prepared for each of the discharges that has been identified as a candidate for regulation under UNDS. The NOD reports were developed based on information obtained from the technical community within the Navy and other branches of the Armed Forces with vessels potentially subject to UNDS, from information available in existing technical reports and documentation, and, when required, from data obtained from discharge samples that were collected under the UNDS program.
    [Show full text]
  • Reverse Osmosis Brochure
    REVERSE OSMOSIS RO Storage Tanks High Purity Water Storage REVERSE OSMOSIS Amtrol invented the pre-pressurized water storage tank over 50 years ago and they are still considered the standard of the industry. These tanks feature a polypropylene liner and butyl diaphragm to prevent water from making contact with the metal tank for cleaner, fresher, better tasting water. All Amtrol RO tanks are manufactured in the USA at our ISO 9001:2008 registered facilities. REVERSE OSMOSIS Tanks • Provide water storage in reverse osmosis water systems. Polypropylene liner and butyl rubber diaphragm • Meet the most demanding specifications for are locked together with potable water. Amtrol’s unique hoop ring • Reliable diaphragm vs. bladder design. and groove design. • Individually tested for safety. ® Durable steel tank for • Available with Pro-Access stainless steel extra-long life. system connection. Typical Installation Cold Hot Drain Line Water Water Line Line Recirculation Line RO Water Membrane Feed Reverse Osmosis Water Storage Tank Pre Post Filter Filter Specifications and Tank Selection A Under Sink Models System Tank A B Tank Shipping Model Connection1 Tank Stand Model Volume Diameter Height Precharge Weight Number NPTM Color Type (Gallons) (Inches) (Inches) (psi) (lbs.) B (Inches) RO-2 140-32 2.0 8 13 ¼ Blue 5 Plastic 5 RO-2 140-653 2.0 8 13 ¼ Blue 20 Plastic 5 Standard RO-3 140S723 3.2 9 15 ¼ White 5 Plastic 7 RO-3 140S725 3.2 9 14 ¼ White 5 3 Bumps 7 A RO-4 141S343 4.4 11 15 ¼ Blue 5 Plastic 9 RO-4 141S344 4.4 11 15 ¼ White 5 Plastic 9 RO-4 141S351 4.4 11 15 ¼ White 5 3 Bumps/Plastic 9 B RO-4 141S352 4.4 11 15 ¼ Blue 5 3 Bumps/Plastic 9 RO-10 143-132 10.0 15 18 ¾ Blue 5 Plastic 20 1 Stainless Steel System Connection.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 Reverse Osmosis Treatment of PDWS 03-09
    PRIVATE DRINKING WATER IN CONNECTICUT Publication Date: March 2009 Publication No. 21: Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Private Drinking Water Systems Effective Against: inorganic contaminants such as: dissolved salts of sodium, dissolved (ferrous) iron, nitrate, lead, fluoride, sulfate, potassium, manganese, aluminum, silica, chloride, total dissolved solids, chromium, and orthophosphate. Also effective in removing some detergents, some taste, color and odor-producing chemicals, certain organic contaminants, uranium, and some pesticides. Not Effective Against: dissolved gases, most volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants including some pesticides and solvents. Alone, reverse osmosis (RO) units are not recommended for treatment of bacteria and other microscopic organisms. How Reverse Osmosis Works A complete reverse osmosis system consists of a RO module, a storage tank, and a separate faucet. The module contains a semi-permeable membrane that allows water to selectively pass through and collect in the storage tank. The contaminants being treated by the RO unit are rejected and then washed off the membrane into a waste stream. It is not practical to treat all water entering a home with an RO system because about 75 percent of the water introduced is wasted. Thus, four gallons of raw water into the system produce about one gallon of treated water. This treated water comes out much slower than water from a regular tap, so a tank is used to store the treated water. The treated water is often used only for drinking and cooking. Each manufacturer’s RO units differ, but the time needed to produce one gallon of water ranges from 2-78 hours. The volume of wastewater produced by RO systems varies by make and model.
    [Show full text]
  • Seawater Desalination for Agriculture by Integrated Forward and Reverse Osmosis: Improved Product Water Quality for Potentially Less Energy
    Journal of Membrane Science 415–416 (2012) 1–8 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Membrane Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/memsci Perspective Seawater desalination for agriculture by integrated forward and reverse osmosis: Improved product water quality for potentially less energy Devin L. Shaffer a, Ngai Yin Yip a, Jack Gilron b,1, Menachem Elimelech a,n a Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, P.O. Box 208286, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA b Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker 84990, Israel article info abstract Article history: Seawater desalination for agricultural irrigation will be an important contributor to satisfying growing Received 21 March 2012 water demands in water scarce regions. Irrigated agriculture for food production drives global water Received in revised form demands, which are expected to increase while available supplies are further diminished. Implementa- 6 May 2012 tion of reverse osmosis, the current leading technology for seawater desalination, has been limited in Accepted 7 May 2012 part because of high costs and energy consumption. Because of stringent boron and chloride standards Available online 15 May 2012 for agricultural irrigation water, desalination for agriculture is more energy intensive than desalination Keywords: for potable use, and additional post-treatment, such as a second pass reverse osmosis process, is Seawater desalination required. In this perspective, we introduce the concept of an integrated forward osmosis and reverse Forward osmosis osmosis process for seawater desalination. Process modeling results indicate that the integrated Integrated process process can achieve boron and chloride water quality requirements for agricultural irrigation while Boron Agriculture consuming less energy than a conventional two-pass reverse osmosis process.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Using Biological Activated Carbon Based Processes
    Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Reverse Osmosis Concentrate using Biological Activated Carbon based Processes A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Shovana Pradhan Master of Engineering (Civil/Environmental), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia November, 2016 Declaration I hereby declare that: • the work presented in this thesis is my own work except where due acknowledgement has been made; • the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; • the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program. .............................. (Shovana Pradhan) ........../........../.......... 1 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my senior supervisor, Dr. Linhua Fan who has kindly given me the opportunity to pursue PhD study under his constant guidance. This thesis would have not been possible without his continuous encouragement, constructive feedback, invaluable advice and scientific inputs. Secondly, I would like to thank Prof. Felicity Roddick as my second supervisor, for her generous support, insightful counsel throughout my study period. She has been extremely motivating, encouraging and positive to my research work. The timely and constructive feedback from my supervisors helped me to improve the quality of my work, as well as professional development during my PhD work. I am grateful for providing scholarship to pursue my PhD by RMIT University. I would like to thank Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Oily Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Dissolved Organic Components by Forward Osmosis Rajab M
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Oily wastewater treatment: removal of dissolved organic components by forward osmosis Rajab M. Abousnina University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Abousnina, Rajab M., Oily wastewater treatment: removal of dissolved organic components by forward osmosis, Master of Engineering - Research thesis, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2012. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3750 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] School of Civil, Mining, and Environmental Engineering Oily Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Dissolved Organic Components by Forward Osmosis Rajab M. Abousnina This thesis is presented as part of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering Research University of Wollongong October 2012 Abstract Produced water is water brought to the surface with crude oil or natural gas; it is the largest waste stream by volume associated with the production of oil and gas. Some crude oil and traces of organic compounds, particularly organic acids, are known to occur in produced water. Although the current international standard limits the amount of dissolved oil in produced water to less than 30 mg/L prior to environmental discharge, no regulations exist for other dissolved organic constituents. This is mostly because of the lack of low cost, high efficiency technologies capable of removing dissolved organic constituents from produced water. This work investigated the removal of dissolved organics from produced water by the forward osmosis (FO) process, with a particular focus on Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Reverse Osmosis and Its Potential for Reuse
    ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor & UGC Approved Journal) Website: www.ijirset.com Vol. 6, Issue 8, August 2017 Treatment of Landfill Leachate using Reverse Osmosis and its Potential for Reuse Sabah Fatima 1*, Arshid Jehangir 2* and G. A. Bhat 3 M. Phil. Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India1 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India2 Former Professor, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India3 *Corresponding authors ABSTRACT: An assessment of the treatment of sanitary landfill leachate with the help of reverse osmosis and potential of treated leachate for reuse was carried out at a sanitary landfill located in Srinagar city of Jammu and Kashmir. The untreated leachate contained high organic and inorganic load having high concentrations of BOD, COD, total nitrogen, ammonia, chloride and trace metals. Treatment plant operating on the principle of reverse osmosis indicated an overall removal efficiency of approx. 90%. Very high rejection rates were obtained for BOD (99.7%), COD (98%) and TDS (94%). The rejection rates of various trace metals ranged from 76% to 99.99%. The results revealed reverse osmosis as a promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachate and also the positive and productive potential of treated leachate for reuse. KEYWORDS: Sanitary landfill, leachate, reverse osmosis, permeate, rejection rate. I. INTRODUCTION Millions of tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are being dumped every day in thousands of landfills worldwide [1].
    [Show full text]