BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325
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Past and future trajectories of forest loss in New Zealand
Robert M. Ewersa,b,c,*, Andrew D. Kliskeyd,1, Susan Walkere, Daniel Rutledgef, Jon S. Hardinga, Raphael K. Didhama,* aSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand bInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK cDepartment of Zoology, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK dDepartment of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand eLandcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand fLandcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history: Historically, New Zealand was dominated by forest below the alpine treeline, but about Received 23 March 2006 1000 years of Polynesian and European colonisation has resulted in the destruction of nearly Received in revised form three-quarters of the indigenous forest cover. In this study, the historical patterns of defor- 12 June 2006 estation and forest fragmentation were assessed in relation to major topographical, climatic Accepted 20 June 2006 and anthropogenic variables that may drive forest loss. Deforestation has occurred almost Available online 14 September 2006 equally on the two main islands, the North and South Islands, although the remaining indigenous forest is more fragmented in the North Island. Most deforestation has occurred Keywords: in regions with a high-density of road networks, although gradients in climatic water avail- Deforestation ability and soil fertility also had weak effects. Deforestation rates over the period 1997–2002 Extinction threshold were very low (nationwide deforestation rate of just 0.01% p.a.), but varied widely among Habitat loss political districts. Expansion of plantation forestry was the single most important driver of Landcover change recent deforestation. Only 10 of 73 political districts are afforded long-term protection of Landscape threshold native forest cover (having more than 30% forest cover that is managed by the Department Restoration targets of Conservation). Forest cover in the majority of New Zealand landscapes has been reduced below the level of an expected ‘extinction threshold’ (circa 30% native habitat cover) in 55 political districts, and long-term trajectories predict that ongoing deforestation threatens to force another five districts below the critical threshold within the next 45 years. Except for the most heavily deforested regions, relatively modest annual rates of habitat restora- tion could bring forest cover back above the extinction threshold by the year 2050. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction (McGlone, 1989), but the arrival of the early Maori people about 1000 BP initiated widespread forest destruction. The Three thousand years ago, forest covered virtually the entire Maori burned significant areas of lowland forest to encourage land surface area of New Zealand below the alpine treeline the growth of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) that was used
* Corresponding authors: Tel.: +44 1223 336 675; fax: +44 1223 336 676 (R.M. Ewers), Tel.: +64 3 3642059; fax: +64 3 3642590 (R.K. Didham). E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R.M. Ewers), [email protected] (A.D. Kliskey), [email protected] (S. Walker), [email protected] (D. Rutledge), [email protected] (J.S. Harding), [email protected] (R.K. Didham). 1 Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States. 0006-3207/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.018 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 313
as a food source, to make cross-country travel easier and also trees the debt may still be current more than a century fol- as a strategy for hunting moa (Stevens et al., 1988). Maori lowing deforestation (Turner et al., 1996; Vellend et al., were, however, not the sole cause of deforestation during this 2006). time, as climatic change, volcanism and naturally ignited fires Second, much research has been focused on landscape have all been implicated as factors driving Holocene vegeta- and extinction thresholds in fragmented landscapes (Ewers tion change in New Zealand (Fleet, 1986; McGlone, 1989). As and Didham, 2006). Landscape thresholds are the result of a result of these combined factors, forest cover had been ‘‘rapid changes in the size and isolation of patches at critical reduced to an estimated 68% of the land surface by the time proportions of habitat in the landscape’’ (Andre´n, 1994), and European settlers arrived in the early 1800s (Salmon, 1975), are predicted to occur at approximately 30% remaining habi- and about half of the lowland forests had been destroyed (Ste- tat cover (Andre´n, 1994). Below this value, there is often an vens et al., 1988; McGlone, 1989). abrupt increase in the gap structure of landscapes, a marked The first European settlers in the early 19th Century ini- discontinuity in dispersal between isolated sub-populations tially cleared forest at a relatively slow rate (Arnold, 1994). and a sharp decline in the probability of metapopulation per- However, with a growing population, improvements to sistence (Hanski, 1998; Hanski and Ovaskainen, 2002), at roads and a new rail system, large-scale clearance of forest which point an extinction threshold has been passed. The on the plains began in earnest in the 1870s (Arnold, 1994). extinction threshold compounds the risks posed by forest Early New Zealand landholders were required by law to destruction, as even a small loss of habitat near the threshold improve their land, and many achieved this via the simple may result in a precipitous decline in the probability of spe- act of burning the forest (Salmon, 1975). Primary forest cies persistence (With and King, 1999). clearance continued into the mid-20th century, and after Third, many invasions do not propagate through undis- the Second World War increasing amounts of forest in the turbed habitats and invasion risk increases disproportion- mountain ranges were converted to farmland (Stevens ately following anthropogenic habitat loss (May and Norton, et al., 1988) or fast-growing exotic plantations (Fleet, 1986). 1996; Lonsdale, 1999; Hobbs, 2001). A growing body of evi- The net result of Maori and European exploitation of New dence now shows that landscape context may be a critical Zealand’s indigenous forest was the destruction of approxi- determinant of local-scale predation intensity exerted by mately three-quarters of the forest, reducing it from 82% to invasive species (Robinson et al., 1995; Hartley and Hunter, 23% of the land surface area (Fleet, 1986; Leathwick et al., 1998; Ohlemu¨ ller et al., 2006). Furthermore, forest edges are 2003b, 2004). focal points for invasions of remnant habitat (Wiser et al., 1998). In small fragments that consist completely of edge- 1.1. Conservation implications of historical deforestation affected habitat, invasive plant species like Tradescantia fluminensis (Commelinaceae) can influence the long-term via- In New Zealand, it is often assumed that clearing of primary bility of forest remnants by dramatically reducing the species native forests is no longer of significant concern and that richness, abundance and survival rates of native seedlings the conservation issues associated with forest loss are no (Standish et al., 2001), as well as reducing invertebrate diver- longer relevant to threatened species management (Craig sity and altering invertebrate community composition (Toft et al., 2000; Clout, 2001). However, the historical effects of for- et al., 2001). est loss are frequently recognised as one of the greatest threats to endangered species (Tilman et al., 1994; Sala 1.2. Goals of this study et al., 2000), and there is an emerging recognition of the role that historical landuse change has in structuring present- There has been no extensive analysis of patterns of defores- day species assemblages (Harding et al., 1998). Moreover, tation in New Zealand, nor an investigation into the natural theoretical developments on the nature of extinction debts and anthropogenic drivers of those patterns. The purpose of (Tilman et al., 1994), extinction thresholds (With and King, this study was to determine historical patterns of deforesta- 1999), and synergistic interactions between forest loss and tion and describe current patterns of forest fragmentation. invasive species (Didham et al., 2005a,b; Ewers and Didham, These variables were assessed in relation to major topo- 2006), advise caution in adopting the overly simplistic inter- graphical and climatic features. Furthermore, because hu- pretation that historical deforestation is not relevant to pres- mans have been the dominant force behind the loss of ent-day conservation. native forests worldwide, correlations between human popu- First, extinction debts create a long-term decline in spe- lation density, recent changes in human population size and cies richness for generations following the isolation of hab- proximity to highways (a spatial indicator of human activity) itat remnants, and illustrate the long-term conservation were assessed as potential drivers of forest loss. Finally, the implications of historical forest loss. The term extinction amount of extant indigenous forest that is currently in- debt was coined by Tilman et al. (1994) and describes a time cluded in the New Zealand protected areas network was lag between the process of habitat loss and the eventual quantified, and predictive equations were used to model collapse of populations. Extinction debts are paid through the likely future of forest resources, with an emphasis on time as communities in remnant habitats gradually relax forecasting when landscapes will pass below an expected to a new equilibrium number of species (Ewers and Did- extinction threshold of 30% forest cover in the landscape. ham, 2006). Community relaxation approximates an expo- For regions that have already fallen below the threshold, res- nential decay with a half-life from 25 to 100 years for toration goals to restore those landscapes by the year 2050 birds (Brooks et al., 1999), whereas for long-lived canopy are presented. 314 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325
2. Methods population. The North and South Islands were divided into grid squares of 10 · 10 km for statistical analysis (Trzcinski The New Zealand archipelago consists of several hundred is- et al., 1999) and a geographic database of historical and cur- lands spread across 2.2 million km2 of the southern Pacific rent forest cover, as well as climatic, geomorphological and Ocean. For the purposes of this study, forest loss estimates anthropogenic variables was compiled for each grid square were restricted to the two main islands, the North and South using Arc View 3.2 and Spatial Analyst software. A list of Islands, for which reliable data were available. The two all variables and data sources used in this study is presented islands combined represent 97% of the total land area of in Table 1, and full details of how variables were calculated the archipelago and support over 99% of the total human are available in the Supplementary Information.
Table 1 – List of variables, codes, data transformations and data sources used in the analysis of New Zealand deforestation patterns Variable Code Units Transform Data source or formula
Forest cover
Pre-human forest cover FORhist % asin(sqrt(x)) Leathwick et al. (2004)
1850 Forest cover FOR1850 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] McGlone (1989)
1989 Forest cover FOR1989 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand TopoMap
1997 Forest cover FOR1997 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2
2002 Forest cover FOR2002 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2
Total forest change FORCHA % log(x + 101) =((FOR2002 FORhist)/FORhist) · 100
Recent forest change FORCH97 02 % =((FOR2002 FOR1997)/FOR1997) · 100
1997 Exotic forest cover EXO1997 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2
2002 Exotic forest cover EXO2002 % log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2
Recent exotic forest change EXOCH97 01 % =((EXO2002 EXO1997)/EXO1997) · 100
Fragmentation metrics Length of forest edge EDGE km New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2 2 Forest edge: area ratio EDGEAREA km km log(x + 1) =EDGE/FOR2002 Number of forest fragments NUMFRAG # log(x + 1) New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2 Fractal dimension FRACTD Dimensionless New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2
Ordination axis 1 DCAfrag Dimensionless =DCA on above 4 metrics
Geomorphological variables Altitude ALTIT m log(x + 1) New Zealand 25 m Digital Elevation Land evenness EVEN Std. Dev. in m log(x + 1) New Zealand 25 m Digital Elevation Soil calcium CALCIUM Arbitrary Leathwick et al. (2003b) Soil phosphorus PHOSPH Arbitrary Leathwick et al. (2003b) Chemical limitations CHEMLIMS Arbitrary Leathwick et al. (2003b) Soil particle size PSIZE Arbitrary Leathwick et al. (2003b) Soil drainage DRAIN Arbitrary sqrt(x + 0.5) Leathwick et al. (2003b)
Ordination axis 1 DCApsize Dimensionless =DCA on above 7 metrics
Ordination axis 2 DCAphos Dimensionless =DCA on above 7 metrics
Ordination axis 3 DCAcal Dimensionless =DCA on above 7 metrics
Climatic variables Mean annual temperature TEMP C New Zealand 25 m Temperature Model Winter minimum temperature MINTEMP C Leathwick et al. (2003b) Solar radiation SOLRAD MJ m 2 day 1 Leathwick et al. (2003b) Annual rainfall RAIN mm New Zealand Forest Service October vapour pressure deficit VPD kPa Leathwick et al. (2003b) Annual water deficit DEFICIT mm log(x +1) Leathwick et al. (2003b)
Ordination axis 1 DCAmoist Dimensionless =DCA on above 6 metrics
Ordination axis 2 DCAtemp Dimensionless =DCA on above 6 metrics
Anthropogenic variables 2 1996 Population density POPD1996 #km log(x + 1) Statistics New Zealand Census 1996 2 2001 Population density POPD2001 #km log(x + 1) Statistics New Zealand Census 2001
Recent population change POPCH96 01 % log(x + 101) Statistics New Zealand Census 1996, 2001 2001 Property value RENT $ km 2 yr 1 Statistics New Zealand Census 2001 2001 Personal income INCOME $ person 1 yr 1 Statistics New Zealand Census 2001 Road density ROADDENS km km 2 New Zealand TopoMap Distance to highway ROADDIS km log(x + 1) New Zealand Forest Service
For full details on the calculation of variables refer to the text. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 315
2.1. Forest cover and forest fragmentation amount of historical deforestation and the amount and degree of fragmentation of the current forest cover were Data on forest cover were obtained for five time periods; pre- assessed. The proportion of each district that was classified human (about 1000 years before present), 1850, 1989, 1997 and as plantation forest and indigenous scrub (analogous to 2002 (Supplementary Methods). Three metrics were calcu- regenerating forest) was also summarized. Annual deforesta- lated for each grid square to reflect patterns of forest frag- tion rates were calculated over the period 1997–2002 using a mentation in 2002 (Table 1); the number of fragments, the compounding interest formula: edge:area ratio of indigenous forest, and the fractal dimen- r ¼½ðFOR =FOR Þ1=t 1 100 sion of the landscape. Data on indigenous scrub cover were 2002 1997 also obtained for 1997 and 2002, as scrub represents an impor- where r is the rate of change in forest cover (% yr 1) and t is tant stage in the process of forest regeneration and may be the time in years over which the rate of change is calculated considered immature forest (Supplementary Methods). (t = 5).
2.2. Climatic and geomorphological variables 2.4.2. Predictors of forest loss Forest loss was only calculated where forest was historically Data for six climatic and five geomorphological variables were present, thus grid square analyses were restricted to grid obtained to represent abiotic features of the landscape that squares with more than 80% of the total grid square area may influence patterns of forest cover (Supplementary Meth- in forest before the arrival of humans. Preliminary correla- ods). These variables fell into four categories: (1) energy avail- tion analyses showed that many of the climatic and land- ability; (2) water availability; (3) landforms; and (4) suitability form variables were intercorrelated, so separate detrended of the land for agriculture. correspondence analyses (DCA) were used to identify statis- tically independent gradients in the two groups of variables 2.3. Anthropogenic drivers of deforestation using CANOCO version 4.02 software (ter Braak, 1995). First, the six climatic variables were reduced to two axes explain- Total human population density (rural and urban population ing 98% of the variation in the climatic data set (Supplemen- combined) was obtained from the Statistics New Zealand tary Table S1 a). The first axis reflected a moisture gradient national census’ in 1996 and 2001, as were data on land values (DCAmoist), and the second a temperature gradient (DCAtemp), and personal income levels (see Supplementary Methods). as indicated by the high correlations between these variables Road density and the distance from each quadrat to the near- and site ordering along axes 1 and 2 respectively (Supple- est main highway were calculated. mentary Table S1 a). Second, the seven geomorphological Current and future deforestation are limited by the variables were reduced to three axes that explained 94% amount of forest under conservation protection, so maps of of the landform variation (Supplementary Table S1 b). DCA protected forest from the Department of Conservation Axis 1 was most strongly correlated with soil particle size
National Conservation Units dataset (September 2003) were (DCApsize), Axis 2 with soil phosphorus levels (DCAphos) and 2 obtained. There were 86,436 km of land in New Zealand Axis 3 with soil calcium (DCAcal). The identified gradients represented in the National Conservation Units dataset, (2 · climatic and 3 · geomorphological) were used in subse- of which 84,620 km2 (32% of total land area) is managed by quent regression analyses. the Department of Conservation (Supplementary Methods). Multiple regression in R software (R Development Core Team, 2004) was used to investigate the effect of these five 2.4. Statistical analysis axes plus the five anthropogenic variables on historical forest change (FORCHA). Multicollinearity amongst the predictor The analysis of forest change was conducted in four parts: variables was assessed with correlation analysis. Because sig- (1) a regional analysis of current forest cover, (2) a grid nificance tests are sensitive to the number of replicates, and square analysis of cumulative deforestation patterns (pre- this analysis had a large sample size (n = 1984), parameter sig- human to 2002), (3) a grid square analysis of forest fragmen- nificance was tested with a randomisation test based on tation, and (4) regional predictions of long-term trajectories power analysis (Supplementary Methods). in deforestation rates. Where necessary, variables were ANOVA was employed to assess the drivers of recent forest transformed to meet assumptions of normality (Table 1). loss (FORCH97 02). Prior to analysis, grid squares with no for- Grid squares with less than 80 km2 land area (i.e. grid est cover in 1997 were excluded from the dataset. The data squares intersecting lakes and coastlines) were excluded were divided into two sets: those grid squares in which defor- from the analysis (Laurance et al., 2002). To account for estation occurred (N = 129) and those where there was no problems of spatial autocorrelation between grid squares, change in forest cover (N = 1665). ANOVA was used to test the linear, quadratic and cubic combinations of longitude for differences in the values of 13 predictor variables between and latitude of the centre of each 10 · 10 km grid square the two groups. As with the analysis of historical forest cover, were included as co-variates in all analyses (Legendre, parameter significance was tested with a randomisation test 1993; Davies et al., 2003). (Supplementary Methods).
2.4.1. Current status of forest cover 2.4.3. Analysis of forest fragmentation Summary tables of forest metrics were compiled for the 73 The three fragmentation metrics were strongly intercorre- political districts of New Zealand. For each district, the lated, so a DCA was used to identify statistically independent 316 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 gradients in the metrics (ter Braak, 1995). Furthermore, frag- 3. Results mentation metrics are commonly tightly correlated with forest cover in the landscape (Trzcinski et al., 1999; Fahrig, 3.1. Historical forest loss
2003). Consequently, FOR2002 was factored in as a covariable in the DCA to obtain a measure of current fragmentation pat- Eighty-two percent of pre-human New Zealand was covered terns that was independent of forest cover (Trzcinski et al., in indigenous forest (North Is. 96%, South Is. 72%; Leathwick 1999). Prior to analysis, grid squares with no forest cover in et al., 2004), and this figure has dropped to 24%; a total reduc- 2002 were excluded from the dataset. The resulting partial tion in area of some 14,000,000 ha, or 71% of the original for- DCA reduced the three fragmentation metrics to two axes est (Fig. 1, Table 3). An approximately equal amount of land that explained nearly all of the variation in the data (Supple- area has been deforested on the North and South Islands mentary Table S2). The first axis (DCAfrag1) was used as a sur- (about 7,000,000 ha), although the remaining forest in the rogate index of forest fragmentation as this axis alone North Island has been divided into many more fragments accounted for 99% of the variation in the fragmentation met- with an average area approximately five times smaller than rics. The signs of the DCAfrag1 values were reversed to give a that of the South Island (Table 3). Deforestation has occurred more intuitive index, with the gradient from negative to posi- non-randomly within the two main islands, with the East tive values reflecting a gradient from low to high fragmenta- Coast of the South Island and much of the low-lying North Is- tion. A multiple regression approach (as described above for land being almost completely denuded of forest (Fig. 1). Some the analysis of historical forest cover, utilising the randomisa- of these areas have been replaced with exotic plantation for- tion test detailed in the Supplementary Methods)was estry (notably in the North Island), but most of the deforested employed to determine the significant drivers of forest land has been converted into urban, horticultural or agricul- fragmentation. tural land uses. Deforestation within political districts ranged from a low of 13% in Buller to over 99% in Central Otago, 2.4.4. Long-term trajectories of forest change Banks Peninsula, Timaru and the cities of Christchurch, Na- Long-term patterns of forest change in political districts were pier, Tauranga and Wellington (Table 3). Of the 73 political dis- assessed by fitting an exponential curve through four points, tricts (Supplementary Table S3), 30 (two-fifths) have
FOR18750, FOR1989, FOR1997 and FOR2002. An exponential curve experienced greater than 90% deforestation. was chosen on the a priori assumption that deforestation rates were greatest soon after colonisation and have 3.2. Drivers of forest loss and fragmentation decreased through time, and was invariably a good approxi- mation to the empirical data. Because the likelihood of an The 13 predictor variables explained 35% of the variation in extinction threshold occurring increases greatly when forest total forest change (Table 4a; Fig. 2), although the randomisa- cover decreases below about 30% of a given landscape tion test indicated that only road density had strong statisti-
(Andre´n, 1994), the exponential curves were used to estimate cal significance, with DCAmoist (a climatic moisture gradient) the year in which forest cover is predicted to decline below and DCAcal (a soil fertility gradient) also weakly significant. this threshold level within each district. Districts were classi- Road density was the most important predictor, and reflected fied into one of four categories according to the amount of for- a trend for greater deforestation in grid squares with dense est in the landscape, the amount of that forest that is road networks. Historical forest loss was also associated with protected by the Department of Conservation, and the esti- DCAmoist, with dry areas experiencing greater deforestation mated year in which the 30% landscape threshold will be than wet areas. However, there was significant collinearity reached (Table 2). For districts that have already passed the among many of the predictor variables (Supplementary Table
30% threshold (Critical category), the area of forest that would S4), so although road density and DCAmoist were the most sig- need to be restored annually for the landscape to become 30% nificant predictors, it is likely that other variables also played forested by the year 2050 was calculated. Restoration targets an indirect role in determining historical patterns of were calculated in two ways: (1) excluding indigenous scrub deforestation. and considering mature forest only, and (2) including indige- As with historical deforestation, road density was the nous scrub as regenerating forest. strongest predictor of forest fragmentation, DCAcal was weakly significant, and population density was not significant with P = 0.056 (Table 4c). Overall, forest fragmentation was greatest where road density and soil calcium were at their lowest. The multiple regression explained 38% of the varia- tion in the fragmentation index across the 13 parameters, Table 2 – Criteria for classifying landscapes according to future deforestation scenarios but road density was the only parameter that individually ex- plained more than 5% (Table 4c). Category Forest Department of Predicted date Randomisation tests indicated that change in the cover conservation at threshold amount of exotic forest cover was the only strong predictor protected forest of recent deforestation between 1997 and 2002 (Table 4b). Protected – >30% – Grid squares where indigenous forest cover was lost were Stable >30% <30% >2050 strongly associated with recent increases in the cover of Threatened >30% <30% <2050 exotic forest (mean ± 95% CI for annual percentage change Critical <30% – – in exotic forest cover was 0.98 ± 0.14 for grid squares that BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 317
Fig. 1 – Patterns of forest change in New Zealand: (a) pre-human forest cover, (b) 2002 forest cover, (c) total forest loss and (d) forest fragmentation. The fragmentation index in (d) was calculated with a DCA ordination on number of fragments, forest edge to area ratio and fractal dimension of the landscape, after partialling out variation in total forest cover (DCAfrag1 in Supplementary Table S2).
experienced deforestation, versus 0.53 ± 0.04 for those that net decline in scrub cover. The majority of the deforestation did not). (1569 ha) was in the North Island, with more than half of that being cleared from the Northland region alone, and a further 3.3. Regional trends in recent deforestation rates 24% cleared from the Waikato region. In the South Island, deforestation was greatest in Southland where nearly 500 ha Between 1997 and 2002, 2344 ha of native forest was de- were cleared. Deforestation rates varied throughout the coun- stroyed, equivalent to an annual deforestation rate of just try, with the political districts of the Far North and North 0.01% (Table 3, Supplementary Table S3). At the same time, Shore experiencing the highest recent rates of 0.09% p.a. a further 12000 ha of indigenous scrub was cleared However, the North Shore had only 1200 ha of forest in ( 0.14% yr 1), with 53 of the 73 districts contributing to the 1997, so the amount deforested was small in absolute terms 318
Table 3 – Regional assessment of past, current and likely future forest cover for the 16 political regions in New Zealand
Political Pre-human 2002 Total Forest 2002 Scrub 2002 No. Ave. Edge DoC Stable, Critical: region forest Indigenous forest change Indigenous change Plantation forest frag. Dens protected protected, (ha yr 1 , excl. cover forest change ’97–’02 scrub ’97–’02 forest frags area (km forest or and incl. (ha, %) (ha, %) (%) (ha, % yr 1 ) (ha, %) (ha, % yr 1 ) (ha, %) (ha) km 2 ) (ha, %) threatened scrub)
Northland 1,383,360 (92) 275,568 (18) 80.08 868 ( 0.06) 150,937 (10) 1361 ( 0.18) 368,219 (24) 14,069 20 1.67 105,161 (07) 3909 (547) ILGCLCONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL Auckland 327,396 (93) 45,994 (13) 85.95 6 (0.00) 26,278 (07) 17 ( 0.01) 130,986 (37) 2264 21 1.10 2875 (01) 1331 (747) Waikato 2,458,399 (94) 577,781 (22) 76.50 377 ( 0.01) 167,380 (06) 340 ( 0.04) 778,618 (30) 8207 196 0.83 344,070 (13) 3453 (0) Bay of Plenty 994,973 (97) 475,986 (46) 52.16 28 (0.00) 53,546 (05) 238 ( 0.09) 655,813 (64) 1608 564 0.84 329,088 (32) Protected Gisborne 827,506 (99) 132,237 (16) 84.02 2 (0.00) 123,311 (15) 936 ( 0.15) 395,936 (47) 1659 523 0.60 63,024 (08) 2635 (0) Taranaki 574,964 (99) 177,010 (31) 69.21 184 ( 0.02) 50,505 (09) 695 ( 0.27) 37,281 (06) 2850 121 1.28 96,510 (17) Threatened (2016) Hawke’s Bay 1,692,048 (98) 292,202 (17) 82.73 49 (0.00) 161,950 (09) 954 ( 0.12) 273,802 (16) 3748 240 0.62 183,368 (11) 3194 (0) Manawatu- 1,922,797 (98) 438,293 (22) 77.21 52 (0.00) 172,851 (09) 1194 ( 0.14) 269,247 (14) 6600 236 0.90 264,481 (13) 1678 (0) Wanganui Wellington 787,829 (98) 158,374 (20) 79.90 2 (0.00) 110,205 (14) 1378 ( 0.25) 119,443 (15) 1187 157 0.71 97,896 (12) 1837 (0) Tasman 847,945 (88) 532,979 (55) 37.14 64 (0.00) 68,729 (07) 1227 ( 0.35) 104,715 (11) 2153 713 1.27 466,861 (48) Protected
Nelson 41,220 (97) 12,930 (31) 68.63 6( 0.01) 5928 (14) 1 (0.00) 12,078 (29) 93 2113 1.22 4489 (11) Threatened 312 (2006) 133 (2048) Marlborough 796,733 (78) 208,865 (20) 73.78 0 (0.00) 137,490 (13) 3038 ( 0.44) 73,118 (07) 806 336 0.72 166,945 (16) 2173 (0) Canterbury 3,231,290 (67) 286,022 (06) 91.15 53 (0.00) 210,965 (04) 72 ( 0.01) 128,066 (03) 4282 216 0.38 189,269 (04) 5610 (17,685) West Coast 1,848,727 (79) 1,438,453 (62) 22.19 145 (0.00) 85,136 (04) 419 ( 0.10) 42,520 (02) 2882 690 1.36 1,230,965 (53) Protected Otago 1,744,739 (60) 181,326 (06) 89.61 8 (0.00) 103,079 (04) 91 ( 0.02) 127,368 (04) 2239 542 0.36 137,421 (05) 5310 (11,511) Southland 2,250,040 (76) 1,077,089 (36) 52.13 499 ( 0.01) 65,702 (02) 190 ( 0.06) 83,636 (03) 2993 391 0.93 942,596 (32) Protected – North Island 10,969,272 (96) 2,573,444 (23) 76.54 1569 ( 0.01) 1,016,962 (09) 7114 ( 0.14) 3,029,345 (27) 41,927 61 0.93 1,486,473 (13) 14,252 (0) 325 South Island 10,760,694 (72) 3,737,664 (25) 65.27 775 (0.00) 677,028 (05) 5038 ( 0.15) 571,499 (04) 15,304 244 0.72 3,138,546 (21) 17,104 (0) New Zealand 21,729,965 (82) 6,311,107 (24) 70.96 2344 ( 0.01) 1,693,990 (06) 12,152 ( 0.14) 3,600,844 (14) 57,231 110 0.81 4,625,019 (18) 31,356 (0)
Data are arranged by regions from north to south, and figures in brackets are percent of district area. See text and Table 1 for details on data sources. Regions are assigned to one of four conservation categories according to the criteria in Table 2 (Stable, Protected, Threatened or Critical). For regions assessed as ‘Threatened’, the year at which forest cover is projected to fall below an extinction threshold of 30% forest cover in the landscape is presented. For ‘Critical’ regions, the figure represents the area that would need to be converted to indigenous forest annually to meet an arbitrary goal of 30% land area forested by the year 2050. The amount is presented under the assumptions that native scrub is not considered to be forest and, in brackets, that native scrub is considered to be forest. An extended version of this table that presents the same summary information for each of the 73 political districts of New Zealand (where political districts are land units that are nested within the political regions presented here) is provided in Supplementary Table S4. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 319
Table 4 – Effects of 13 predictor variables on patterns of forest loss and fragmentation in New Zealand, after partialling out spatial autocorrelation
Variable Linear regression or ANOVA Randomisation test
df MS FF(95% CI) P (F > Fcrit)
(a) Historical forest loss (pre-human to 2002) *** EXO2002 1 10.34 46.20 4.86 (00.07, 20.22) 0.403 *** POPD2001 1 23.82 106.44 12.26 (02.06,33.97) 0.081 RENT 1 11.63 51.98*** 5.70 (00.05, 23.48) 0.356 ROADDIS 1 15.61 69.76*** 7.07 (00.38, 25.67) 0.285 ROADDENS 1 69.95 312.58*** 34.87 (14.00, 63.92) <0.001*** *** DCApsize 1 6.99 31.21 3.14 (00.02, 13.76) 0.584 *** DCAphos 1 9.65 43.11 4.73 (00.06, 19.32) 0.433 *** * DCAcal 1 28.71 128.32 13.96 (03.19,33.17) 0.047 *** * DCAmoist 1 28.05 125.35 14.91 (03.40, 36.00) 0.034 *** DCAtemp 1 19.59 87.52 7.88 (00.56, 25.84) 0.227 EVEN 1 14.03 62.67*** 0.48 (00.00,05.15) 0.947 ALTIT 1 2.54 11.35*** 7.32 (00.49, 21.60) 0.223 INCOME 1 0.27 1.23 0.52 (00.00, 06.27) 0.925 Residual 1970 0.22
(b) Recent forest loss (1997–2002) *** ** EXOCH97 02 1 1.698 28.05 15.06 (07.37,26.33) 0.002
POPCH96 01 1 0.028 0.47 1.47 (00.07, 03.96) 0.974 RENT 1 0.045 0.74 0.28 (00.00, 02.89) 0.990 ROADDIS 1 0.015 0.24 0.17 (00.00,01.85) 0.998 ROADDENS 1 0.044 0.73 2.64 (00.08, 09.75) 0.670
DCApsize 1 0.107 1.77 0.37 (00.00, 03.02) 0.991
DCAphos 1 0.025 0.41 0.16 (00.00,01.80) 0.998
DCAcal 1 0.169 2.79 0.45 (00.00, 03.39) 0.982
DCAmoist 1 0.017 0.29 2.00 (00.03, 07.68) 0.793
DCAtemp 1 0.006 0.10 0.13 (00.00,01.44) 0.999 EVEN 1 0.023 0.38 1.12 (00.00,06.16) 0.898 ALTIT 1 0.164 2.72 0.41 (00.00, 03.04) 0.986 INCOME 1 0.039 0.64 0.26 (00.00, 02.59) 0.995 Residual 1780 0.061
(c) Forest fragmentation (2002) *** EXO2002 1 11.66 58.86 7.49 (00.20, 23.37) 0.257 *** POPD2001 1 22.91 115.60 14.66 (02.31,38.71) 0.056 RENT 1 12.25 61.81*** 7.31 (00.04, 26.07) 0.283 ROADDIS 1 17.86 90.12*** 10.05 (01.32,29.52) 0.124 ROADDENS 1 63.65 321.16*** 39.32 (16.43,72.63) <0.001*** *** DCApsize 1 4.10 20.71 2.17 (00.00,12.99) 0.672 *** DCAphos 1 14.37 72.53 9.02 (00.61,28.40) 0.177 *** * DCAcal 1 28.32 142.90 16.25 (03.64,35.75) 0.029 *** DCAmoist 1 15.49 78.18 10.89 (01.37,29.76) 0.124 *** DCAtemp 1 10.73 54.14 4.95 (00.07, 19.69) 0.387 EVEN 1 12.70 64.08*** 0.50 (00.00, 05.49) 0.940 ALTIT 1 1.63 8.23** 7.56 (00.67, 22.29) 0.199 INCOME 1 1.00 5.04* 0.83 (00.00,07.11) 0.876 Residual 1780 0.20
The response variables are (a) historical forest loss (%), (b) forest loss between 1997 and 2002 (%), and (c) the fragmentation index DCAfrag1 for forest cover in 2002. The models in (a) and (c) were tested with multiple regression, and model (b) with ANOVA. Parameter significance for all models was assessed with randomisation tests that were based on power analysis. F = median value of F-statistic as generated from multiple
linear regression on 1000 randomly sampled subsets of the data (±95% CI). PðF>Fcrit Þ ¼ probability that any given F-value from the randomisation test is greater than the critical F-value. Abbreviations as in Table 1. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. *** P < 0.001.
(6 ha vs 719 ha cleared in the Far North). Notably, no districts CI: 3.3–6.5 ha). Over 80% of the deforested areas were classi- experienced net native afforestation, and only two had small fied as being harvested, but this does not necessarily imply increases in scrub cover. that it was felled for forestry purposes (Thompson et al., Deforestation events were typically very small, with an 2003). Individual scrub clearances were also small average of just 4.9 ha destroyed at any given location (95% (mean ± 95% CI = 17 ± 4 ha). The majority of scrub that was 320 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325
0 a 0 b a r2 = 0.281 r2 = 0.498 -20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
-100 -100 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -2 DCA Road density (km.km ) moist
0 c 0 d 2 r2 = NA r = 0.036 -20 -20
Historical forest loss (%) Historical forest -40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
-100 -100 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.5 3.0 DCA -2 cal Population density (#.km )
Fig. 2 – Predictors of total forest change in New Zealand: (a) road density, (b) climatic moisture, (c) soil calcium, and (d) human population density. Negative forest change values indicate deforestation, positive values indicate afforestation. DCAmoist reflects a gradient from wet (negative values) to dry climates, and DCAcal a gradient from low to high soil calcium. Formulae for the fitted lines are (a) Y = 160.12 34.05 · log10(X); (b) Y = 120.78 93.94 · log10(X + 0.3); (c) distance-weighted least-squares; and (d) Y = 112.29 15.91 · log10(X).
cleared was converted to plantation forestry (69%), and these 2050 varied widely (Fig. 3), from less than 50 ha yr 1 to more clearings tended to be much larger than the overall mean than 6000 ha yr 1 (mean = 126 ha; 95% CI = 62–258 ha). Most clearance size (35 ± 16 ha). A further 27% of cleared scrub (31 of 55) districts that had less than 30% forest cover required was converted to high or low producing grassland (927 and the establishment of less than 1000 ha yr 1 of new forest to 2541 ha, respectively). exceed the extinction threshold by 2050 (Supplementary Ta- By 2002, 55 of the 73 political districts had already passed ble S4). For 10 of the 55 districts, the inclusion of existing below the extinction threshold of 30% forest cover in the indigenous scrub as regenerating forest was enough to in- landscape (Table 3, Supplementary Table S3). Of the remain- crease their level of forest cover above the extinction thresh- ing 18 that have retained significant forest resources, 10 have old without requiring additional restoration. conservation protection in place for more than 30% of the landscape (Supplementary Table S3), and predictive models 4. Discussion indicated that three are stable (Waitakere City, Lower Hurt City and Upper Hurt City) and five are threatened (Waitomo, 4.1. Drivers of deforestation and forest fragmentation Western Bay of Plenty, New Plymouth, Ruapehu and Nelson). Several districts recognised as in imminent risk of declining Deforestation is a non-random process that reflects the par- below the extinction threshold had experienced negligible ticular history and conditions of a given location. For forest change in the last 5 years, but are within 3% of the instance, North American forest loss occurred primarily along threshold value, justifying their classification as threatened the coast and at low altitudes (Seabloom et al., 2002), whereas landscapes. Four of the five threatened districts are in the in the relatively flat Amazonian Basin deforestation has prin- North Island. The exception, Nelson, was far less fragmented cipally occurred along paved highways, with human popula- than the North Island districts, with an average fragment area tion density and climate also being important drivers more than five times greater than any of the other threatened (Laurance et al., 2002). By contrast, the cumulative pattern landscapes (Supplementary Table S3). of deforestation in New Zealand was most strongly associated Annual restoration rates required for districts to meet the with the density of road networks, a climatic moisture gradi- arbitrary restoration target of 30% forest cover by the year ent and soil fertility. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 321
28 probably reflects the fact that early peoples used fire as the excluding scrub most common method of clearing forest (Stevens et al., including scrub 1988; McGlone, 1989; Arnold, 1994), with the dry, eastern for- 24 ests burning more readily and extensively (Molloy, 1969; Leathwick et al., 2003a). 20 Surprisingly, there was a non-significant correlation be- tween forest loss and human population density. In other 16 studies of deforestation rates, population density is often cited as a significant driver of forest clearance (Laurance, 1999; Pfaff, 1999; Bhattarai and Hammig, 2001; Cropper 12 et al., 1999; Geist and Lambin, 2002). These studies are typi- cally conducted in tropical, developing nations, where forests Number of districts 8 are converted to agricultural land to feed rapidly growing hu- man populations which are often widely dispersed through large rural areas (Laurance et al., 2002; Seabloom et al., 4 2002). By contrast, New Zealand is a temperate, developed na- tion with a small population growth rate (1.2% p.a.), a largely 0 urban population (86%), and an emerging trend for farmers to 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 protect, rather than clear, privately owned forest (Queen Eliz- Annual restoration required (ha.yr-1) abeth II Trust, 1984; Ministry for the Environment, 2000; Davis and Cocklin, 2001). Fig. 3 – Frequency distribution of restoration rates required A second reason for the non-significant relationship for the 73 political districts to meet an arbitrary goal of 30% between historical deforestation and population density is a forest cover by 2050. Districts are grouped according to the difference in the temporal scale of observations. The popula- amount of forest regeneration they would need to meet the tion distribution in 2001, which was the variable used in this restoration target, and the area of required regeneration is analysis, does not necessarily reflect the population distribu- calculated with scrub both included and excluded. Including tion at the actual time that deforestation occurred in any indigenous scrub as regenerating forest greatly reduces the given area, as New Zealand has seen dramatic population number of districts that require the establishment of more movements in response to colonisation schemes, gold rushes than 1000 ha of forest per year. and the eventual growth of large urban centres around major ports (Boddington, 2003). Moreover, multicollinearity amongst Road density was the strongest predictor of cumulative for- variables may also have weakened any direct link between est loss and fragmentation in New Zealand, as it is in much of human population density and historical deforestation. Popu- the rest of the world (e.g. Chomitz and Gray, 1996; Cropper lation density was significantly correlated with all other pre- et al., 1999, 2001; Alves, 2002; Laurance et al., 2002; Agarwal dictor variables with the exception of exotic forest cover. It et al., 2005). This pattern was apparent even though the mea- was most strongly correlated with road density, strengthen- sure of historical deforestation lumped pre- and post-Euro- ing the assertion that road density acts as a surrogate for pean effects. Pre-European deforestation occurred in the human landuse intensity. absence of roads, so must have been driven by other factors. There were also surprisingly weak effects of the geomor- However, it appears that the tendency for post-European phological variables on deforestation. In particular, a strong deforestation to occur in areas with high road densities has effect of altitude on historical forest loss had been expected, been so strong that it has overwhelmed the pre-European pat- as topography strongly influenced the patterns of human set- terns. Roads form an integral component of modern com- tlement and forest burning in New Zealand (Molloy, 1969), and merce and can act as a surrogate variable for human landuse most of the lowland plains are almost completely denuded of pressure, with high-density road networks representing inten- native forest (Ewers et al., 2005). That it did not show up in the sive use of the landscape. As such, it is not surprising to find analysis probably reflects the intercorrelated nature of many that areas with the highest density road networks, such as cit- of the drivers. Both altitude and land evenness were strongly ies and suburbs, had the highest rates of deforestation in New negatively correlated with road density (r = 0.55 and 0.54 Zealand, and that areas with few roads were left relatively un- respectively) and human population density (r = 0.35 and scathed. However, a number of grid squares that had few roads 0.27 respectively), a pattern also shown by Seabloom et al. were also heavily or completely deforested (Fig. 2a), indicating (2002), and indicates that the effects of topography were that the absence of roads is not, in itself, enough to guarantee encompassed within these intercorrelated relationships. forest persistence and that other factors are responsible for causing deforestation patterns in these areas. 4.2. The impact of exotic forestry on recent deforestation High rates of forest loss were also correlated with low an- rates nual rainfall, high vapour pressure deficit and high annual water deficit. This does not, however, mean that dry climates In contrast to patterns of historical forest loss, recent forest per se are driving forest loss. Rather, it is the human response loss over the period 1997–2002 was associated solely with in- to climate that is the ultimate cause of deforestation. The cor- creases in the amount of exotic forest cover. This indicates relation between forest loss and a climatic moisture gradient that in many locations indigenous forest has been destroyed 322 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325
to make way for exotic plantations, and demonstrates that The second priority for conservation protection is the tar- there is a strong role played by the forestry industry in driving geting of forest fragments in landscapes with very low current patterns of deforestation (Walker et al., 2006). Further- amounts of forest cover. These landscapes can be combined more, a large proportion of the indigenous scrub that was with the Land Environments of New Zealand categories to as- cleared was converted to exotic plantations. The amount of sign simple priority values to fragments that are not yet pro- land covered by exotic forestry in New Zealand has been tected, based on two variables: (1) the proportion of protected increasing steadily since the end of the Second World War, forest in the landscape in which the fragment is located; and and the fact that recent expansion of forestry operations is (2) the proportion of protected forest in the Land Environ- still associated with the loss of small indigenous forest rem- ments of New Zealand category within which the fragment nants is of concern. is classified. This simple ranking system has the potential to provide a clear, ecologically relevant priority system for land 4.3. Protection of indigenous forests acquisitions. One important consideration in developing a strategy like Of the forested land that remains in New Zealand, three-quar- this is that the land must be available for conservation ters (46,250 km2) is Crown owned and protected from clear- purposes; this may not be the case for much of the forest that ance and development through administration by the remains in the most threatened land environments of New Department of Conservation. However, the distribution of that Zealand. The large majority of these fragments are located protection is uneven between political districts. Most of the on private land that is not for sale, and is not likely to be sold landscapes with >30% forest fell into the protected category, in the foreseeable future. Thus, effective conservation man- indicating that where abundant forest exists, the Department agement in these areas may rely more on private land cove- of Conservation administers a significant proportion of the nants through institutions such as the Queen Elizabeth II forests for conservation purposes. Unfortunately, though, National Trust (Queen Elizabeth II Trust, 1984) than on official landscapes with low amounts of forest cover, where surviving government protection through the Department of remnants are of proportionately greater conservation value, Conservation. also tend to have the lowest proportion of protected forest (Leathwick et al., 2003a; Walker et al., 2005, 2006). 4.4. Recent and future deforestation The districts that are underrepresented in terms of the remaining Crown-owned indigenous forests managed for con- The spatial distribution of recent deforestation was clumped servation are predominantly in the lowlands and cities (Awim- in several political regions at opposite ends of the nation, of bo et al., 1996; Norton, 2000), where land prices are inevitably which Northland and Southland were the most notable. high. This trend has been emphasized during the tenure re- Nearly 40% of all forest loss that occurred in New Zealand view process of high country lands that was initiated in the from 1997 to 2002 occurred in Northland, which also contains 1990s in New Zealand, where historic crown leasehold land some of the most fragmented forest in New Zealand. is in the process of being converted to either conservation es- Although the Northland deforestation rates are still the high- tate or freehold farmland (Mark et al., 2003). The net result of est in the country, it is notable that they have been greatly this pattern is an extensive, but non-representative conserva- reduced over the past 20 years, when indigenous forest was tion estate – a problem shared by many nations in the world being cleared at 1.5% yr 1 (Anderson et al., 1984). Deforesta- (Pressey, 1994). We suggest that future forest protection prior- tion rates in Southland are also relatively high, reflecting ities in New Zealand should now be in two new directions. the impact of logging activities on land owned by indigenous The first priority for conservation protection is the target- groups. Southland is home to almost half of the forest granted ing of landscapes that are at risk of forest cover declining be- to named Maori people under the South Island Landless low the ‘extinction threshold’ of 30% forest cover. The Natives Act 1906, and these remain today as the only privately extinction threshold poses a considerable threat to metapop- owned forests in New Zealand that are not required to have ulation persistence in deforested landscapes. As the thresh- Sustainable Forest Management Plans under the 1993 Forests old is passed, dispersal between forest fragments is Act (Ministry of Agriculture, 2001). As a consequence, it has disrupted to the extent that extinction rates of isolated popu- been recognised that there is potential for ongoing unsustain- lations increases and vacant fragments are not recolonised able harvesting of indigenous forest in this area (Ministry of (Kareiva and Wennergren, 1995). The loss of even a small Agriculture, 2001). amount of forest near the threshold may, therefore, result Future forest loss scenarios were predicted using exponen- in an irreversible decline in species persistence (With and tial decline curves rather than extrapolating current deforesta- King, 1999). If these landscapes can be maintained above tion rates into the future, because deforestation rates are not the extinction threshold by preemptive conservation mea- static through time (Bhattarai and Hammig, 2001; Laurance sures, it may be possible to avoid future declines in the pop- et al., 2001). Forest destruction occurred extremely rapidly fol- ulations of native species, thereby negating the need for lowing the 1870s after establishment of European settlements expensive, single-species management which becomes more in New Zealand (Arnold, 1994) and as the forest has receded, so costly the rarer a taxon becomes (Garnett et al., 2003). How- has the rate at which further clearance has been made. To ac- ever, we stress that habitat loss is only one of many factors count for these changes through time, a regression approach that interact to cause species declines (Didham et al., was used that smoothed out short-term variation in deforesta- 2005a,b, 2006), and that preventing future habitat loss will tion rates and allowed us to determine long-term trajectories not, in itself, guarantee the persistence of all species. in forest cover. Because of the uncertainties implicit in any BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 312– 325 323
regression analysis and the unpredictable way in which year- REFERENCES to-year deforestation rates can vary, the dates at which the landscape threshold is predicted to be exceeded should be Agarwal, D.K., Silander, J.A.J., Gelfand, A.E., Dewar, R.E., interpreted solely as an indication of the relative threat to dif- Mickelson, J.G.J., 2005. Tropical deforestation in Madagascar: ferent landscapes. By contrast, the restoration targets provide analysis using hierarchical, spatially explicit, Bayesian a clear indication of the magnitude of the conservation effort regression models. Ecological Modelling 185, 105–131. required by the individual political districts. Alves, D.S., 2002. Space–time dynamics of deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. International Journal of Remote Sensing For heavily deforested regions, such as in Canterbury and 23, 2903–2908. Otago, the restoration effort required is considerable, with Anderson, R., Hogarth, I., Pickard, R., Ogle, C.C., 1984. Loss of many districts needing to restore between 2000 and 6000 ha wildlife habitat in Northland, 1978–1983. New Zealand Wildlife of forest each year. Encouragingly though, 6% of New Zealand Service Technical Report No. 6, Department of Internal Affairs, landcover is currently classified as indigenous scrub, which, if Wellington. left undisturbed for long enough time periods, should regen- Andre´n, H., 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and erate into indigenous forest, and so could be considered ‘‘for- mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71, 355–366. est-in-waiting.’’ When scrub is considered in this manner, the Arnold, R., 1994. New Zealand’s Burning: The Settlers’ World in restoration targets for many districts become more achiev- the Mid 1880s. Victoria University Press, Wellington. able. It is also encouraging that when taken as a whole, Awimbo, J.A., Norton, D.A., Overmars, F.B., 1996. An evaluation of New Zealand has 30% of its total land area in either indige- representativeness for nature conservation, Hokitika nous forest or indigenous scrub that should eventually regen- Ecological District, New Zealand. Biological Conservation 75, erate into forest. However, data from the LandCover Database 177–186. Bhattarai, M., Hammig, M., 2001. Institutions and the shows a nationwide trend for declining native scrub cover, Environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: a suggesting that large areas of this landcover type are not crosscountry analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. being allowed to regenerate into mature forest before being World Development 29, 995–1010. cleared. Furthermore, only 162 ha of new scrub cover regener- Boddington, B., 2003. New Zealand’s population: a demographic ated between 1997 and 2002. Of course, it is also possible that overview. New Zealand Population Review 29, 9–17. the LandCover Database has underestimated the amount of Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L., Oyugi, J.O., 1999. Time lag between scrub regeneration that is occurring, because the early deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 13, 1140–1150. encroachment of native scrub into grasslands is unlikely to Chomitz, K.M., Gray, D.P., 1996. Roads, land, markets, and be recorded as a transition from grassland to scrub due to deforestation: a spatial model of land use in Belize. The World the minor changes in the spectral signatures of the vegetation Bank Economic Review 10, 487–512. cover at these early stages. To detect increases in scrub cover Clout, M., 2001. Where protection is not enough: active at the early stages of regeneration, finer remote sensing tech- conservation in New Zealand. Trends in Ecology and Evolution niques, such as those employed by the EcoSat Project (Dy- 16, 415–416. mond et al., 2004), may be required. Craig, J.L., Anderson, S.H., Clout, M., Creese, B., Mitchell, N., Ogden, J., Roberts, M., Ussher, G., 2000. Conservation issues in Obviously, the process of forest regeneration in a temper- New Zealand. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, ate nation is slow and the final target of 30% landcover of 61–78. mature forest can not realistically be achieved by 2050. How- Cropper, M., Griffiths, C., Mani, M., 1999. Roads, population ever, the land required to meet this set of district-level targets pressures, and deforestation in Thailand, 1976–1989. Land could certainly be set aside by 2050, because relatively modest Economics 75, 58–73. annual additions to the conservation estate will be enough for Cropper, M., Puri, J., Griffiths, C., 2001. Predicting the location of deforestation: the role of roads and protected areas in north many districts to attain the eventual goal of restoring the New Thailand. Land Economics 77, 172–186. Zealand landscape to the point where the historical impacts Davies, R.G., Herna´ndez, L.M., Eggleton, P., Didham, R.K., Fagan, of habitat loss are minimised. L.L., Winchester, N.N., 2003. Environmental and spatial influences upon species composition of a termite assemblage Acknowledgements across neotropical forest islands. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, 509–524. Davis, P., Cocklin, C., 2001. Protecting Habitats on Private Land: John Thyne provided assistance with constructing the GIS Perspectives from Northland, New Zealand. Department of database, Stuart Waring and Kath Henderson at the Depart- Conservation, Wellington. 69 pp. ment of Conservation provided the National Conservation Didham, R.K., Ewers, R.M., Gemmell, N.J., 2005a. Comment on Units dataset, and Craig Briggs at Landcare Research provided ‘‘Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic the pre-human vegetation cover layers. Ecki Brockerhoff, John islands’’. Science 307, 1412a. Craig, Kath Dickinson, Bill Laurance, Amanda Todd and an Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Hutchison, M.A., Ewers, R.M., Gemmell, N.J., 2005b. Are invasive species the drivers of anonymous reviewer gave helpful comments on the ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 470– manuscript. 474. Dymond, J.R., Shepherd, J.D., Ausseil, A.-G.E., 2004. ECOSAT: a new Appendix A. Supplementary data generation of ecolandscape descriptors derived from satellite imagery. Available from:
Ewers, R.M., Didham, R.K., 2006. Confounding factors in the Ministry for the Environment, 2000. Final report of the Ministerial detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Advisory Committee on Biodiversity and Private Land. Biological Reviews 81, 117–142. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, p. 112. Ewers, R.M., Didham, R.K., Wratten, S.D., Tylianakis, J.M., 2005. Ministry of Agriculture, 2001. Forestry Sector Issues. New Zealand Remotely sensed landscape heterogeneity as a rapid tool for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Available from:
Vellend, M., Verheyen, K., Jacquemyn, H., Kolb, J., Van Calster, H., Walker, S., Price, R., Rutledge, D., Lee, W.G., 2006. Recent loss of Peterken, G., Hermy, M., 2006. Extinction debt of forest plants indigenous cover in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of persists for more than a century following habitat Ecology 30, 169–177. fragmentation. Ecology 87, 542–548. Wiser, S.K., Allen, R.B., Clinton, P.W., Platt, K.H., 1998. Community Walker, S., Price, R., Rutledge, D., 2005. New Zealand’s Remaining structure and forest invasion by an exotic herb over 23 years. Indigenous Cover: Recent Changes and Biodiversity Protection Ecology 79, 2071–2081. Needs. Report number LC 0405/038, Landcare Research New With, K.A., King, A.W., 1999. Extinction thresholds for species in Zealand, Wellington. fractal landscapes. Conservation Biology 13, 314–326. I: HERITAGE REGISTER ______
PART I
HERITAGE REGISTER
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 1 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER ______
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KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 2 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
I. HERITAGE REGISTER
The tables, which follow, are divided into the following categories:
B. Historic Buildings (including structures)
E. Ecological Sites
G. Geological Sites
T. Significant Trees
W. Waahi Tapu
Also included in I.2 is a list of archaeological sites for information purposes.
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 3 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
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KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 4 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
I.1 HERITAGE REGISTER
B. Historic Buildings
Abbreviations: DSR (O, H or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or Kapiti DOC Department of Conservation (Number in Inventory of Significant Indigenous Flora and Fauna) HPT (I or II) Historic Places Trust (Category I or II Classification) KCDC Kapiti Coast District Council KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc KHS Kapiti Historical Society NTR National Tree Register (NZIH) OHS Otaki Historical Society TC Tree Covenant (protection of trees through subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B1 HPT (II) Land Arthur St, Otaki Otaki Railway Station Information (SO 13765 NZHPT Register No. 4099 Cat. II NZ (LINZ) Railway land) (1509135900) B2 HPT (II) Tainui Marae 2-4 Convent Rd, Pukekaraka Presbytery Committee Otaki NZHPT Register No. 4100 Cat. II Pukekaraka 5 ML (1510179700) 401) B3 HPT (I) Roman 2-4 Convent Rd, St Mary's Church (Catholic) Catholic Otaki NZHPT Register No. 4701 Cat. I Church Pukekaraka 5 ML (1510179700) 401) B4 HPT (II) Private 3 Main Highway Cottage - Brown Sugar Cafe (SH1), Otaki NZHPT Register No. 4093 Cat. II (Lot 2 DP 26621) (1509194200) B5 HPT (II) Housing NZ 206 Mill Rd, Otaki Railway House (SO 18606 Sec 4 NZHPT Register No. 4955 Cat. II Blk IX Waitohu (1509166600) SD) B6 HPT (II) Housing NZ 208 Mill Rd, Otaki Railway House (SO 18606 Sec 3 NZHPT Register No. 4956 Cat. II Blk IX Waitohu (1509166500) SD) B7 HPT (II) Capital Dairy 35 Rahui Rd, Otaki Rahui Milk Treatment Station Products (Lots 1, 4 DP 4014 NZHPT Register No. 4102 Cat. II Pt Matitikura ML (1509157005) 258 A/349) B8 HPT (II) Capital Dairy 35 Rahui Rd, Otaki Rahui Factory Social Hall Products (Lots 1, 4 DP 4014 NZHPT Register No. 4101 Cat. II Pt Matitikura ML (1509157005) 258 A/349)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 5 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B9 HPT (I) Te Wananga Health Camp Rd, Otaki Children’s Health Camp o Raukawa Otaki Rotunda (SO 20565 Appt of NZHPT Register No. 4098 Cat. I Sec 5, Pt Sec 18 (1511029200) Blk VIII Waitohu SD) B10 HPT (II) Otaki/Porirua Tasman Rd, Otaki Maori University (Te Wananga O Trust Board (Pt 4 DP 3364) Raukawa College) NZHPT Register No. 4096 Cat. II (1486113000) B11 HPT (I) Raukawa cnr Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha & Jubilee Memorial Marae & Hadfield Sts, NZHPT Register No. 4103 Cat. I Trustees Otaki (1510161500) (Pt Mangapouri Maori Reserve ML 5304) B12 HPT (I) Anglican 47 Te Rauparaha Site of the Rangiatea Church Church St, Otaki (Anglican) (Pt Church Mission Grant ML 461) B13 HPT (II) Anglican Te Rauparaha St, Maori School (next to Rangiatea Church Otaki Church site) (Pt Church Mission NZHPT Register No. 4968 Cat. II Grant Ml 461) (1510181400) B14 HPT Roman Convent Rd, Otaki Pukekaraka Conservation Area, Catholic (Pukekaraka 5 ML Otaki Church 401) (1510179700) B15 HPT (II) Private 29 Hadfield Rd, Lovat House Peka Peka NZHPT Register No. 4095 Cat. II (Lot 2 DP 11457) (1490004000) B16 HPT (II) Private 48 Winara Ave, Kildoon Stables Waikanae NZHPT Register No. 4105 Cat II (Pt Lot 5 DP 41867 (1496022000) Lot 1 DP 45107) B17 HPT (II) Private 48 Winara Ave, Kildoon House Waikanae NZHPT Register No. 4104 Cat. II (Pt 5 DP 41867 (1496022000) Lot 1 DP 45107) B18 HPT (II) & Private 2 Otaihanga Rd, Arapawhaiti (Ferry House Inn) DSR (K) Otaihanga NZHPT Register No. 4967 Cat. II (Lot 1 DP 56172) (1527098400) B19 HPT & Private Paekakariki Kumera Pits x 3 DSR (K) (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269) (1540001800) B20 HPT (II) Tranz Rail Ltd Main Rd, Paekakariki Railway Station Paekakariki NZHPT Register No. 4959 Cat. II (Railway land) (1541055100) B21 HPT (I) KCDC Railway Station, South end signal box Main Rd, NZHPT Register No. 4706 Cat. I Paekakariki (1541055100) (Railway land) B22 HPT (I) Tranz Rail Ltd Railway Station, Water vats x 2 Main Rd, NZHPT Register No. 4705 Cat. I Paekakariki (1541055100) (Railway land)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 6 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B23 HPT (II) Tranz Rail Ltd Paekakariki Goods shed (old rail-air shed). Railway Yard NZHPT Register No. 4961 Cat. II (Railway land) (1541055100) B24 HPT Tranz Rail Ltd Paekakariki Area as a whole Railway Station (1541055100) (Railway land) B25 DSR (K) KCDC 14 Mazengarb Bishop Hadfield Church Site - refer Road, to Heritage Trail plaque for History Paraparaumu of the Site (Lot 39 DP23764) (1527121300) B26 DSR (K) WRC Mackays Crossing, Memorial Gates Queen Elizabeth (1540000100) Park (Sec 100 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 24783, SH1) B27 DSR (K) Private Main Rd, 1906 Restaurant Paekakariki (1541008400) (Pt Paekakariki 1B ML 1436 & Pt Plan A/2237) Change B28 DSR (K) Anglican Beach Rd, St Peter's Anglican Church and 71A&B Church Paekakariki grounds and associated fixtures. 15/10/08 (Pt Lot 4 DP 830) (1541000600) B29 Submission Te Nikau Valley Rd, House - built @ 1900 Bible College Paraparaumu (1525165100) (Lot 4 DP 50470 Lot 1 DP 21078 & Closed Road) B30 DSR (K) Private 52 Tilley Rd, House - built 1920 - early Paekakariki Californian bungalow style house (Lot 10 Blk III DP (154105400) 2465) B31 DSR (K) KCDC Marine Pde, Otaki Otaki Beach Pavilion - Art Deco Beach era (Beachfront opposite Rupini Street) B32 HPT (II) KCDC Mangaone South Old road bridge Rd, Reikorangi NZHPT Register No. 7189 Cat. II (located between Lot 3 DP 79037 and Pt Sec 61 Blk X Kaitawa SD) B33 District Anglican 1 Elizabeth Street, St Lukes Church-origins in a Maori Planner Church Waikanae Village in 1850's (near Kauri Tree, (Lot 4 DP 74712 Greenaway Road) Sec 1 Town of (1496002900) Parata SO 14414) B34 HPT (II) KCDC 9 Elizabeth St, Old Waikanae Post Office (1906) - Waikanae currently Kapiti Coast Museum (Pt Lot 4 DP 1031) NZHPT Register No. 7125 Cat. II (1496003300)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 7 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B35 Numerous WRC Queen Elizabeth Barn - Horse Stables Park (1530000100C) (Pt Sec 3 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 23214) B36 Submission Ministry of 21 Ruapehu St, Original School Room, built 1887, Education Paraparaumu now used as school library at (Lots 24, 25 Blk II Paraparaumu School. DP 462 Sec 26 SO (1525118400B) 22479) B37 Submission Private 206 Otaki Gorge William Jenkins’ cottage (local Road, Otaki identity and hero). Very old (Lot 1 DP 62504 building. NZHPT Register No. Blk III Kaitawa SD) 1321 Cat. II (1488111000) B38 KCDC Private 20 Tasman Road, Mill stones Otaki (1511021400) (Lot 1 DP 20769 and Pt 1 Taumanuka ML 1507) B39 Submission KCDC Mackay’s Cemetery Crossing, (1540002600) Paekakariki (Lot 2 DP 10816) B40 Submission Private 44 Atkins Road, Historic residence, built from Otaki Totara bush, 1885 (Lot 1 DP 64825) (1486115001) B41 Submission Private Waikanae Old church building, 1896 (used Christian Holiday for worship, weddings, prayer) Park, Kauri Rd, relocated from Apiti. Waikanae (1493119300) (Lot 1 DP 24354, Lot 1 DP 27661, Lot 1 DP 57749) B42 Otaki Private 64 Old Hautere Remains of camp for depression Historical Road, workers. Includes store, cairns. Society Te Horo (See Otaki Historical Society (Pt Lot 2 DP 60575 Journal 1993) Lot 1 DP 74253) (1488117600) B43 Submission Private Paekakariki Hill Clark memorial and bush. Road (Hair Pin Bend) B44 Submission Private Main Road North, Old school house - built 1888 Paekakariki (1541043101) (Sec 93 Wainui Dist Blk II Paekakariki SD) B45 Submission Paekakariki 14 Wellington Rd, Historic Building - built 1930s Tennis Club Paekakariki (1541012700) (Pt Lot 7 DP 1879) B46 Submission Private 8 Ngapotiki St, Post and telegraph wrought iron Paraparaumu standard. Remnant of telegraph Beach line - 1860s. (Lot 18 DP 14333 (1527239000) CT 563/103)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 8 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B47 Submission Private 91 Main Highway Old house, built @ 1880 - heart (SH1), Otaki rimu and kauri. (Pt Plan A/2425 (1509192000) Lot 7 DP 15445)
B48 Submission Paekakariki Wellington Rd, Historic Building - built 1890s DSR (K) Playcentre Paekakariki (1541012600) (Pt Sec 103 Blk II Wainui Dist SO 21276) B49 Submission Private cnr Otaki Gorge Historic Building - built 1892 (Old Rd/Te Horo Post Office) Hautere Cross Rd, Otaki (Lot 5 DP 68893) B50 Submission KCDC Memorial Park - Memorial Gates in memory of Tutanekai St, soldiers who fought in previous Paraparaumu World war - 1924 (Lot 5A DP 463 SO 12944) B51 Submission Private Top of Paekakariki Radar Station site, 1942; Radar Hill Road rotating block and lookout (Railway land) B52 Submission Private Gully behind BP Water catchment system Service Station, Paekakariki (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269) B53 Submission Private 290 Main Road Old house (1898) – originally used (SH1), Otaki as home for homeless and (Lot 2 DP 46091) deprived children. (1509105400) B54 KHS Private 990 State Highway Once Te Horo Railway Station 1, (1488127200) Te Horo (Ngakaroro Pt 3 D1 No. 6 Blk II Kaitawa SD ML 1526) B55 KHS Private 12 Elizabeth St, Original Post Office Store - built Waikanae 1895 - now currently a dairy. (Lot 1 DP 45943 (1496002300) CT 17A/129) B56 KHS Rotary Aotaki St, Otaki Originally Methodist Church, built (Pt 83 Town of 1891. Otaki (1510149600A & B) ML 956) B57 OHS Private 30 Main St, Otaki Family Hotel - built 1881. (Pt Secs 61-63 (1510154100) Town of Otaki, ML 3205, 1458) B58 OHS Private Tasman Road, Telegraph Hotel - built 1895 Otaki (1510153400) (Pt Lot 2 DP 11739)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 9 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B59 OHS Private 17 Waerenga Jubilee Hotel - built 1891 - Road, Otaki currently House of Hope (Pt Lot 1 DP 7103) (1510123800) B60 KCDC KCDC Centennial Court House Reserve, Main (1509139800) Road, Otaki (Lots 1-4 DP 12402) B62 OHS Private 148 Tasman Otaki Library - built 1904 Road, Otaki (1510182200) (Lot 4 DP 2554) B64 OHS Private 1 Hadfield St, Old historic house - built 1899 - Otaki “Osneloc House” (Pt Secs 59, 60 (1510158500) Town of Otaki ML 3204) B65 OHS Private 72 Main Street, Shop and dwelling - built @ 1880 Otaki (1510155100) (Pt Sec 113 Town of Otaki ML 1083) B67 OHS Private 98 Waerenga Rd, Historic home - built 1903 Otaki (1510134900) (Lot 3 DP 21876) B68 OHS Private 90 Mill Rd, Otaki Raukawa Dairy - built 1890s (Pt Sec 164 Town originally for R J Staveley, of Otaki Solicitor, as an office ML 5258) (1510155800) B69 OHS Private 282 Rangiuru Rd, Coaching stables - built 1858-60 - Otaki currently car repair business. (Lot 3 DP 7938) (1510153401) B70 OHS Transit NZ SH1, Pukehou Hill Sign erected showing site of (adjacent Lot 1 DP overnight camp of Mua Upoko 54714) fleeing from Te Rauparaha
B71 OHS KCDC @ 133 Te Waka Sign depicting site of Battle of Road, Te Horo Haowhenua (adjacent Lot 1 DP 62630) B72 Keep Private 14 Kauri Rd, Greenaway Homestead, Built Waikanae Waikanae 1911. Beautiful (Lot 57 DP 16850) (1493118300) (KWB)
B73 KWB Private Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi School, established Reikorangi 1895; present building 1912. (Gaz 74-1666 (1488516700) Secs 5, 5A Reikorangi Blk X Kaitawa SD SO 13529) B74 KWB Anglican 5 Akatarawa Rd, St Andrews Church – Designed by Church Reikorangi F. De Jersey Clere, opened 1908. (Sec 4A Blk X (1488516901) Kaitawa SD SO 13529)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 10 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / DESCRIPTION SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.) B75 KWB Ministry of 15 Seddon St, Original School Room Education Waikanae (1496021300) (Pt 23 DP 1031 Sec 23 Town of Parata SO 14414) B76 KWB Anglican Rangihiroa St, St Michaels Church Church Waikanae (1491058100) (Lot 86 DP 14131) B77 KWB Methodist 9 Taiata St, Old Church Church Waikanae (1491071100) (Lot 54 DP 14131) B78 Submission Private Kauri Rd, Waikanae Maketu’s grave site 1889. KWB (Lot 54 DP 14131) B79 KWB KCDC Eruini St, Waikanae Stone monolith - in memory of (Lot 48 DP 26719) Sir Charles Fleming (1492019400) B80 Submission Private 7 Hadfield St, Otaki Historic House, original Plunket (Pt Sec 68, Pt Otaki Rooms, Otaki - built before Town Sec C ML 1925 3789) (1510158800) B81 Submission Private 31 Alexander Rd, Site of original homestead of Raumati Beach Wharemauku station - 1850s (Lot 1 DP 28735 CT - Homestead of W P Howell 5C/1304) - Social centre of largest land holding in area from 1864- 1917 (1528122500) B82 District DOC Tararua Forest Field Hut - Otaki Forks area. Planner Park, Otaki Forks Built in 1924 by Tararua (Pt 2B Ngakaroro Tramping Club with ML 192) foundations and framing from trees pit-sawn nearby. It is one of the first purpose-built tramping huts in NZ, and is the oldest surviving hut in the Tararua Ranges. NZMS 260 S26 999309. B83 OHS KCDC 49 Main Street, Formerly BNZ, built 1918 and Otaki more recently the KCDC (Secs 90A & 90B Service Centre Town of Otaki ML (1510151300) 2504) B84 OHS Hospital Mill Road, Otaki Maternity Hospital built 1899 (Pt 1 DP 9569) (1510168900, 1510170300) B85 OHS Private Arthur Street, Otaki Railway Hotel built 1891 (Lot 7 DP 15552) (1509135800) B86 OHS Private 266 Main Road Victorian cottage built 1888 (SH1), Otaki (1509133800) (Lot 2 DP 30732) B87 Submission Private SH1 Paekakariki Petrol storage tank built during (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269) WW2, one of three in NZ. B88 Submission Landcorp Mackay’s Crossing, Water storage Mackay’s Farming Ltd Paekakariki intake, covered water storage (Sec 1 SO 36580) tanks building during WW2
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 11 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
(1540002500 A, B, C)
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / DESCRIPTION SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.) B89 Submission Wellington Mackay’s Crossing, Sewage Plant built during Regional Paekakariki American occupation WW2 Council (Pt Sec 2 Blk II (1530000100, 1530000100A & Paekakariki SD SO B 23214) 1540000100, 1540000100A-H, 1540000500) B90 Submission KCDC The Parade, Memorial Hall. Originally the Paekakariki third building of the Paekakariki (Sec 43 Town of Surf Club built by donation etc Paekakariki SO and volunteer labour in 1928. 17839) (1541020600) B91 Submission WRC Queen Elizabeth Budge House, Caretakers Park, Paekakariki residence (Lot 1 DP 34143) B92 District Kotuku Parks Manly Street & east Cemetery Planner Ltd of Scientific Reserve (Pt A80C Ngarara West ML 4533) B93 DOSLI Various Various Survey Monuments
B94 Submission Private Waterfall Road, Lynch House - built @ 1900 Paraparaumu (1540003700) (Lot 11 DP 33688) B95 DOC DOC Kapiti Island The Whare, Kapiti Island. The submission (Sec 3 Blk I Kapiti SD Whare is the oldest wooden SO 28650) building on Kapiti Island. It was home to Richard Henry, a flora and fauna caretaker on Kapiti Island. NZMS 260 R26 727374. NZHPT Register No. 7342 Cat. II (1515000700) B96 DOC DOC Kapiti Island Te Kahuoterangi whaling submission (Sec 3 Blk I Kapiti SD station, Kapiti Island. Collection SO 28650) of house sites, collapsed chimneys, hearths, a tri-pot stand (or oven) and a grave. Built prior to 1839. NZMS 260 R26 736389. (1515000700) B97 DOC DOC Tararua Forest Park, Tararua Timber Company submission Otaki Forks sawmill site, Otaki Forks. Large (Sec 1 Blk XII single-cylinder stationary steam Kaitawa SD engine, probably dating from SO 13089) the 1880’s, & a large multi-tube under-fired boiler. NZMS 260 S26 965335. 1488169100) B98 Nomination Private 58 Peka Peka Rd, House previously owned by and Peka Peka Rev. R J Allsworth. Built in Submission 1856. (in support)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 12 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B99 Nomination Paraparaumu Paraparaumu Airport, The Control Tower, built in 1945. and Airport Ltd Kapiti Road, Submission Paraparaumu. (in support) B100 Nomination. Private 24 Domain Road, Bevan Homestead, built 1897-8, Otaki. early settlers of Otaki. Accompanies large Pohutukawa tree. B101 Nomination KCDC Nikau Reserve,SH1 Time Capsule, buried January 1 North, Paraparaumu. 2000, to be opened 2100. B102 Nomination Private Mangaone South Boiler unit associated with old Road Carpark, township and sawmill at end of Reikorangi Mangaone South Road circa. 1890s. B103 Submission Private Mangaone Sth Rd, Historic saw mill cutting (landform Reikorangi (south of excavation through a river terrace Driveway to 518) embankment). Excavated for transportation of logs on tram system from Kaitawa Reserve into Saw Mill. 1922: Established by Norman Campbell 1926 Sawmill bought and operated by Bill Baxter and Son until 1936. (6532448) B104 Submission KCDC Road Reserve - 1920’s: Original Boiler used to run Carpark end of coal powered sawmill (see B103) Mangaone Sth Rd, Reikorangi B105 Submission Private 5 Akatarawa Rd, St Andrew’s Church Hall (Scottish Reikorangi Kirk). Constructed in Parewanui Bulls 1862, relocated to Parewanui Reserve 1869, relocated to Tangimoana 1962, relocated to Waikanae 2000. Originally used as a blockhouse (with gun ports) then Presbyterian Church building, with rare and usual construction. Gives insight into defensive strategies used by early pakeha settlers(1488516901). B106 Submission Private 10 Elizabeth St, 1930’s: Old Butcher Shop. Part of Waikanae original Waikanae Township. Original construction with side vents and cool room still evident. (1496002700) B107 Submission KCDC Council Recreation Ngatoto Trig Reserve (landform): Reserve (Lot 104 Contains Geodetic Survey Point DP86619) between 31 “A3DC Ngatoto”. Name given by Crown Hill and 81 Mere Pomare at the 1890 hearing Realm Drive, of Ngarara referring to it as Paraparaumu. ‘Ngatoto-o-Wi-Kakapu’. Known as a cultivation area and a eel weir being nearby. Lookout point. (1526076600)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 13 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION (VALUATION NZ NO.) B108 Submission Private Te Waka Road, Te Early Settlers Cottage (known as Horo (land between the Whalers Wife’s house). May be 57 and 91) the oldest structure in the District. Rare example of board and batten construction with timber shingles, sawn totara cladding. Washhouse contains Original copper. Maori Trust owned land, no public access without consent (1487121000). B109 KHS KCDC Otaki Beach foreshore Stone with Plaque, Monument to Located opposite 224 the shipwrecks of the ‘Felixstowe and 226 Marine ‘and ‘City of Auckland’ in 1868 Parade, Otaki B110 KHS Te Horo Hall 56 School Road, Te Te Horo Hall, Community hall since Society Horo 1914 LOT 1 DP 56160 BLK (1488132000) II KAITAWA SD B111 KHS Southwards Otaihanga Rd, Manawatu Wellington Railway Trust Paraparaumu opening monument LOT 1 DP 47623 CT commemorating 1886 18C/458 (15262065000) B112 KHS New Zealand 9 Kapiti Rd, monument commemorating the Fire Service Paraparaumu (Lot 1 sale of the first sections in BLK I DP 462 CT Paraparaumu in 1888, stone with 7C/1305) Plaque (1525207200) B113 KHS Roman Catholic 14-26 Hinemoa St, Statue of Our Lady, Church Paraparaumu LOT 1 Mary on the hill above DP 314578 LOTS 9- Paraparaumu 13 PT LOTS 7-8 1958 BLK II DP 462 LOT 2 (1525119400) DP 18562 B114 KHS KCDC Tennis Court Road, Raumati South War Memorial Hall, Raumati South 1952 LOTS 27, 29, 30 DP (1529208900) 9790, PT LOT 4 DP 10737, LOT 52 DP 10230, LOTS 13 14 DP 11635 B115 KHS Private 31 Poplar Ave, ‘Valhalla’, Raumati South old Raumati South general store built around 1930. SHOP 3 DP 73463 last remaining commercial building ON LOT 7 DP 9992 - on north side of Poplar Avenue. HAVING1/3 INT IN (1529117400C) 849 SQ METRES B116 KCDC KCDC 16 Main St, Otaki Otaki Civic Theatre PART SECTIONS 61 (1510154000) 62 TOWN OF OTAKI -R/W OVER PT SECS 61 62 B117 KHS Private 514 State Highway 1, Brick dairy , remains of ‘Waimahoe’ Paraparaumu built by Mr R H Elder, burnt down PT NGARARA WEST in 1903. A47 C11 PT DP 5575 (1515013800) PT SUBJ TO R/W DP 10063 BLK IX
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 14 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
E. Ecological Sites (areas of significant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous flora)
Abbreviations: DSR (O, W or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or Kapiti DOC Department of Conservation (Number in Inventory of Significant Indigenous Flora and Fauna) HPT (1 or 11) Historic Places Trust (Category 1 or 11 Classification) KCDC Kapiti Coast District Council KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc KHS Kapiti Historical Society NTR National Tree Register (NZIH) OHS Otaki Historical Society TC Tree Covenant (protection of trees through subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K001 Lake DOC (57) Lake Waiorongomai, Dune lake 15.1ha. Best dune Waiorongomai North Otaki lake with outflow to the sea in S25 906/529 the Kapiti District. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Provides important habitat for wetland species including kapungawha. Under considerable threat from stock and drainage. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K002 Lake Huritini DOC (46) Lake Huritini, North Dune lake / Wetland – 16.75ha. Otaki S25 921/534 One of the few remaining dune lake and wetland associations within Foxton Ecological District and is representative of a formally more common habitat. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. However, the site is modified and exotic species are common. Provides habitat for bamboo spike-sedge and kapungawha. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K004 Simcox Swamp DOC (133) Simcox Swamp - Manuka wetland 4.61ha. Small, North Otaki. S25 ephemeral wetland dominated 928/522 by manuka scrub. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Provides habitat for bamboo spike-sedge. SIGNIFICANCE: District
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 15 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K005 Pylon Swamp DOC (118) Waiorongomai Rd, Wetland -1.8 ha. Very small and Otaki vulnerable with considerable S25 919/522 threat from grazing and weed invasion. Has been considerably reduced in recent years. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: District K007 Lake DOC (49) Takapu Road, Otaki Dune lake-wetland, swamp Kopureherehere S25 936/519 forest, tawa forest – 16.72ha. Provides an example of ecological sequence between dune lake, swamp forest and dry forest formally characteristic of the area but now uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. Has been modified and grazed. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented.Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K008 Takapu Bush DOC (677) Takapu Road, Otaki Tawa-kohekohe forest – S25 942/516 2.94ha. The largest example of the under-represented tawa- kohekohe forest habitat type within the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Partially fenced, pest plant species absent. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Habitat for kereru. Provides example of sequence from dune lake habitat to forest on alluvial plains. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K009 Lake Waitawa DOC (59) Forest Lake Road Dune lake / Wetland – 28.44ha. S25 936/512 Lake margin vegetation largely reduced and subject to grazing in parts but contains representative elements of this habitat type. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K010 Waimanguru DOC (14) Forest Lakes Road, Wetland / Lagoon - 1.2ha. Lagoon Otaki (Lake 1) S25 Small, degraded wetland. 928/505 Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Provides habitat for small population
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 16 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE of bamboo spike-sedge although it is under threat from grazing. SIGNIFICANCE: District K011 Rotopotakataka DOC (15) Forest Lakes Road, Tawa forest / Lake. 2.38ha Very Lake Otaki (Lake 2) S25 small area of uncommon habitat 932/505 types. The lake has been modified and has an artificial species assemblage. Although this fragment is very small and under threat from pest plant species, tawa forest is uncommon within the Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru and is a component of a series of fragments in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District K012 Ngatotora DOC (86) Wairongomai Rd, Dune Lake / Wetland - 5.34ha Lagoon Otaki S25 918/503 Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Small, fragmented and unfenced but provides habitat for spotless crake and kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K013 Pukehou Swamp DOC (113) Forest Lakes Rd, S25 Wetland, swamp forest, 933/499 secondary indigenous forest - 24.77ha. Best and largest representative example of wetland-swamp forest associations in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella salicornioides, Hypolepis distans and Doodia australis (Enright et al. 2002; Ravine 1995). Protected under QEII Covenant and DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K014 Waitohu River DOC (162) Waitohu River Mouth River mouth, wetland – Mouth R25 892/509 33.01ha. One of very few estuarine wetlands in the district. Wetland habitat is nationally under represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K015 Haruatai Park DOC (342) State Highway 1 Pukatea-kahikatea swamp forest, forest South, Otaki wetland - 5.78ha. This site is S25 921/480 fragmented and under considerable threat from pest plant species. However, swamp forest is very uncommon in Foxton Ecological District.
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 17 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K016 Staples Bush DOC (679) 426 SH1 Nth, Otaki Kohekohe-mahoe forest - S25 921/480 1.28ha. Small fragment of kohekohe-mahoe forest on river terrace tread; an uncommon vegetation type in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional E17 DOC (281) DOC/ Private Tararua Ranges Largest area of native bush/wilderness area on the Coast -42,390ha K018 Castlehill Farm DOC (674) Rahui Rd, Otaki Kohekohe-tawa forest - 6.09ha Bush S25 935/464 The largest fragment of kohekohe-tawa forest in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. This site is threatened by pest plant species. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K019 Waitohu Stream DOC (675) Waitohu Valley Rd, Tawa-kohekohe forest - 2.63ha. Bush A Otaki Tawa-kohekohe forest is under- S25 943/465 represented within the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K020 Hillas Bush DOC (668) Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 Kamahi forest - 2.11ha. 940/453 Provides habitat for Powelliphanta traversi otakia (Department of Conservation 1996), one of only two known habitats nationally of this subspecies. Kamahi forest is uncommon in the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: National K021 Rahui Rd Bush DOC (268) Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 Totara-tawa-kamahi forest - D 941/450 3.73ha Small, fragmented and under threat from pest plant species, however is a
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 18 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE representative example of totara forest with tawa and kamahi within Manawatu Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: District. K022 Rahui Rd Bush F DOC (670) Rahui Road, Otaki Kamahi forest, tawa-totara forest S25 944/449 - 6.69ha. Small and fragmented, however is a representative example of tawa-totara forest within Manawatu Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Kamahi forest is uncommon within the Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K023 Rahui Road DOC (669) 476-490 & 566 Rahui Kamahi forest, tawa forest, Bush E Rd, Otaki S25 tawa-kohekohe forest. - 947/437 19.59ha. Along with K025 this site is the best representative example of kamahi forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K024 Rahui Road DOC (654) 535 Rahui Rd, Otaki Pukatea-tawa-kohekohe forest - Bush A S25 948/429 3.36ha. Best representative example of semi-swamp forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K025 Rahui Rd Bush DOC (664) 566 Rahui Road, Kamahi forest, tawa forest. - C Otaki 10.9ha. Along with K023 this site S25 954/427 is the best representative example of kamahi forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. K026 Rahui Road DOC (648) 66 Waimanu Grove, Totara-kohekohe-kamahi Bush B Otaki S25 957/416 forest, tawa-kohekohe forest. - 4.42ha. A small representative area of totara- kohekohe-kamahi forest. This habitat type and tawa- kohekohe forest are under- represented within Manawatu Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K027 Otaki River DOC (98) Otaki River Mouth Estuarine wetland, river mouth. Mouth R25 878/473 - 71.52ha. The estuary provides habitat for banded dotterel, Caspian tern and long-finned
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 19 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE eel. Dune system is degraded and with high level of threat from pest plant species. Flood control measures have greatly modified the system. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K028 Gorge Rd, Bush DOC (673) Otaki Gorge Rd, Matai-totara-kohekohe forest. - D Otaki 2.41ha. Small, fragmented and S25 913/448 under some threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella lindsayi. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K029 Braeview Bush DOC (672) Otaki Gorge Rd, Kohekohe-tawa forest - 1.85ha. A Otaki very small and narrow fragment, S25 928/448 degraded in part, limited regeneration and under threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: District K030 Gorge Rd Bush DOC (671) Otaki Gorge Rd, Totara-kohekohe forest - 1.45ha. C Otaki Small, fragmented and under S25 922/444 threat from pest plant species, but one of only a few fragments of its type within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Part of a series of fragments providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: District K031 Otaki River Bush DOC (658) Otaki Gorge Rd, Totara Forest - 6.01ha. The A Otaki largest and best example of S25 932/433 totara forest on alluvial plains in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Partially protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K032 Otaki River Bush DOC (659) Otaki Gorge Rd, Totara-mahoe forest. - 1.57ha. B Otaki Contiguous with K031 (Otaki S25 934/432 River Bush A). Representative of totara-mahoe forest although very small. Nationally under- represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: District
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 20 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K033 Gorge Rd Bush DOC (656) Otaki Gorge Rd, Totara Forest. - 1.7ha. Small A Otaki fragment with considerable S25 930/429 weed threat and limited regeneration. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K034 Mansells Bush DOC (687) 568 Otaki Gorge Rd, Kohekohe-Tawa-nikau Forest - Otaki S25 940/413 4.19ha. A relatively small fragment of kohekohe forest on hill country. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K035 Hautere Bush C DOC (662) 1081 State Highway Totara, titoki Forest. - 0.82ha. South, Otaki, Nth of Provides habitat for Streblus Te Waka Rd, Te Horo banksii, Ileostylis micranthus, R25 897/441 and DOC historic records list Korthalsella lindsayi. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K036 Te Waka Road DOC (661) Corner Te Waka Rd / Totara-kohekohe forest – Bush SH 1. Te Horo. R25 1.61ha. Provides habitat 894/435 for Korthalsella lindsayi and Nestegis. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K037 Cottle’s Bush DOC (663) SH1 (opposite Te Totara-matai forest - 1.46ha. Waka Rd Part of a series of fragments intersection, Te Horo) across the plains providing R25 895/434 links between Kapiti Island to the Tararua Ranges. Recovering from grazing, weed infestation, currently low quality but recovering. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K038 Hautere Bush F DOC (686) SH1 (opposite Te Totara-titoki-matai forest - Waka Rd 3.51ha. Convoluted, intersection, Te Horo) unfenced and lacking an S25 900/438 understorey. Part of a series of fragments across the plains providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 21 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K039 Hautere Bush E DOC (685) 64, 66 Old Hautere Totara-matai-titoki forest – 3.25 Rd, Te Horo ha approx (area registered S25 903/440 excludes trees on Lot 1 DP 74253). Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Convoluted but one of largest fragments of its type in the area with relatively good regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K040 Kiripiti Bush DOC (665) 92 Old Hautere Rd, Totara-matai-titoki forest - Te Horo S25 905/437 1.74ha. This site is compact with good understorey and natural regeneration. One of the best examples of habitat of its type in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K041 Hautere Bush D DOC (684) Old Hautere Rd, Te Totara-matai-titoki forest - Horo 1.04ha. These fragments are a S25 904/438 continuation of Kiripiti Scenic Reserve and provide one of the best examples of this habitat type in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella lindsayi (KCDC files). Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K042 Bothamley Bush DOC (666) Old Hautere Rd, Te Totara-matai-titoki forest - Horo 3.61ha. The largest fragment S25 912/440 of its type within Kapiti District. Understorey present but site is convoluted and under considerable threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 22 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K043 Ludlams Bush / DOC (667) 235 – 269 Old Totara Forest - 3.4ha. Totara Grove Hautere Rd, Te Horo Moderately sized fragment S25 912/440 under considerable threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District K044 Old Hautere Rd DOC (683) 212 Old Hautere Rd, Totara-matai-titoki Forest - Bush Te Horo (Old Hautere 1.44ha. Small and convoluted Rd Bush). S25 fragment under considerable 916/437 threat from pest species. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K045 Gorge Rd Bush DOC (657) Otaki Gorge Road, Totara-titoki-kohekohe forest - B Otaki 1.91ha. Small, fragmented with S25 926/439 sparse understorey and under threat from pest plant species. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K046 Empsons Bush DOC (655) Otaki Gorge Rd, Totara Forest - 6.87ha. Half of Otaki this fragment is unfenced. S25 918/431 Understorey is sparse but one of largest fragments of its type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains providing linkage between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K047 Huapaka Bush DOC (652) Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 Totara Forest - 3.64ha. This 931/422 site is highly fragmented but is an example of a formally common habitat and part of a serious of fragments across the plains providing linkage between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 23 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K048 Mangaone Bush DOC (660) 113 – 115 Arcus Rd, Totara-matai-titoki forest - B Te Horo S25 901/431 2.75ha. One of the largest fragments of its type. Relatively small threat from pest plant species and ungrazed. Provides habitat for kereru. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K049 Mangaone Bush DOC (653) 107 – 109 Arcus Rd, Kohekohe-titoki forest - 3.12ha. A Te Horo S25 903/428 One of the largest fragments of its type within Kapiti District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. Provides habitat for Streblus banksii. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K050 Catley Rd Bush DOC (650) 11 – 15 Catley Rd, Te Kohekohe-tawa forest, Horo S25 901/419 kawakawa, nikau - 1.32ha. Small relatively good quality area of nationally under- represented habitat type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K051 Hautere Bush A DOC (646) 138 Te Horo Hautere Tawa-kohekohe forest - 0.82ha. Cross Rd S25 Part of a series of fragments 904/417 across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Fenced with good understorey although severe Tradescantia infestation. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K052 Hautere Bush B DOC (647) Te Horo Hautere Tawa-kohekohe-titoki forest Cross Rd S25 - 1.49ha. Good 904/412 regenerating example of its type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Nationally
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 24 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE under-represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K053 Huttons Bush DOC (688) Te Horo Hautere Tawa-kohekohe forest - Cross Rd S25 4.91ha. Provides habitat for 924/409 threatened Native Carnivorous Land Snail (Powelliphanta traversi otakia - Department of Conservation 1996) and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: National K054 Te Horo Bush DOC (645) 877 State Highway 1, Tawa-karaka-kohekohe forest Te Horo R25 883/428 - 1.98ha. Site borders both Foxton and Manawatu Plains Ecological Districts and shows influences of both Districts. There are few remaining fragments on the boundary of the two Ecological Districts. The under storey is sparse and the site is under threat from pest plant species, mostly on the edges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K055 Te Hapua Rd DOC (334) Te Hapua Rd, Te Dune Wetland - 49.81ha. Large Swamp A Horo representative example of R25 859/413 habitat that was formally characteristic of the area. Provides habitat for spotless crake. Also Ranunculus macropus, Carex dipsacea, Potentilla anserinioides, (Enright & John 2001) and other species becoming uncommon in the Wellington Region including Gratiola sexdenta, kapungawha and Baumea articulata. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Protected in parts by QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K056 Te Hapua Rd DOC (719) 84 Te Hapua Rd, Te Dune Wetland - 1.41ha. Swamp E Horo R25 865/408 Small wetland habitat with constructed pond and exotic species common. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K057 Te Hapua Rd DOC (691) Te Hapua Rd, Te Dune Wetland - 7.36ha. Site of Swamp C Horo moderate size in relation to R25 854/406 Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for bamboo
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 25 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE spike-sedge. Contains open water-reedland-sedgeland-scrub wetland associations. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K058 Awatea Bush DOC (644) SH1 opposite Te Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - Hapua Rd R26 7.16ha. Part of a series of 869/396 fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Below main block of forest is a population of Streblus banksii. Provides habitat for kereru. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. In process of protection under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K059 Awatea Scarp DOC (643) SH1 opposite Te Kohekohe-tawa forest, induced Bush Remnant Hapua Rd R26 wetland. - 2.02ha. Fragment is 863/391 very small and narrow. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. Area of wetland is small and induced. SIGNIFICANCE: District K060 Peka Peka Rd DOC (109) Peka Peka Rd, Peka Harakeke Wetland - 4.39ha. Swamp Peka R26 844/387 Moderately sized wetland with small area of open water and harakeke flaxland-Juncus rushland-coprosma scrub associations. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K061 Waikanae Bush DOC (642) SH1 opposite Peka Kohekohe-tawa forest, titoki- Peka R26 860/376 mahoe treeland - 7.49ha. Kohekohe forest at low altitude is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected as Scenic Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K062 Hemi Matenga DOC (693) Foothills, Waikanae Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. - Forest R26 859/353 334.23ha. The largest area of forest of its type in New Zealand. Protected in part under Scenic Reserve and DOC covenant. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: National
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 26 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K063 Huia St Bush DOC (640) Huia St, Waikanae Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - R26 851/359 1.5ha. Very small fragment with considerable threat from pest plant species. Kohekohe forest on flat land at low altitude is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Separated from Hemi Matenga Reserve by a road. SIGNIFICANCE: District K064 Paetawa Bush DOC (641) SH1 Nth Waikanae Kohekohe, titoki, tawa forest - R26 855/372 1.59ha. A very small example of a forest type that is under- represented within the ecological district. SIGNIFICANCE: District. K065 Waikanae Nth DOC (730) SH1 Nth Waikanae Kanuka-manuka scrub - 7.68ha. Scrubland R26 846/362 A relatively large area of kanuka-manuka scrub and sphagnum moss wetland. Habitat of this type is uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K066 Te Harakeke DOC (141) Nth Rutherford Dr, Dune Wetland. Kahikatea, Swamp Waikanae R26 pukatea, toetoe, cabbage trees, 821/369 manuka - 63.35ha A moderately sized area of harakeke flaxland and raupo reedland - the second largest of its type in the Kapiti District. An important representation of habitat formally common in the area. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K067 Wi Parata DOC (638) Rimu St, Waikanae Kohekohe forest - 2.96ha. Reserve Bush) R26 836/350 Site is small and vulnerable to pest plant species encroaching from residential gardens. Under-represented habitat type within ecological region. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected as Council Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K068 Osbornes DOC (729) Te Moana Rd, Raupo-harakeke wetland - Swamp Waikanae R26 0.95ha. Wetland is small and 811/355 modified. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 27 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K069 Waikanae Park DOC (341) Park Ave, Waikanae Kohekohe Forest - 0.51ha. A Bush) R26 828/348 small fragment with sparse understorey however, kohekohe forest uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for Korthalsella salicornioides (Townsend et al. 1998). SIGNIFICANCE: District K070 Russell Reserve DOC (637) Ngaio Rd, Waikanae Kohekohe titoki Forest - 2.2ha. A Bush R26 830/347 small area of kohekohe-titoki forest that is uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru and Streblus banksii. Protected as Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K071 Narn’s Bush DOC (690) SH1 Sth, Waikanae Kohekohe-titoki-tawa forest, R26 835/337 kamahi forest, kanuka scrub - 6.68ha. A small representative example of kohekohe forest – uncommon on lowland within Tararua Ecological District. Very small area of kamahi forest and scrub successional to kohekohe forest. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected in part under QEII Covenant with a further area in the process of becoming protected. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K072 Reikorangi Rd DOC (732) Reikorangi Rd, Kohekohe-titoki-tawa forest - Bush A Reikorangi R26 6.6ha. A small narrow example 843/330 of tawa-titoki and kohekohe-titoki forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Deer present. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC. SIGNIFICANCE: District K073 Waikanae South DOC (731) 16 Aston Road, Kohekohe-Tawa Forest - Bush Paraparaumu, 4.91ha. A small example of Foothills, South of tawa-kohekohe forest. Waikanae Provides habitat for kereru. R26 835/328 Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K074 Reikorangi Rd DOC (733) 26 Reikorangi Rd, Kohekohe-tawa forest, mahoe Bush B Reikorangi forest - 3.31ha. A small area of East side of River kohekohe-tawa forest with R26 846/329 remnant podocarp and a small area of secondary forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River.
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 28 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K075 Reikorangi Rd DOC (734) Reikorangi Rd, Titoki-tawa-rewarewa forest - Bush C Reikorangi 3.08ha. A small narrow area of West side of River titoki-tawa with some R26 845/329 regeneration. Part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K076 Reikorangi Rd DOC (735) Reikorangi Rd, Tawa-titoki-kohekohe forest - Bush D Reikorangi R26 7.66ha. A small example of 848/323 indigenous vegetation in good condition that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for maire tawahe. A very small area of wetland present on floodplain. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected by OEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K077 Waikanae Gorge DOC (715) Reikorangi Rd, Tawa-kohekohe forest - Bush Reikorangi R26 25.79ha. A relatively good 847/314 quality example of indigenous forest on river terrace that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. Partially protected under DOC Covenant and QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K078 Bluff Hill Bush DOC (710) Reikorangi Rd, Rimu/Tawa, kohekohe titoki Reikorangi (Bluff Hill Forest - 12.79ha. A relatively Bush) good quality example of tawa- R26 847/314 kohekohe forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K079 Mangaone Rd DOC (716) Ngatiawa / Mangaone Tawa forest, kamahi Forest - Bush Sth Rd, Reikorangi 23.18ha. Moderate size, R26 867/326 relatively good quality example of tawa forest with small area of kamahi forest riparian margin. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 29 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K080 Ngatiawa Rd DOC (717) Ngatiawa Rd, Kamahi forest, tawa forest, Bush) Reikorangi R26 mahoe forest - 8.69ha. Small, 872/318 narrow areas of habitat types uncommon on lowland within the Tararua Ecological District. Mosaic with areas of exotic vegetation adjoining and of varying quality. Provides important links between other significant fragments and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District K081 Waikanae River DOC (152) Waikanae Estuary - Estuarine wetland, river mouth - Mouth River Mouth 68.23ha. Good sequences R26 789/348 between salt marsh, fresh water wetlands, dune lakes and dune systems (although degraded and modified). Linkages to Kapiti Island via Kapiti Marine Reserve. Nationally under- represented habitat types. Provides habitat for numerous fauna species including Australasian bittern, Caspian tern and rare visits from reef and white heron. Carex litorosa, Pimelea aff. arenaria, Coprosma acerosa, Spinifex sericeus, and Leptinella dioica ssp. Projected in part as Scientific reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: National K082 Lion Downs DOC (692) 123 Otaihanga, Rd, Kahikatea-pukatea swamp Bush Otaihanga, forest - 1.68ha. Part of a Paraparaumu R26 series of fragments that jointly 812/342 illustrate the diversity of habitat formally common in the area. Small area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Canopy fragmented and exotic species common in the ground layer. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K083 Turf Dune DOC (728) King Arthur Drive, Kohekohe-titoki-mahoe forest - Forest B Otaihanga, 1.11ha. Part of a series of Paraparaumu (south fragments that jointly illustrate of Waikanae River) the diversity of habitat formally R26 817/342 common in the area. A representative example of forest type formally common in the area. Habitat type is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Vulnerable to effects of
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 30 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE expansion of quarry and sub- division. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K084 Turf Dune DOC (332) King Arthur Drive, Kahikatea swamp forest, Forest A Otaihanga, manuka scrub - 0.96ha. Very Paraparaumu small area of nationally under- R26 816/338 represented habitat type. Lacking understorey. Narrow area of manuka scrub. Both habitat types are under- represented in the Foxton Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments that jointly indicate the diversity of habitat formally common in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District K085 Tini Bush DOC (331) SH1, Otaihanga Kohekohe-pukatea-titoki semi- R26 815/330 swamp forest - 6.28ha. These fragments represent the only example of kohekohe-pukatea associations within Foxton Ecological District. Borders both Foxton and Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Good example of the gradation between wetland and dryland forest with small nikau grove. Representative of the former forest diversity likely to have occurred within the District. Part of a series of fragments providing connection between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K086 Muaupoko DOC (712) SH1, Paraparaumu Kohekohe-tawa forest - Stream Bush North Foothills 11.17ha. Moderately sized R26 826/322 remnant of modified primary forest. Habitat type is uncommon on lowland in Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Taraura Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K087 Muaupoko Bush DOC (713) SH1 Paraparaumu Kohekohe-tawa-kanuka forest, North Foothills wetland - 100.24ha. One of the R26 816/317 largest forest fragments in the area containing good representative examples of the forest types present. Provides
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 31 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE habitat for Mazus novaezeelandiae subsp. novaezeelandiae (Townsend et al.:1998), Adelopetalum tuberculatum (Forest & Bird Society), Northern rata and kereru. Protected in part by Scenic Reserve (Paraparaumu SR), DOC Covenant, and Forest and Bird Reserve. (Forest and Bird Field Reserve 3.78ha and balance DOC Muaupoko Bush). SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K088 Otaihanga Rd DOC (636) Otaihanga Rd, Kohekohe-nikau forest. - 1.32ha. Bush Paraparaumu Kohekohe-nikau forest is R26 809/325 uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Contains maire tawahe. Part protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K089 Muaupoto DOC (720) Otaihanga Rd, Kohekohe mahoe forest, Swamp Forest) Paraparaumu pukatea-maire tawake swamp R26 806/322 forest, wetland - 7.54ha. An example of ecological sequence between wetland, swamp forest and dry forest. Kohekohe forest and mahoe forest is uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Nationally under-represented habitat. Provides habitat for brown mudfish (Department of Conservation 1996) and kereru. This site contains a relatively large area of mahoe forest. Partly protected by Scenic Reserve (Paraparaumu SR). SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K091 Nikau forest DOC (694) SH1, Nth Kohekohe Nikau Forest - 13.63. Paraparaumu R26 Relatively large, representative 804/313 area of semi-coastal forest with considerable area of nikau grove. This habitat type was formally characteristic of this area and is now uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Protected as Council Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional E092 Kapiti Road DOC (37) Kapiti Road, Wetland – 2ha Wetland Paraparaumu K093 Andrews Pond DOC (330) Kapiti Rd / Milne Manuka Wetland - 1.27ha. A Drive, Paraparaumu small wetland amongst R26 782/312 residential and commercial land- use. Nationally under-
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 32 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE represented habitat type. Provides habitat for kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: District K094 Norwood Bush C DOC (701) Valley Rd, Kohekohe Forest - 1.95ha. Paraparaumu Small fragment that has been R26 785/281 subject to grazing. Edge effects and browse reducing viability of fragment. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District K095 Paraparaumu DOC (698) SH1, Paraparaumu/ Kanuka-mahoe-gorse scrub, Coastal Scarp Raumati R26 779/277 kohekohe-titoki forest - 61.13ha. The larger block at the north end is kanuka-mahoe dominated regenerating scrub with kohekohe forest regenerating amongst. Southern parts are kohekohe dominated coastal forest on very steep hill country. Coastal forest is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K096 Norwood Bush B DOC (700) Valley Rd, Kohekohe-Tawa Forest - Paraparaumu R26 4.93ha. A moderately sized area 787/274 of tawa-kohekohe forest with small area of swamp forest. Indigenous forest is uncommon on low undulating land within Tararua Ecological District. Provides an example of the gradation between wetland and dryland forest. Part of a series of fragments providing linkages between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K097 Norwood Bush A DOC (699) Valley Rd, Kohekohe- tawa Forest - 3.29ha. Paraparaumu A moderately sized area of R26 779/269 tawa-kohekohe forest. Indigenous forest is uncommon on low undulating land within Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments providing linkages between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges K098 Whareroa Bush DOC (714) Waterfall Rd, Kohekohe forest, kanuka scrub - Paraparaumu 63.49. Relatively large area of
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 33 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE R26 782/262 kohekohe forest and kanuka scrub successional to kohekohe forest. Habitat for Mida salicifolia, (Enright & John 2002b) kereru and northern rata. Part protected by QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K099 Whareroa Bush DOC (708) East of Queen Kohekohe-mahoe forest - C Elizabeth Park 39.17ha. A valuable area or Between early secondary forest with tawa Maungakotukutuku forest covering a relatively Rd, and SH1 substantial area. Part protected R26 785/242 by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K100 Whareroa Bush DOC (707) East of Queen Mahoe Forest - 5.64ha. A small D Elizabeth Park area of early secondary mahoe R26 783/236 forest with kohekohe and occasional tawa. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District K101 Whareroa Bush DOC (706) East of Queen Kohekohe Forest Mahoe - E Elizabeth Park 1.36ha. Small area of kohekohe R26 783/227 forest. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K102 Whareroa Bush DOC (705) East of Queen Kohekohe Forest - 1.5 ha. G Elizabeth Park 1.01ha. Small area of kohekohe R26 775/231 forest. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K103 Whareroa Bush DOC (704) East of Queen Tawa Forest and Raupo F Elizabeth Park Wetland - 1.24ha. Small area of R26 773/234 tawa forest with small area of wetland and swamp forest. Indigenous forest uncommon on low hills within Tararua Ecological District. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K104 Whareroa Bush DOC (703) East of Queen Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - B Elizabeth Park 3.47ha. Small fragment of R26 772/238 kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 34 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K105 Whareroa Bush DOC (702) East of Queen Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - A Elizabeth Park 3.22ha. Small fragment of R26 766/234 kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. Indigenous forest on low hills is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K106 Mackay’s DOC (62) Mackay’s Crossing Raupo reedland wetland - Crossing Swamp SH1, Paekakariki 9.68ha. Moderately sized area of R26 765/239 raupo reedland. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected as a Wildlife Management Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K108 Queen Elizabeth DOC (348) Queen Elizabeth Park Kahikatea swamp forest, Park bush and SH1, Paekakariki ephemeral wetland - 16.81ha. Wetlands R26 760/242 Kahikatea fragment very small, fragmented. Some restoration plantings. The wetland is highly degraded but is being restored. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Historic records of Amphibromus fluitans (Townsend et al. 1998) but hasn’t been recorded from this site in recent years. SIGNIFICANCE: District K109 Queen Elizabeth DOC (329) Queen Elizabeth Park Sanddunes: Foredunes and Park dunes R26 756/255 native bush - 109.52ha. Dune system from Paekakariki to Raumati South. The best representative dune system and habitat type in region and in Foxton Ecological District. Under considerable threat from weed species Good example of nationally under-represented habitat type. Provides habitat for pingao and Coprosma acerosa (Milne & Sawyer 2002). Protected as Regional Park. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K110 Fisherman’s DOC (328) South end of Ames Sand dune, mahoe forest - Table Dune St, Paekakariki R26 5.28ha. Nationally under- 735/216 represented habitat type. Although small, modified and with considerable threat from pest plant species, this area contains a representative example of mahoe forest on
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 35 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE sand dune. This vegetation type would have formally been typical of the Paekakariki area but is now uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K111 Wainui Stream DOC (711) 366 SH1 Paekakariki Kohekohe Forest - 15.13ha. Bush North, south of Car Good example of kohekohe Haulaways R26 forest in gully. Some sheep 761/222 grazing and feral goats. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K112 Waimeha DOC (154) North of Queens Rd, Wetland - 5.32ha. Wetland lagoon, Waikanae habitat with moderate area of Waikanae R26 802/356 open water and raupo reedland- coprosma scrub associations. Provides habitat for kapungawha. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected as Wildlife Refuge. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K113 Motungarara DOC (696) Off lower eastern side Offshore Island - 1.4 ha. Island of the Kapiti Island. Taupata shrubland one of four (Fishermans offshore islands in district. Island) K114 Tahoramaurea DOC (695) Off lower eastern side Offshore Island - 1.15ha. Island (Browns of the Kapiti Island. Second largest offshore island in Island) district. K115 Tokomapuna DOC (697) Off lower eastern side Offshore Island - 0.98ha. Island of the Kapiti Island. Smallest offshore island in (Aeroplane district. Island) K116 Okupe lagoon DOC (92) North End of Kapiti Wetland - 20 ha. Ephemeral Island wetland on coastal gravely uncommon in district. K117 Kapiti Island DOC (267) Kapiti Island Offshore Island, bush-clad – 1916ha. Predominately administered and Managed by Department of Conservation as a Nature Reserve. North End Privately owned portion. SIGNIFICANCE: National. K123 Totara Reserve District Cnr Hautere Cross Totara Forest - 3.08ha. Narrow Planner, Rd/Otaki Gorge Rd to corridor of trees. Limited KCDC 1200 m east Otaki. understorey with some in-fill S25 936/420 planting. Provides linkages between fragments. Council Road Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District K124 Karu Reserve Submission Karu Cres, Waikanae Kohekohe-karaka forest - 0.7ha. R26 836/341 Small area of kohekohe forest. Kohekohe forest is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District.
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under Council Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District K125 Moutuiti Reserve Submission Between Ngaio Rd Kohekohe Forest – 1.19ha. A Bush and Kohekohe Rd, small area of kohekohe forest on Waikanae. gently undulating river terrace. R26 837/346 Kohekohe forest is uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. The threat from pest plant species is increasing. Protected as a Scenic Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K131 Raumati South Ecologist Bound by Leicester Kanuka-gorse scrub, manuka Peatlands (Wildlands) Ave, Poplar Ave, and scrub wetland – 11.09ha. Nomination Matai Rd, Raumati. Kanuka dominated habitat on R26 772/281 dune systems is under- represented in the ecological district. Small area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Relatively large area of kanuka- gorse scrub although it is highly fragmented and exotic species are common. SIGNIFICANCE: District K133 Nga Manu Submission North Waikanae, East Wetland, swamp forest, Sanctuary of Ngarara Road, kohekohe forest, tawa forest - Waikanae. 47.3ha. Wetland habitat is R26 829/359 nationally under-represented. Contains maire tawahe and Korthasella salicornioides. One of largest and best examples of swamp forest within Foxton Ecological District. Good example of sequences between wetland, swamp forest and dry f:orest. Provides habitat for brown mudfish and kereru. Nga Manu Nature Reserve protected under Private Trust. Protected in part by QEII Covenant, with further area in the process of becoming protected. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K134 Otaki Railway Ecologist 269 – 271 Main Wetland – 0.42ha. Wetland (Wildlands) Highway Otaki. S25 Predominantly raupo dominated Nomination 924/476 - Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha. Small wetland, grazed in part with a considerable threat from pest plant species. SIGNIFICANCE: District
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 37 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE K135 Pukerua Bay Submission Paekakariki Hill Road Kohekohe coastal forest, Coastal Scarp on Escarpment secondary scrub - 39.42ha. This behind Paekakariki. site is an important representation of exposed coastal forest that contributes greatly to the character of the region. Nationally under- represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K136 Waiohanga Ecologist 27 Waihoanga Road, Kamahi forest, makomako Road (Wildlands) Otaki forest, scrub – 3.44ha. Small Bush Nomination S26 967/396 area of secondary makomako forest and kamahi forest with areas of scrub. Continuous with Otaki River riparian margin. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: District K138 Ngatoto Trig Submission Council Recreation Manuka scrub wetland - 0.56ha. Bush Reserve Between A very small area of manuka Crown Hill and Kapiti dominated transitional wetland in Retirement Village, sand dune hollow surrounded by Paraparaumu. subdivisions and expanding R26 791/321 retirement village. Wetland habitat is nationally under- represented. Very small area of unprotected wetland dominated by manuka scrub. Located with Council Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District K139 Rowans Bush Nomination 366 SH1 Paekakariki Kohekohe-titoki forest – 2.8ha. and submit North, south of Car Kohekohe forest on lowland hill (in support) Haulaways country. Part of a series of R26 756/227 fragments that provides links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected in part under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K140 Valley Road Nomination East of 165 Valley Kohekohe forest – 2.02ha. (in support) Road, Regenerating fenced off bush on Paraparaumu hill east of Valley Road. A good R26 797/279 quality representative example of indigenous forest at low altitude that is uncommon in Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional. K141 221 Valley Road Nomination 221 Valley Road, Riparian regenerating bush - (in support) Paraparaumu 2.41ha. Very small, narrow R26 787/274 riparian margin with some threat from pest plant species. Listed
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 38 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE as a Natural Area due to heritage trees associated with original farm house. Was included (1995) in register at request of landowner. K145 Lady of Lordes Ecologist West of Ruahine Kanuka scrub – 1.35ha. A very Statue Hill (Wildlands) Street, Paraparaumu small area of kanuka scrub Nomination R26 793/301 successional to kohekohe forest. Kanuka scrub is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru. One of several areas of kanuka scrub in the vicinity. SIGNIFICANCE: District K150 Kaitawa Reserve Ecologist Adjoins Rewai St and Pukatea-maire tawake swamp (Wildlands) Kaitawa Crescent, forest, mahoe, kohekohe-kanuka Nomination Paraparaumu forest - 7.29ha. Very small R26 790/298 fragments of under-represented habitat types including swamp forest. Indicative of previous diversity of vegetation type in the area. Provides habitat for kereru. Active restoration plan is in place. Protected in part as Council Scenic Reserve and part Recreational Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District K151 Forest Lakes Ecologist 2 Forest Lakes Road, Kohekohe-mahoe forest – Road (Wildlands) Otaki 2.14ha. Small fragmented area Bush (No. 2) Nomination S25 945 / 499 of kohekohe-mahoe forest with considerable weed threat. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under- represented. Black beech present (uncommon in the Ecological District). SIGNIFICANCE: District K153 Simon Brown Ecologist 334 SH1, Kohekohe coastal forest – Bush (Wildlands) Paraparaumu North 1.73ha. Examples of coastal Nomination R26 818/327 broadleaf forest and kanuka forest successional to kohekohe, both forest types are uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Contains kowhai The fragment is small and unfenced. SIGNIFICANCE: District K154 Cobb’s Bush Ecologist 283 Te Horo-Hautere Kohekohe-titoki forest – 1.74ha. (Wildlands) Cross Road, Te Horo Part of a series of fragments Nomination S25 921 / 423 across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. Good representative example of
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 39 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE uncommon habitat type with good regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K164 Pukehou Bush Ecologist 424 North Highway,1, Kohekohe-tawa forest – 1.29ha. (Wildlands) Otaki Small fragment of habitat under- Nomination S25 959 / 498 represented within the District. Habitat for toro – the only site on the Manawatu Plain where this species has been recorded (Ravine 1995). Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K165 Otaki River Bush Ecologist 379 Otaki Gorge Totara forest – 2.76ha. Small, C (Wildlands) Road, Otaki. S25 929 mostly unfenced with Nomination 430 considerable weed threat. Part of a series of fragments in the area that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K166 Waitohu Stream Ecologist Greenwood Kohekohe forest- 1.93ha. Open, Bush B (Wildlands) Boulevard, Otaki. S25 fragmented kohekohe with tawa, Nomination 935 / 478 pukatea and occasional titoki. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under- represented. Small and fragmented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K168 Paraparaumu Ecologist South of Kanuka scrub – 4.05ha. Small Quarry Scrub (Wildlands) Paraparaumu Quarry, area of kanuka scrub with Nomination North of Mamuku St. regenerating early successional R26 797/301 forest – an uncommon habitat type in Foxton Ecological District. One of several kanuka scrub fragments in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District K170 El Rancho Ecologist North of El Rancho Manuka wetland – 8.77ha. Manuka (Wildlands) Holiday Park, east of Ephemeral manuka dominated Wetland Nomination Weggery Drive, wetlands in dune hollows. Waikanae. Subdivision on dune ridges. The R26 808/250 wetlands are separated by rank pasture. Nationally under- represented habitat type. Relatively large area of manuka dominated wetland with some open water. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K171 Native Orchid District East of 25-29 Teoti Native orchid habitat: Spiranthes Habitat – Planning St, Paraparaumu, novae-zelandiae - 600m². Very Paraparaumu Airport Land. small area of greatly modified Airport R26 769/319 ephemeral wetland that provides
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 40 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE habitat for Spiranthes novae- zelandiae, endangered native orchid. This is the only known natural population of this species within Wellington Region. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K175 Waimanu Ecologist Bound by Barrett Dune lake – 8.02ha. Adjoins Lagoons (Wildlands) Drive and Tutere St, K081 Waikanae Estuary. Highly Nomination Waikanae Beach modified, with artificial R26 794/351 assemblage of species and some inappropriate enhancement plantings. However, this site has linkages to Waikanae River Mouth and provides continuation of open water habitat.Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. High use by water bird species. SIGNIFICANCE: District K176 Otaki Ecologist Rangiuru Road, Otaki Wetland, dune system – Stewardship (Wildlands) Beach. R25 884/488 25.35ha. Highly modified sand Nomination dune dominated by pine and macrocarpa canopy. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Both dune and wetland habitats are modified and invasive exotic species common. Partially protected under DOC Stewardship. SIGNIFICANCE: District K178 Kiripiti Scientific Ecologist Old Hautere Road, Totara-matai-titoki forest. Reserve (Wildlands) Te Horo 1.98ha. Part of a series of Nomination S25 904/439 fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under- represented. Site is one of the best examples of this habitat type within Manawatu Plains. Contains akeake Protected as Scientific Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K184 Poplar Ave GW - RC South of Poplar Ave, Manuka Scrub Wetland - Wetland (site name: Opposite intersection 3.12ha. Wetland dominated by WRC A) of Matai Rd, Raumati manuka scrub, Isolepis prolifer South and rushland. Wetland habitat is R26 768/277 nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District K185 South Waikawa GW - RC South of Waikawa Dune Lake – 0.81ha. Small lake, Beach Dune (site name: Beach, adjoining unfenced with full stock access. Lake WRC E) northern boundary of Wetland habitat is nationally the District. S25 under-represented. Provides 906/537 habitat for Kapungawha and,
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 41 DISTRICT PLAN
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No: NAME: ORIGIN: LOCATION / NZMS DESCRIPTION / 260 MAP GRID SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT REFERENCE HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE and is a wildlife refuge. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional K186 Wairongomai GW - RC East of Wairongomai Manuka Scrub Wetland – Manuka Wetland (site name: Road, Otaki. S25 4.33ha. Short stature manuka WRC F) 923/515 over dense Baumea and Isolepis. Some stock access. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for migrating bitten. Rare wetland type in region. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 42 DISTRICT PLAN
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G. Geological Sites
Abbreviations: KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc
NO ORIGIN OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION/SIGNIFICANCE
G1 KEA Private/or GR745404 Kapiti Island Beach Ridges Crown G2 KEA Private/or GR727370 Kapiti Island phyllonite Crown G3 KEA Private/or GR732382 Kapiti Island uplifted sea caves Crown G4 KEA Private/or GR804299 Ohariu Fault, Muaupoko Valley Crown G5 KEA Private/or GR806301 Ohariu Fault, Muaupoko Valley Crown G6 KEA Private/or GR836309 Otaihanga Oligocene Sedimentary Crown outlier (old quarry) G7 KEA Private/or GR872470 Otaki Beach Ridges Crown G8 KEA Private/or GR766240 Paekakariki Alluvial Fan Crown G9 KEA Private/or GR758230 Paekakariki Rockfall Crown G10 KEA Private/or GR895450 Te Horo abandoned sea cliff Crown G11 KEA Private/or GR845354 Ohariu Fault, Waikanae Crown G12 KEA Private/or GR760255 Whareroa Dune Fields Crown
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 43 DISTRICT PLAN
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KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 44 DISTRICT PLAN
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T. Significant Trees
Abbreviations: DSR (O, H or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or Kapiti DOC Department of Conservation (Number in Inventory of Significant Indigenous Flora and Fauna) HPT (I or II) Historic Places Trust (Category I or II Classification) KCDC Kapiti Coast District Council KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc KHS Kapiti Historical Society NTR National Tree Register (NZIH) OHS Otaki Historical Society TC Tree Covenant (protection of trees through subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T1 Submission Anglican Otaki, (Old Mission Norfolk Pines (1) Araucaria Church Grounds) Te heterophylla. Norfolk pine planted Rauparaha St, Otaki (Pt in 1850 to mark the graves of two Church Misson Grant chiefs, Matene Te Whiwhi and ML 461) Tamihana Te Rauparaha. Site of old vicarage, mission grounds. (1510181400)
T2 NTR Anglican Otaki (Old Mission Kauri Church Grounds) Te Rauparaha Agathis australis St, Otaki Planted 1849 close to large Norfolk (Pt Church Mission Island pine. Grant (1510181400) ML 461) T3 NTR Private 459 Te Moana Rd, Ash – Fraxinus. Height 46ft (1973). Waikanae Largest in NZ. Planted by a ‘Mr (Pt Lot 3 DP 46755) Shamel’ who brought a seedling from Mexico. T5 NTR Private 459 Te Moana Rd, Maius Trilobata (NE Greece) Waikanae Height 42ft (1973). Very rare (Pt Lot 3 DP 46755) species. Largest recorded. (1494141700A) T6 NTR DSR Private 121 Amohia St, Rimu - Dacrydium cupressinum (K) Paraparaumu NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 545, (Lot 2 DP 12690) Reg. No: 041 (1525210600) T7 NTR Private 121 Amohia St, Evergreen (Laurel) Magnolia Paraparaumu Magnolia Grandiflora NOTABLE (Lot 2 DP 12690) (NTR) ID: 546, Reg. No: 042 (1525210600) T10 DSR (H) KCDC Adjacent to 381 Te Karaka tree Moana Rd, Waikanae Corynocarpus laevigatus (Road Reserve)
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NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T11 DSR (H) Private Waikanae Hotel Pohutukawa Grounds, 32 Main Road, Metrosideros excelsa Waikanae (1494183200) (Pt Ngarara West A78E10 Blk IX Kaitawa SD ML 4604) T12 DSR (H) B P Oil BP Waikanae Service Pohutukawa Station Cnr SH1 & Ngaio Metrosideros excelsa Rd. (Lot 1 DP 28250) (1494186900) T14 DSR (H) Private 100 metres west of road Kauri tree frontage, 8 Greenaway Agathis australis Rd, Waikanae (1493111700) (Lot 1 DP 78308) T15 DSR (H) Private 31 Karu Cres, Waikanae Ginkgo biloba (Lots 12, 13 DP 14701) Maidenhair Tree(1494104400) T16 DSR (H) Private Main Rd Nth, Waikanae Cabbage tree (2) (Lot 2 DP 27967) Cordyline australis (1489018700) T18 DSR (K) Private 3B Frederick St 1 Kauri (6m) (Edginton), Agathis australis Paraparaumu (1527247500B) (Lot 12 DP 13821 CT7B/368) T20 Submission Private 64 Ames St, Paekakariki Puriri tree (Lot 3 DP 8581 CT Vitex lucens 435/285) (1541005900) T21 Submission KCDC cnr Tangahoe & Norfolk Island Pine Aperahama Sts, Araucaria heterophylla Paekakariki (Road Reserve adjacent to Lot 42 DP 6673) T22 Submission Private 15 Matene St, Otaki Kauri (Lot 1 DP 19130) Agathis australis (1510159600) T23 Submission Private 96 Amohia St, Kauri Paraparaumu Agathis australis (Lot 1 DP 12635 CT (1525210200) 506/228) T24 Submission Private Main Rd Sth, Otaki- Tulip Magnolia Magnolia x opposite Otaki Gorge soulangeana. NOTABLE (NTR) Road (Pahiko) ID: 643, Reg. No: 213. (Lot 2 DP 50635) (1487109800) T25 Submission Transit NZ East side of SH1 Pohutukawas Metrosideros excelsa between Paekakariki Cabbage trees Station and Fishermans Cordyline australis Table Mark southern entrance to the District. T26 Submission Private 115 Arawhata Rd, Totara Paraparaumu Podocarpus totara (1525323100) (Lot 23 DP 57282) T27 Submission Private 31 Karu Cres, Copper Beach Waikanae Fagus sylvatica (1494104400)
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NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T28 Submission Private 31 Karu Cres, Pohutukawa Waikanae Metrosideros excelsa (1494104400) T29 Submission Private 31 Karu Cres, Miro Waikanae Prumnopitys ferruginea (1494104400) T30 Submission Anglican 1 Elizabeth St, Totara Church Waikanae Podocarpus totara (1496002900) T31 Submission St Lukes 1 Elizabeth St, Kauri Waikanae Agathis australis (1496002900) T32 Submission St Lukes 1 Elizabeth St, Puriri Waikanae Vitex lucens (1496002900) T34 Submission KCDC Walnut Grove, Walnut tree Waikanae Juglans regia (Road Reserve) T36 Submission Private 49 Kapanui Rd, Totara Waikanae Podocarpus totara Lot 5 DP 60069 (1495134600) T37 KHS Private Lindale, Main Rd Nth, Nikau Palms Paraparaumu Rhopalosylis sapida (Lot 1 DP 81548) (1526201000) T38 KHS Private Lindale, Main Rd Nth, Kohekohe Trees (clusters) Paraparaumu Dysoxylum spectabile (Lot 1 DP 81548) Nikau Palms Rhopalosylis sapida (1526201000) T39 KEA KCDC 16 Seaview Rd, Pohutukawa Paraparaumu Beach Metrosideros excelsa (Road Reserve) T40 KEA Transit NZ Outside 208 Main Rd Totara North, Paraparaumu, Podocarpus totara “Twelve Oaks” (Road Reserve adjacent to Lot 1 DP 34019) T41 Submission Anglican Te Rauparaha St, Otaki Cabbage tree Church (old Mission grounds) Cordyline australis (Pt Church Mission (1510181400) Grant ML 461) T42 Submission Private 21 Freemans Rd, Otaki Nikau Palm (Lot 1 DP 26701) Rhopalosylis sapida (1509122500) T43 Submission NZ Fire 96 Mill Rd, Otaki Pohutukawa Service (Secs 170, 172 Town of Metrosideros excelsa Otaki (1510163700) ML 3214) T44 Submission Tangata 186 Mill Rd, Otaki Oaks, Elm & Ash trees Whenua (Maternity House) Quercus (Oak), Ulmus procera Pt Sec 85 Blk IX (Elm), and Fraxinus excelsior (Elm) Waitohu SD Pt Lot 1 DP (X1510170300C) 9569 (A LN No. 1510/330/1) T45 Submission Private 262 Mill Rd, Otaki Rimu (Lot 1 DP 64934) Dacrydium cupressinum (1509161600)
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NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T46 Submission Private 181 Waerenga Rd, Kanuka Otaki.(Lot 1 DP 15602 Kunzea ericoides CT 578/43) (1509190200)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 48 DISTRICT PLAN
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NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T47 Submission KCDC Outside Memorial Hall, 3 Norfolk Island Pine Pehi Kupa St, Waikanae Araucaria heterophylla (Lot 7 DP 16038) (1496004500) T48 Submission Private 424B Te Moana Rd, Horizontal Elm Waikanae Ulmus Campestris Pt Ngarara West (1494115700) A3A A3, A3B1 SO 24197 T50 Submission KCDC Ocean Rd, 7 Southern Mahogany Paraparaumu Beach, Eucalyptus botryoides Senior Citizen Hall (1527334200) (Pt Lot 128 DP 9498) T51 Submission Private 453 Te Moana Rd, 1 Kauri, 3 Limes, 2 Plane Trees. Waikanae Agathis australis (kauri) (Lot 2 DP 23098) Tilia Platphyllous (lime) Planatus acerifolia (plane) Planted to remember Ernest Beaglehole. Mark entrance to Waikanae (1494141400) T52 Submission KCDC Tennis Court Rd 9 Red Gum trees Reserve, Raumati Eucalyptus ficifolia Beach give road special character (Lot 30 DP 9790) (1529208900) T54 Submission Private 83 Rimu Rd, 2 Pohutukawas Paraparaumu Metrosideros excelsia (Lot 2 DP 29633) (1530133700) T55 Submission Private 7 Maple Lane, Waikanae 2 Kohekohe trees (Lot 4 DP 67245 Dysoxylum spectabile CT35D/657) (1494119100) T57 Keep Ministry of Cnr Seddon & Utauta Totara, Oak, Elms and other Waikanae Education Sts, Waikanae. species Beautiful Waikanae Primary Podocarpus totara (totara); School. (Lots 18, 19, Quercus robur (oak); and Ulmus 23, Pt 22 DP 1031 SO procera (elm) 14414) All large trees > 6 metres in height (1496021300B) T58 KEA KCDC Marine Gardens, Oak trees (3) Raumati Beach Quercus robur (Lot 1 DP 16665) (1528100200A, C-E; 1528100200) T59 KEA Private 56 Tutanekai St, 2 Kauri trees Paraparaumu Agathis australis (Lot 9 DP 45399) Lot 9 DP 45399; (1525259501) T60 Submission Private “Crosswater”, 190 Main 3 Bluegum Eucalyptus globulus Rd North, Paraparaumu 3 Red Gum Eucalyptus ficifolia (next to DOC Reserve) (1526204600) (Lot 2 DP 12276) T61 Submission Private 62B Ngaio Rd, Karaka tree Waikanae Corynocarpus laevigatus (Lots 1, 2 DP 80324) @ 400 yrs old (1494159000) T62 Submission Private Cnr Main Rd Nth & Oak tree Greenhill Road, Quercus robur Waikanae planted 1920 (Lot 1 DP 41434) (1489019400)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 49 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T63 Submission Private 44 Atkins Road, Otaki Kauri tree (Lot 1 DP 64825) Agathis australis Planted 1937 (request of Mr P Atkins) (1486115001) T64 Submission Private 266 Main Road North 3 Oak trees (SH1), Otaki Quercus robur (Lot 2 DP 30732) Planted 1888 and 1915 request of owner (1509133800) T65 Submission Private 51 Leinster Avenue Mexican hand tree Paraparaumu Chiranthodendron pentadactylon (Lot 22 DP 18884 CT (1530104500) 876/20) T66 Submission Private 51 Leinster Avenue Pin Oak Paraparaumu Quercus palustris (Lot 22 DP 18884 CT (1530104500) 876/20) T67 Submission Private 8 Matatua Road, Kauri Raumati Beach Agathis australis (Lot 50 Blk III DP 2767 (1528124300) CT 387/213) T68 Submission Private 21 Allen Road, Raumati Lacebark Beach Hoheria populnea (Lot 72 DP 14034) (1528212300B) T70 Submission Private cnr Tainui & Matatua 2 Willow Road, Raumati Beach Agonis flexuosa (Road Reserve) T72 Submission Private 41 Rimu Road, Celery Pine Paraparaumu Phyllocladus alpinus Pt Lot 2 DP 18750 CT (1530131900) D3/794) T73 Submission Private 83 Rimu Rd, 4 Fiesta 2 Pohutukawa Grove Paraparaumu Metrosideros excelsa T74 Submission Private Nyco Chocolate Factory, Copper Beech Raumati Road Fagus sylvatica (Lot 3 DP 72265) (1530116500) T75 Submission Private 54 Rimu Road, Black Beech Paraparaumu Nothofagus solanderi (Lot 5 DP 27501 CT (1530136400) E4/631) T77 Submission Private 119 Arawhata Road, Totara Paraparaumu Podocarpus totara (Lot 25 DP 57282 CT (1525323300A) 32D/651) T78 Submission Private 117 Arawhata Road, 2 Totara Paraparaumu Podocarpus totara (Lot 24 DP 57282 CT (1525323200) 29D/632) T79 TC-WS646 Private 24 Ngarara Road, 1 Kauri Agathis australis (3m), Waikanae Rimu (5m) Dacrydium cupressinum Lot 2 DP 67444 (1494125600) T80 Nomination and Private 24 Domain Rd, Otaki Pohutukawa Submission (in Metrosideros excelsa - 1898 support) T81 Nomination Private 114 Te Waka Rd, Te Pohutukawa Horo Metrosideros excelsa - 1930
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 50 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE Submission or (VALUATION NZ NO.) Nomination T82 Nomination Private 114 Te Waka Road, Te Illawarra Flame Tree Horo Brachychiton Acerifolium T83 Nomination Private 6 - 8 Kainui Rd, Raumati 2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa – 1930’s T84 Nomination Private 6 McKay St, Horse Chestnut Paraparaumu Beach Aesculus hippocastanum T85 Nomination Private 60 Renown Rd, Raumati Kanuka South Kunzea ericoides 1920’s T86 Nomination Private 11 Hira Street, Mexican Hand Tree and Waikanae Chiranthodendron pentadactylon – Submission (in 1980, NOTABLE (NTR) support) T87 Nomination Private Talisman Nursery Holly and 135 Ringawhati Rd, Ilex aquifolium Submission Otaki NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 528, Reg. No: (in support) 335. T88 Nomination Private 19a Wharemauku Rd, 2 Pohutukawa and Raumati Metrosideros excelsa Submission (in support) T89 Nomination Private 190 State Highway 1, Rata Metrosideros robusta and and Paraparaumu North Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa submission – both 1900’s (in support) T90 Nomination Private 54 Makora Rd, Cabbage Tree. Cordyline australis Otaihanga – NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 528, Reg. No: 355. 1840. Believed to have been used as one of several boundary markers for the early 19c. vegetable gardens. T91 Nomination Private 131 Rangiuru Rd, Otaki Cabbage Tree and Cordyline australis - age 100+ Submission years (in support) T92 Nomination Private 20 Tainui St, Raumati Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa – 1890’s T93 Nomination Private 38 Moana Rd, Irish Yew Paraparaumu Taxus baccata ‘fastigiata’ T94 Nomination Private 124 Main Rd, Rata Metrosideros robusta and Paraparaumu – thought to be where Te Submission Raupahara camped, early 1800’s (in support) Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa, thought to be biggest in District, 100+ years T95 Nomination & Private 90 Te Moana Road, Oak tree that is approximately 100 Submission (in Waikanae years old. Quercus robur opposition) T96 Nomination & Private 331 Valley Road, Rata Submission (in Paraparaumu Metrosideros robusta, 150+ years support) T97 Nomination Private 266 Main Road North, Esplallied Pear Tree Otaki Pyrus communis, planted 1911. ‘Esplallied’- to train a tree against a wall or frame. T98 Nomination Private Nikau Reserve, SH1 Kauri ‘Millenium Tree” North, Paraparaumu Agathis australis, planted Jan 1st 2000 over a time capsule
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 51 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.) T99 Nomination Private 16 Tainui St, 2 Oak Trees Raumati Quercus robur, 1920’s. T100 Submission Private 156 Atkins Road, Trees surrounding original homestead Otaki planted by Ada Bevans 1880’s (shown as 2 Atkins Nolfolk Island Pine NOTABLE (NTR) Rd) ID: 461, Reg. No: 028. Araucaria heterophylla 2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa Maidenhair Tree Ginko Biloba 2 Canary Island Date Palms Phoenix canariensis Nikau Palm Rhopalostylis sapida (SW of house) Kowhai (NW of house) Sophora microphylla Area of native and exotic trees and vegetation up both sides of driveway and around house including Totara, Puriri, Oak, Cabbage Trees, Karaka, Kohekohe, Copper Beach, Norfolk Island Pine, Tulip trees. (1486115200) T101 Nomination Private 23 Dunstan St, Rimu Tree Otaki Dacrydium cupressinum, 1930’s T102 Nomination Private 2 Otaihanga Road, Macrocarpa Tree Paraparaumu Cupressus macrocarpa. ‘Ferry Inn’ – Arapawaiti. Tree planted by Hana White Udy, in 1890. T103 Nomination & Private 10 Hinemoa Street, Oak Submission Paraparaumu Quercus robur (in support) T104 Submission Private 239 – 243 Mill Rata (in support) Road, Otaki Metrosideros Robusta T105 Submission Private El Rancho Macracapa (in support) Christian Camp, (planted on top of Maketu’s Grave) Kauri Road Cupressus Macrocarpa Waikanae T106 Submission Private 3B Iti Grove, Puriri Vitex lucens Waikanae (1494155501) T108 Submission Private 3 Kauri Rd, Kauri Agathis australis Waikanae Part of original Greenaway Homestead gardens. See B72, (1493121100) T109 Submission Private 6 Winara Ave, Kauri Agathis australis Waikanae Rimu Dacrydium cupressinum Planted 1940’s. (1496005900) T110 Submission Private 32 Warrimoo St, Pohutukawa Paraparaumu Metrosideros excelsa (1525223000) T111 Submission Private 30 Greendale 6 Kahikatea Drive, Otaihanga, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Paraparaumu (1526035024) T112 Submission Private Between 64 & 68 Macrocarpa The Esplanade, Cupressus Macrocarpa Raumati South (1529202100) T113 Submission Private 53A Wellington 3 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa Road, Paekakariki Oak Quercus Robur (1541010100A) T114 Submission Private 63 Waimea Rd, Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 52 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
Waikanae (LOT 26 Provides habitat to native bee populations. DP 7203) (1492004700) T115 Submission Private 62 Smithfield Rd, Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa Waikanae (Lot 2 (1489015200) DP 330618) T116 Submission Private 23 Ames St, Kauri Agathus australus (1541002200) Paekakariki (LOT 11 DP 1703 CT 152/45) T117 Submission Private 27 Ngatiawa Rd, Copper Beech Fagus sylvatica pupurea Waikanae (LOT 2 (1490018500) DP 77582) T118 KCDC KCDC 327-333 Manly St, Macrocarpa Cupressus macrocarpa This Paraparaumu (LOT Macrocarpa is planted in the family 3 DP 334165) cemetery plot of Thomas Wilson (buried 1878) known as the Arapawaiti urupa. (1527039900) T119 Submission Private 3a Iti Gve, Puriri Vitex lucens (1494155500) Waikanae (LOT 1 DP 316890 - INT IN ESM) T120 Submission Private 3 Iti Grve, Karaka Cornocarpus laevigatus Waikanae (LOT 2 (1494155501) DP 316890 - SUBJ TO ESM) T121 Submission Private 236 SH1, Tulip Tree Lyndriodendron tulipifera Paraparaumu (LOT This Tulip tree is part of the ‘forest garden’ 1 DP 76463) area planted on the homestead of the Smith family (from Smith & Smith fame) in the 1930’s. (1526225500) T122 Submission Private 236 SH1, Oriental Beech Tree Fagus orientalis Paraparaumu (LOT This Beech was one of the earliest 1 DP 76463) plantings on the Smith family homestead (from Smith & Smith fame) in the 1930’s. (1526225500) T123 Submission Private 135 Ringawhati Plant Collection Rd, Otaki (PT TE This plant collection includes over 1000 AWAHOHONU A3 native species including many rare and NO 5 BLK IX endangered species. The collection WAITOHU SD) serves as a genetic bank for the survival of many of our endangered and at risk plants. (1486153000)NOTABLE (NTR) Reg No 423 T124 Submission Private 27 Kirk St, Otaki Kauri Agatha australis (Lot 3 DP 6422) (3754609) T125 Submission Private 38 Te Roto Rd, Kauri Agatha australis (1509157036) Otaki (Totaranui AB1B)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 53 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
W. Waahi Tapu
NR Te Runanga O Raukawa
AA Ati Awa ki Whakarongotai
NT Te Runanga O Toa Rangatira
NO ORIGIN OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION/SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIPTION W1 Submission Private End of Puriri Road, Takamore Cemetery Waikanae (Pt 424C Ngarara West ML 1491) W2 Submission Private Pehi Kupa Street, Parata Cemetery Waikanae (Lot 41 DP 1031 SO 14414) W3 Submission Ngati Queen Elizabeth Park, Maori Cemetery (Urupa) and Norfolk Haumia Paekakariki Pine planted © 1830. Named as (Pt B2 Wainui ML 3272, Aperahama Mutu-Mira Whanau Urupa. SO 22867 Sec 103 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 33368) W4 HPT Private Flaxmere St to Puriri Takamore Waahi Tapu Area (Note - this submission Rd, Waikanae includes W1) (Ngarara West A24C and A24B ML 1491, Lot 1 DP 23875 Kaitawa SD ML 1491)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 54 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
I.2 Archaeological Sites (site location is accurate only to within about 100m)
N.B. These sites do not represent all archaeological sites in the district
The following are for information purposes:
Metric Site Metric Metric Mapsheet Number Easting Northing Site Description R25 1 2674600 6040300 STONE WALLS R25 2 2674500 6040200 CANOE R25 3 2683900 6040600 MIDDEN R25 4 2684100 6040900 MIDDEN R25 5 2687100 6040700 MIDDEN R25 6 2687000 60400700 MIDDEN R25 7 2687000 6040600 MIDDEN R25 8 2685800 6040500 CANOE HULL R25 9 2674400 6040200 CULTIVATION AREA R25 10 2674600 6040000 OCCUPATION SOIL R25 11 2687600 6047500 HOTEL R26 1 2673400 6039800 PIT/POST HOLES R26 2 2674000 6039900 GRAVES R26 3 2673900 6039700 MIDDEN R26 4 2673800 6039700 WHALER’S TRYPOT R26 5 2673800 6039600 CAIRN R26 6 2673500 6038900 WHALING STATION R26 8 2673000 6037700 WHALERS’ TRYPOTS R26 9 2673000 6037500 TRADING STATION R26 10 2670900 6037400 CULTIVATION AREA R26 11 2672700 6037100 MIDDEN/PITS R26 12 2672300 6036800 MIDDEN R26 13 2672000 6036300 HOUSES/PITS/MIDDEN R26 14 2671500 6035800 WHALING STATION R26 15 2669900 6034100 TERRACES R26 16 2669700 6034000 PIT R26 17 2669700 6034000 STONE WALL/PIT R26 18 2669700 6034000 MIDDEN R26 19 2669600 6034000 STONE WALL R26 20 2669500 6033900 STONE WALL R26 21 2669700 6034000 STONE STRUCTURE R26 22 2668700 6033600 STONE WALL R26 23 2668700 6033600 BUILDING REMAINS R26 24 2668600 6033600 STONE LINED DRAIN R26 25 2668600 6033600 STONE WALL/ETC R26 26 2668600 6033500 STONE WALLS R26 27 2670100 6033700 STONE WALLS R26 28 2670200 6033500 STONE STRUCTURES R26 29 2670200 6033500 STONE STRUCTURE R26 30 2675200 6025100 MIDDEN R26 31 2675600 6025900 MIDDEN R26 32 2683700 6039800 MIDDEN R26 33 2683900 6039700 MIDDEN
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 55 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
Metric Site Metric Metric Mapsheet Number Easting Northing Site Description R26 34 2684100 6039200 MIDDEN R26 35 2683000 6037300 MIDDEN R26 36 2683000 6037400 MIDDEN R26 37 2682900 6037200 MIDDEN R26 38 2682500 6036200 MIDDEN R26 39 2682500 6036200 MIDDEN R26 40 2681700 6036000 MIDDEN R26 41 2681900 6036200 MIDDEN R26 42 2681800 6036500 MIDDEN R26 43 2682200 6036900 MIDDEN R26 44 2682200 6036700 MIDDEN R26 45 2682100 6036700 MIDDEN R26 46 2680100 6035200 MIDDEN R26 47 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 48 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 49 2679900 6035400 MIDDEN R26 50 2688000 6035400 MIDDEN R26 51 2679900 6035400 MIDDEN R26 52 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 53 2680000 6035400 MIDDEN R26 54 2680100 6035100 MIDDEN R26 55 2680200 6035100 MIDDEN R26 56 2680200 6035200 MIDDEN R26 57 2680300 6035400 MIDDEN R26 58 2680300 6035300 MIDDEN R26 59 2680200 6035400 MIDDEN R26 60 2680200 6035400 MIDDEN R26 61 2680000 6035800 MIDDEN R26 62 2680200 6035200 MIDDEN R26 63 2680000 6035300 MIDDEN R26 64 2679900 6035200 MIDDEN R26 65 2679900 6035200 MIDDEN R26 66 2683600 6038500 MIDDEN R26 67 2683800 6038600 MIDDEN R26 68 2683100 6038000 MIDDEN R26 69 2684000 6036100 MIDDEN R26 70 2685700 6038200 MIDDEN R26 71 2679900 6035800 MIDDEN R26 72 2681100 6036500 MIDDEN R26 73 2683300 6037300 MIDDEN R26 74 2683400 6037700 MIDDEN R26 75 2683600 6037900 MIDDEN R26 76 2683200 6038000 MIDDEN R26 77 2680100 6036000 MIDDEN R26 78 2680100 6035900 MIDDEN R26 79 2680100 6035800 MIDDEN R26 80 2680200 6035800 MIDDEN R26 81 2680100 6035900 MIDDEN R26 82 2679800 6035800 MIDDEN R26 83 2679800 6035900 MIDDEN R26 84 2680100 6035700 MIDDEN R26 85 2680100 6035400 MIDDEN R26 86 2679900 6035500 MIDDEN R26 87 2680100 6035300 MIDDEN R26 88 2679700 6035300 MIDDEN R26 89 2683200 6037400 MIDDEN
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 56 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
Metric Site Metric Metric Mapsheet Number Easting Northing Site Description R26 90 2683000 6037700 MIDDEN R26 91 2683000 6037900 MIDDEN R26 92 2682800 6038000 MIDDEN R26 93 2675800 6026200 WHAREROA PA R26 94 2675100 6024200 WAINUI PA R26 97 2679000 6034600 MIDDEN R26 98 2687000 6044900 OUTRIGGER (CANOE) R26 99 2675700 6025800 MIDDEN R26 131 2674000 6021700 PITS/MIDDEN R26 134 2660100 6011200 PITS R26 135 2660100 6011400 PITS/MADE SOILS R26 136 2660000 6011300 PITS/MADE SOIL R26 137 2660000 6011200 PITS R26 138 2659900 6011100 PITS R26 139 2659900 6011000 PITS R26 140 2659800 6010900 PITS R26 141 2659800 6011000 MIDDEN R26 142 2659800 6011000 PITS R26 143 2659700 6010900 PITS R26 144 2659700 6012700 MIDDEN R26 146 2676000 6029200 SURFACE ITS R26 169 2659800 6011000 PIT/TERRACE/GARDEN R26 180 2674900 6022600 PITS R26 181 2674600 6022400 PITS R26 182 2674500 6022300 PITS R26 183 2674900 6022000 TERRACES R26 184 2669000 6033600 PITS R26 185 2670300 6033500 STONE WALLS R26 186 2681600 6036100 MIDDEN R26 232 2683600 6033600 PITS R26 233 2668600 6033500 TERRACE R26 234 2668500 6033600 PIT R26 235 2673300 6038700 PIT/TERRACE R26 236 2672300 6034400 WHALING STATION R26 237 2670200 6033400 TERRACE R26 241 2679600 6034800 MIDDENS R26 242 2659600 6012700 LIGHTHOUSE ETC R26 243 2659700 6011300 SOIL/DITCH/BANK R26 244 2659800 6011600 PITS R26 247 2673300 6021300 MIDDEN/ARTEFACTS R26 249 2676500 6027200 MIDDEN R26 250 2676900 6026200 MIDDEN R26 251 2676700 6026000 MIDDEN R26 252 2675900 6026700 MIDDENS R26 253 2682500 6035300 MIDDEN R26 255 2673400 602150 MIDDENS R26 256 2676800E 6026100N PA (possible location of Tipapa Pa) S25 1 2691300 6052700 PITS/TERRACE/MIDDEN S25 56 2623200 6051000 PA S26 1 2708600 6037100 OBSIDIAN FIND R26 257 2683600 6040000 MIDDEN (R26/32 Historic Places Trust) R26 258 2683900 6039700 MIDDEN (R26/33 Historic Places Trust)
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 57 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
I.3 MAP
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 58 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
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KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 59 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
KEY TO NATIONALLY & REGIONALLY RARE & THREATENED SPECIES
NO DESCRIPTION SITE GRID NATIONAL AREA ADDITIONAL REFERENCE THREAT PROTECTION RANK STATUS 1 Amphibromus Queen R26 762 243 Nationally No Wellington fluitan Elizabeth endangered Information Regional Wetland grasss Park Council Reserve 2 Euphorbia Wharekohu R26 678 335 Serious 40 x 30m2 Nature glauca Point, Kapiti decline Reserve Shore spurge Island 3 Dechampia Kapiti Island R26 Gradual No Nature caespitosa var. decline Information Reserve macrantha Tussock grass 4 Korthalsella Kapiti Island R26 344, Sparse N/A Nature salicornioides R26 709 355 Reserve Mistletoe 5 Hebe elliptica Kapiti Island R26 Range Extensive Nature var. crassifolia restricted along Reserve Kokomuka coastline 6 Korthalsella Waikanae R26 825 353 Sparse N/A Recreation salicornioides Park Reserve Mistletoe 7 Tupeia Kapiti Island R26 726 373, Gradual Plants Nature Antarctica R26 727 376, decline scattered Reserve Tupia R26 727 402 throughout and also in 500 ha in grid squares eastern & R26 72-37- northern part R26 72-40- of Island R26 72-39- 8 Mazus Puketitiro, R26 814 324 Serious 8m2 None novaezeelandiae (adjacent to decline Paraparaumu Senic Reserve) 9 Mazus Otaihanga R26 811 321 Serious 50m2 None novaezeelandiae (adjacent to and R26 814 decline Paraparaumu 322 Senic Reserve)
10 Leptinella dioica Waikanae R26 787 348, Gradual Over an area Scenic subsp. monoica Estuary R26 795 347, decline of Reserve and Shore cotula R26 785 347, approximately unprotected R26 795 349 20ha 11 Lepidium Wharekohu R26 N/A Nature tenuicaule Bay, Kapiti Reserve Shore cress Island
12 Lepidium Kapiti Island R26 686 335 Nationally 20m2 Nature oleraceum endangered Reserve Cook’s scurvy grass
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 60 DISTRICT PLAN
I: HERITAGE REGISTER
13 Ophioglossum Totara R26 Nationally Unknown None petiolatum Lagoon, Historic endangered Stalked adder’s Waikanae Record tongue Beach 14 Carex litorosa Estuary Inlet R26 795 347 Serious Scattered None Sea sedge off Waikanae decline through River, Makora estuary Rd margin 15 Desmoschoenus Otaki River Gradual Unknown None spiralis outlet decline Pingao 16 Pimelea Waikanae Serious Unknown None arenaria River outlet decline Sand pimelea 17 Paraxilla Plateau S27 020 406 Gradual Within National Park colensoi Waitewaewae decline 2metres of Scarlet-flowered track river mistletoe 18 Spiranthes Paraparaumu Contact Nationally Contact Contact novae- Airport Council endangered Council Council zealandiae
KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 61 DISTRICT PLAN
Hearing: at Palmerston North: 28-30 March and 16 Apri12012
DECISION: PART 3- INDIGENOUS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Counsel and patties participating in this topic:
P R Gardner for Federated Farmers of New Zealand H A Atkins for Hm1iculture New Zealand A J L Beatson and N J Garvan for Meridian Energy Ltd K Smjeant for the Wellington Fish and Game Council S J Ongley and A Camaivuna for the Minister of Conservation J Gregory for Transpower NZ Ltd and Powerco Ltd L C R Burkhardt for TrustPower Ltd J W Maassen and N Jessen for the Manawatu-W anganui Regional Council