http://rcin.org.pl INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Geographia Polonica 6 PWN — Polish Scientific Publishers Warszawa 1965 http://rcin.org.pl Editorial Board STANISŁAW LESZCZYCKI (Editor-in-Chief) JERZY KONDRACKI, LESZEK KOSIŃSKI, JERZY KOSTROWICKI, ANDRZEJ WERWICKI (Secretary) Editor of this Volume RAJMUND GALON Adress of Editorial Board Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, Warszawa 64 POLAND PAŃSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE (PWN — POLISH SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS) WARSZAWA 1965 Printed in Poland, WDN http://rcin.org.pl CONTENTS % Introduction 5 Władysław Niewiarowski: Conditions of occurrence and distribution of kame landscapes in the Peribalticum within the area of the last glaciation 7 Rajmund Galon: Some new problems concerning subglacial channels 19 Stefan Kozarski: Differential Baltic ice-stream activity on the example of the Odra lobe 29 Bolesław Augustowski: Pattern and development of ice marginal streamways of the Kashubian coast 35 Zofia Churska: Periglacial elements in the slope relief of outwash valleys and late-glacial river valleys of Northern Poland 43 Mirosław Bogacki: Formation of outwash valleys as shown in the valley of the Pisa . 57 Tadeusz Bartkowski: Areał deglaciation in the Wielkopolska Lowland 65 Cecylia Radłowska: Fossil Pleistocene relief in Central Poland 75 Kazimierz Klimek: On the regularities in composition and mode of origin of kame terraces in the north-western part of the Małopolska Upland 85 Henryk Maruszczak: Development conditions of the relief of loess areas in East-Middle Europe 93 Elżbieta Mycielska-Dowgiallo: Mutual relation between loess and dune accumulation in Southern Poland 105 Bogumił Krygowski: Some Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary environments in the light of the mechanical graniformametry 117 Jan Szupryczyński: Eskers and kames in the Spitsbergen area 127 Zdzisław Czeppe: Activity of running water in South-Western Spitsbergen 141 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl INTRODUCTION The present issue of GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA contains some recent studies of Polish geographers on the geomorphology and geology of the Quaternary. It is published in connection with VII Congress of the International Association for Quaternary Research (INQUA) which will be held in August and September 1965 in Denver (Colorado, U.S.A.). The preceding congress of this association, which took place in Poland, 1961, offered an opportunity of presenting the results of Polish researches, among others those of Geographers, in the field of the Quaternary, either in form of reports delivered at the congress, or in form of extensive guide-books of excursions, or in special publications. This collection of papers, in which are represented almost all geographical centres in Poland, gives evidence to the permanent interest of Polish geographers in the geomorphology and geology of the Quaternary. The purpose of this selection is to inform about the widening scope of the problems investigated and the development of research methods. Quaternary researches continue to be the favourite subject of Polish physical geographers and especially geomorpholo- gists. Obviously the present volume of GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA is not the only Polish publication prepared in connection with the INQUA Congress 1965. http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA 6,1965 CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF KAME LANDSCAPES IN THE PERIBALTICUM WITHIN THE AREA OF THE LAST GLACIATION WŁADYSŁAW NIEWIAROWSKI INTRODUCTION While the term "kame" is known for a long time in glaciological literature, little attention continues to be paid to kames and their role in the glacial relief. Evidence is the fact, that this term is differently interpreted in different countries. In agreement with many other writers, I consider kames to be landforms produced®in stagnant and dead ice by the accumulating action of meltwater streams, which deposited the material transported in crevasses, depressions, and in any kind of hollows exist- ing in this ice and between blocks of dead ice, or in the intervals between dead or stagnant ice and slopes of elevations existing at that time. This is the reason, why kames are built of deposits more or less distinctly stratified, such as gravels, sands, silts and, sometimes, even of clays laid down by meltwater flow (fluvioglacial kames); other kame deposits were laid down in lakes existing in the dead ice (limno- glacial kames). Sometimes, the structure of kames appears to be more complex, because of they have been produced partly by accumulation from fluvioglacial waters and, partly, as the result of sedimentation of deposits in ice lakes encountered in stagnant or dead ice. By the term "stagnant ice" I have in mind large masses of dying ice, usually represented by wide slabs or zones spread out mostly in the foreland of active ice which, however, have not yet lost contact with the active ice; thus, in stagnant ice there may occur insignificant local movements. On the other hand, I consider "dead ice" to be usually minor slabs and blocks of fully dead ice which, separated from the main ice body, have in this manner completely lost contact with it. Kames produced in ice depressions, hollows, caves and voids, as well as between blocks of dead ice, are mostly developed in the shape of hillocks, hills or — more rarely — plateaus distributed at random. Those kames which took their origin from the accumulation of deposits in ice-lakes, appear usually in the shape of plateaus with a flat top surface and relatively steep slopes. As a rule, they also are distributed fairly erratically. http://rcin.org.pl 10 WŁADYSŁAW NIEWIAROWSKI On the other hand, kames produced in ice crevasses gradually widened by melt- ing ice and flow of meltwaters, show usually the shape of ridges and ramparts; these forms are elongated and oriented parallel with the direction of cracks in the ice. Kame deposits laid down between the slopes of elevations existing at the time that the kame material was deposited, and stagnant or dead ice masses, appear in the form of kame terraces. The morphology and the internal structure of kames depends, among other factors, on whether these deposits were laid down supra- glacially, that is, in depressions, crevasses and open hollows not reaching the ice sole, or englacially, meaning, in any opening reaching as far as the base of the ice. Where kames occrr in larger agglomeration and in a given region clearly prevail over other glacial forms, their area of occurrence may be called a kame landscape or kame region. The knowledge of kame landscapes and of their distribution is a very important matter; among other reasons, because the occurrence of wide kame landscapes is one of the foremost indicator of the past existence of extensive expanses of stagnant and dead ice, at the time déglaciation was taking place in that region. Again, the problem of determining the occurrence of large dead ice stretches o^ glacier ice is closely connected with a problem that continues to be very actual and is very much disputed recently: the character of déglaciation proceeding in areas which during the Pleistocene had been covered by the Scandina- vian inland ice. Detailed examination undertaken in a number of countries indicate that, apart from frontal déglaciation, that is, the retreat of the margin of mobile ice due to ice melt prevailing over the supply of new ice masses, there existed many areas that were covered by large masses, at times even by extensive zones, of stagnant and dead ice. These zones were melting from the top downwards all over the ice area, producing a characteristic glacial relief. It seems that in some countries the part, played by stagnant and dead ice in shaping the glacial relief, is not fully appreciated. In virtue of the continued lack of more detailed knowledge, which land-forms and deposits definitely imply the last-named type of déglaciation, we are facing great difficulties in delimiting regions, in which such large masses of stagnant and dead ice have been melted away; therefore also it is a difficult problem to apprehend correctly the role of this type of déglaciation in areas of past glaciations. While kame landscapes are by no means the only symptom of the occurrence of large masses of dead ice in a given region, still, their occurrence signifies to a certain degree the intensity of this phenomenon. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze, on the basis of descriptions of kame landscapes within the Peribalticum, the relation of kames to other glacial forms and, in this way, to scrutinize which among them did originate in dead ice; further, to present examples, what were the topographical conditions of areas in which kame landscapes developed — a study which also would indicate conditions leading to the formation of dead ice — and, finally, to comment on the distribution of kame landscapes within the Peribalticum, from Denmark to Karelia. http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl DISTRIBUTION OF КАМЕ LANDSCAPES 9 This analysis is intended to embrace merely that part of the Peribalticum, which had been ice-covered during the last Scandinavian glaciation. The distribution of kames in this area has been shown diagrammatically on the attached map (Fig. 1), and this is the first attempt of illustrating the occurrence of kames in an area as extensive as this. Drawing this map was not possible until now: it was only for the Vlth INQUA Congress held in Poland in 1961, that for the first time there were shown, by separate symbols, kame landscapes occurring in the whole area of the Valdai glaciation. These data were entered in a map prepared jointly by 16 Soviet authors, with K. K. Markov as editor in chief [34]. For Polish territory, it was the author of the present paper who mapped the distribution of kame landcapes [43]; in this map (Fig. 1) he also took into consideration the most recent research work done in Poland. As to Danish territory, information was presented on the basis of Danish literature and of personal observations made by author who, in 1964, was in position to inspect the glacial relief of great part of Denmark.