Mark Smale, David K ....,.,. and Greg ~t:~·wa11.r Photography by lan P Reproduction of material in this Bulletin for non-commercial purposes is welcomed, providing there is appropriate acknowledgment of its source.

To obtain further copies of this publication, or for information about other publications, please contact:

Publications Officer Private Bag 3020 Rotorua New Zealand Telephone: +64 7 343 5899 Fac.rimile: +64 7 348 0952 E-nraif. publications@scionresearch .com !Pebsite: www.scionresearch.com

National Library of New Zealand Cataloguing-in-Publication data The New Zealand beeches : establishment, growth and management / Mark Smale, David Bergin and Greg Steward, Photography by Ian Platt. (New Zealand Indigenous Tree Bulletin, 1176-2632; no.6) Includes bibliographic references. 978-0-478-11018-0 1. trees. 2. Forest management-New Zealand. 3. Forests and forestry-New Zealand. 1. Smale, Mark, 1954- ll. Bergin, David, 1954- ill. Steward, Greg, 1961- IV. Series. V. New Zealand Forese Research Institute. 634.90993-dc 22 lSSN 1176-2632 ISBN 978-0-478-11038-3 ©New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited 2012

Production Team Teresa McConcbie, Natural Talent Design - design and layout Ian Platt- photography Sarah Davies, Richard Moberly, Scion - printing and production Paul Charters - editing

DISCLAIMER In producing this Bulletin reasonable care has been taAren lo mmre tbat all statements represent the best infornJation available. Ht~~vever, tbe contents of this pt1blicatio11 are not i11tended to be a substitute for s,Pecific specialist advice on at!} matter and should not be relied on for that pury~ose. NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE L!JWJTED mtd its emplqyees shall not be liable on at.ry ground for a'!)l lost, damage, or liabili!J inrorred as a direct or indirect result of at!J reliance l{y a'!)l person upon informatiou contained or opinions expressed in this tvork.

Front cover: High altitude 111ountain beech forest, Lewis Pass.

SCIOn • Next generation biomaterials • Matnaaki Whenua Landcare Research

~ Sustainable ~ Farnr1ing Fund www. maf.govt. nz/sff 7+(1(:=($/$1' %((&+(6 (VWDEOLVKPHQWJURZWKDQGPDQDJHPHQW

0DUN6PDOH'DYLG%HUJLQDQG*UHJ6WHZDUG

3KRWRJUDSK\E\,DQ3ODWW

1HZ=HDODQG,QGLJHQRXV7UHH%XOOHWLQ1R

6FLRQ3ULYDWH%DJ5RWRUXD 1HZ=HDODQG

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 

3DUW²7KHEHHFKVSHFLHV   +RZWKH\ZHUHQDPHG   6SHFLHVGLIIHUHQFHVDWDJODQFH   7KHEODFNPRXQWDLQEHHFKTXHVWLRQ 

3DUW²'LVWULEXWLRQ   7KH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHV   7KHEHHFKJDS²DQHQLJPD   7KH6RXWKHUQ%HHFKHV 

3DUW²'HVFULSWLRQ   7UHHGLPHQVLRQVDQGOLIHVSDQV   3ODQWGHVFULSWLRQ   )ROLDJH  %DUN   %UDQFKDQGWUHHIRUP   5RRWV\VWHPV   5HSURGXFWLRQ   )ORZHULQJ   6HHGSURGXFWLRQDQGGLVSHUVDO 

3DUW²(FRORJ\DQGKDELWDW   (FRORJ\RI EHHFKIRUHVWV   'LVWLQFWLYHIRUHVWV  5HODWLRQVKLSZLWKRWKHUVSHFLHV   0LVWOHWRHRQEHHFKHV   5HVSRQVHWRGLVWXUEDQFH   1DWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQ   (DUO\HVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGVXUYLYDO   5HJHQHUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV   0\FRUUKL]DDQGWKHEHHFKHV 

2 3DUW²9DOXHVRIEHHFKIRUHVWV   3URYHQDQFHYDULDWLRQ   1RQWLPEHUEHQHÀWV  :RRGVLGH)RUHVW2[IRUG  $PHQLW\   :DWHUVKHGSURWHFWLRQ  3DUW²,QMXULRXVDJHQFLHV   %LRGLYHUVLW\   $QLPDOV   &DUERQVWRUDJH   /HDIDQGZRRGHDWLQJLQVHFWV   +RQH\   *DOOVDQGZLWFKHVEURRP   7LPEHU   +RQH\GHZ   ,QWURGXFHGSHVWV  3DUW0DQDJHPHQWRI EHHFKIRUHVWV   %URZVLQJ   6XVWDLQDEOHWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ   &OLPDWH   %HHFKIRUHVWU\WRGD\   )URVWDQGZLQWHUGHVLFFDWLRQ   1HZ=HDODQG6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVW3URGXFWV/3   'URXJKW   3ODW\SXVSLQKROHEHHWOHVDQGWKHEHHFKHV  3DUW²:RRGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGXVHV  3DUW²(VWDEOLVKLQJEHHFK  :RRGSURSHUWLHV   +LVWRU\RI EHHFKSODQWDWLRQV   %ODFNDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFK   (DUO\H[SHULHQFH   :DLDXIHUU\EULGJH   /DWHUSODQWLQJ   5HGEHHFK   5DLVLQJDQGSODQWLQJEHHFK   6LOYHUEHHFK   6HHGFROOHFWLRQ   +DUGEHHFK   6HHGVWRUDJHDQGSUHSDUDWLRQ   3DVWDQGSUHVHQWXVHV   3URSDJDWLRQ   %ODFNEHHFK   3ODQWLQJ   5HGEHHFK   0DQDJLQJEHHFKHV   6LOYHUEHHFK   7HQGLQJ  +DUGEHHFK   7KLQQLQJWULDOVLQQDWXUDOVWDQGV   /LQGVD\DQG'L[RQ/WG   3DUW²*URZWKUDWHV  *XLGHOLQHVIRUSODQWLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQW   *URZWKRI SODQWHGVWDQGV  IRUWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ  +HLJKWJURZWK   'LDPHWHUJURZWK  $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV   *URZWKDQG\LHOG   6WRFNLQJUDWHVDQGVWHPIRUP  5HIHUHQFHVDQGIXUWKHUUHDGLQJ 

3 7KH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHV 1RWKRIDJXV DUHDPRQJVWRXUEHVWNQRZQ DQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWQDWLYHWUHHV7ZRWKLUGVRI WKHUHPDLQLQJQDWLYH IRUHVWLQ1HZ=HDODQGLVEHHFKIRUHVWRI YDULRXVNLQGVDQGPDQ\ PDMRUWRXULVWURXWHVSDVVWKURXJKLW7KHVHIRUHVWVDUHVRPHRIWKH PRUHGLVWLQFWLYHLQWKHFRXQWU\DQGDUHEHWWHUXQGHUVWRRGWKDQPRVW RWKHUV$IWHUWKHFRQLIHUVDQGWDZD %HLOVFKPLHGLDWDZD WKHEHHFKHVKDYH EHHQKLVWRULFDOO\WKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWQDWLYHWLPEHUVSHFLHVDQGQRZ FRQVWLWXWHWKHRYHUKDOI WKHQDWLYHWLPEHUUHVRXUFHOHIWLQWKHFRXQWU\

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

'HVSLWHWKHORQJDSSUHFLDWHGSRWHQWLDORIEHHFKIRUHVWVIRUVXVWDLQDEOH PDQDJHPHQWDQGWKHXQGRXEWHGTXDOLWLHVRIWKHLUWLPEHUIRUDYDULHW\ RI XVHVPDQDJHPHQWIRUZRRGSURGXFWLRQKDVUHPDLQHGDQHOXVLYH JRDOEHFDXVHRI SHUFHLYHGGLIÀFXOWLHVLQERWKVLOYLFXOWXUHDQGZRRG SURFHVVLQJ$VXVWDLQHGLQWHJUDWHGLQGXVWU\FRPSULVLQJVXVWDLQDEOH IRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWDQGHVWDEOLVKHGSURFHVVRUVDQGPDUNHWVKDV VFDUFHO\GHYHORSHG

7KH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVSURGXFHKLJKTXDOLW\IXQFWLRQDODQG GHFRUDWLYHWLPEHUVVRWKHUHLVLQFUHDVLQJLQWHUHVWLQPDQDJLQJWKHP SDUWLFXODUO\LQVXVWDLQDEO\PDQDJHGQDWXUDOIRUHVWDQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW LQSODQWDWLRQV7KLVEXOOHWLQSURYLGHVXSWRGDWHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH HFRORJ\HVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGPDQDJHPHQWIRUWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQRI  EHHFKHV7KHÀUVWKDOI JLYHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH 1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKVSHFLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUHFRORJ\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQ 7KHVHFRQGKDOI IRFXVHVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH VSHFLHVUHODWLQJWRHVWDEOLVKPHQWE\QDWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQDQGSODQWLQJ WHQGLQJSURGXFWLYLW\DQGZRRGTXDOLW\DQGSURFHVVLQJ)LQDOO\DVHWRI JXLGHOLQHVLVSURYLGHGIRUPDQDJLQJWKHEHHFKVSHFLHVWRPHHWPXOWLSOH REMHFWLYHVLQFOXGLQJWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ

7KLVEXOOHWLQGUDZVKHDYLO\RQ-RKQ:DUGOH·VPRQRJUDSKRQ WKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVZKLFKKDVEHHQH[WHQVLYHO\FRQVXOWHGDQG XQOHVVRWKHUZLVHUHIHUHQFHGLVWKHSULPDU\VRXUFH

4 )LYHHQWLWLHVDUHUHFRJQLVHGLQ1RWKRIDJXVLQ1HZ=HDODQG FRPSULVLQJIRXUVSHFLHVRQHRI ZKLFKKDVWZRYDULHWLHV  1RWKRIDJXVPHQ]LHVLL +RRNI 2HUVW6LOYHUEHHFK  1RWKRIDJXVIXVFD +RRNI 2HUVW5HGEHHFK  1RWKRIDJXVWUXQFDWD &RO &NQ+DUGEHHFK  1RWKRIDJXVVRODQGUL D YDUVRODQGUL +RRNI 2HUVW%ODFNEHHFK E YDUFOLIIRUWLRLGHV +RRNI 3RROH0RXQWDLQEHHFK

/HDI VKDSHLVWKHPDMRUFKDUDFWHULVWLFXVHGIRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJ WKHVSHFLHVDQGYDULHWLHVVRLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRUHVRUWWR ÁRZHUVRURWKHUDQDWRPLFDOIHDWXUHVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVSHFLHV 8QOLNHVRPH6RXWK$PHULFDQVSHFLHVDOORI WKH1HZ=HDODQG EHHFKHVDUHHYHUJUHHQEURDGOHDYHGWUHHV7KHFRPPRQ 0RXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVW7RQJDULULR1DWLRQDO RFFXUUHQFHRI QDWXUDOK\EULGVDPRQJVSHFLHVH[FHSWVLOYHU 3DUNFHQWUDO1RUWK,VODQG EHHFKZDVQRWHGORQJDJR &RFND\QH 

+RZWKH\ZHUHQDPHG

7KH(XURSHDQERWDQLVWVZKRÀUVWGHVFULEHGSODQWVLQWKH6RXWKHUQ+HPLVSKHUHRIWHQQDPHGWKHPDIWHUVLPLODU SODQWVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ+HPLVSKHUH1HZ=HDODQG·VEHHFKHVZHUHÀUVWWKRXJKWWRUHVHPEOHELUFKHV %HWXOD /DWHU WKH\ZHUHGHVFULEHGDVWUXHEHHFK )DJXV )URP5RPDQWLPHVIDJXVUHIHUVWRWKHHGLEOHQXWVZKHQ(XURSHDQ EHHFKZDVDZLGHVSUHDGDQGYDOXHGWUHHIRUQXWSURGXFWLRQDQGSURGXFHGZRRGIRUIXHODQGWLPEHU 3RROH  ,QWKH*HUPDQ'XWFKERWDQLVW&DUO%OXPHUHFRJQLVHGWKDWWKH6RXWKHUQ+HPLVSKHUH VRXWKHUQ EHHFKHV ZHUHGLIIHUHQWHQRXJKIURPWKHQRUWKHUQVSHFLHVWRZDUUDQWWKHLURZQJHQXV1RWKRIDJXVPHDQLQJIDOVHEHHFK

7KHVFLHQWLÀFQDPHVRIWKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVUHIHUWREDUNDQGRUOHDI FRORXU IXVFDPHDQLQJGXVN\LH GDUNFRORXUHGIRUUHGEHHFK OHDIVKDSH WUXQFDWDPHDQLQJWUXQFDWHGLHFXWRIIIRUKDUGEHHFK HDUO\ERWDQLVWV PHQ]LHVLLIRU$UFKLEDOG0HQ]LHVD6FRWWLVKGRFWRUDQGQDWXUDOLVWZKRYLVLWHGWKH3DFLÀFIRUVLOYHUEHHFKDQG VRODQGULIRU'DQLHO6RODQGHUWKH6ZHGLVKQDWXUDOLVWRQ&DSWDLQ&RRN·VÀUVWYR\DJHIRUEODFNPRXQWDLQEHHFK RU UHVHPEODQFHWRRWKHUSODQWV FOLIIRUWLRLGHVUHVHPEOLQJ&OLIIRUWLDDVRXWKHUQ$IULFDQWUHHIRUPRXQWDLQEHHFK 

7KHFRPPRQQDPHVUHÁHFWFRORXUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHP UHGEHHFKIRULWVUHGWLQWHGOHDYHVVLOYHUEHHFKIRUWKH FRORXURI LWVEDUNEODFNEHHFKIRUWKHVRRW\PRXOGWKDWRFFXUVRQWKHKRQH\GHZRQWKHRXWHUEDUN ZRRGTXDOLW\ KDUGEHHFKIRUEHLQJGLIÀFXOWWRVDZ RUKDELWDW PRXQWDLQEHHFKIRULWVXSODQGKDELWDW  +DUGEHHFKZDVHDUOLHURIWHQNQRZQDV¶FOLQNHU·EHHFKSUREDEO\LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHODUJHDPRXQWRI ZDVWH JHQHUDWHGE\LWGXULQJVDZLQJ7KHJHQHULF0DRULQDPHIRUEHHFKLVWDZKDLZLWKUDXQXL ¶ODUJHOHDI · DSSHQGHGIRU WKHODUJHUOHDYHGVSHFLHVDQGUDXULNL ¶VPDOOOHDI · IRUWKHVPDOOHUOHDYHGVSHFLHV

5 SPECIES DIFFERENCES AT A GLANCE

5HGEHHFK ‡ /DUJHVWEHHFKVSHFLHVLQ1HZ=HDODQG 1RWKRIDJXVIXVFD ‡ 0DWXUHWUHHVDYHUDJH²PLQKHLJKWWUXQNV²PLQGLDPHWHU EXWFDQUHDFKODUJHUGLPHQVLRQV 7DZKDLUDXQXL ‡ 0DWXUHWUHHVFDQKDYHPDVVLYHFURZQVODUJHÁDQJHVDWWKHEDVHRI WKH $YHUDJH OHDI OHQJWK WUXQNDQGURRWEXWWUHVVHV FP ‡ 3UHIHUVGHHSZHOOGUDLQHGIHUWLOHVRLOVRI ORZHUWRPLGVORSHVDQGULYHU WHUUDFHV*HQHUDOO\WKHOHDVWWROHUDQWRIXQIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV ‡ *HQHUDOO\WKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJRIWKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVZLWK GLDPHWHUJURZWKUDWHVDYHUDJLQJRYHUPP\U ‡ &RPPRQO\JURZVZLWKVLOYHUEHHFKOHVVFRPPRQO\ZLWKKDUGEHHFK DQGDZLGHUDQJHRI RWKHUVSHFLHVHVSHFLDOO\NDPDKL

+DUGEHHFK ‡ &DQJURZDVWDOODVUHGEHHFKEXWLWVWUXQNLVPRUHVOHQGHUGLDPHWHUV DYHUDJH²P 1RWKRIDJXVWUXQFDWD ‡ /DUJHWUHHVFDQGHYHORSEDVDOÁDQJHVDQGEXWWUHVVHGURRWV 7DZKDLUDXQXL ‡ 7ROHUDWHVSRRUHUDQGGULHUVRLOVWKDQUHGEHHFK $YHUDJH OHDI OHQJWK ‡ 7KHPRVWIURVWVHQVLWLYHRI WKHEHHFKHV ƒ&  FP ‡ 6OLJKWO\VORZHUJURZLQJWKDQUHGEHHFKZLWKGLDPHWHUJURZWKUDWHV DYHUDJLQJPP\U ‡ $ORZODQGVSHFLHVWKDWJURZVIXUWKHUQRUWKDQGZLWKDZLGHUUDQJHRI  RWKHUVSHFLHVWKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ 7KHPRVWSRRUO\NQRZQRI WKHEHHFKVSHFLHV

%ODFNEHHFK ‡ 8VXDOO\UHDFKHV²PLQKHLJKWZLWKDWUXQNGLDPHWHUVLPLODUWR WKDWRI KDUGEHHFK 1RWKRIDJXVVRODQGULYDUVRODQGUL ‡ 7UXQNVGRQRWXVXDOO\IRUPÁDQJHVRUEXWWUHVVHV 7DZKDLUDXULNL ‡ 9DULDWLRQLQOHDI VKDSHPD\UHÁHFWK\EULGLVDWLRQ $YHUDJH OHDI OHQJWK ‡ 7ROHUDWHVSRRUDQGGURXJKW\VRLOVDQGYHU\ORZUDLQIDOO PP\U  FP ‡ *URZWKUDWHVFDQDWWDLQWKRVHRI UHGEHHFKEXWDUHXVXDOO\VORZHU PP\U  ‡ $ORZODQGDQGXSODQGVSHFLHVWKDWUHDFKHVWKH+DXUDNL*XOI

 SPECIES DIFFERENCES AT A GLANCE

0RXQWDLQEHHFK ‡ 6PDOOHVW1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKUHDFKLQJ²PKLJKZLWKDWUXQN GLDPHWHURI ²P 1RWKRIDJXVVRODQGULYDUFOLIIRUWLRLGHV ‡ 2QH[SRVHGRUHOHYDWHGVLWHVFDQEHUHGXFHGWREXVKHVRQO\FP 7DZKDLUDXULNL KLJK $YHUDJH OHDI OHQJWK ‡ 6QRZGULIWVDQGDYDODQFKHVFDQPDNHWUXQNVJURZKRUL]RQWDOO\IRU FP VHYHUDOPHWUHVEHIRUHWXUQLQJXSULJKW ‡ 7ROHUDWHVPRUHSRRUO\GUDLQHGDQGOHVVIHUWLOHVRLOVDQGKHDYLHUIURVWV ƒ& WKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ *URZVRQJHQHUDOO\FROGHUVLWHVWKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ $PRQWDQHDQGVXEDOSLQHVSHFLHVWKDWJURZVDWKLJKHUDOWLWXGHV IURP PDERYHVHDOHYHOXSWRWKHWUHHOLQH WKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ )RUPVH[WHQVLYHVLQJOHVSHFLHVVWDQGVHDVWRIWKH6RXWKHUQ$OSV

6LOYHUEHHFK ‡ 7UHHVDYHUDJH²PKLJKZLWKWUXQNGLDPHWHUVRI ²P 1RWKRIDJXVPHQ]LHVLL ‡ /LNHPRXQWDLQEHHFKFDQJURZDVEXVKHVDWKLJKDOWLWXGHDQGFDQ GHYHORSSDUWO\KRUL]RQWDOWUXQNVLQGHHSVQRZ 7DZKDL ‡ $KDUG\WUHHWROHUDQWRI KHDY\IURVW ƒ& DQGVQRZIDOODQGDZLGH $YHUDJH UDQJHRI VRLOW\SHV OHDI OHQJWK FP ‡ 'HQVHUIROLDJHWKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ *HQHUDOO\WKHVORZHVWJURZLQJRI WKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVGLDPHWHU JURZWKUDWHVDYHUDJHPP\U ‡ *URZVXQGHUJHQHUDOO\KLJKHUUDLQIDOOWKDQRWKHUEHHFKHV ‡ 2IWHQJURZVDORQHLQKLJKUDLQIDOODUHDVEXWDOVRPL[HGZLWKRWKHU EHHFKHVSDUWLFXODUO\UHGDQGPRXQWDLQDQGSRGRFDUSVVXFKDVULPX ‡ *URZVDWVLPLODUDOWLWXGHVWRPRXQWDLQEHHFKEXWOHVVWROHUDQWRI  LQIHUWLOHRUSRRUO\GUDLQHGVRLOV

3KRWRJUDSKVDUHQRWWRVFDOH$YHUDJHOHQJWKRI OHDYHVIRUHDFKVSHFLHVDUHLQGLFDWHG

THE BLACK/MOUNTAIN BEECH QUESTION

%ODFNEHHFKDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKZHUHRULJLQDOO\QDPHGDVVHSDUDWHVSHFLHV)DJXV ODWHU1RWKRIDJXV  VRODQGULDQG) ODWHU1 FOLIIRUWLRLGHV$WWKHH[WUHPHVRI WKHLUUDQJHVWKH\KDYHGLVWLQFWO\GLIIHUHQW IROLDJH +RZHYHU WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI  LQWHUPHGLDWH IRUPV OHG WR WKHLU GHVFULSWLRQ ODWHU DV WZR YDULHWLHV JHRJUDSKLFUDFHV RI DVLQJOHVSHFLHV7KH\DUHEHVWUHJDUGHGDVWKHORZODQGDQGXSODQG HQGVRI DFRQWLQXRXVVSHFWUXP ¶FOLQH· ZLWKLQWHUPHGLDWHIRUPVQRWFOHDUO\UHIHUDEOHWRHLWKHU YDULHW\RFFXUULQJDWVLWHVLQWHUPHGLDWHEHWZHHQSRSXODWLRQVRI EODFNDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFK2YHU PXFKRI WKHLUUHVSHFWLYHUDQJHVWKH\DUHUHDVRQDEO\GLVWLQFWLYH

 THE NEW ZEALAND THE 'BEECH GAP' - AN ENIGMA BEECHES

7KHEHHFKVSHFLHVJURZDORQHRU LQFRPELQDWLRQWKURXJKPXFK RI WKH1RUWKDQG6RXWK,VODQGV IURP.DLWDLDWRWKH6RXWKODQG FRDVWEXWQRWRQ6WHZDUW,VODQG RUWKHVXEDQWDUFWLFLVODQGV3XUH EHHFKIRUHVWFRPSULVHVDOPRVW KDOI  DERXWPLOOLRQKHFWDUHV RI 1HZ=HDODQG·VUHPDLQLQJQDWLYH IRUHVW)RUHVWVRI EHHFKPL[HGZLWK RWKHUWUHHVSHFLHVPDNHXSDQRWKHU TXDUWHU DERXWPLOOLRQKHFWDUHV  %HHFKWUHHVDUHIRXQGLQPRVWRI  WKHQDWLYHIRUHVWOHIWLQWKH6RXWK ,VODQGEXWLQOHVVWKDQKDOI WKDWLQ WKH1RUWK,VODQG7KH\DUHDEVHQW 7KHUH LV D ZHOONQRZQ FRQVSLFXRXV JDS RI  DERXW  NP LQ WKH RQO\IURPOLPLWHGDUHDVRI XSODQG GLVWULEXWLRQRI WKHEHHFKVSHFLHVRQWKHZHVWFRDVWRI WKH6RXWK,VODQG 1RUWK,VODQGOLNH0W(JPRQW EHWZHHQWKH7DUDPDNDXDQG3DULQJD5LYHUVZKHUHEHHFKIRUHVWLV 7DUDQDNLDQGWKHVRXWKHUQ5XDKLQH UHSODFHGDWDOODOWLWXGHVE\IRUHVWLQZKLFKZDUPWHPSHUDWHKDUGZRRG DQGQRUWKHUQ7DUDUXD5DQJHVEXW HOHPHQWVGRPLQDWH6LPLODUO\WKHUHLVDFRQVSLFXRXVDEVHQFHRIEHHFK PRVWIDPRXVO\IURPDNPORQJ LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ WKLUG RI  WKH 7DUDUXD 5DQJH DQG WKH VRXWKHUQ SDUW VWUHWFKRI WKHZHVWFRDVWRIWKH RI WKH5XDKLQH5DQJHDQGWKHUHDUHRWKHUDQRPDOLHVVXFKDVUHOLFW 6RXWK,VODQGNQRZQDVWKH¶EHHFK VWDQGVLQWKHQRUWKHUQ1RUWK,VODQGDQGWKHDEVHQFHRI EHHFKIURP JDS·7KHLUJHQHUDOGLVWULEXWLRQ 6WHZDUW,VODQG7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHVHDQRPDOLHVLQEHHFKGLVWULEXWLRQ UHÁHFWVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ DQGSDUWLFXODUO\WKH¶EHHFKJDS·LQ:HVWODQGKDVIXHOOHGGHFDGHVRI  WKHLUVRLODQGFOLPDWLFWROHUDQFHV GHEDWH7KLVKDVRIWHQUDQJHGDURXQGFKDQJHVLQIRUHVWGLVWULEXWLRQ DQGWKHLUSRRUFRPSHWLWLYHDELOLW\ DQGSDWWHUQZLWKSDVWF\FOHVRI JODFLDWLRQWRPRUHORFDOFDWDVWURSKHV ZLWKPDQ\RWKHUWUHHVSHFLHVLQWKH VXFKDVÀUHDQGYROFDQLVP HVWDEOLVKPHQWSKDVH

 8 /LNH IRUHVWV HYHU\ZKHUH WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ VWUXFWXUH DQG VWDELOLW\ RI  EHHFK IRUHVWV DUH LQÁXHQFHG E\ ORQJWHUP FOLPDWLF FKDQJH 'XULQJLQFUHDVHVDQGGHFUHDVHVLQWHPSHUDWXUH WKHUH ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ UHWUHDWV DQG DGYDQFHV RI  EHHFK IRUHVW XS DQG GRZQ 1HZ =HDODQG :LWK LQFUHDVLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH DV WKH EHHFKHV EHORQJ WR WKH VXEDQWDUFWLF HOHPHQW WKH\ KDYH WKHFDSDFLW\WRHQGXUHFROGDQGWKHUHIRUHZRXOG KDYH UHWUHDWHG WR WKH PRXQWDLQV DQG PRUH LQKRVSLWDEOHORZODQGVLWHVZKLOHPRUHWURSLFDO HOHPHQWV RI  WKH 1HZ =HDODQG ÁRUD DGYDQFHG VRXWKZDUG &RQYHUVHO\ DV WHPSHUDWXUHV GHFUHDVHG WKH PRUH WURSLFDO HOHPHQWV ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ GULYHQ QRUWKZDUG DQG WKH EHHFK IRUHVWVIROORZHG

9ROFDQLVPDQGÀUHKDYHSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQ WKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI IRUHVWV%HHFKHVDUHODUJHO\DEVHQW IURPWKHH[WHQVLYHZHVW7DXSRIRUHVWVGHYDVWDWHGE\ YROFDQLVP\HDUVDJR([WHQVLYHEXUQLQJE\HDUO\ 0DRULSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHGULHUHDVWHUQUHJLRQVDQG ODWHUE\HDUO\(XURSHDQVHWWOHUVIRUSDVWRUDOIDUPLQJ GHVWUR\HGPXFKGULHUEHHFKIRUHVW1HYHUWKHOHVVWKH RFFXUUHQFHRI PRVWEHHFKIRUHVWRQUHODWLYHO\SRRU VRLOV XQGHU LQLPLFDO FOLPDWHV DW KLJKHU HOHYDWLRQV KDVHQVXUHGWKHLUVXUYLYDOWKURXJKZDYHVRI KXPDQ FRORQLVDWLRQ

&RFND\QH  VXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHEHHFKJDSLQ :HVWODQGFRXOGEHGXHWRLQVXIÀFLHQWWLPHIRULW WRKDYHPRYHGEDFNVLQFHWKHHQGRI WKHODVWJOD FLDWLRQ2WKHUVVXJJHVWWKDWEHHFKFRPSHWHVOHVV HIIHFWLYHO\ZLWKH[LVWLQJYHJHWDWLRQZKHUHUDLQIDOO LV KLJK DQG IRJ IUHTXHQW 6WLOO RWKHUV VXJJHVW D FKDQJHWRFRROHUGULHUFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKDWPDMRU FKDQJHVLQVSHFLHVGLVWULEXWLRQVDUHVWLOORFFXUULQJ

9 +DUG EHHFK LV YHU\ VFDWWHUHG WKURXJK WKH QRUWKHUQ WKLUG RI  WKH1RUWK,VODQGEHLQJFRPPRQ RQO\ RQ WKH %D\ RI  3OHQW\ VLGH RI  WKH D[LDO UDQJHV DQG LQ QRUWK 7DUDQDNL $EVHQW IURP WKH FHQWUDO 1RUWK ,VODQG LW UH DSSHDUVLQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRI  WKHLVODQGDQGLVDJDLQFRPPRQ LQWKH0DUOERURXJK6RXQGVDQG WKH QRUWKZHVWHUQ 6RXWK ,VODQG ZLWKDQRXWOLHULQVRXWK:HVWODQG QHDU+DDVW

5HGEHHFKLQWKH1RUWK,VODQGRFFXUV ORFDOO\RQWKH.DLPDL0DPDNXXSODQGV EXW LV FRPPRQ RQ WKH D[LDO UDQJHV IURP QHDU (DVW &DSH WR :HOOLQJWRQ ZLWK D JDS LQ WKH VRXWKHUQ 5XDKLQH DQGQRUWKHUQ7DUDUXD5DQJHV,WLVDOVR FRPPRQLQQRUWKZHVWHUQ6RXWK,VODQG DQGDJDLQLQZHVW2WDJRZLWKVFDWWHUHG VWDQGV LQ 0DUOERURXJK &DQWHUEXU\ VRXWK:HVWODQGDQG6RXWKODQG

%ODFN EHHFK WKH ORZODQG IRUP RI  1 VRODQGUL RFFXUV IURP /LWWOH %DUULHU ,VODQG DQG WKH %D\ RI  3OHQW\ FRDVW VRXWKZDUG EHLQJ FRPPRQ LQ LQODQG 7DUDQDNL DQG LQ WKH VRXWKHDVWHUQ 1RUWK ,VODQG $RUDQJL5DQJH ,WKDVDVFDWWHUHG GLVWULEXWLRQLQWKH6RXWK,VODQG

 0RXQWDLQ EHHFK WKH XSODQG IRUP RI  1 VRODQGUL LV FRPPRQ RQ WKH FHQWUDO YROFDQRHV RI  WKH 1RUWK ,VODQG DQG LQ WKH FHQWUDO .DLPDQDZD .DZHND  VHFWLRQ RI  WKH D[LDO UDQJHV ZKHUH WKH IUHHGUDLQLQJ\RXQJYROFDQLFVRLOV PLWLJDWH WKH ZHW FOLPDWH ,W LV ZLGHVSUHDGWKURXJKPXFKRI WKH 6RXWK,VODQGDQGIRUPVPXFKRI  WKH VXUYLYLQJ IRUHVW HDVW RI  WKH 0DLQ'LYLGH

6LOYHUEHHFKLQWKH1RUWK,VODQG RFFXUV ORFDOO\ RQ WKH .DLPDL 0DPDNXXSODQGVDQGLVFRPPRQ RQWKHD[LDOUDQJHVIURP(DVW&DSH WRWKH.DLPDQDZDPRXQWDLQVUH DSSHDULQJLQWKHVRXWKHUQ7DUDUXD 5DQJH ,Q WKH 6RXWK ,VODQG LW LV FRPPRQ WKURXJKRXW :HVWODQG DSDUW IURP WKH EHHFK JDS  DQG ZHVWHUQ 6RXWKODQG ZKHUH LW LV WKH SUHGRPLQDQW VSHFLHV ZLWK VLJQLÀFDQWRXWOLHUVLQWKHVRXWKHDVW IRUH[DPSOHLQWKH&DWOLQV 

$VZHOODVJURZLQJVLQJO\UHG VLOYHU DQG PRXQWDLQ EHHFKFRPPRQO\RFFXULQYDULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVZLWKLQ WKHLUPXWXDOUDQJH%ODFNEHHFKDOVRRFFXUVYHU\ORFDOO\ ZLWKUHGDQGVLOYHUEHHFKDQGUHGEHHFKYHU\ORFDOO\ ZLWK KDUG EHHFK 7KH PRVW ZLGHVSUHDG DOOLDQFHV DUH PL[WXUHVRI VLOYHUDQGUHGEHHFKIROORZHGE\PL[WXUHV RI  PRXQWDLQ DQG VLOYHU EHHFK VLOYHU EHHFK IRUHVWV EODFNEHHFKDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWVDQGÀQDOO\ IRUHVWVFRQWDLQLQJKDUGEHHFK :LVHUHWDO 7KH EHHFKHVDOVRJURZLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKDZLGHUDQJHRI  RWKHUQDWLYHWUHHVFRQLIHUVDQGKDUGZRRGV

 THE SOUTHERN BEECHES

7KHJHQXV1RWKRIDJXVFRPPRQO\NQRZQDVVRXWKHUQEHHFK KDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQSODFHGLQWKHEHHFKIDPLO\ )DJDFHDH  EXW LV QRZ UHJDUGHG DV EHORQJLQJ WR D VHSDUDWH IDPLO\ 1RWKRIDJDFHDH VRXWKHUQEHHFK 7KHUHDUHVRPHVSHFLHV RI 1RWKRIDJXVLQIRXUJURXSV7KHEUDVVLLJURXSRFFXUVRQO\LQ 1HZ&DOHGRQLDDQG1HZ*XLQHDWKHIXVFDJURXS LQFOXGLQJDOO RXUVSHFLHVH[FHSWVLOYHUEHHFK LQ6RXWK$PHULFD$XVWUDOLD DQG1HZ=HDODQGWKHPHQ]LHVLLJURXS LQFOXGLQJVLOYHUEHHFK  DOVRLQ6RXWK$PHULFD$XVWUDOLDDQG1HZ=HDODQGDQGWKH DQWDUFWLFDJURXSVROHO\LQ6RXWK$PHULFD

1RWKRIDJXVVSHFLHVIRUPDOPRVWFRQWLQXRXVIRUHVWVIURPFRDVWDO WRDOSLQHUHJLRQVRQERWKVLGHVRI WKH6RXWK$PHULFDQ$QGHV ZLWKQLQHVSHFLHVUHFRJQLVHGVL[RI ZKLFKDUHGHFLGXRXV,Q 1HZ =HDODQG QRQH RI  WKH EHHFK VSHFLHV DUH IRXQG VRXWK RI  WKH 6RXWK ,VODQG HYHQ WKRXJK 6WHZDUW ,VODQG DQG WKH VXEDQWDUFWLF LVODQGV IDOO ZHOO ZLWKLQ WKH ODWLWXGLQDO UDQJH RI  WKHJHQXVLQ6RXWK$PHULFDDQGSODQWHGEHHFKJURZVZHOORQ 6WHZDUW,VODQG

7KUHHVSHFLHVRI 1RWKRIDJXVRFFXULQ$XVWUDOLD7KH\IRUPRQO\ DPLQRUFRPSRQHQWRI WKHPDLQODQG$XVWUDOLDQIRUHVWVLQWKH HDVWDQG VRXWKHDVW EXW DUH PRUH FRPPRQ LQ WKHIRUHVWVRI  ZHVWHUQ7DVPDQLD

7KLUWHHQ VSHFLHV DUH GHVFULEHG IRU 1HZ *XLQHD DQG WKH QHLJKERXULQJLVODQGRI 1HZ%ULWDLQDOWKRXJKWKHVWDWXVRI  VRPHRI WKHVHLVGXELRXV7KHJHQXVLVDVLJQLÀFDQWLI SDWFK\ FRPSRQHQWRI WKH1HZ*XLQHDIRUHVWVIURPORZHUDOWLWXGHV WR WKH KLJKODQGV RQ VPDOOHU PRUH RFHDQLF LVODQGV IRUPLQJ FRPSRQHQWVRI WKHPRQWDQHUDLQIRUHVWVLQWKHUHJLRQ

'LVWULEXWLRQRI SUHVHQWGD\1RWKRIDJXVIRUHVWVLQWKH6RXWKHUQ+HPLVSKHUH PRGLÀHGIURP:DUGOH 

 TREE DIMENSIONS AND LIFESPANS

5HG DQGKDUGEHHFKDUHODUJHWUHHVVLOYHUDQGEODFN EHHFKDUHPHGLXPVL]HGWRODUJHWUHHVZKLOHPRXQWDLQ EHHFKLVDVPDOOWRPHGLXPVL]HGWUHH

7KHPDVVLYHVSUHDGLQJFURZQRI DPDWXUHUHGEHHFK VXUURXQGHGE\VLOYHUEHHFK

/DUJHUHGEHHFKWUHH

5HGEHHFKLVWKHODUJHVWDWWDLQLQJKXJHGLPHQVLRQV XS WRPRUPRUHWDOODQGPLQGLDPHWHU RQWKHEHVW VLWHV+DUGEHHFKWHQGVWREHPRUHVOHQGHUDQGVPDOOHU WKDQ UHG EHHFK ZLWK PD[LPXP KHLJKWV RI   P DQG GLDPHWHUVRI P6LOYHUEHHFKLVDVWRXWHUWUHHWKDW 7KHGLVWLQFWLYHOD\HUHGEUDQFKLQJRI PRXQWDLQEHHFK FDQUHDFKPLQKHLJKWDQGPLQGLDPHWHU%ODFN EHHFKFDQUHDFKGLDPHWHUVLQH[FHVVRIPDQGKHLJKWV RI  RYHU P 0RXQWDLQ EHHFK WKH VPDOOHVW VSHFLHV PLANT DESCRIPTION UDUHO\ H[FHHGVKHLJKWVRI PDQG GLDPHWHUVRI P /LIHVSDQVEURDGO\UHÁHFWGLPHQVLRQV Foliage

5HG EHHFKDQGVLOYHU EHHFK DUH WKH ORQJHVWOLYHG XS 5HGKDUGDQGVLOYHUEHHFKKDYHWRRWKHGOHDYHVZKLOH WR\HDUV+DUGEHHFKFDQOLYHIRUXSWR\HDUV EODFNDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKKDYHHQWLUHOHDYHV6LOYHU DQG EODFN DQG PRXQWDLQ EHHFK  \HDUV $V XVXDO EODFNDQGPRXQWDLQ EHHFK KDYH GLVWLQFWLYH IROLDJH DYHUDJHGLPHQVLRQVDUHFRQVLGHUDEO\VPDOOHUDQGDYHUDJH XQOLNHO\WREHFRQIXVHGZLWKDQ\RWKHUVSHFLHV5HGDQG OLIHVSDQVPXFKVKRUWHUWKDQPD[LPXPRQHV KDUGEHHFKKDYHFRQIXVLQJO\VLPLODUIROLDJH5HGEHHFK

13 KDV ODUJHU WKLQQHU GXOOHU PRUH GLVWLQFWO\ VDZWRRWKHG GDUNHU JUHHQ DQG RIWHQ VWURQJO\ FXUOHG LQ PRXQWDLQ SDOHU JUHHQ OHDYHV WKDQ KDUG EHHFK ZLWK D GLVWLQFWLYH EHHFK -XYHQLOH OHDYHV DUH URXQGHU LQ VKDSH DQG RIWHQ VLQJOH SURWUXGLQJ WRRWK DW WKH WLS -XYHQLOH OHDYHV DUH WLQJHGUHG RIWHQVWURQJO\WLQJHGZLWKUHG+DUGEHHFKOHDYHVDUH VPDOOHUDQGPRUHFRPSDFWWKLFNHULQWH[WXUHVRPHZKDW Bark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

5HGEHHFKEDUN 7KHGDUNIXUURZHGEDUNRI D 7KHGDUNÀEURXVEDUNRI DPDWXUH PDWXUHEODFNEHHFKWUHH KDUGEHHFKWUHH

'LVWLQFWLYHEDQGLQJRQGHYHORSLQJ 7KHVODWHJUH\ÁDN\EDUNRI DPDWXUH 7KHÀEURXVÀVVXUHGEDUNRI DPDWXUH VLOYHUEHHFK VLOYHUEHHFKWUHH PRXQWDLQEHHFKWUHH1RWHWKHHSLFRUPLF VKRRWVDIHDWXUHRI EHHFKHV

 Branch and tree form

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ÀHOG SHUV FRP  $OWLWXGH DQG VLWH IHUWLOLW\ DOVR DIIHFW IRUP7UHHVJURZLQJDWKLJKHUDOWLWXGHVWHQG WR EH VKRUWHU /DUJH LQGLYLGXDOV HVSHFLDOO\ RI UHGKDUGDQGVLOYHUEHHFKFRPPRQO\ GHYHORSEDVDOÁDQJHVDQGURRWEXWWUHVVHVRQ GHHSPRLVWVRLOVRQWHUUDFHV

'LVWLQFWLYHFURZQVRI VLOYHUEHHFK

/DUJHEXWWUHVVHVRIWHQGHYHORSLQROGHUUHGEHHFK WUHHVRQGHHSPRLVWVRLOV

7KHVWUDLJKWF\OLQGULFDOWUXQNVRI EODFNEHHFKIRUHVW JURZLQJZLWKLQFORVHGVWDQGV

(SLFRUPLFVKRRWVDUHDIHDWXUHRI EHHFKHV

 7KHUHODWLYHO\VKDOORZURRWV\VWHPVRI EHHFKHVPDNHVWKHPSURQHWRZLQGWKURZDVZLWKWKLVUHGEHHFK

Roots systems

:LWK UHODWLYHO\ VKDOORZ URRW V\VWHPV EHHFKHV DUH LQKHUHQWO\XQVWDEOHLQZLQGFRPSDUHGZLWKPRVWRWKHU WUHHVSHFLHV'XULQJVWURQJZLQGVEHHFKWUHHVPD\URFN DQGLWLVQRWXQXVXDOIRUWKHURRWSODWHWRPRYHVHYHUDO FHQWLPHWUHVYHUWLFDOO\5RRWJUDIWLQJRFFXUVLQDOOVSHFLHV DQGPD\DLGVWDELOLW\

REPRODUCTION

Flowering

7KH EHHFKHV DUH PRQRHFLRXV WKDW LV PDOH DQG IHPDOH ,QRFFDVLRQDOPDVW\HDUVWKHÁRZHUVRI EODFNEHHFKFRORXUWKH ÁRZHUV DUH ERUQH RQ WKH VDPH WUHH EXW DSSHDU WR EH HQWLUHFDQRS\UHG VHOIVWHULOH 7UHHV JURZLQJ LQ RSHQ FRQGLWLRQV UHDFK UHSURGXFWLYH PDWXULW\ IURP DERXW  \HDUV RQZDUG VRPHZKDW ODWHU LQ FORVHG IRUHVW )ORZHULQJ RFFXUV DQ\ WLPHEHWZHHQHDUO\VSULQJ 6HSWHPEHU DQGPLGVXPPHU -DQXDU\ ZLWKÁRZHUVSROOLQDWHGE\ZLQG

0DOHÁRZHUVRI UHGEHHFK

16 Seed production and dispersal

7KHGU\QXWOLNHVHHGVDUHVKHGPRVWO\LQDXWXPQ 0DUFK WR0D\ VRPHWLPHVLQVSULQJ

6HHGGLVSHUVDOLVSRRUDQGXVXDOO\DFFRPSOLVKHGE\ZLQG DQGJUDYLW\6HHGLVUHODWLYHO\KHDY\DQGVHOGRPFDUULHG PRUHWKDQDIHZKXQGUHGPHWUHVIURPWKHSDUHQWWUHH 7KH EHHFKHV KDYH OLJKW VHHG FURSV LQ PRVW \HDUV ZLWK KHDYLHU FURSV DW OHVV IUHTXHQW LQWHUYDOV ,Q RFFDVLRQDO ¶PDVW· \HDUV RI  H[FHSWLRQDO ÁRZHULQJ DQG VHHGLQJ WKH PDOH ÁRZHUV RI  PRXQWDLQDQGEODFN EHHFKFDQ FRORXU WKH HQWLUH IRUHVW FDQRS\ UHG 0DVWLQJ PD\ EH D UHSURGXFWLYHVWUDWHJ\SURGXFLQJPRUHVHHGVWKDQFDQEH PP HDWHQE\ELUGVDQGLQVHFWVDQGPD[LPLVLQJWKHEHQHÀWVRI  ZLQGSROOLQDWLRQ .HOO\HWDO ,WPD\EHWULJJHUHG E\ FOLPDWLF HYHQWV VXFK DV ZDUP ZHDWKHU WKH SUHYLRXV VXPPHU5HFHQWUHVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWFOLPDWLFWULJJHUV PD\LQGLUHFWO\WULJJHUPDVWLQJIRUH[DPSOHWKURXJKWKHLU HIIHFWRQQLWURJHQDYDLODELOLW\ 6PDLOOHWDO 

9LDEOH OHIW DQGQRQYLDEOH ULJKW VHHGRI EODFNEHHFK

7KHZKLWHHQGRVSHUPRI DYLDEOHVHHGWKDWKDV EHHQFXWLQKDOI

$ERYH%HHFKGLVSHUVHG PRVWO\E\ZLQGDQGJUDYLW\ LVDGYDQFLQJYHU\VORZO\IURP WKHHGJHRI DQH[LVWLQJVWDQG /HIW%\FRQWUDVWZLWKLWV ELUGGLVSHUVHGVHHGWRWDUD LVUHJHQHUDWLQJUHDGLO\LQ WKLVRSHQODQGVFDSHLQWKH 6HDZDUG.DLNRXUD5DQJH

17 DSSHDUDQFH DQG ¶IHHO· ERWK RXWVLGH DQG LQVLGH UHVXOWV IURP RYHUZKHOPLQJ GRPLQDQFH E\ MXVW RQH RU WZR EHHFK VSHFLHV ZKRVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LPSDUW DQ XQPLVWDNHDEOH ÁDYRXU WR WKH IRUHVW DV D ZKROHDQGIURPRSHQXQGHUVWRULHV

Relationships with other species

7KHEHHFKHVJURZZLWKDUDQJHRI RWKHU VSHFLHVUHÁHFWLQJWKHLUZLGHGLVWULEXWLRQ 7KHPRVWFRPPRQLVNDPDKL :HLQPDQQLD UDFHPRVD DQLPSRUWDQWVXEFDQRS\WUHHLQ ZHWWHU EHHFK IRUHVWV ZKLFK DORQJ ZLWK ULPX 'DFU\GLXP FXSUHVVLQXP  LV WKH PRVW ZLGHVSUHDGQDWLYHWUHH%HIRUHZLGHVSUHDG ORJJLQJULPXZDVDOVRFRPPRQLQZHWWHU IRUHVWV DW ORZHU HOHYDWLRQV LQ WKH 6RXWK ,VODQGDQGUHPDLQVFRPPRQLQPLGDOWLWXGH EHHFK IRUHVWV LQ WKH 1RUWK ,VODQG +DOO·V WRWDUD 3RGRFDUSXVFXQQLQJKDPLL LVFRPPRQ LQZHWWHUIRUHVWVDWKLJKHUHOHYDWLRQVEXW KDVEHHQUHGXFHGE\LQWURGXFHGSRVVXPV 7ULFKRVXUXVYXOSHFXOD LQPDQ\DUHDV

%HFDXVH RI  LWV SUHGRPLQDQWO\ QRUWKHUQ GLVWULEXWLRQ KDUG EHHFKJURZVZLWK D ZLGHU UDQJH RI  RWKHU WUHHV LQFOXGLQJ QRUWKHUQVSHFLHVOLNHNDXUL $JDWKLVDXVWUDOLV  DQG WDZD WKDQ WKH RWKHU EHHFKHV 2Q IHUWLOHYDOOH\ÁRRUVUHGEHHFKDQGVLOYHU EHHFKVLQJO\RUWRJHWKHURIWHQJURZZLWK WKH WDOO FRQLIHUV ULPX PLUR 3UXPQRSLW\V IHUUXJLQHD PDWDL 3WD[LIROLD DQGNDKLNDWHD 'DFU\FDUSXVGDFU\GLRLGHV  7KHGLVWLQFWLYHRSHQXQGHUVWRUH\RI KLJKDOWLWXGHPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVW

ECOLOGY of BEECH FORESTS

Distinctive forests

%HHFK IRUHVWV DUH VRPH RI  WKH PRUH GLVWLQFWLYH QDWXUDO IRUHVWV LQ 1HZ =HDODQG D IDFW UHFRJQLVHG HDUO\ E\ /HRQDUG &RFND\QH   ZKR GHVFULEHG WZREDVLFIRUHVW¶IRUPDWLRQV·VRXWKHUQEHHFKIRUHVW DQG FRQLIHUEURDGOHDYHG IRUHVW 7KHLU GLIIHUHQW

3RGRFDUSV ULPXNDKLNDWHDDQGPDWDL RFFXS\WKHZHWWHUIHUWLOH WHUUDFHVZLWKEHHFKGRPLQDWLQJRQWKHGULHUVORSHVDQGULGJHV

18 =RQDWLRQLQEHHFKIRUHVWLQWKH/HZLV5LYHUYDOOH\0RXQWDLQEHHFKRQXSSHUVORSHVUHGEHHFKZLWKLWVEULJKWJUHHQVSULQJÁXVKRQ PLGVORSHVDQGVLOYHUEHHFKRQORZHUVORSHV 

&OHDUGHOLQHDWLRQEHWZHHQWDZDDQGKDUGEHHFK

%HFDXVHWKH\WROHUDWHGULHURUFROGHUFRQGLWLRQVWKDQ RWKHUEHHFKHVEODFNDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKFDQRFFXU LQ QHDUPRQRFXOWXUHV 2Q LQIHUWLOH WHUUDFHV DW KLJKHU HOHYDWLRQV PRXQWDLQ EHHFK JURZV ZLWK VPDOOHU FRQLIHUV OLNH PRXQWDLQ FHGDUSDKDXWHD /LERFHGUXV ELGZLOOLL  VLOYHU SLQH /DJDURVWUREXV FROHQVRL  DQG SLQN SLQH +DORFDUSXVELIRUPLV 

+DUGEHHFKLQWHUVSHUVHGZLWKULPXRQWKHORZHUVORSHV ZLWKKDUGEHHFKRQO\RQWKHXSSHUVORSHVDQGGU\ULGJHV

 0RXQWDLQFHGDUJURZLQJZLWKPRXQWDLQEHHFKRQDQLQIHUWLOHWHUUDFH 6LOYHUDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKVKDUHDKDUVK 5DKX6DGGOH1RUWK:HVWODQG VLWHZLWKUDWDDQGKDUG\VKUXEVSHFLHV

Mistletoe on beeches

7KUHH1HZ=HDODQGVSHFLHVRIPLVWOHWRHDUHVRPHWLPHVNQRZQDVWKH ¶EHHFKPLVWOHWRHV·DVWKHLUSULPDU\KRVWWUHHVDUHWKHVRXWKHUQEHHFKHV 7KH\IRUPSDUDVLWLFVKUXEVXSWRPDFURVVZLWKLQWKHFDQRS\RI EHHFKWUHHVDQGDUHDWWDFKHGWREUDQFKHVLQWKHFURZQRURFFDVLRQDOO\ RQPDLQWUXQNVRI WKHEHHFKHV :DUGOH 7KH\DUHUHGPLVWOHWRH SLNLUDQJL²3HUD[LOODWHWUDSHWDOD ZKRVHPDLQKRVWVDUHPRXQWDLQEODFN UHGDQGVLOYHUEHHFK6FDUOHWPLVWOHWRH SLULWD²3HUD[LOODFROHQVRL IRXQG PDLQO\RQVLOYHUEHHFKDQG\HOORZPLVWOHWRH SLULWD²$OHSLVÁDYLGD  PRVWFRPPRQO\RQPRXQWDLQDQGEODFNEHHFK$OOVSHFLHVDUH IRXQGRQDUDQJHRI RWKHUKRVWVPRVWO\QDWLYHVSHFLHV 0LVWOHWRHVDUHPRUHFRPPRQO\IRXQGLQWKH6RXWK,VODQG EXWDOOVSHFLHVDUHLQGHFOLQHGXHWRDYDULHW\RI WKUHDWV PRVWO\EURZVLQJE\SRVVXPV

7KHPLVWOHWRHVFDQIRUPDVSHFWDFXODUFDVFDGHRIEULJKWO\ FRORXUHGÁRZHUVLQODWHVSULQJDQGHDUO\VXPPHU7KHÁRZHUV DUHSROOLQDWHGE\QDWLYHELUGVDQGEHHV 5REHUWVRQHWDO  6WULFWO\VSHDNLQJPLVWOHWRHVDUHFODVVLÀHGDVKHPLSDUDVLWHVVLQFH WKH\DUHQRWWRWDOO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHKRVW7KH\UHWDLQJUHHQ OHDYHVDQGDUHWKHUHIRUHVHOIVXIÀFLHQWSKRWRV\QWKHWLFDOO\EXW UHO\RQWKHVDSRI WKHKRVWIRUPRLVWXUHDQGQXWULHQWV

7KHHIIHFWRIWKHPLVWOHWRHVRQWKH JURZWKRI EHHFKWUHHVLVQRWNQRZQ EXWPD\EHFRQVLGHUDEOH :DUGOH  DVWKH\FDQFDXVHPDOIRUPDWLRQRI WKH WUXQNDQGRIWHQH[FHHGWKHFURZQRI  WKHKRVWLQWRWDOOHDIDUHD 7RSLQVHW7KHPLVWOHWRHGUDZVZDWHUDQGQXWULHQWV  IURPLWVKRVWWKURXJKDV\VWHPRI EUDQFKLQJVXFNHUV 20 WKDWSHQHWUDWHWKHEDUN %HHFKUHFORWKHVDVFDUIURPWKH,QJDQJDKXDHDUWKTXDNH  LQWKHXSSHU%XOOHU*RUJH OHIWDQGULJKW 

RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE

1HZ =HDODQG EHHFK IRUHVWV DUH G\QDPLF ZLWK GLVWXUEDQFHV FDXVLQJ VXGGHQ DQG GUDPDWLF FKDQJHV WKDWDUHIROORZHGE\JUDGXDOFKDQJHVDVGLIIHUHQWNLQGV RI IRUHVWGHYHORSDIWHUGLVWXUEDQFH 2GJHQHWDO  $ GLVWXUEDQFH LV D QDWXUDO HJ ZLQGIDOO  RU KXPDQ LQGXFHG HJ WUHH KDUYHVWLQJ  HYHQW WKDW GLVUXSWV DQ HFRV\VWHPFDXVLQJDFKDQJHLQUHVRXUFHV HJOLJKWDQG QXWULHQWV DYDLODEOHWRSODQWV6WUXFWXUHDQGFRPSRVLWLRQ YDU\ FRQWLQXRXVO\ DFURVV LQGLYLGXDO VWDQGV SDUWO\ UHÁ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

6PDOOJDSVLQPRUHDGYDQFHGVWDQGVFDQEHFRYHUHGRYHU E\H[SDQVLRQRI QHLJKERXULQJWUHHFURZQVZLWKODUJHU JDSVXVXDOO\ÀOOHGE\EHHFKVHHGOLQJV'HQVHSDWFKHV RI VKDGHWROHUDQWVHHGOLQJVHVWDEOLVKWKHPVHOYHVDIWHU /DUJHDUHDVRI ZLQGWKURZLQPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWRQWHUUDFHV PDVW\HDUV ZKHQWKHUHDUHH[FHSWLRQDOQXPEHUVRI DUURZV LQWKHXSSHU:DLPDNDULUL5LYHU&DQWHUEXU\

 0RXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWLQ&DQWHUEXU\KLJKFRXQWU\

ÁRZHUVDQGVHHGV EXWWKHLUJURZWKLVUHVWULFWHGE\ORZ OLJKW7KHVHHGOLQJVFDQSHUVLVWLQWKHXQGHUVWRUH\IRU GHFDGHV:KHQODUJHWUHHVGLHH[WUDOLJKWDQGQXWULHQWV EHFRPHDYDLODEOHDQGWKHVHHGOLQJVFDQJURZLQWRWUHHV

,Q IRUHVWV RI  PL[HG EHHFK RU EHHFK ZLWK RWKHU WUHHV UHVSRQVHV WR JDSV DUH SDUWO\ GHWHUPLQHG E\ YDU\LQJ VKDGH WROHUDQFHV ZKLFK FDQ YDU\ RYHU WKH OLIHRI DVSHFLHV .XQVWOHUHWDO )RUH[DPSOH LQ PRXQWDLQ²VLOYHU EHHFK IRUHVW IDVWHUJURZLQJ &DQRS\WUHHVLQEODFNEHHFKIRUHVWGDPDJHGE\KHDY\VQRZIDOO OLJKWGHPDQGLQJ PRXQWDLQ EHHFK VHHGOLQJV LQLWLDOO\ ÀOOQHZJDSVEXWWKHPRUHVKDGHWROHUDQWORQJHUOLYHG VLOYHUEHHFKJUDGXDOO\WDNHVRYHU,QUHG²VLOYHUEHHFK IRUHVWVPDOOJDSVWHQGWREHFDSWXUHGE\VLOYHUEHHFK DQGODUJHURQHVE\UHGEHHFK 6WHZDUWHWDO 

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ÁHFW H[WHQVLYH FDQRS\ GDPDJH UDWKHU WKDQ VPDOO WUHHIDOOJDSV

22 0RXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWRIWHQFRPSULVHVODUJH²VFDOH PRVDLFRI VWDQGVRI GLIIHUHQWDJHVWKDWWHQGWRGLHRYHU VXEVWDQWLDODUHDVFUHDWLQJODUJHJDSVDQGLQLWLDWLQJWKH GHYHORSPHQWRI QHZPRUHRUOHVVHYHQDJHGVWDQGV

+HDY\VQRZIDOOWKDWDFFXPXODWHVDWDOWLWXGHLQKLJKEDVLQVDQG VWHHSEURNHQFRXQWU\RIWHQUHVXOWVLQKXJHDYDODQFKHVZKLFKGHVWUR\ VLJQLÀFDQWWUDFWVRI EHHFKIRUHVWDVLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKLVSKRWRRI D VLGHVWUHDPLQWKHXSSHU:DLUDX5LYHUFDWFKPHQW0DUOERURXJK 1DWXUDOHYHQWVVXFKDVWKLVDUHSDUWRI WKHG\QDPLFUHQHZDO SURFHVVRI 6RXWK,VODQGKLJKFRXQWU\EHHFKIRUHVWV

%ODFNEHHFKIRUHVWUHJHQHUDWLQJDIWHUDKHDY\VQRZIDOO

+XJHDYDODQFKHWUDFNVXSWRPHWUHVZLGHWKURXJKPRXQWDLQ 'HQVHF\HDUROGPRXQWDLQEHHFKSROHVWDQG/HZLV3DVVKLJKZD\ EHHFKIRUHVW7KHGDPDJHLVRIWHQQRWUHVWULFWHGWRWKHLPPHGLDWH GRZQVORSHSDWKRI DQDYDODQFKHLQH[WUHPHFDVHVDYDODQFKHV WKDWUHDFKWKHYDOOH\ÁRRURIWHQFRQWLQXHXSWKHRSSRVLWHVORSHIRU VRPHGLVWDQFHZLWKWKHIRUFHRI WKHZLQGFUHDWHGE\WKHDYDODQFKH OD\LQJZDVWHWRIRUHVWIXUWKHUXSKLOO

23 NATURAL REGENERATION

Early establishment and survival

%HHFK VHHGOLQJV LQ WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI  HVWDEOLVKPHQW DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ YXOQHUDEOH WR GU\ FRQGLWLRQV ZLWK KLJK ORVVHV RI  VHHGOLQJVLQWKHLUÀUVWVXPPHUDQGDXWXPQ +LJKORVVHVRFFXURQGHHSGURXJKWSURQH OLWWHU VLWHV FRPSDUHG WR VLWHV ZLWK D WKLQ PXOFKRI PRVVDQGOLWWHU

6KDG\ OHYHOV SURYLGH KLJKHU PRLVWXUH FRQGLWLRQVVRVXUYLYDOWHQGVWREHJUHDWHU LQLWLDOO\XQGHUVKDGHWKDQLQWKHRSHQ7KH RSWLPDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUUHGDQGPRXQWDLQ EHHFKDUHSUREDEO\DWRI IXOOOLJKW

7KH VXVFHSWLELOLW\ RI  \RXQJ EHHFK VHHGOLQJVWRGU\FRQGLWLRQVFRXSOHGZLWK WKHLUVSHFLÀFOLJKWUHTXLUHPHQWVSUREDEO\ DFFRXQWVIRUIHZVHHGOLQJVVXUYLYLQJLQWR WKH VHFRQG \HDU ZKHUH WKHUH LV GHQVH JURXQG FRYHU YHJHWDWLRQ 2IWHQ WKH EHVW VXUYLYDOFDQEHVHHQZKHUHEHHFKVHHGOLQJV 'HQVHFURZQIHUQ %OHFKQXPGLVFRORU DFRPPRQJURXQGFRYHU KDYH HVWDEOLVKHG RQ VXUIDFHV HOHYDWHG LQEHHFKIRUHVWRIWHQLQKLELWVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI EHHFKUHJHQHUDWLRQ DERYHWKHIRUHVWÁRRUVXFKDVURWWLQJORJV DQGURRWPRXQGV

$ODUJHUHGEHHFKWKDWHVWDEOLVKHGRQDQHOHYDWHGVLWH SUREDEO\D IDOOHQWUHH ²WKHURRWVKDYHJURZQGRZQDURXQGWKHZLQGIDOOZKLFK RYHUWLPHKDVURWWHGDZD\OHDYLQJWKHWUHHSHUFKHG

Regeneration characteristics (OHYDWHGURRWPRXQGVVXFKDVWKLVZLQGWKURZQUHGEHHFKFDQ 7KHEHHFKHVKDYHPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQWVKDGHWROHUDQFHV SURYLGHHOHYDWHGVLWHVIRUUHJHQHUDWLRQRI EHHFKVHHGOLQJV UHÁHFWHGLQWKHZD\WKDWROGJURZWKIRUHVWVUHJHQHUDWH ,QVHW5HGEHHFKVHHGOLQJRQZLQGWKURZQUHGEHHFK

 0RXQWDLQEHHFKLVWKHOHDVWWROHUDQWRI VKDGHDQG LWV FDQRSLHV DUH RIWHQ HYHQDJHG RU DW OHDVW KDYH D OLPLWHGDJHUDQJH,WVIRUHVWVRIWHQUHJHQHUDWHHQPDVVH DIWHU GHDWK RI  H[LVWLQJ FDQRS\ WUHHV IURP ROG DJH ¶FRKRUWVHQHVFHQFH· RUFDWDVWURSKLFGLVWXUEDQFHVXFK DVZLQGWKURZ ¶FDWDVWURSKLF·UHJHQHUDWLRQPRGH 7KH ¶EDQNV· RI  VHHGOLQJV RQ WKH IRUHVW ÁRRU VORZO\ WXUQ RYHUEXWJURZUDSLGO\LI OLJKWOHYHOVLQFUHDVHHQRXJK DV KDSSHQV ZKHQ WKH FDQRS\ DERYH GLHV +RZHYHU DSSDUHQWUHVSRQVHVWRLQFUHDVHGOLJKWIURPFDQRS\JDS IRUPDWLRQPD\UHVXOWDWOHDVWSDUWO\IURPUHGXFHGURRW FRPSHWLWLRQ 3ODWWHWDO 

6LOYHU EHHFK ZKRVH FDQRSLHV RIWHQ FRPSULVH WUHHV RIDZLGHUDQJHRIDJHVLVPRVWWROHUDQWRIVKDGH ,WV IRUHVWV RIWHQ XQGHUJR FRQWLQXRXV UHSODFHPHQW E\ LQGLYLGXDO WUHHV RU VPDOO JURXSV RI  WUHHV WKDW JURZ XS EHQHDWK H[LVWLQJ FDQRS\ WUHHV RU LQ VPDOO JDSV ¶FRQWLQXRXV· UHJHQHUDWLRQ PRGH  ,QWHUPHGLDWH EHWZHHQWKHPDUHUHGEHHFKDQGKDUGEHHFKZKLFK VKRZERWKFRQWLQXRXVDQGFDWDVWURSKLFUHJHQHUDWLRQ PRGHV

0RXQWDLQEHHFKUHJHQHUDWLRQWKDWKDVGHYHORSHGDURXQGWKHPRWKHU WUHHWKDWKDVVLQFHGLHGDQGFROODSVHG

%ODFNEHHFKPDLQWDLQVDEDQNRI VHHGOLQJVRQWKHIRUHVWÁRRU DZDLWLQJFDQRS\RSHQLQJ

$IWHU FOHDUIHOOLQJ RU PDMRU VLWH GLVWXUEDQFH EHHFKHV UHJHQHUDWHHQPDVVHRQOLPLWHGDUHDVIURPVXUYLYLQJVPDOO 3DWWHUQVLQPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWFUHDWHGE\ VHHGOLQJVRUE\VHHGUDLQIURPQHDUE\VWDQGV'HQVH FDWDVWURSKLFZLQGDQGVQRZHYHQWV HYHQDJHGWKLFNHWVRI VDSOLQJVZLWKVWDQGGHQVLWLHVDV KLJKDVKXQGUHGVRI WKRXVDQGVRI VWHPVSHUKHFWDUH GHYHORS $V LQGLYLGXDOV JURZ ¶VHOIWKLQQLQJ· GXULQJ WKHIROORZLQJ\HDUV PRVWO\WKHÀUVW UHGXFHV GHQVLWLHVWRÀQDOVWRFNLQJVRI VHYHUDOKXQGUHGVWHPV SHUKHFWDUH 6PDOHHWDO 3ROHVWDQGVDUHFRPPRQ LQ UHJLRQV OLNH QRUWK :HVWODQG ZKHUH FDWDVWURSKLF GLVWXUEDQFHE\PLQLQJZDVZLGHVSUHDGEXWDOVRRFFXU ZKHUHYHUWKHZLQGKDVEORZQGRZQSDWFKHVRI H[LVWLQJ IRUHVWRIWHQRQVKDOORZVRLOV%HHFKVHHGOLQJVHVWDEOLVK PRUH UHDGLO\ RQ VRPH PLFURVLWHV WKDQ RWKHUV )DOOHQ ORJV ¶FRDUVHZRRG\GHEULV· DQGEDUHVRLODUHVXLWDEOH EXW GHQVH JURXQG OD\HUV RI  IHUQV DUH QRW -XQH DQG %HHFKUHJHQHUDWLQJYLJRURXVO\DIWHUZLQGWKURZRI WKHSUHYLRXVFDQRS\ 2JGHQ 

 Mycorrhizae and the beeches

$JURXSRI IXQJLNQRZQDVHFWRP\FRUUKL]DHHQMR\ D PXWXDOO\ EHQHÀFLDO UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH 1HZ =HDODQGEHHFKHV0\FRUUKL]DHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH EHHFKHVDQGDSSHDUDVDVKHDWKRI IXQJDOK\SKDH FRYHULQJWKHVXUIDFHRI WKHÀQHURRWV$SDUWIURP WHDWUHH /HSWRVSHUPXPDQG.XQ]HD DQG3RPDGHUULV VSHFLHVEHHFKLVWKHRQO\ZLGHVSUHDG1HZ=HDODQG JHQXVWKDWKDVHFWRP\FRUUKL]DH

0\FRUUKL]DODVVRFLDWLRQVDUHJHQHUDOO\DVVXPHGWR SURYLGHVRPHEHQHÀWWRWKHKRVWVSHFLHV/LYLQJ RQWKHWUHHURRWVWKHIXQJLWDNHVXJDUVZKLOHLQ UHWXUQWKHEHHFKWUHHDEVRUEVQXWULHQWVZKLFKWKH IXQJXV KDV DEVRUEHG IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ VRLO :KLOHWKHUHLVFRQMHFWXUHDVWRSUHFLVHO\KRZDQG WRZKDWH[WHQWEHHFKHVEHQHÀWIURPP\FRUUKL]DH YDULRXVH[SHULPHQWVKDYHVKRZQEHHFKVHHGOLQJV JURZVLJQLÀFDQWO\IDVWHUZLWK P\FRUUKL]DHWKDQ WKRVHZLWKRXW

$GHQVHUHGEHHFKSROHVWDQGKDVGHYHORSHGDIWHUZLQGWKURZ RI WKHSUHYLRXVVWDQG

,Q UHGVLOYHU EHHFK IRUHVW ODUJHU FRXSHV SURYLGH EHWWHUFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHUHJHQHUDWLRQRI UHGEHHFK DQGVPDOOHURQHVIRUVLOYHUEHHFKUHÁHFWLQJWKHORZHU VKDGHWROHUDQFHRI UHGEHHFK7KXVDUDQJHRI VL]HV RI KDUYHVWHGDUHDVZLOOSURPRWHDPRUHPL[HGVSHFLHV IRUHVWZKHUHDVXQLIRUPKDUYHVWLQJDUHDVDUHOLNHO\WR IDYRXURQHVSHFLHVRYHUWKHRWKHU :LVHUHWDO  0\FRUUKL]DHRQWKH URRWVRI PRXQWDLQEHHFK

,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHDSSDUHQWOLPLWHG DELOLW\RIWKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVWRGLVSHUVHLQWR QHLJKERXULQJSODQWFRPPXQLWLHVPD\EHGXHWRD ODFNRI VXLWDEOHIXQJLIRUP\FRUUKL]DODVVRFLDWLRQV ,WKDVDOVREHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHDSSDUHQWHDVH RI  WKH EHHFKHV WR VSUHDG LQWR PDQXND VFUXE FRPSDUHGWRRWKHUVKUXEODQGW\SHVPD\EHGXHWR WKHWZRJHQHUDVKDULQJHFWRP\FRUUKL]DOV\PELRQWV :DUGOH 

'HQVHUHGEHHFKUHJHQHUDWLRQIROORZLQJFOHDUIHOOLQJ $Q LPSOLFDWLRQ IRU UDLVLQJ DQG SODQWLQJ RI  WKH EHHFKHV LV WKH QHHG WR HQVXUH WKDW QXUVHU\ SURSDJDWLRQ PL[HV DUH LQRFXODWHG E\ VXLWDEOH P\FRUUKL]DH7KLVLVXVXDOO\DFKLHYHGE\PL[LQJLQ DVPDOOSURSRUWLRQRI GXII DQGWRSVRLOFROOHFWHG IURPEHHFKIRUHVWLQWRSRWWLQJPL[HVIRUFRQWDLQHU JURZQVHHGOLQJVDQGLQWRQXUVHU\EHGVIRUUDLVLQJ EHHFKDVRSHQJURXQGVWRFN

 27 %HHFKIRUHVWLVDIHDWXUHRI KLJKFRXQWU\ODQGVFDSHVSRSXODUZLWKWUDPSHUV

NON-TIMBER BENEFITS

%HHFKHVFRQWULEXWHDZLGHUDQJHRI YDOXHVDQGXVHV %HHFK IRUHVWV DUH XVHG IRU ZDONLQJ DQG WUDPSLQJ UHFUHDWLRQDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO KXQWLQJ VSKDJQXP PRVV KDUYHVWLQJ EHHNHHSLQJ XVLQJ KRQH\GHZ  DQG WLPEHU SURGXFWLRQ DQG SURYLGH WKH EDFNGURS IRU PXFK WRXULVP %HFDXVH PRVW EHHFK IRUHVW JURZV LQ XSSHUFDWFKPHQWVLWDOVRKDVLPSRUWDQWVRLODQGZDWHU FRQVHUYDWLRQIXQFWLRQV 2UZLQ 

Amenity (recreation, aesthetics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

 7KHVLJQLÀFDQWXSODQGIRUHVWVGRPLQDWHGE\WKHEHHFKHVSURYLGHFULWLFDOZDWHUVKHGSURWHFWLRQVXFKDVWKLVPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWVXUURXQGLQJDQDOSLQH WDUQQHDUWKHVXPPLWRI WKH/HZLV3DVV Watershed protection

$V WKH SUHGRPLQDQW IRUHVW FRYHU RQ WKH PRXQWDLQ UDQJHVRI ERWKPDLQLVODQGVIRUHVWVGRPLQDWHGE\UHG PRXQWDLQDQGVLOYHUEHHFKSOD\DFULWLFDOUROHLQRQVLWH ZDWHUVKHGDQGGRZQVWUHDPÁRRGSURWHFWLRQ

2QJRLQJGHYHORSPHQWRI EHHFKLQDG\QDPLFODQGVFDSH

)XOO\VWRFNHGVWDQGVSURYLGHLQWHUORFNLQJURRWV\VWHPV LQXQVWDEOHPRXQWDLQDUHDV'HQVHFDQRSLHVLQWHUFHSW KHDY\ UDLQIDOO DQG ÀOWHU UXQRII  IURP WKHVH VLWHV :LWKRXWWKHVHFDWFKPHQWIRUHVWVPDQ\RI RXUULYHUV ZRXOGKDYHKLJKHUVHGLPHQWOHYHOV +LJKDOWLWXGHPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVW

 Carbon storage

,QWHUPVRIERWKLQGLYLGXDOVSHFLHVDQGIRUHVWVEHHFKHV DUH PDMRU FRQWULEXWRUV WR FDUERQ VWRUDJH LQ QDWLYH IRUHVWVZLWKWKHÀYHEHHFKVSHFLHVDFFRXQWLQJIRU RI WKHWRWDOFDUERQVWRUHGLQQDWLYHIRUHVW$PRQJVW QDWLYHWUHHVSHFLHVVLOYHUEHHFKDWQHDUO\DQGUHG EHHFKDWDUHWKHELJJHVWFRQWULEXWRUVWRFDUERQ VWRFNVIROORZHGE\PRXQWDLQEHHFKDWDQGKDUG DQGEODFNEHHFKDWHDFK %HHWVHWDO 

Honey +LJKDOWLWXGHPRXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWZLWKYHU\OLWWOHVKUXEOD\HU 7KHUH LV D VPDOO &DQWHUEXU\EDVHG LQGXVWU\ WKDW WVKRQH\GHULYHGIURPEODFNEHHFKKRQH\GHZ Biodiversity H[SRU $WWDFNE\WKHLQWURGXFHGZDVSV 9HVSXODVSS ZKLFK $OWKRXJKXVXDOO\VLPSOHULQVWUXFWXUHDQGOHVVGLYHUVH FRPSHWHIRUWKHKRQH\GHZFDQUHVXOWLQORVVRI ZHDN LQ FRPSRVLWLRQ WKDQ FRQLIHUEURDGOHDYHG IRUHVWV EHHKLYHVHVSHFLDOO\LQORZHUDOWLWXGHEHHFKIRUHVWZLWK EHHFKIRUHVWVQHYHUWKHOHVVSURYLGHKDELWDWIRUDZLGH HYHQ VWURQJ KLYHVVXVFHSWLEOH SDUWLFXODUO\LQ DXWXPQ UDQJHRI QDWLYHÁRUDDQGIDXQDVRPHRI ZKLFKPD\ PRQWKV :DUGOH  EH VSHFLÀF WR EHHFK IRUHVW 7KH KRQH\GHZ VHFUHWHG E\VFDOHLQVHFWVIURPEHHFKVDSLVDQLPSRUWDQWIRRG VRXUFHIRUELUGVVXFKDVKRQH\HDWHUV

+RQH\IURPEODFNEHHFK IRUHVWSURYLGHVWKHEDVLVRI DVPDOOH[SRUWLQGXVWU\

TIMBER

%HHFKHV FROOHFWLYHO\ FRQVWLWXWH WKH ODUJHVW QDWLYH WLPEHU UHVRXUFH UHPDLQLQJ LQ 1HZ =HDODQG ZLWK ORQJDSSUHFLDWHGSRWHQWLDOIRUVXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQW 7KHUH DUH VRPH   KD RI  IUHHKROG IRUHVW ZLWKDVLJQLÀFDQWEHHFKFRPSRQHQWEHORZPDVO %HHFKIRUHVWSURYLGHKDELWDWIRUDZLGHUDQJHRI QDWLYH GRPLQDWHGE\UHGDQGVLOYHUEHHFK,WLVFRQVHUYDWLYHO\ IDXQDOLNHWKH6RXWK,VODQGURELQ HVWLPDWHG WKDW WKLV UHVRXUFH FRXOG SURGXFH DURXQG PRI VDZORJTXDOLW\WLPEHUSHUDQQXP6RPH KDRI IRUHVWZLWKDVLJQLÀFDQWEHHFKFRPSRQHQW LVFXUUHQWO\FRYHUHGE\VXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQWSODQV UHJLVWHUHG ZLWK 0$) 'RQQHOO\   3DVW DQG SUHVHQWXVHVRI EHHFKHVDUHGLVFXVVHGLQDODWHUVHFWLRQ

 ,QWKHVORJJLQJRISXEOLFO\RZQHGEHHFKIRUHVWVLQ :HVWODQGDQG1HOVRQZDVRSSRVHGE\FRQVHUYDWLRQLVWV ,QFRQVHUYDWLRQJURXSVWKHWLPEHULQGXVWU\DQG WKH1HZ=HDODQGJRYHUQPHQWVLJQHGWKH:HVW&RDVW $FFRUGDQDJUHHPHQWWKDWDOORZHGIRUWKHVXVWDLQDEOH PDQDJHPHQWRI KHFWDUHVRI SXEOLFO\RZQHG EHHFKIRUHVWIRUWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ7KHJRYHUQPHQW VWRSSHGWKHVFKHPHLQDQGD\HDUODWHUDOOEHHFK ORJJLQJ RQ SXEOLF ODQG LQ :HVWODQG FHDVHG ZKHQ PDQDJHPHQWRI DOOQDWLYHIRUHVWLQ&URZQWHQXUHWKHUH ZDV WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI  &RQVHUYDWLRQ 2UZLQ 

,Q6RXWKODQGULPXEHHFKIRUHVWRQ6,/1$0DRULODQG JUDQWHGXQGHUWKH6RXWK,VODQG/DQGOHVV1DWLYHV$FW  DW:DLWXWXZDVGHVWLQHGIRUKDUYHVWLQJXQWLO OHJLVODWLRQSURWHFWHGWKLVEORFNDVLI LWZHUHDQDWLRQDO SDUN7KHDJUHHPHQWJDYHWKHODQGRZQHUVDOWHUQDWLYH FXWWLQJ ULJKWV WR &URZQ ODQG LQ ZHVWHUQ 6RXWKODQG WKDWZDVDOUHDG\EHLQJPDQDJHGIRUWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ 2UZLQ 1RZPDQDJHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH)RUHVWV $PHQGPHQW $FW  WKLV RSHUDWLRQ ZDV DZDUGHG 6PDUW:RRG)RUHVW6WHZDUGVKLS&RXQFLOFHUWLÀFDWLRQ /RJJLQJLQEHHFKIRUHVW LQ  SRVVLEO\ WKH ÀUVW PDQDJHG $XVWUDODVLDQ QDWLYH IRUHVW WR DFKLHYH WKLV VWULQJHQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQWDODFFUHGLWDWLRQ SUSTAINABLE TIMBER PRODUCTION

,QWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\EHHFKIRUHVWZDVUHFRJQLVHG DVDSRWHQWLDOVXVWDLQDEOHKLJKTXDOLW\WLPEHUUHVRXUFH &RFND\QH 6LQFHWKHQIRUHVWHUVKDYHSURSRVHG D QXPEHU RI  PDQDJHPHQW VFKHPHV EXW EHFDXVH RI  ORZQDWLYHWLPEHUSULFHVFKHDSLPSRUWHGWLPEHUDQG FRQVHUYDWLRQJURXSV·RSSRVLWLRQWRKDUYHVWLQJQDWLYH WUHHVWKHUHKDVEHHQQRODUJHVFDOHVXVWDLQDEOHEHHFK IRUHVWU\ 2UZLQ 

$HULDOKDUYHVWLQJHQDEOHVWLPEHUWREHUHPRYHGZLWKPLQLPDO LPSDFWRQWKHUHVLGXDOIRUHVW

&KLSZRRGORJVDZDLWWUDQVSRUWWRWKHSURFHVVLQJSODQWDW1HOVRQ

31 BEECH FORESTRY TODAY VDZPLOOVPHDQWKH\PD\RQO\PLOOORJVRI LQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV VRXUFHG IURP IRUHVWV PDQDJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR 7RGD\·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

NEW ZEALAND SUSTAINABLE FOREST PRODUCTS LP

1HZ=HDODQG6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVW3URGXFWV/3EDVHGLQ5HHIWRQLVFXUUHQWO\WKHPDMRUSURGXFHURI UHGEHHFK WLPEHUDQGKDVEHHQVHOHFWHGE\WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV)RUHVWU\&RPPLVVLRQDVRQHRI WKHOHDGLQJH[DPSOHVRI  H[HPSODU\IRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH$VLD²3DFLÀFUHJLRQ,WVSURGXFWVDUHPDUNHWHGXQGHUWKH 1DWXUDO%HHFK· EUDQG,WDOVRSURGXFHVVLOYHUEHHFKDQGKDUGEHHFK

,QWKHHVWDWHPDQDJHGE\1=6)3FRPSULVHGKDRI IRUHVWSURYLGLQJDQDQQXDO\LHOGRI PRI UHG DQGVLOYHUEHHFKVDZORJVRI ZKLFKUHGEHHFKFRPSULVHGSHUFHQWRI WKH\LHOG)RUHVWVDUHKDUYHVWHGDQQXDOO\LQ DVHTXHQFHWRSURYLGHDFRQWLQXDOUHOLDEOHORJVXSSO\WRWKHPDUNHW

1DWXUDO%HHFK LVÀQLVKHGLQWRDYDULHW\RI SURGXFWVLQFOXGLQJYHQHHUIXUQLWXUHJUDGHWLPEHUGLPHQVLRQDOWLPEHU DQGGHFNLQJ6HYHUDOHQJLQHHUHGUHGEHHFKÁRRULQJSURGXFWVIHDWXUHFOLFNORFNMRLQWLQJDQGSUHÀQLVKHGFRDWLQJV IRUHDVHRI LQVWDOODWLRQ

$LUGU\LQJRI ÀOOHWHG UHGEHHFK OHIW DQGWKH NLOQXVHGIRUGU\LQJ ULJKW 1HZ=HDODQG 6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVW 3URGXFWV/3VDZPLOO QRZORFDWHGDW5HHIWRQ

5RXJKVDZQEHHFKDZDLWLQJSURFHVVLQJLQWR 3DQHOOLQJ OHIW DQGODPLQDWHGÁRRULQJRI UHGEHHFK ULJKW  ÁRRULQJDQGSDQHOOLQJ1HZ=HDODQG6XVWDLQDEOH 1HZ=HDODQG6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVW3URGXFWV/3 )RUHVW3URGXFWV/3

 Platypus pinhole beetles and the beeches

7KHHIIHFWVRI 3ODW\SXVSLQKROHEHHWOHVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGIXQJDO SDWKRJHQVRI WKHJHQXV6SRURWKUL[DUHRI PDMRULPSRUWDQFHWRWKH EHHFKIRUHVWV²ERWKHFRORJLFDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\ :DUGOH  7KHUHDUHWKUHHVSHFLHVRI SODW\SXVEHHWOH 3ODW\SXVVSS ZKLFK ERUHDQGUHDUEURRGLQWKHZRRGRI DOOÀYHRI WKHEHHFKHV /LYLQJ WUHHV DUH IUHTXHQWO\ DWWDFNHG EXW LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH KDELWDWPRVWIDYRXUDEOHLVUHFHQWO\GHDGDQGSHUVLVWHQWO\PRLVW ZRRG6DZQZRRGDVZHOODVORJVFDQEHDWWDFNHGEXWDVVRRQ DVWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZRRGGULHVRXWLWEHFRPHVOHVVDWWUDFWLYH

7KH OLYLQJ WUHHV RI  EHHFK ZKLFK DUH DWWDFNHG E\ SODW\SXV 5HG EHHFK LOOXVWUDWLQJ D FOHDU GHOLQHDWLRQ EHHWOHVDUHWKRVHWKDWDUHRIWHQXQGHUVWUHVVIURPDUDQJHRI  EHWZHHQWKHGDUNVWDLQHGKHDUWZRRGDQGWKH RXWHUZRRG7KHWUHHDSSHDUVWRKDYHJURZQ IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ FRPSHWLWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH VWDQG GURXJKW RU WKURXJK DQGKHDOHGDIWHU DSHULRGRI SLQKROH Á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

%HHFK IRUHVWV WKDW KDYH EHHQ GDPDJHG E\ ORJJLQJ RU VLOYLFXOWXUDO WUHDWPHQW RU E\ FOLPDWLF HYHQWV VXFK DV VQRZEUHDN RU ZLQGWKURZ SURYLGHIDYRXUDEOHKDELWDWIRUSODW\SXVLQIHVWDWLRQ)RUHVWWKDWDUH SUHGRPLQDQWO\RYHUPDWXUHDUHDOVRYXOQHUDEOHWRVHYHUHDWWDFN

7KHW\SLFDOEODFNDQGEURZQOHQV 3ODW\SXVDUHRI PDMRULPSRUWDQFHLQEHHFKIRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWDQG VKDSHGGLVFRORXUDWLRQRI WKHZRRGRI  WKHUHIRUHLQÁ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

 HISTORY OF BEECH PLANTATIONS LV VHYHQ \HDUV $OOHQ HW DO   5LSH VHHG IDOOV EHWZHHQ )HEUXDU\ DQG -XQH PRVWO\ LQ 0DUFK DQG Early experience $SULO6LOYHUEHHFKFDQKDYHDVHFRQGVPDOOHUSHDNLQ VSULQJ %XUURZVDQG$OOHQ  %HFDXVHWKHEHHFKHVUHJHQHUDWHSUROLÀFDOO\LQH[LVWLQJ IRUHVWVUHODWLYHO\IHZSODQWDWLRQVKDYHEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG $VVHHGLVUHODWLYHO\KHDY\DQGRQO\KDVVPDOOZLQJV 7KHUHSRUWRI WKH5R\DO&RPPLVVLRQRQ)RUHVWU\ PRVWIDOOVZLWKLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI SDUHQWWUHHV6HHGFDQ UHLQIRUFHGH[LVWLQJSHUFHSWLRQVWKDWQDWLYHWUHHVZHUH WKHUHIRUH EH FROOHFWHG XVLQJ VHHG WUDSV SODFHG XQGHU GLIÀFXOWWRHVWDEOLVKDQGWRRVORZJURZLQJWRPDQDJH WUHHVGXULQJWKHSHDNRI VHHGIDOO/LWWHUFDQEHVLHYHG IRUWLPEHUSURGXFWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHEHHFKHVDUH WRVHSDUDWHPRVWO\VHHGZKLFKWKHQUHTXLUHVGU\LQJ DPRQJVWWKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJRI DOOSODQWHGQDWLYHWUHHV 3DUG\ HW DO   DQG SUHVHQW JRRG SURVSHFWV IRU SODQWDWLRQV

Later planting

$VXEVWDQWLDOQXPEHURI VPDOOEHHFKSODQWDWLRQVKDYH EHHQHVWDEOLVKHGVLQFHPRVWO\LQXUEDQSDUNVDQG RQ IUHHKROG ODQG $Q QDWLRQZLGH VXUYH\ E\ 3DUG\ HW DO   VKRZHG UHG EHHFK WR EH WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ SODQWHGVSHFLHV SODQWDWLRQV ZLWKVLOYHUDQGEODFN EHHFKOHVVVR HDFK $PRUHUHFHQWVXUYH\VKRZHG UHGEHHFK SODQWDWLRQV DQGEODFNEHHFK  WREH WKHPRVWZLGHO\SODQWHGVSHFLHVVLOYHUEHHFK  ZLWK RQO\WZRSODQWLQJVRI KDUGEHHFK

RAISING AND PLANTING BEECHES

Seed collection

*RRG FURSV RI  ERWK UHG DQG VLOYHU EHHFK VHHG RFFXU HYHU\ IHZ \HDUV DQG WKHUH DUH VRPHWLPHV WZR 6HHGFROOHFWLRQ FRQVHFXWLYH \HDUV ZLWK QHJOLJLEOH VHHGIDOO +DUG EHHFKDSSHDUVWRSURGXFHOHVVVHHGDQGFDQKDYHIRXU \HDUV ZLWK QHJOLJLEOH VHHGIDOO 6FKDXEHU HW DO   $FRPPRQPDVWVHHGLQJLQWHUYDOLQPRXQWDLQEHHFK

%HHFKVHHGLVUHODWLYHO\KHDY\DQGPRVWO\IDOOVEHQHDWKWKHSDUHQW 6LOYHUEHHFKFXSXOHVRSHQLQJWRUHYHDOWKHVHHGVLQVLGH WUHH7KLVLVEODFNEHHFKVHHGDQGOLWWHULQQRUWK&DQWHUEXU\

34 Seed storage and preparation Planting

6HHG FDQ EH VWRUHG IRU XS WR  \HDUV SUHIHUDEO\ QR 0RVWSODQWLQJRXWRI QXUVHU\UDLVHGVWRFNKDVLQYROYHG PRUHWKDQ\HDUVLQVXLWDEOHFRQGLWLRQV²DLUWLJKWDW \HDUROG VHHGOLQJV RI  UHG VLOYHU DQG PRXQWDLQ ƒ&DQGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW²EXWUDSLGO\ORVHV EHHFK7DOO !FP QXUVHU\UDLVHGVHHGOLQJVRI VLOYHU YLDELOLW\RWKHUZLVH,QSUHSDUDWLRQIRUVHHGVRZLQJDQG EHHFK FDQ EH VXFFHVVIXOO\ HVWDEOLVKHG RQ VKHOWHUHG DIWHU D ORQJ SHULRG RI  GU\ VWRUDJH VHHG ZLOO UHTXLUH VLWHV :KLOH VLOYHU EHHFK WROHUDWHV PRUH VKDGH WKDQ VRDNLQJ DQG EH NHSW LQ PRLVW FRRO VWRUDJH DW ƒ& WKH IDVWHUJURZLQJ UHG EHHFK LW KDV ZHDNHU DSLFDO IRUPRQWKVZLWKIUHHDLUFLUFXODWLRQ ¶VWUDWLÀFDWLRQ·  GRPLQDQFH DQG EHFRPHVEXVK\ ZKHQ SODQWHG LQ WKH EHIRUHVSULQJVRZLQJ )RUHVW5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH  RSHQ6LGHVKDGHLVUHTXLUHGWRLPSURYHIRUP6DSOLQJV FDQEHDWWDFNHGE\ODUYDHRI WKHSXULULPRWK $HQHWXV Propagation YLUHVFHQV LQWKH1RUWK,VODQGDQGODUYDHRI WKHNDQXND ORQJKRUQEHHWOH 2FKURF\GXVKXWWRQL LQERWKLVODQGV 6WUDWLÀ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

3ODQWLQJEHHFKVHHGOLQJVDIWHUKDUYHVWLQJ

6XUYLYDO RI  HDUO\ SODQWLQJV E\ WKH 1HZ =HDODQG )RUHVW6HUYLFHZDVRIWHQSRRUSDUWLFXODUO\RQRSHQRU GLIÀFXOWIRUHVWVLWHV7KHPDLQFDXVHVRI IDLOXUHZHUH VPRWKHULQJE\JUDVVQLSSLQJRI VKRRWVE\UDEELWVDQG KDUHVGURXJKWGXULQJWKHÀUVWVXPPHU SDUWLFXODUO\LQ VHHGOLQJVWUDQVSODQWHGRQWRPLQHUDOVRLOV XQVHDVRQDO IURVWV DQG ZLQWHU GHVLFFDWLRQ RFFXUULQJ ZKHQ FROG VRLO SUHYHQWV URRWV DEVRUELQJ ZDWHU DJJUDYDWHG E\ GHVLFFDWLQJ ZLQGV WKDW LQFUHDVH HYDSRWUDQVSLUDWLRQ IURP IROLDJH  7KH RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQV IRU VXUYLYDO DQG JURZWK RI  WUDQVSODQWHG VHHGOLQJV LQ IRUHVW DUH FDQRS\JDSVDERXWPZLGHRUZKHUHWKHUHLVPRUH RUOHVVFRQWLQXRXVOLJKWRYHUKHDGVKDGH8QGHUWKHVH 5HGEHHFKVHHGOLQJVLQWKHQXUVHU\ FRQGLWLRQV URRW FRPSHWLWLRQ ZLWK WKH RYHUZRRG LV

 VOLJKWEXWWKHYLJRXURIJUDVVDQGRWKHU FRPSHWLWRUVLVJUHDWO\UHGXFHG,QWKH RSHQ VXUYLYDO SURVSHFWV IRU EHHFK DUH HQKDQFHG E\ ÀUVW HVWDEOLVKLQJ D IDVWJURZLQJ ¶QXUVH· RI  VSHFLHV VXFK DV PDQXND /HSWRVSHUPXP VFRSDULXP  ZKLFK PD\ VKDUH P\FRUUKL]DO IXQJL ZLWK EHHFKHV DUDOLDGV OLNH ÀYHÀQJHU 3VHXGRSDQD[DUERUHXV DQGWKUHHÀQJHU 3FROHQVRL FRSURVPDVDQGKHEHVWKDW FDQ DPHOLRUDWH PLFURFOLPDWH DERYH DQGEHORZJURXQG

1XUVHU\UDLVHG VHHGOLQJV RI  UHG EHHFK JHQHUDOO\ KDYH EHWWHU VXUYLYDO LQ FRROHU FOLPDWHV PRUWDOLW\ FDQ EH KLJKLQZDUPHUORZODQGUHJLRQV %ODFNEHHFKSODQWHGRQDQRSHQULYHUWHUUDFHLQ1RUWK&DQWHUEXU\

1DWXUDO UHJHQHUDWLRQ LQ GLVWXUEHG QDWXUDO VWDQGV FDQ XVXDOO\ EH LQFUHDVHG E\ VFUHHÀQJ E\ WUDFWRU RU E\ KDQG PRYLQJKXPXVOD\HUVWRH[SRVHWKHXQGHUO\LQJ PLQHUDOVRLO 

$ QRYHO DSSURDFK EHLQJ HYDOXDWHG RQ D IURVWSURQH 1RUWK&DQWHUEXU\VLWHLVWKHXVHRI UDGLDWDSLQH 3LQXV UDGLDWD  WR SURYLGH LQLWLDO VKHOWHU .HYLQ 3ODWW SHUV FRPP 3ODQWHGEODFNEHHFKVHHGOLQJVVXUURXQGHGE\ WKHSLQHVKDYHSURYHGVXFFHVVIXOLQDPHOLRUDWLQJVLWH DQGFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVUHVXOWLQJLQKLJKHDUO\VXUYLYDO DQGJURZWK

3ODQWHGSLQHVDURXQGWKLVEODFNEHHFKKDYHSURYLGHGWKHVKHOWHUUHTXLUHGIRUVXFFHVVIXOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKPHQWRQWKLVSDUWLFXODUO\H[SRVHGIURVW\ VLWH OHIW ,QFRQWUDVWEODFNEHHFKVHHGOLQJVSODQWHGLQWKHRSHQRQWKHVDPHVLWHZLWKQRVKHOWHUKDYHRIWHQGLHG ULJKW 

 MANAGING BEECHES

Tending Thinning trials in natural stands

%HHFKHVKDYHUHODWLYHO\VKDOORZURRWV\VWHPVDQGRIWHQ 7ULDOVVHWXSE\WKH1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFHIURP JURZRQVKDOORZVRLOVLQZLQG\UHJLRQVVRDUHSURQHWR WKHVWRWKHVVKRZDQHYROXWLRQRI WHQGLQJ ZLQGWKURZ$OWKRXJKWKH\KDYHLQKHUHQWO\JRRGIRUP LGHDVRYHUWLPH(DUO\WULDOVPDLQWDLQLQJVWDQGVDWKLJK OLNHPDQ\VSHFLHVWKH\²HVSHFLDOO\VLOYHUEHHFK²WHQG GHQVLW\XQWLOOLJKWODWHWKLQQLQJVKRZHGOLWWOHUHVSRQVH WREHFRPHPXOWLOHDGHUHGDQGGHYHORSODUJHEUDQFKHV LQ LQGLYLGXDO WUHH JURZWK DQG VXIIHUHG VXEVWDQWLDO ZKHQJURZQLQOLJKWO\VWRFNHGVWDQGVRULQWKHRSHQ VXEVHTXHQW WUHH ORVVHV WKURXJK ZLQGWKURZ DQGRU :KHQODUJHUWKH\DUHDOVRSURQHWRDWWDFNE\SLQKROH SLQKROHERUHUDWWDFN7KLQQLQJODUJHUWUHHVDOVRFUHDWHV ERUHUHVSHFLDOO\LIFORVHWRGHDGRUG\LQJWUHHV ODUJHUJDSVZKLFKDUHÀOOHGPRUHVORZO\WKDQVPDOOHU RQHVDQLQHIÀFLHQWXVHRI JURZLQJVSDFH/DWHUWULDOV 7KLQQLQJLVXVHGWRSURPRWHLQGLYLGXDOWUHHJURZWK IURP WKH V RQZDUGV LQYROYLQJ KHDYLHU HDUOLHU WKHUHE\ VKRUWHQLQJ URWDWLRQV DQG RIWHQ WR GHYHORS WKLQQLQJSURGXFHGEHWWHULQGLYLGXDOJURZWKUHVSRQVHV HYHQDJHG VWDQGV 7KLQQLQJ SKLORVRSKLHV KDYH EHHQ DQGPRUHZLQGÀUPVWDQGVEXWWUHHVQHHGHGSUXQLQJ FRQGLWLRQHGE\WKUHHPDMRUFRQVWUDLQWV WRHQVXUHJRRGIRUPDQGFRQWURORI EUDQFKVL]H$Q\ xPDLQWDLQLQJZLQGÀUPQHVV WKLQQLQJ VKRXOG EH FDUULHG RXW EHIRUH WKH WUHHV DUH VXVFHSWLEOH RYHU  FP GLDPHWHU  WR SLQKROH ERUHU xPDLQWDLQLQJJRRGIRUPLQFOXGLQJFRQWUROOLQJ DWWDFN )UDQNOLQ  EUDQFKGLDPHWHUVZLWKRXWSUXQLQJDQG xUHGXFLQJDWWDFNE\SLQKROHERUHU

$WKLQQHGDQGSUXQHGUHGEHHFKVWDQGDW6WDLUFDVH&UHHN1RUWK:HVWODQG

:LWK LWV UHODWLYHO\ KLJK VKDGH WROHUDQFH HYHQDJHG PHUFKDQWDEOH VDZQ WLPEHU (DVGDOH HW DO   VLOYHU EHHFK VWDQGV PDLQWDLQ KLJK VWRFNLQJV VHOI 5HGDQG KDUG EHHFK DOVR EHQHÀW IURP WKLQQLQJ WKLQ YHU\ VORZO\ DQG LQGLYLGXDO WUHH JURZWK WHQGV 7ULDOV DW 6WDLUFDVH &UHHN QRUWK :HVWODQG VKRZHG WR VWDJQDWH 7KLQQLQJ WULDOV LQ VLOYHU EHHFK IRUHVW WKDW VHYHUDO WKLQQLQJV EHWZHHQ DJH  DQG  \HDUV LQ WKH $OWRQ 9DOOH\ LQ ZHVWHUQ 6RXWKODQG FRQÀUP UHGXFHG VWRFNLQJ WR  WUHHVKD DQG PD[LPLVHG WKDWKHDY\HDUO\WKLQQLQJRI \HDUROGVWDQGVWR PHUFKDQWDEOH VWDQG \LHOG E\ DURXQG  \HDUV RI   VWHPVKD RU OHVV FDQ JUHDWO\ LQFUHDVH \LHOGV RI  DJH (DVGDOH HW DO   7KH LQWHQVLYH WHQGLQJ

 GHPRQVWUDWHGLQWKHVHODWHUWKLQQLQJWULDOVLVFRQVLGHUHG )UDQNOLQ DQG %HYHULGJH   VXJJHVW WKDW SUXQLQJ WKH EHVW RSWLRQ IRU SURGXFLQJ KLJKTXDOLW\ WLPEHU LQ VKRXOGEHFRPSOHWHGD\HDURUWZREHIRUHÀQDOWKLQQLQJ DFFHSWDEO\ VKRUW URWDWLRQV 6HYHUDO OLJKWHU WKLQQLQJV DV ERWK RSHUDWLRQV FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH VDPH \HDU FDQ DUH FXUUHQWO\ VXJJHVWHG DV SUHIHUDEOH WR RQH KHDYLHU UHVXOW LQ LQFUHDVHG SURGXFWLRQ RI  HSLFRUPLF VKRRWV WKLQQLQJWRUHGXFHWKHULVNRIVXQVFDOGRQUHVLGXDOVWHPV (SLFRUPLFVKRRWVDUHQRWXQFRPPRQRQRSHQVWDQGV HVSHFLDOO\ RQ H[SRVHG VLWHV +RZHYHU WKH\  DUH PRUH RI SODQWHGEHHFKDIWHUVWHPSUXQLQJ H[SHQVLYHWKDQRQHRSHUDWLRQ2YHUWKHZKROHURWDWLRQ HDUO\ WKLQQLQJ LQYROYHV PRUH FRVW WKDQ ODWH WKLQQLQJ

,QVHW(SLFRUPLF VKRRWVDULVLQJDIWHU EUDQFKSUXQLQJRI  WKLV\HDUROG SODQWHGVLOYHUEHHFK *RUH6RXWKODQG

(YHQDJHG \HDUROG PL[HGUHGDQGKDUGEHHFKVWDQGVDW6WDLUFDVH&UHHNQRUWK :HVWODQG7KHVWDQGDERYHZDVWKLQQHGWRVWHPVKDWKHVWDQGEHORZZDVOHIW XQWKLQQHG !VWHPVKD 

 GROWTH OF PLANTED STANDS FRQVLGHUDEO\OHVVDJDLQ0D[LPXPKHLJKWJURZWKUDWHV XVXDOO\RFFXULQWUHHVRQVKHOWHUHGVLWHVDQGIHUWLOHVRLOV ZKHUHWKHFDQRS\RI WKHIRUHVWLVRSHQ7KLQQLQJWULDOV Height growth LQGLFDWHWKDWKHLJKWJURZWKFDQSUREDEO\EHLQFUHDVHG SDUWLFXODUO\LIVWDQGVDUHOLJKWO\WKLQQHG2QHWULDOLQUHG $VZLWKDOOWUHHVJURZWKUDWHVRI EHHFKHVYDU\ZLGHO\ EHHFKVKRZHGWKDWLQWKHÀUVW\HDURUWZRJURZWKZDV ZLWKVLWHFRQGLWLRQVDQGVWRFNLQJUDWHV1HYHUWKHOHVV VOLJKWO\GHSUHVVHGEXWZDVHQKDQFHGLQWKHVXEVHTXHQW JHQHUDOSDWWHUQVDUHUHDGLO\DSSDUHQW,QQDWXUDOVWDQGV WKUHH\HDUV7KHQHWHIIHFWRYHUDÀ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ÀUPHGUHGDQGEODFNEHHFKDVWKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJ VWDQGVDUHPIRUUHGDQGEODFNEHHFK*URZWK VSHFLHV ZLWK VLOYHU DQG KDUG EHHFK VLJQLÀFDQWO\ UDWHVRI KDUGEHHFKDUHXVXDOO\OHVVDQGVLOYHUEHHFK VORZHU )LJXUH7DEOH 

ϯϱ

ϯϬ

Ϯϱ ƌĞĚďĞĞĐŚ ϮϬ ďůĂĐŬďĞĞĐŚ ϭϱ ƐŝůǀĞƌďĞĞĐŚ DĞĂŶ,ĞŝŐŚƚ;ŵͿ ϭϬ QHHGVKDUSHUJUDSK ϱ

Ϭ Ϭ ϮϬϰϬϲϬϴϬϭϬϬϭϮϬ ŐĞ;LJĞĂƌƐͿ )LJXUH0HDQKHLJKWRIEHHFKHVLQSODQWDWLRQVDJHGEHWZHHQDQG\HDUV

Diameter growth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ÁHFWHGLQVWDQGEDVDODUHD DQG PRXQWDLQ EHHFK KDYLQJ LQWHUPHGLDWH JURZWK +XUVWHWDO GLDPHWHUJURZWKUDWHVDUHUHGXFHG UDWHV,QODUJHVDPSOHVLQQDWXUDOIRUHVWDPHDQJURZWK

39 UDWH RI   PP\HDU ZDV UHFRUGHG LQ VLOYHU EHHFK EHHFKDQGPPLQVLOYHUEHHFK 3DUG\HWDO  PPLQEODFNDQGPRXQWDLQEHHFKPP\HDU 7KHUHFHQWQDWLRQZLGHVXUYH\RI SODQWDWLRQVDJHG LQKDUGEHHFKDQGPP\HDULQUHGEHHFK +XUVW EHWZHHQDQG\HDUVFRQÀUPHGJHQHUDOO\VLPLODU HWDO  JURZWKUDWHVDPRQJWKHVSHFLHVZLWKUHGDQGVLOYHU EHHFKWKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJ )LJXUH7DEOH  ,Q SODQWDWLRQV DQQXDO GLDPHWHU LQFUHPHQW RYHU DOO DJHVDYHUDJHGPPLQUHGEHHFKPPLQEODFN

ϴϬ

ϳϬ

ϲϬ

ϱϬ ƌĞĚďĞĞĐŚ ϰϬ ďůĂĐŬďĞĞĐŚ ϯϬ ƐŝůǀĞƌďĞĞĐŚ DĞĂŶ,;ĐŵͿ ϮϬ

ϭϬ

Ϭ Ϭ ϮϬϰϬϲϬϴϬϭϬϬϭϮϬ ͲϭϬ ŐĞ;LJĞĂƌƐͿ

)LJXUH0HDQGLDPHWHURIEHHFKHVLQSODQWDWLRQVDJHGEHWZHHQDQG\HDUV

$JH +HLJKW P '%+ FP 6SHFLHV 5HG 6LOYHU %ODFN +DUG 5HG 6LOYHU %ODFN +DUG

                                                                                                                                                                                

7DEOH3UHGLFWHGPHDQKHLJKW P DQGGLDPHWHU FP RI EHHFKHVLQSODQWDWLRQVDWYDULRXVDJHV

 Growth and yield

7\SLFDOVWDQGLQJZRRGYROXPHVRIVDZORJTXDOLW\ LQ XQPDQDJHG YLUJLQ EHHFK IRUHVW UDQJH IURP PKD7KH\WHQGWREHKLJKHULQVLOYHUD Q G  UHGEHHFKIRUHVWWKDQLQEODFNDQGPRXQWDLQ RUKDUGEHHFK9ROXPHVLQH[FHSWLRQDOVWDQGV RI UHGDQGVLOYHUEHHFKFDQH[FHHGPKD

,I  VPDOOHU DQG ORZHUTXDOLW\ VDZORJV DUH LQFOXGHG PHUFKDQWDEOH YROXPHV DUH ERRVWHG VLJQLÀFDQWO\ ZLWK DERXW  PKD LQ YLUJLQ ORZODQG VWDQGV RI  VLOYHU EHHFK DQG RYHU  PKD LQ PRXQWDLQ EHHFK IRUHVW 0HDQ DQQXDOYROXPHLQFUHPHQWLQ\HDUROGUHG EHHFKLVQRUPDOO\PKDLQVLOYHUEHHFK  PKD DQG VRPHZKDW OHVV IRU EODFNDQG PRXQWDLQEHHFK3ROHVWDQGVRI UHGDQGKDUG EHHFK FDQ DFTXLUH WRWDO YROXPHV LQ H[FHVV RI  PKDRYHUWKHLUÀUVW\HDUV 6PDOHHW DO 

STOCKING RATES AND STEM FORM

%HHFK IRUHVWV XVXDOO\ UHJHQHUDWH QDWXUDOO\ DW YHU\KLJKGHQVLWLHVZKLFKSURGXFHJRRGIRUP LQFOXGLQJEUDQFKFRQWUROLQPRVWVWHPVDWWKH H[SHQVHRI IDVWJURZWK1HYHUWKHOHVV\RXQJHU VWDQGVFRQWDLQDSSUHFLDEOHQXPEHUVRI SRRUO\ IRUPHG PXOWLOHDGHUHG VWHPVVRPHRI ZKLFK SHUVLVW WR WKH À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

3ODQWHGVWDQGVDWZLGHVSDFLQJUHTXLUHSUXQLQJ RI ORZHUEUDQFKHVDQGRFFDVLRQDOGRXEOHOHDGHUV RWKHUZLVH LQYDULDEO\ PDQ\ WUHHV HQG XS ZLWK SRRU IRUP (YHQ DW VWHP GHQVLWLHV RI   VWHPVSHUKD PVSDFLQJEHWZHHQWUHHV EHHFK ZLOOUHTXLUHERWKEUDQFKDQGVWHPIRUPSUXQLQJ WR HQVXUH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI  D EUDQFKIUHH ORZHUWUXQN

41 $\HDUROGSODQWDWLRQRI EODFNEHHFKHVWDEOLVKHGDWPVSDFLQJ 7KHVHEHHFKSODQWHG VWHPVSHUKD %DQNV3HQLQVXOD:LWKRXWWHQGLQJEHHFK DWVWHPVSHUKD SODQWHGDWZLGHVSDFLQJW\SLFDOO\KDYHSRRUIRUPFRPSULVLQJVKRUWEROHV E\-RKQ3XUH\&XVW DQGODUJHEUDQFKLQJWRORZOHYHOV LQVHW \HDUVHDUOLHU KDYHUHTXLUHGSUXQLQJ RI ORZHUEUDQFKHVDQG UHPRYDORI RFFDVLRQDO PXOWLSOHOHDGHUVWR SURGXFHDVLQJOH EUDQFKIUHHORZHUEROH

/HIW$GHQVHO\SODQWHG \HDUROGEODFNEHHFK JURYHVKRZLQJPXOWLSOH VWHPVDQGFRDUVH EUDQFKLQJ0DWDZDL 3DUN5DQJLRUD

42 PROVENANCE VARIATION

9DULDWLRQLQJURZWKDQGPRUSKRORJ\RI QXUVHU\UDLVHG VHHGOLQJV IURP GLIIHUHQW SDUWV RI  WKH FRXQWU\ ZDV VWXGLHGE\:LOFR[DQG/HGJDUG  SULPDULO\WRJLYH JXLGHOLQHVIRUGHÀQLQJ]RQHVIRUVHHGFROOHFWLRQDQG WUDQVIHU$IXUWKHUGULYHUZDVWRLGHQWLI\VXSHULRUVHHG VRXUFHVVKRXOGWKHVSHFLHVEHSODQWHGH[WHQVLYHO\IRU SURGXFWLRQIRUHVWU\6HHGRI DOOVSHFLHVZDVFROOHFWHG IURP QDWXUDO VWDQGV WKURXJKRXW WKH FRXQWU\ DQG VHHGOLQJVUDLVHGLQUHSOLFDWHGSURYHQDQFHH[SHULPHQWV DW D QXUVHU\ LQ 5RWRUXD DQG LQ 5DQJLRUD QHDU &KULVWFKXUFK

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

:KHQSODQWLQJRUVHHGLQJEHHFKHVORFDOSURYHQDQFHV VKRXOGEHXVHGZKHUHYHUSRVVLEOHWRPLQLPLVHWKHULVN RI SODQWLQJWUHHVLOODGDSWHGWRWKHVLWHVDQGWRDYRLG LQGLVFULPLQDWHPL[LQJRI SURYHQDQFHVIURPGLIIHUHQW HFRORJLFDOUHJLRQV :LOFR[DQG/HGJDUG 

43 WOODSIDE FOREST, OXFORD

,QIRUHVWHUDQGVFLHQWLVW-RKQ:DUGOHDFTXLUHGKDRIUHJHQHUDWLQJWR\HDUROGEODFNEHHFK IRUHVWLQWKH&DQWHUEXU\IRRWKLOOVQRUWKRI 2[IRUGZKHUHKHKDVSURJUHVVLYHO\UHÀQHGDVLOYLFXOWXUDO V\VWHPWRSURGXFHKLJKTXDOLW\WLPEHU7KHSURSHUW\LVGLYLGHGLQWREORFNVGHÀQHGE\WRSRJUDSK\DQG PDQDJHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI FP'%+VDZORJVRYHUURWDWLRQVDYHUDJLQJ\HDUV'ULHGWLPEHU LVVXSSOLHGLQDYDULHW\RI IRUPV HJÀUHZRRGVDZQWLPEHUWRQJXHDQGJURRYHÁRRULQJ WRHQGXVHUV 7KHIRUHVWLVLQWHQVLYHO\PDQDJHGZLWKDERXWKDWKLQQHGDQGSUXQHGDQQXDOO\6WDQGVDUHSURJUHVVLYHO\ WKLQQHGIURPDJH\HDUVIURPVRPHVWHPVKDGRZQWRDERXWVWHPVKDFRQFHQWUDWLQJRQ UHGXFLQJFRPSHWLWLRQDURXQGVHOHFWHG¶FURSWUHHV·ZLWKLQWHUYHQLQJSDWFKHVRI IRUHVWOHIWGHQVHWRUHGXFH VXQVFDOGDQGZLQWHUGHVLFFDWLRQLQFURSWUHHVDQGIRUHFRORJLFDOUHDVRQV$OOFURSWUHHVDUHSUXQHG

7KLVRSHUDWLRQKDVEHHQVHOHFWHGE\WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV)RUHVWU\&RPPLVVLRQDVRQHRI WKHOHDGLQJ H[DPSOHVRI H[HPSODU\IRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH$VLD²3DFLÀFUHJLRQZDVDZDUGHGWKH7UDQVSRZHU /DQGFDUH7UXVW$ZDUGIRU,QQRYDWLRQLQ6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVWU\DQGZDVWKH1HZ=HDODQG)DUP)RUHVWU\ $VVRFLDWLRQ·V¶6RXWK,VODQG)DUP)RUHVWHURI WKH

7KLQQHGDQGSUXQHGVDSOLQJWKLFNHWRI EODFNEHHFK 7KLQQHGDQGSUXQHGEODFNEHHFKDIHZ\HDUVODWHU,QFUHDVHG OLJKWKDVDOORZHGRWKHUVSHFLHVWRGHYHORSLQWKHJURXQGOD\HU

44 +HDYLO\WKLQQHGDQGSUXQHGQDWXUDOEODFNEHHFKSROHVWDQG :RRGVLGH)RUHVW2[IRUG,QFUHDVHGOLJKWKDVDOORZHGRWKHU VSHFLHVWRGHYHORSLQWKHJURXQGOD\HU

7KLQQHGEODFNEHHFKVQRZLVDEOHWRSDVVWKURXJK WKHFDQRS\UHVXOWLQJLQOHVVGDPDJH

%ODFNEHHFKORJVH[WUDFWHGIURPVXVWDLQDEO\PDQDJHGEHHFK IRUHVWDW:RRGVLGH)RUHVW2[IRUGDZDLWLQJPLOOLQJ

%ODFNEHHFK ÀUHZRRGSURGXFHG IURPGHIHFWORJV

3XUSRVHEXLOWVKHGIRUDLUGU\LQJVDZQEODFNEHHFKWLPEHU

45 7KH XELTXLWRXV SUHVHQFH RI  SLQKROH ERUHU LQ EHHFK IRUHVW LV D PDMRU FRQVWUDLQLQJ IDFWRU LQ WKHLU PDQDJHPHQW%DVHSRSXODWLRQVDUHPDLQWDLQHGE\GHDG DQG G\LQJ WUHHV /LYLQJ WUHHV DUH QRW RIWHQ DWWDFNHG XQOHVVWKHLUGLDPHWHULVJUHDWHUWKDQDERXWFPDQG WKH\DUHXQGHUVWUHVVRUWKHUHLVDQDWWUDFWDQWVXFKDV ORJV VWXPSV RU WUHHV XQGHU VWUHVV QHDUE\ )UDQNOLQ  SURGXFLQJDQHWZRUNRI ÀQHWXQQHOVZLWKLQWKH ZRRG3LQKROHERUHUFDQDJJUDYDWHWKHGDPDJHFDXVHG E\ QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV DQG ZHDWKHU 3LQKROH EHHWOHV DWWUDFWHGWRPRLVWGHDGZRRGLQGDPDJHGIRUHVWVFDUU\ WKH6SRURWKUL[VSIXQJXVZKLFKNLOOVWUHHVDQGSURPSWV DQHZRXWEUHDNRI SLQKROHEHHWOH

7KHZLGHVSUHDGSUHVHQFHRI SXULULJKRVW PRWK ZKRVH ODUYDH ERUH PXFK ODUJHU WXQQHOVWKDQSLQKROHERUHULQOLYHZRRG VHYHUHO\OLPLWVSURGXFWLRQRI KLJKTXDOLW\ EHHFK WLPEHU LQ WKH 1RUWK ,VODQG $V 6LOYHUEHHFKRQDQRSHQVLWH ZLWKSLQKROHERUHUDWWDFNE\WKLVLQVHFWLV VKRZLQJVLJQVRI LQVHFWDWWDFN RIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKIXQJLZKLFKIXUWKHU OLNHO\DPLWH RQJURZLQJWLSV UHVXOWLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQW GDPDJHZRRG RI DFRPSDFWIRUP%HHFK FDQEHWULPPHGWRDFKLHYHD FRPSDFWIRUPDQGFDQPDNH DQDWWUDFWLYHKHGJH

,QVHW&ORVHXS LOOXVWUDWLQJLQVHFW DWWDFNRQEUDQFKWLSV

ANIMALS

Leaf- and wood-eating insects

0DQ\QDWLYHOHDIHDWLQJLQVHFWVIHHGRQEHHFKFDQRSLHV $PRQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DUH FDWHUSLOODUV RI  WKH PRWK 3URWHRGHV FDUQLIH[ ZKLFK SHULRGLFDOO\ SDUWLDOO\ GHIROLDWHWKRXVDQGVRI KHFWDUHVRI PRXQWDLQEHHFK IRUHVW LQ RXWEUHDNV WKDW ODVW VHYHUDO \HDUV 7KH OHDI PLQLQJZHHYLO1HRP\FWDSXOLFDULVDQGWKHWLQHLGPRWK +HOLRVWLEHVYLEUDWUL[DWWDFNWKHQHZO\ÁXVKHGIROLDJHRI  KDUGEHHFKSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQZHDNHQHGE\GURXJKW +RVNLQJ +XWFKHVRQ 2XWEUHDNVRI WKHVDS VXFNLQJ VFDOH LQVHFW ,QJOLVLD IDJL LQ UHGVLOYHU EHHFK IRUHVW LQ WKH 0DUXLD YDOOH\ VXIIHULQJ GURXJKW VWUHVV DUHUHSRUWHGWRKDYHVHOHFWLYHO\NLOOHGUHGEHHFKDQG IDYRXUHGJURZWKRI UHVLGXDOVLOYHUEHHFK +RVNLQJ  %ODFNVWUHDNVLQDUHGEHHFKORJUHVXOWIURPSLQKROHERUHU +XWFKHVRQ  DQGDVVRFLDWHGIXQJDODWWDFN

46 Galls and witches broom

*DOOVDUHDEQRUPDORXWJURZWKVRI SODQWWLVVXHV FDXVHG E\ D UDQJH RI  DJHQWV LQFOXGLQJ IXQJL EDFWHULD DQG LQVHFWV *DOOV FDQ RFFXU RQ WKH EUDQFKHV EXGV DQG OHDYHV RI  EHHFK WUHHV )RU LQVWDQFHWKUHHRI WKHIXQJDOVSHFLHVRI &\WWDULD DWWDFN VLOYHU EHHFKFDXVLQJZRRG\JDOOVRQ EUDQFKHV DQG VWHPV 7KH\ PD\ UHVXOW LQ ORVV RI  YLJRXU RI  VDSOLQJV DQG SROHV DOWKRXJK WKHLU RYHUDOO HIIHFW LV FRQVLGHUHG LQVLJQLÀFDQW 7KH EHHFK VWUDZEHUU\ IXQJXV &\WWDULD JXQQLL  KDV GLVWLQFWLYH RUDQJH\HOORZ JROIEDOOOLNH IUXLWLQJ ERGLHV7KHJDOOVDUHSHUHQQLDODQGNHHSJURZLQJ )UXLWLQJERGLHVRI IXQJDOSDUDVLWH&\WWDULDRQVLOYHUEHHFK DVORQJDVWKHKRVWEUDQFKRUVWHPLVDOLYH

/HDI DQGEXGJDOOVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQVHFWDQGPLWH :LWFKHV%URRPRQ DWWDFN DUH FRPPRQ :DUGOH   (ULRSK\LG VLOYHUEHHFKRIWHQ PLWHVFDXVHOHDI SRXFKRUOHDI SRFNHWJDOOVDQG PLVWDNHQIRUVLOYHU EHHFKÁRZHUVLWLVD EXGJDOOVRQDOOÀYHEHHFKVSHFLHV2QHVSHFLHV JDOOZKLFKLVDEQRUPDO RI PLWH$FHULDZDOWKHULFDXVHVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLF WLVVXHGHYHORSPHQWLQ ¶ZLWFKHVEURRP·DQDEQRUPDOJURZWKRQVLOYHU WKHJURZLQJVKRRWVWKDW LVFDXVHGE\LQIHVWDWLRQ EHHFK/RFDOLQIHVWDWLRQVFDQEHVLJQLÀFDQWZLWK RI DWLQ\PLWH RFFDVLRQDOO\VHYHUHGHIRUPDWLRQRI \RXQJEHHFK $FHULDZDOWKHUL

Honeydew

6RPH EHHFK IRUHVWV LQ WKH 6RXWK ,VODQGDUHLQIHVWHGZLWKQDWLYHVRRW\ EHHFKVFDOHLQVHFWV 8OWUDFRHORVWRPD VSS 7KHVHLQVHFWVOLYHLQWKHEDUN RI  EHHFK WUHHV GUDZLQJ RII  WKH VDS WKHQ H[FUHWLQJ VXJDU\ OLTXLG GURSV NQRZQ DV KRQH\GHZ 7KH EODFN FRORXU RI  WUHHV DQG SODQWV ZLWKDKRQH\GHZVRXUFHLVGXHWR WKHJURZWKRI DEODFNVRRW\PRXOG &DSQRGLXP VS  RQ WKH VXUSOXV QHFWDUH[XGLQJRYHUWKHSODQWDQG VRPHWLPHVHYHQWKHJURXQG

+HDY\VRRW\PRXOGRQEODFNEHHFKFDQVWUDQJOHLQKLELWXQGHUJURZWKDQGJURXQGFRYHUGHYHORSPHQW

 %HHFKVFDOHLQVHFWVLQIHVWDOOVSHFLHVRI EHHFKH[FHSW VLOYHU EHHFK 7KH\ DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ FRPPRQ LQ WKH EHHFKIRUHVWVLQWKHIRRWKLOOVRI WKH6RXWKHUQ$OSVDQG WKH XSSHU 6RXWK ,VODQG +RQH\GHZ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IRRGIRUQDWLYHLQVHFWVDQGQHFWDUIHHGLQJELUGVVXFK DVWXL 3URVWKHPDGHUDQRYDH]HDODQGLDH EHOOELUGV $QWKRUQLV PHODQXUD  DQG NDND 1HVWRU PHULGLRQDOLV  /L]DUGV SRVVXPV UDWV KRQH\EHHV DQG WKH LQWURGXFHG ZDVSV 9HVSXOD VSS  KDYH DOVR EHHQ UHFRUGHG IHHGLQJ RQ KRQH\GHZ

)RU ÀYH PRQWKV HDFK \HDU LQWURGXFHG ZDVSV HDW DW OHDVWRI WKHKRQH\GHZDQGDOVRSUH\RQLQVHFWV VSLGHUV DQG RWKHU LQYHUWHEUDWHV IXUWKHU UHGXFLQJ WKH IRRGRI QDWLYHDQLPDOV 2UZLQ 7KHEHKDYLRXU RI DWOHDVWWKUHHELUGVSHFLHV²NDNDWXLEHOOELUGV²LV DIIHFWHGE\WKHUHGXFWLRQRI KRQH\GHZLQFOXGLQJPRUH WLPHH[SHQGHGRQIRUDJLQJ

dŚĞďůĂĐŬǀĞůǀĞƚLJůŽŽŬƚŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŽĨ ŵŽƐƚďĞĞĐŚƚƌĞĞƚƌƵŶŬƐŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚ/ƐůĂŶĚŝƐĂĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨĂĨƵŶŐƵƐĐĂůůĞĚ͚ƐŽŽƚLJŵŽƵůĚ͛͘dŚĞƐŽŽƚLJŵŽƵůĚŐƌŽǁƐ ŽŶŚŽŶĞLJĚĞǁƚŚĂƚŚĂƐĚƌŝƉƉĞĚĚŽǁŶƚŚĞƚƌƵŶŬƐ͘dŚĞ 7KHVZHHWVXEVWDQFHH[FUHWHGE\WKHEHHFKVFDOH ĨƵŶŐƵƐŚĂƐĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞƐǁĞĞƚƐŵĞůů͕ǀĞƌLJŶŽƐƚĂůŐŝĐĨŽƌ LQVHFWIRUPVDVDWLQ\VLOYHUGURSOHWDWWKHHQGRI  WKHLUKDLUOLNHDQDOWXEH7KLVKRQH\GHZSURYLGHV ĂŶƚĂďƌŝĂŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐǁƌŝƚĞƌĂŵĞEŐĂŝŽDĂƌƐŚ͕ǁŚŽ DULFKVRXUFHRI IRRGIRUQDWLYHELUGVDQGEHHV LQFOXGLQJWKLVKRQH\EHHRQDEODFNEHHFKWUXQN ĞŶƟƚůĞĚŚĞƌĂƵƚŽďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJůĂĐŬĞĞĐŚĂŶĚ,ŽŶĞLJĞǁ͘

Introduced pests

5RGHQWVPD\EHWKHPRVWZLGHVSUHDGSHVWVLQEHHFK IRUHVWV ,Q PDVW \HDUV ZKHQ ODUJH QXPEHUV RI  PDOH EHHFK ÁRZHUV IDOO FDWHUSLOODUV KDYH DPSOH IRRG DQG WKHLUQXPEHUVLQFUHDVH6HHGDQGLQVHFWHDWLQJELUGV DOVRKDYHDJRRGEUHHGLQJVHDVRQ%XWUDWVDQGPLFH DOVRSURVSHUFRPSHWLQJZLWKWKHELUGVIRUIRRG:LWK PRUHURGHQWVFRPHPRUHVWRDWVZKLFKHDWWKHURGHQWV DQGWKHQSUH\RQWKHELUGV7KLVF\FOHPD\KDYHKHOSHG FDXVHWKHPDMRUGHFOLQHLQNDNDQXPEHUVDQGWKHQHDU H[WLQFWLRQRI PRKXD\HOORZKHDGV 0RKRXDRFKURFHSKDOD  DQGRUDQJHIURQWHGSDUDNHHWV &\DQRUDPSKXVPDOKHUEL 

Browsing

$OWKRXJK SRVVXPV DQG GHHU KDYH KDG ZLGHVSUHDG LPSDFWV RQ WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI  EHHFK IRUHVWV DV D ZKROHGHSOHWLQJSDODWDEOHDVVRFLDWHGVSHFLHVLQDOOWLHUV /LNHGHHUSRVVXPVKDYHZLGHVSUHDGHIIHFWVRQWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRI EHHFK SRVVXPV RUORZHUWLHUV E\GHHU QRQHRI WKHEHHFKHV IRUHVWV SDUWLFXODUO\ VXEFDQRS\ DQG VKUXE VSHFLHV DOWKRXJK EHHFKHV LVDSUHIHUUHGIRRGRI HLWKHUSRVVXPRUGHHU WKHPVHOYHVDUHQRWDSUHIHUUHGIRRG

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

CLIMATE

Frost and winter desiccation

0RXQWDLQ EHHFK ʃ&  DQG VLOYHU EHHFK ʃ&  DUHYHU\WROHUDQWRI IURVWUHG ʃ& DQGKDUGEHHFK ʃ& PXFKOHVVVR :DUGOH1HXQHU %DQQLVWHU   6HHGOLQJV DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR IROLDU GDPDJH RU GHDWKIURPIURVWHVSHFLDOO\GXULQJWKHVSULQJJURZWK ÁXVKDQGXQVHDVRQDOIURVWLVDPDMRUFDXVHRI IDLOXUH ,QWURGXFHG PDPPDOV OLNH UHG GHHU KDYH KDG RI RSHQSODQWHGVHHGOLQJV ZLGHVSUHDGLPSDFWVRQEHHFKIRUHVW

:LQWHUGHVVLFDWLRQLQPRXQWDLQEHHFKFDQNLOOVHHGOLQJVDQGVDSOLQJVRQRSHQDOSLQHVLWHV

 :LQWHUGHVLFFDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQVRLOWHPSHUDWXUHVDUH VR ORZ WKDW DFWLYHO\JURZLQJ SODQWV FDQQRW WDNH XS ZDWHU 7KLV FDQ EH DJJUDYDWHG E\ GHVLFFDWLQJ ZLQGV WKDW LQFUHDVH HYDSRWUDQVSLUDWLRQ IURP IROLDJH DQG OLNH IURVW LW FDQ NLOO VHHGOLQJV DQG VDSOLQJV JURZLQJ LQRSHQVLWXDWLRQV+RZHYHULQMXU\UHODWHGWRZLQWHU GHVLFFDWLRQDQGIURVWLQJGRHVQRWXVXDOO\DIIHFWEHHFK WUHHVRUVHHGOLQJVJURZLQJQDWXUDOO\ZLWKLQDVWDQGDQG GRHVQRWRIWHQNLOOODUJHUVDSOLQJVDQGWUHHVLQWKHRSHQ

,WLVVXJJHVWHGWKDWZLQWHUGHVLFFDWLRQLVDPDMRUIDFWRU 6HHGOLQJVRI UHGEHHFKDUHVXVFHSWLEOHWR LQSUHYHQWLQJH[WHQVLRQRI EHHFKIRUHVWWRVLWHVDERYH GDPDJHIURPIURVW WKHWLPEHUOLQH8QVHDVRQDOIURVWVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHG DVRQHWKHPDMRUFDXVHVRI IDLOXUHRI DWWHPSWVE\WKH 1HZ =HDODQG )RUHVW 6HUYLFH WR HVWDEOLVK QXUVHU\ UDLVHG VHHGOLQJV RI  PRXQWDLQ VLOYHU UHG DQG EODFN EHHFK :DUGOH 

Drought

'URXJKW FDQ NLOO LQGLYLGXDO WUHHV DQG HYHQ VWDQGV RI DOOWKHEHHFKVSHFLHV$OWKRXJKLQVHFWDQGIXQJDO SDWKRJHQV DUH RIWHQ LQYROYHG DV ZHOO GURXJKW LV WKH SULPDU\IDFWRUZHDNHQLQJWUHHVDQGSUHGLVSRVLQJWKHP WR DWWDFN +RVNLQJ  +XWFKHVRQ  +RVNLQJ  +XWFKHVRQ+RVNLQJ .HUVKDZ  0RXQWDLQEHHFKLVWKHPRVWFROGWROHUDQWRI WKHEHHFKHV

 WOOD PROPERTIES

1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVDUHPHGLXPGHQVLW\KDUGZRRGV ZLWK D VWUDLJKW JUDLQ DQG D ÀQH HYHQ WH[WXUH 7KH\ KDYHH[FHOOHQWVDZLQJPDFKLQLQJWXUQLQJDQGQDLOLQJ SURSHUWLHV 7KH\ DOVR VWDLQ JOXH DQG ÀQLVK ZHOO %HHFK ZRRG SHUIRUPV ZHOO ZKHUH VWUHQJWK VWDELOLW\ DQGDSSHDUDQFHDUHUHTXLUHGDQGDUHHVSHFLDOO\JRRG IRU WXUQHU\ MRLQHU\ DQG FDELQHWU\ 'RQQHOO\   *OREDOO\ WKHUH DUH IHZ WLPEHUV WKDW FDQ PDWFK WKHPIRUHYHQQHVVRI WH[WXUHLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV7KHLU SURSHUWLHV KDYH EHHQ IXOO\ GRFXPHQWHG E\ &OLIWRQ  ,QFRQVLVWHQFLHVZLWKLQVSHFLHVDUHSDUWO\GXHWR WKHK\EULGLVDWLRQWKDWRFFXUVDPRQJWKHPVLOYHUEHHFK H[FHSWHG7KHKHDUWZRRGDQGVDSZRRGRI DOOVSHFLHV DUHLPSHUYLRXVWRERUHU $QRELXPVSS DWWDFN

'U\LQJKDVEHHQDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHZLWKEHHFKHVZLWK KHDUWZRRGVORZWRGU\DQGSURQHWRZDUSLQJFKHFNLQJ DQG FROODSVH 6LOYHU²WKH PDLQ FRPPHUFLDO VSHFLHV²LV WKHHDVLHVWWRGU\DQGFDQEHNLOQGULHGIURPWKHJUHHQ VWDWH%ODFNEHHFKLVDOVRPRGHUDWHO\HDV\WRGU\5HG EHHFK KLVWRULFDOO\ KDV EHHQ GLIÀFXOW WR GU\ LQ ODUJHU WKLFNQHVVHVKDUGEHHFKHYHQPRUHVRODUJHO\EHFDXVH RI WHQVLRQZRRGLQERWKVSHFLHV'HWDLOVRI VXLWDEOH GU\LQJVFKHGXOHVDUHSURYLGHGE\&OLIWRQ  

%ODFNEHHFKPDNHVÀQH IXUQLWXUHVXFKDVWKLVFKHVWRI  GUDZHUVPDGHE\'DJ*XHVW

51 Black and mountain beech WAIAU FERRY BRIDGE 7KH GLIÀFXOWLHV LQ WKH WD[RQRPLF VHSDUDWLRQ RI  PRXQWDLQDQGEODFN EHHFK DQG LQ WKH SODFHPHQW Built with black beech in 1864, RI  WKH YDULRXV SURYHQDQFHV ZLWK FKDUDFWHULVWLFV demolished by a gale-force nor’wester LQWHUPHGLDWHEHWZHHQWKHWZRKDVOHGWRLQFRQVLVWHQFLHV in 1874 LQGHVFULELQJZRRGSURSHUWLHVDQGDOORFDWLQJXVHVWR WKHWZRHQWLWLHV :DUGOH 

0RXQWDLQEHHFKKDVQRWEHHQZLGHO\PLOOHG,WVZRRG KDVDVLPLODUEXWOLJKWHUDSSHDUDQFHWKDQEODFNEHHFK DQGLVOHVVVWURQJO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHGLQWRKHDUWZRRGDQG )URP VDSZRRG ,W LV OHVV GXUDEOH LQ JURXQG FRQWDFW WKDQ 7KH$PXUL±$&RXQW\+LVWRU\¶ E\:-*DUGQHU EODFNEHHFKDQGPRUHGLIÀFXOWWRGU\

7KH KHDUWZRRG WLPEHU RI  EODFN EHHFK LV UHGGLVK EURZQ ZKHQ IUHVKO\ FURVVFXW ZLWK D PLGGDUN «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À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¿JXUHRIKLV WHQGHU+HZRUNHGZLWKGLI¿FXOWWLPEHULPSRUWHG IURP1HOVRQYLD6DOWZDWHU&UHHN %ODFNELUFK KH ZURWHWRWKH6XSHULQWHQGHQWPD\EHJRRGZKHQ XSEXWLVGUHDGIXOVWXIIWRZRUNZLWK*HRUJH 5XWKHUIRUGFODLPHGWKDWWKHUHZDVEHWWHUWLPEHULQ /RWWHU\%XVKDQGWUXVWHGWKDWQRRQHLQWHUHVWHG LQVDZPLOOVRULQWKHVKLSSLQJLQWHUHVWFRXOG KDYHLQÀXHQFHGWKHJRYHUQPHQW7KHWUDQVSRUWRI WKHWLPEHUWRWKHVLWHZDVDPDMRUXQGHUWDNLQJLQ LWVHOI+DQGLVLGHGUHZDVNHWFKRIKLVGUD\VWXFNLQ WKHXQEULGJHG*OHQ$OODQFXWWLQJ,WUHTXLUHG EXOORFNVWRWDNHWKHGUD\RXWRIWKLVSRVLWLRQ+DG WKHGUD\XSVHWLWZRXOGKDYHUROOHGWRWKHERWWRP DQGNLOOHGKDOIWKHWHDP

52 )URP 7KHEULGJHZDVRSHQHGLQ0D\EXWQR ³0XFKDGR´+DQPHU6SULQJV± UHFRUGRIDQ\FHUHPRQ\KDVVXUYLYHG7KRXJK E\5RVHPDU\(QVRU KHOGE\IRXUORQJVWD\ZLUHVWKHVWUXFWXUHZDV VRPHZKDWÀH[LEOH%ODFNHWWLQUHSRUWLQJRQ ³0U 0UV%ODNHRIWHQVSRNHRI+DQGLVLGHV WKHRVFLOODWLRQRIRQHLQFKLQWKHFHQWUHGLGQRW ZRQGHUIXOEULGJHDQGKRZLWZRXOGVZD\ZKHQ FRQVLGHULWGHWULPHQWDOEXWWKRXJKWLWPLJKWJLYH RQHZDVFURVVLQJLW7KHUHZDVDOLWWOHJDWHDWHDFK WLPLGWUDYHOOHUVDQLGHDRIGDQJHU+HKDGVHHQ HQGRIWKHEULGJH2QFHWKH\ERWKZHUHFURVVLQJ RQRQHRFFDVLRQWHQKRUVHVDQGVL[WHHQPHQFURVV LW0U%ODNHZDVULGLQJD\RXQJKRUVH+HURGHRQ WKHEULGJHZKLFKGLGQRWDSSHDUWRPRYHLQWKH WRRSHQWKHJDWH0UV%ODNHIROORZLQJFDUU\LQJ OHDVWEXWWZRKRUVHVWDNHQUDSLGO\DFURVVVHHPHG KHUEDE\JLUORQWKHVDGGOHLQIURQWRIKHU$V0U WRFDXVHWKHJUHDWHVWVZD\« %ODNHRSHQHGWKHJDWHLWVRPHKRZVZXQJEDFN DQGVWUXFNWKHKRUVHZKLFKUHDUHGDQGEURNHDZD\ «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´ QRPHQFODWXUHS VWDWHVWKDWIHHWRIEODFN EHHFKZDVXVHG7KHIRUHPDQZDV:+%DUQHV 

53 Red beech

7KHKHDUWZRRGRIUHGEHHFKLVOLJKWWRPHGLXPUHGEURZQLQFRORXUDQGWKHVDSZRRG OLJKWEURZQWRZKLWHDQGH[KLELWVWRQLQJLQJUH\VEURZQVDQGJUHHQV+HDUWZRRGLV VWURQJDQGGXUDEOH,WKDVDWLJKWFORVHJUDLQDSSHDUDQFH

5HGEHHFKSHHOVZHOODQGKDVJRRGDQGVWHDPEHQGLQJTXDOLWLHVEXWFDQZDUSGXULQJ VHDVRQLQJ ,W KDV H[FHSWLRQDO GLPHQVLRQDO VWDELOLW\ 7KH WLPEHU LV PRGHUDWHO\ HDV\ WR VSOLW DQG OHVV OLNHO\ WR EOXQW FXWWLQJ NQLYHV WKDQ RWKHU EHHFK VSHFLHV  /LNHDOOEHHFKHVUHGEHHFKWLPEHURIWHQGDUNHQVDQGEHFRPHVULFKHUDIWHUVHYHUDO PRQWKV·H[SRVXUHWRQDWXUDOOLJKWDQGWRQDOYDULDWLRQVHYHQRXW7KHWLPEHUKDVD OXVWUHDQGQDWXUDOVKHHQWKDWWHQGWRLPSURYHZLWKDJHPHDQLQJUHGEHHFKUHPDLQV OLYHO\DQGGRHVQRWDSSHDUPXGG\OLNHVRPHFRQWHPSRUDU\WLPEHUV7KHVDSZRRG LV OLJKW EURZQ WR ZKLWH LQ FRORXU DQG RIWHQ JHQHUDWHV XQLTXH VDS VWDLQV EHFDXVH RI  WKH UHDFWLRQ RI  VXJDUV LQ WKH SURWUDFWHG GU\LQJ SURFHVV 7KLV ¶FRORXU· H[KLELWV WRQLQJLQJUH\VEURZQVDQGJUHHQVDQGLVZHOOVXLWHGWRIHDWXUHIXUQLWXUHPDNLQJ DQGVHOHFWSDQHOOLQJZKHUHKLJKFKDUDFWHULVUHTXLUHG'HVSLWHKLJKVKULQNDJHRQFH GU\WKHKHDUWZRRGRI UHGEHHFKLVWKHPRVWVWDEOHWLPEHUDYDLODEOHLQ1HZ=HDODQG H[WUHPHO\VWDEOHE\ZRUOGVWDQGDUGV7KHÀQHWXUQLQJDQGURXWLQJSURSHUWLHVRI UHG EHHFKPHDQWKDWPLQLPDOVDQGLQJLVUHTXLUHGDIWHUPDFKLQLQJWRDFKLHYHDVPRRWK ÀQLVKDQGLWLVVXLWDEOHIRUYHQHHUDQGGHFRUDWLYHDQGVSHFLDOSO\ZRRGPDQXIDFWXUH ,WKDVDUHSXWDWLRQIRUFRUURGLQJPHWDOIDVWHQLQJVZKHQXVHGRXWRIGRRUV

7KHKDUGZHDULQJSURSHUWLHVRI UHGEHHFKPDNHLWDQH[FHOOHQWÁRRULQJWLPEHU

Silver beech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

 )LQLVKHGEHHFK VDZQWLPEHU

DSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRU WUHDWPHQW

6LOYHU EHHFK LV DQ DWWUDFWLYH UHGEHHFK IXUQLWXUH WLPEHU DQG ZKHQ )UHQFKSROLVKHGLWFDQUHVHPEOH PDKRJDQ\ %\ VWHDPLQJ WKH WLPEHU IRU D ORQJHU SHULRG RI  VLOYHUEHHFK KDUGEHHFK WLPHEHIRUHNLOQGU\LQJDGHHS SLQNFRORXULQJFDQEHDFKLHYHG

6LOYHUEHHFKVWHDPEHQGVHDVLO\&RPSDUHGZLWKRWKHU 7KURXJK FDUHIXO VHOHFWLRQ DQG PDWFKLQJ LQGLYLGXDO QDWLYH EHHFKHV LW LV OLJKWHU DQG PRUH HDVLO\ ZRUNHG ERDUGVDQGYHQHHUVFDQEHFKRVHQWRJLYHWKHGHVLUHG EXWOHVVGXUDEOH1HLWKHUKHDUWZRRGQRUVDSZRRGRI  HQGHIIHFW²HLWKHUZHOOPDWFKHGRUFRQWUDVWLQJFRORXU VLOYHUEHHFKLVGXUDEOHLQKLJKKD]DUGVLWXDWLRQVVRLW VHOHFWLRQV 7KH JUDLQ SDWWHUQ DQG GHHS OXVWUH ZKHQ LV XQVXLWDEOH IRU RXWGRRU DSSOLFDWLRQV +RZHYHU WKH SROLVKHGSURYLGHDFRQWHPSRUDU\HOHJDQFHWRIXUQLWXUH WLPEHUFDQEHXVHGIRULQWHULRUDQGLQGRRUIXUQLWXUH DQGÀQLVKHGLQWHULRUÀWRXWV

&UHQXODWLRQVLQWKHVXUIDFHRI WKHFDPELXPDUHXQLTXHWRKDUGEHHFK

Hard beech

+DUGEHHFKWLPEHULVOLJKW\HOORZEURZQDQGGXUDEOH ,WKDVEHHQVSDUVHO\PLOOHGLQWKHSDVWDVLWLVDEUDVLYH WRVDZVDQGWRROV,WLVGHQVHUWKDQWKDWRI WKHRWKHU 1HZ =HDODQG EHHFKHV 7KH WLPEHU WHQGV WR FRUURGH XQFRDWHGVWHHOIDVWHQHUVDQGWKHVDSZRRGLVSURQHWR VDSVWDLQLQJXQOHVVWUHDWHGZLWKFDUHGXULQJVHDVRQLQJ +DUG EHHFK LV SUREDEO\ WKH PRVW GLIÀFXOW RI  WKH EHHFKHVWRVDZDQGVHDVRQDQGVXUIDFHFKHFNVRIWHQ GHYHORSGXULQJGU\LQJ 7KHFRQWUDVWLQJFRORXUVRI VLOYHUEHHFKKHDUWZRRGDQGVDSZRRG

 PAST AND PRESENT USES &DQWHUEXU\LQWKHVHFRQGKDOI RI WKHWKFHQWXU\DQG FRQWLQXHGXQWLOWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU1DWLYHVRIWZRRGV 1DWLYH KDUGZRRGV VXFK DV EHHFK DQG WDZD DUH ZHUH UHODWLYHO\ VFDUFH LQ WKH UHJLRQ VR EODFN EHHFK KDUGHU WR VDZ DQG VHDVRQ WKDQ QDWLYH DQG H[RWLF ZDVXVHGLQKRXVHFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUIUDPLQJH[WHULRU VRIWZRRGVVRWKH\KDYHQRWIHDWXUHGVRSURPLQHQWO\ FODGGLQJ ÁRRULQJ VXEÁRRULQJ SLOHV DQG SDQHOOLQJ LQ1HZ=HDODQG·VWLPEHULQGXVWU\,QWKHHDUO\GD\VRI DQG DOVR IRU IHQFH SRVWV JDWHV UDLOV EULGJHV DQG (XURSHDQVHWWOHPHQWQDWLYHVRIWZRRGVVXFKDVNDXUL ERDWEXLOGLQJ%\PRVWRI &DQWHUEXU\·VORZODQG ULPXPDWDĩWŇWDUDDQGNDKLNDWHDODUJHO\VDWLVÀHGWKH EHHFKIRUHVWVKDGEHHQPLOOHGDQGWKHODQGFRQYHUWHG QDWLRQ·V GHPDQG IRU WLPEHU 6LQFH WKH V ZRRG WR SDVWXUH 7KH OLPLWHG TXDQWLWLHV QRZ DYDLODEOH DUH IURPH[RWLFFRQLIHUSODQWDWLRQV PRVWO\SLQHDQGVRPH XVHGZKHUHWKHWLPEHU·VVWDELOLW\PDFKLQLQJSURSHUWLHV 'RXJODVÀU KDVEHHQUHDGLO\DYDLODEOH 2UZLQ  DQGDSSHDUDQFHDUHSDUDPRXQWVXFKDVWRROKDQGOHV IXUQLWXUHH[SRVHGÁRRUVDQGLQWHULRUMRLQHU\ Black beech

7KHSRWHQWLDOIRUPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGMRLQHU\RI EODFN EHHFK KDV QRW EHHQ IXOO\ UHDOL]HG DQG VR KDV EHHQ PRVWO\ XVHG HLWKHU IRU XWLOLW\ SXUSRVHV RU ZKHUH LWV KHDUWZRRG·V GXUDELOLW\ RU VWUHQJWK SURSHUWLHV KDYH EHHQ UHOHYDQW 0LOOLQJ RI  EODFN EHHFKEHJDQLQ

5HGEHHFKXVHGIRUVWRFN\DUGVDQGUDLOV 5RXJKVDZQEODFNEHHFKIURPDVHFRQGJURZWK VWDQGVKRZVDWWUDFWLYHFRORXUDWLRQ

56 0RXQWDLQEHHFKLVUHODWLYHO\LQDFFHVVLEOHDQGEHFDXVH QRWGXUDEOHEXWWUHDWPHQWLVXQQHFHVVDU\IRUXVHVVXFK LW SURWHFWV XSSHU ULYHU FDWFKPHQWV KDV UDUHO\ EHHQ DV LQGRRU IXUQLWXUH ZKHUH LW LV FRPSOHWHO\ SURWHFWHG PLOOHG IURPPRLVWXUH

Red beech

5HGEHHFKZDVXVHGLQWKHHDUO\PLQLQJLQGXVWU\DQG IRUODQGGHYHORSPHQWSXUSRVHVLQFOXGLQJPLQHSURSV EULGJHVZKDUI GHFNLQJIHQFLQJUDLOZD\VOHHSHUVDQG ERDWEXLOGLQJ,WZDVDOVRXVHGIRUIUDPLQJÁRRULQJ GRZHOV DQG KDQGOHV 6LQFH WKH V KLJKJUDGH UHGEHHFKKDVEHHQXVHGIRUIXUQLWXUHÁRRULQJDQG GHFRUDWLYHLQWHULRUÀQLVKLQJ,WVÀQHHYHQWH[WXUHPDNHV LWPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUWXUQLQJLQWRGRZHOVDQGEUXVKZDUH %HLQJ KDUG ZHDULQJ LW LV DOVR VXLWDEOH DV VWDLU WUHDGV DQGÁRRULQJ$VDÁRRULQJWLPEHULWKDVDQDWWUDFWLYH ÀJXUDWLYHDSSHDODQGOXVWUHDQGLVVLJQLÀFDQWO\KDUGHU DQGPRUHUHVLVWDQWWRLPSDFWWKDQDOWHUQDWLYHVRIWZRRG VSHFLHVVXFKDVULPXDQGPDWDL

7KHÀQHHYHQWH[WXUHRI EHHFKHVPDNHWKHPH[FHOOHQWIXUQLWXUH WLPEHUV%RRNFDVHVRI VLOYHUEHHFK OHIW DQGUHGEHHFK ULJKW 

%HHFKWLPEHUZDVXVHGH[WHQVLYHO\LQERWKJROGDQGFRDOPLQHVDV PLQHSURSVDVWKHWLPEHUZDVQRWRQO\VWURQJEXWWDONHG FUHDNHG  DVLWZDVFRPSUHVVHGSURYLGLQJDZDUQLQJWRPLQHUVRI SRVVLEOH PRYHPHQWLQWKHURRI RI WKHPLQH

6DSZRRGDQGKHDUWZRRGUHGEHHFKSDQHOOLQJ

Silver beech

,Q 6RXWKODQG VLOYHU EHHFK ZDV OLNH ULPX D JHQHUDO XWLOLW\ZRRGGXHWRLWVDEXQGDQFHDQGIDYRXUDEOHZRRG 5HGEHHFKXVHGIRULQWHULRUÀQLVKLQJLQERDWV SURSHUWLHVDQGXVHGIRUEXLOGLQJIDUPWLPEHUVDQGLQ PLQLQJ6LQFHWKHVLWKDVEHHQWKHSUHGRPLQDQW 5HGEHHFKFDQEHXVHGLQH[WHULRUH[SRVHGVLWXDWLRQV EHHFKWLPEHUVRXUFHGPRVWO\IURP6RXWKODQGDQGLV VXFK DV SHUJRODV DQG RXWGRRU GHFNLQJ ZLWKRXW WKH VHWWRUHSODFHULPXDVWKHSUHPLHUQDWLYHVSHFLHV QHHG IRU FKHPLFDO WUHDWPHQW 8QWUHDWHG VDSZRRG LV

 +HDUWZRRG LV UHVLVWDQW WR SUHVHUYDWLYH WUHDWPHQW VR LV XQVXLWDEOH IRU RXWGRRU DSSOLFDWLRQV $OWKRXJK FODVVHGDVPRGHUDWHO\GXUDEOH VLPLODUWRPDFURFDUSD DQG UHGZRRG  WKLV LV DQ DYHUDJH GXUDELOLW\ PHDVXUH IRUWKHZKROHVSHFLHVUHVRXUFH6XLWDELOLW\IRUH[WHULRU DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV ZHDWKHUERDUGV FDQQRW EH JXDUDQWHHG EHFDXVH RI  WKH KLJKO\ YDULDEOH QDWXUH RI  WKHWLPEHUSURSHUWLHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVRXUFH7KH ZRRG FDQ EH XVHG IRU LQWHULRU DQG LQGRRU IXUQLWXUH DSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRUIXUWKHUWUHDWPHQW

Hard beech 6LOYHUEHHFKWLPEHUZDVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQYHKLFOHIUDPLQJIRULWV FRPELQHGVWUHQJWKDQGVWHDPEHQGLQJSURSHUWLHV +DUGEHHFKLVXVHGZKHUHVWUHQJWKDQGGXUDELOLW\ DUHLPSRUWDQW,WKDVPRVWO\EHHQXVHGIRUEULGJHDQG 3LQKROHERUHUKROHVLQVLOYHUEHHFKZRRGFDQEHXVHG ZKDUI GHFNLQJEULGJHVWULQJHUVPLQHSURSVLQGXVWULDO DVDIHDWXUHJUDGHLQ¶DQWLTXH·IXUQLWXUHÁRRULQJDQG ÁRRULQJVWRFN\DUGVJDWHVSRVWVDQGJHQHUDOEXLOGLQJ SLFWXUHIUDPHVDQGLVPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUYLOODUHVWRUDWLRQ RQIDUPV7KHUHLVDOVRSRWHQWLDOIRUPDQXIDFWXULQJ ZKHUHQHZIUHVKO\VDZQWLPEHUVZLWKOLWWOHGHIHFWPLJKW EUXVKZDUHPRXOGLQJVGRZHOVIXUQLWXUHMRLQHU\DQG VWDQGRXWDGYHUVHO\ ÀQJHUMRLQWHGSURGXFWV

7KHOLJKWHUZRRGIURP6RXWKODQGLVWKHPRVWVXLWDEOH IRU IXUQLWXUH WXUQHU\ DQG EUXVKZDUH SXUSRVHV DQG DOVRIRUÁRRULQJEHFDXVHLWZHDUVXQLIRUPO\

6LOYHUEHHFKIURP6RXWKODQGSURYLGHVVXSHUELQWHULRUMRLQHU\ LQWKHQHZ6XSUHPH&RXUWLQ:HOOLQJWRQ

+LJKTXDOLW\FOHDU ZRRGIURPUHGEHHFK 6LOYHUEHHFKVHHQKHUHEHHQPDGHLQWREURRPKDQGOHVKDVH[FHOOHQW PDFKLQLQJSURSHUWLHV

58 LINDSAY & DIXON LTD.

/LQGVD\ 'L[RQ/WGEDVHGLQ7XDWDSHUH LQZHVWHUQ6RXWKODQGLVFXUUHQWO\WKHPDMRU SURGXFHURI VLOYHUEHHFK,WVIRUHVWU\DQG SURFHVVLQJRSHUDWLRQVDUHFHUWLÀHGE\WKH )RUHVWU\6WHZDUGVKLS&RXQFLO

/LQGVD\ 'L[RQRZQWKHFXWWLQJULJKWV WRDQGVXVWDLQDEO\PDQDJHDIRUHVWHVWDWH RI KHFWDUHVRISUHGRPLQDQWO\ VLOYHUEHHFKSURYLGLQJDQDQQXDO\LHOGRI  XSWRPRI VDZORJV6LOYLFXOWXUDO PDQDJHPHQWRIWKH²\HDUROGVHFRQG FURSIRUHVWLVEDVHGRQVHOHFWLYHO\KDUYHVWLQJ VLQJOHWUHHVRUVPDOOJURXSVRI WUHHV SURYLGLQJDTXDOLW\FHUWLÀHGUHVRXUFHWRPHHW PDUNHWGHPDQGDQGFRQGLWLRQV

6LOYHUEHHFKLVPDUNHWHGDV¶0DSOH%HHFK· 6HOHFWLYHO\KDUYHVWHGVLOYHUEHHFKIRUHVWLQWKH /RQJZRRG5DQJH6RXWKODQG WKHQDWXUDOSURGXFWDQG¶&KHUU\%HHFK· ZKLFKLVVWHDPHGEHIRUHNLOQGU\LQJWR FUHDWHDQHQKDQFHGSLQNWRUHGFRORXU 3URGXFHGLQIRXUJUDGHVWKHVHWLPEHUVPDNH H[FHOOHQWÁRRULQJLQWHULRUMRLQHU\IXUQLWXUH WXUQHU\DQGYHQHHULWHPV,QFUHDVLQJO\WKH\ DUHEHLQJUHFRJQL]HGDQGVRXJKWDIWHUE\ DUFKLWHFWVDQGVSHFLÀHUVZKRZDQWDOHJDODQG FHUWLÀHGLQGLJHQRXVWLPEHUWKDWFRPSOLHV ZLWKWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDO ¶JUHHQVWDU·EXLOGLQJSURJUDPPH

/LQGVD\DQG'L[RQ VVWDWHRIWKHDUWPLOODW 7XDWDSHUH6RXWKODQG

6LOYHUEHHFKXVHGIRUKLJKTXDOLW\IXUQLWXUH +DUGZHDULQJVLOYHUEHHFKÁRRULQJ 6LOYHUEHHFKXVHGDVVDUNLQJLQWKHH[WHUQDO DQGDEHQFKWRSLQWKLVQHZKRPH HQWUDQFHRI :DQDND·VQHZ+RO\)DPLO\ &DWKROLF&KXUFK

 GUIDELINES FOR PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT FOR TIMBER PRODUCTION

Seed collection x)UHVKVHHGFDQEHFROOHFWHGLQPDQ\\HDUV%HHFKWUHHVDUHPRQRHFLRXVVRDOOWUHHVFDQEHDUVHHG x(GJHWUHHVWHQGWREHDUPRUHVHHG x6PDOODPRXQWVRI VHHGFDQEHSLFNHGIURPEUDQFKOHWVZKHQULSH)RUODUJHUTXDQWLWLHVSODFHVHHG WUD\VXQGHUWUHHVLQ0DUFKDQG$SULO DQG0D\DWKLJKHUHOHYDWLRQV /LWWHUXQGHUWUHHVFDQEH FROOHFWHGDQGVLHYHGWRVHSDUDWHPRVWO\VHHGZKLFKWKHQUHTXLUHVGU\LQJ x&KHFNRYHUDOOVHHGYLDELOLW\E\FXWWLQJDVDPSOHZLWKDNQLIHWRFKHFNWKHFRORXUDQGWKLFNQHVVRI  WKHHQGRVSHUPZKLFKVKRXOGEHZKLWHDQGPPWKLFN x6HHGFDQEHVWRUHGIRUXSWR\HDUVLQDLUWLJKWFRQWDLQHUVDWƒ&DQGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW ,QSUHSDUDWLRQIRUVHHGVRZLQJDQGDIWHUDORQJSHULRGRI GU\VWRUDJHVHHGZLOOUHTXLUH¶VWUDWLI\LQJ· VRDNLQJDQGPRLVWFRROVWRUDJHDWƒ&IRUPRQWKVZLWKIUHHDLUFLUFXODWLRQEHIRUHVSULQJVRZLQJ

Seedling production x%HHFKVHHGOLQJVFDQEHUDLVHGLQFRQWDLQHUVRUDVEDUHURRWHGVWRFN x6RZVWUDWLÀHGEHHFKVHHGLQVSULQJLQVHHGWUD\VÀOOHGZLWKPRLVWVWDQGDUGVHHGUDLVLQJPL[ &RYHUZLWKDPPOD\HURI FRDUVHVDQGDQGSODFHWKHWUD\VLQVWDQGDUGZDUPKXPLGJHUPLQDWLRQ IDFLOLWLHV:DWHUDVQHFHVVDU\ x*HUPLQDWLRQXVXDOO\RFFXUVZHHNVDIWHUVRZLQJ x:KHQVHHGOLQJVDUHFPKLJKSULFNWKHPRXWLQWRVPDOOFRQWDLQHUVRURSHQEHGV 3URWHFWIURPIURVW x5HGEHHFKWDNHVXSWR\HDUVWRUDLVHWRDFPKLJKVHHGOLQJIURPVRZLQJZKHUHDVVLOYHU EHHFKPD\WDNHXSWR\HDUV5HSRWLQODUJHUFRQWDLQHUVZKHQQHFHVVDU\ x&XUUHQWFRVWRI FPKLJK\HDUROGVWRFNRI EHHFKUDLVHGLQ3%SRO\WKHQHEDJVRUVLPLODUVL]H FRQWDLQHUVLVDURXQGSHUVHHGOLQJ x3RO\WKHQHSODQWHUEDJV 3% DUHEHVWIRU\HDUROGVWRFN6HHGOLQJVUDLVHGLQVPDOOURRWWUDLQHUV WHQGWREHVSLQGO\DQGPD\QHHGVWDNLQJZKHQWUDQVSODQWHG x/DUJHVFDOHEDUHURRWHGVHHGOLQJSURGXFWLRQZDVSUDFWLVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\LQIRUHVWQXUVHULHVGXULQJ WKHPLGWRODWHVDQGFRXOGUHGXFHVHHGOLQJFRVWV

Site preparation for grassland sites x)HQFHSODQWLQJDUHDVWRH[FOXGHOLYHVWRFN x,I SUDFWLFDOJUD]HSDVWXUHWRDORZKHLJKWEHIRUHÀQDOH[FOXVLRQRI OLYHVWRFN x$SSO\DSUHSODQWLQJKHUELFLGH JO\SKRVDWH DWOHDVWDZHHNEHIRUHSODQWLQJ

60 GUIDELINES FOR PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT FOR TIMBER PRODUCTION

Establishing beech plantations x6HOHFWKLJKTXDOLW\VWRFNZLWKDEDODQFHGURRWVKRRWUDWLR,QVSHFWWKHURRWV\VWHPVRIDVDPSOH RI VWRFNDQGUHMHFWWKHZKROHEDWFKLI WKHURRWV\VWHPVDUHGLVWRUWHGRUFRQWDLQHUERXQG x5HJXODUUHOHDVLQJIURPRWKHUFRPSHWLQJYHJHWDWLRQZLOOEHQHHGHGIRUXSWR\HDUVDIWHUSODQWLQJ 0DQ\HVWDEOLVKPHQWIDLOXUHVDUHGXHWRODFNRI HDUO\ZHHGFRQWURO x)HUWLOLVHUDGGLWLRQZLOOEHQHHGHGRQJURVVO\LQIHUWLOHVLWHV

Planting on open ungrazed sites 'HQVLW\RISODQWLQJRQDQRSHQVLWHZLOOEHLQÁXHQFHGE\UHTXLUHPHQWVIRULQWHQVLYHUHOHDVLQJIURP RWKHUYHJHWDWLRQDWORZVWRFNLQJUDWHVRUE\WKHQHHGIRUWKLQQLQJDWKLJKVWRFNLQJUDWHV 3ODQWLQJDWORZHUUDWHV VWHPVKDRUOHVVWRPVSDFLQJ ZLOO xUHGXFHH[SHQGLWXUHRQVHHGOLQJVDQGVLWHSUHSDUDWLRQ xGHOD\FDQRS\FORVXUHDQGWKHUHIRUHLQFUHDVHWKHFRVWRIZHHGFRQWURO xLQFUHDVHWKHQHHGIRUIRUPSUXQLQJWRSURPRWHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI VLQJOHVWUDLJKWVWHPVZLWKOLJKW EUDQFKLQJDQG xLQFUHDVHGLDPHWHUUDWHVEHFDXVHRIOHVVFRPSHWLWLRQ 3ODQWLQJDWKLJKUDWHV PRUHWKDQVWHPVKDPVSDFLQJRUPRUH ZLOO xLQFUHDVHH[SHQGLWXUHRQVHHGOLQJV xSURPRWHUHODWLYHO\HDUO\FDQRS\FORVXUHDQGUHGXFHWKHFRVWRIZHHGFRQWURO xLPSURYHVWHPIRUPDQGUHGXFHEUDQFKVL]HDIWHUFDQRS\FORVXUHDQG xUHGXFHGLDPHWHUJURZWKUDWHVODWHUEHFDXVHRIPRUHFRPSHWLWLRQWKXVQHHGLQJWKLQQLQJ

Use of nurse species x:KHUHSRVVLEOHXVHH[LVWLQJZRRG\YHJHWDWLRQFRYHUOHVVWKDQPKLJKHJ&RSURVPDVSHFLHV DVD¶QXUVH·WRLPSURYHVXUYLYDOHDUO\JURZWKUDWHDQGVWHPIRUP3ODQWLQJOLQHVFDQEHFXW DWUHJXODUVSDFLQJ x2QRSHQVLWHVSODQWQXUVHVSHFLHVDWZLGH WRP VSDFLQJWRFRQWUROZHHGJURZWKDQGSURYLGH VKHOWHU3ODQWEHHFK\HDUVODWHU x$GYDQWDJHVRI QXUVHVSHFLHV SURYLGHVKHOWHURQH[SRVHGVLWHV FDQLQFUHDVHHDUO\KHLJKWJURZWKUDWH SURYLGHVLGHVKDGHZKLFKVXSSUHVVHVGHYHORSPHQWRI ODWHUDOVKRRWVDQGUHGXFHVEUDQFKVL]H GHFUHDVHVWKHLQFLGHQFHRI PXOWLSOHOHDGHUVDQG UHGXFHVHVWDEOLVKPHQWFRVWVEHFDXVHQXUVHVSHFLHVDUHFKHDSHUWKDQEHHFKHV x'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI QXUVHVSHFLHV UHTXLUHVIRUZDUGSODQQLQJEHFDXVHQXUVHHVWDEOLVKPHQWSUHFHGHVEHHFKHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQG PDLQWHQDQFHWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHQXUVHGRHVQ·WVPRWKHUEHHFK DGGLWLRQDOHVWDEOLVKPHQWH[SHQVH

61 GUIDELINES FOR PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT FOR TIMBER PRODUCTION

Tending x)RUPSUXQLQJZLOOEHQHHGHGWRUHPRYHGRXEOHOHDGHUVDQGODUJHEUDQFKHV x6PDOOHUEUDQFKHVVKRXOGDOVREHUHPRYHGWRLPSURYHWLPEHUTXDOLW\ x7KLQQLQJPD\EHQHHGHG

Establishment and early management of natural regeneration %HHFKUHJHQHUDWHVUHDGLO\LQPDQ\VLWXDWLRQVDQGQDWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHVDPXFKFKHDSHUUHDG\ PDGHDOWHUQDWLYHWRDUWLÀFLDOHVWDEOLVKPHQW

Planting for a seed source 6PDOOJURYHVRIEHHFKFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGZKHUHWKH\DUHDEVHQWDQGZKHUHDVHHGVRXUFHLVGHVLUHGWR DOORZQDWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQWRSURFHHGLQWKHYHU\ORQJWHUP x3ODQWJURXSVRI VHHGOLQJVRQJRRGVLWHVLQQDWXUDORUFXWJDSVLQH[LVWLQJYHJHWDWLRQ7UHHVZLOOEHJLQ SURGXFLQJYLDEOHVHHGIURPDERXW\HDUVDVRSHQJURZQWUHHVODWHUZLWKLQFORVHGIRUHVW

Management of developing natural stands ¶3ROHVWDQGV·RI EHHFKFRPPRQO\GHYHORSDIWHUPDMRUGLVWXUEDQFHDQGDUHDPHQDEOHWRWHQGLQJ GHSHQGLQJRQWKHVWDJHRI GHYHORSPHQW x/RZGHQVLW\VWDQGVZLWKZLGHO\VSDFHGVWHPVZLOOEHQHÀWIURPIRUPSUXQLQJ x'HQVHUVWDQGVFDQEHOHIWWRVHOIWKLQQDWXUDOO\DSURFHVVWKDWWDNHV\HDUVRUFDQEHWKLQQHGWR LQFUHDVHLQGLYLGXDOWUHHJURZWKUDWHV x7KLQQLQJGRZQWRVWHPVKDRUOHVVVKRXOGEHGRQHLQVHYHUDOOLJKWRSHUDWLRQVEHJLQQLQJE\DJH \HDUV

Animal and pest control x3HVWFRQWUROPD\QRWEHQHHGHGIRUWKHKHDOWKRIEHHFKVWDQGVSHUVHEXWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\LI RWKHU YDOXHVVXFKDVÁRUDODQGIDXQDOELRGLYHUVLW\DUHWREHPDLQWDLQHGRULPSURYHG5DEELWVDQGKDUHVHDW VHHGOLQJVDQGPD\QHHGFRQWUROLQVRPHVLWXDWLRQV3RVVXPVDQGGHHUSUHIHUHQWLDOO\EURZVHPDQ\ EURDGOHDYHGVSHFLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKEHHFKUHGXFLQJRUHYHQHOLPLQDWLQJWKHP

62 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

)XQGLQJIRUWKLVEXOOHWLQZDVSURYLGHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI $JULFXOWXUHDQG)RUHVWU\WKURXJKWKH6XVWDLQDEOH)DUPLQJ)XQGZLWKDGGLWLRQDO VXSSRUWIURP7DQH·V7UHH7UXVW1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHDQG/DQGFDUH5HVHDUFK1HZ=HDODQG$QGUHZ3DOPHUJDYH SHUPLVVLRQWRTXRWHIURP7H$UD(QF\FORSHGLDRI 1HZ=HDODQG-RQ'URQÀHOG 1HZ=HDODQG6XVWDLQDEOH)RUHVW3URGXFWV/35HHIWRQ  0LOHVDQG*LOOLDQ*LOOHU 5DQJLRUD 5RJHU0D\ 1HOVRQ .HYLQ3ODWW +DQPHU -RKQ3XUH\&XVW *RUH DQG%HUQLH/DJDQ*UDKDP5LGGHU DQG&UDLJ8QDKL /LQGVD\ 'L[RQ/WG&KULVWFKXUFKDQG7XDWDSHUH DQG-DPHV2·5HJDQ ,QDQJDKXD SURYLGHGKRVSLWDOLW\LQIRUPDWLRQ DQGHQFRXUDJHPHQW0DUN.LPEHUOH\ 6FLRQ DQDO\VHGJURZWKGDWDDQGSURYLGHGÀJXUHV0LFKDHO%HUJLQGUDIWHGWKHPDSV'U-RKQ:DUGOH 2[IRUG 'U5REHUW$OOHQ'U7RPDV(DVGDOH'U,DQ'LFNLH /LQFROQ -RQ'RQÀHOG 5HHIWRQ DQG,DQ%DUWRQ 3XNHNRKH SURYLGHG KHOSIXOFRPPHQWVRQWKHGUDIW $OOSKRWRJUDSK\LVE\,DQ3ODWW :RRGHQG H[FHSWIRUWKHIROORZLQJ-RKQ%DUUDQ SLQVHW 'DYLG%HUJLQ SWRS  0LFKDHO%HUJLQ SLQVHWWRSULJKWLQVHW 'HSDUWPHQWRI&RQVHUYDWLRQ SWRSOHIW 7RPDV(DVGDOH S 'DJ*XHVW S  %HUQLH/DJDQ SERWWRPURZ 1LFN/HGJDUG S 3DXO0F&UHGLH SFHQWUHULJKW 0$) S 0DUN6PDOH SSWRSOHIW WRSERWWRPSERWWRPULJKWS &UDLJ6PLWK SWRS DQG.HYLQ3ODWW SFHQWUHSWRSOHIW 

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

7KHUHLVDQH[WHQVLYHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVRQO\DIUDFWLRQRI ZKLFKLVTXRWHGKHUH-RKQ:DUGOH·VPRQRJUDSK 7KH1HZ=HDODQG%HHFKHV(FRORJ\8WLOLVDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWSXEOLVKHGE\WKH1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFHLQLVVWLOOWKHPDMRU UHIHUHQFHDQGFRQWDLQVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHELEOLRJUDSK\ZKLFKLVSDUWO\XSGDWHGEHORZ7KHVRXWKHUQEHHFKHVDUHDOVRGHVFULEHGE\ -RKQ:DUGOHZLWK,DQ3ODWWDVSULQFLSDOSKRWRJUDSKHULQDUHFHQWFRPSUHKHQVLYHDFFRXQWRI1HZ=HDODQGWUHHV:DUGOH VQDWLYHWUHHVRI  1HZ=HDODQGDQGWKHLUVWRU\ :DUGOH (DUOLHUFRPSLODWLRQVQRZODUJHO\RIKLVWRULFDOLQWHUHVWDUH/HRQDUG&RFND\QH·V0RQRJUDSK RQWKH1HZ=HDODQG%HHFK)RUHVWVLQWZRSDUWVDQGWKH)RUHVW5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH6\PSRVLXP1RRQ%HHFK)RUHVWU\LQ1HZ=HDODQG 7KHHFRORJ\RI WKH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHVKDVEHHQVXPPDULVHGPRUHUHFHQWO\E\-RKQ2JGHQ*OHQQ6WHZDUWDQG5REHUW$OOHQLQD JOREDORYHUYLHZRIVRXWKHUQEHHFKIRUHVWV 9HEOHQHWDO 7LPEHUSURSHUWLHVKDYHEHHQVXPPDULVHGE\6WDQ5HLG 5HLG WKH 1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFHLQ7LPEHU3URSHUWLHVDQG8VHVRI WKH1HZ=HDODQG%HHFKHVLQDQGPRUHUHFHQWO\E\ 1RUPDQ&OLIWRQ  LQ1HZ=HDODQG7LPEHUV

7KHUHDUHDOVRSRSXODUDFFRXQWV¶%HHFKIRUHVWV·E\$QGUHZ.LUNODQGDQG-RKQ-RKQVSXEOLVKHGE\WKH 1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFHLQDQG¶6RXWKHUQEHHFKHV·E\$/3RROHSXEOLVKHGE\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI6FLHQWLÀFDQG,QGXVWULDO 5HVHDUFK6FLHQWLÀF,QIRUPDWLRQ3XEOLVKLQJ&HQWUHLQ

$OOHQ5%$OODQ&0RXQWDLQEHHFKIRUHVWG\QDPLFVLQWKH 'RQQHOO\5+([SDQGLQJHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\IRUVXVWDLQDEO\ .DZHND5DQJHDQGWKHLQÁXHQFHRIEURZVLQJPDPPDOV6FLHQFH PDQDJHGLQGLJHQRXVEHHFKIRUHVWV1HZ=HDODQG6FKRRORI  IRU&RQVHUYDWLRQ )RUHVWU\8QLYHUVLW\RI &DQWHUEXU\ $OOHQ5%0DVRQ1:+5LFKDUGVRQ6-3ODWW.+ (DVGDOH7$%XUURZV/(+HQOH\'%DNHU*(IIHFWRI  6\QFKURQLFLW\SHULRGLFLW\DQGELPRGDOLW\LQLQWHUDQQXDOWUHH WKLQQLQJRQVLOYHUEHHFKJURZWK/DQGFDUH5HVHDUFK&RQWUDFW VHHGSURGXFWLRQDORQJDQHOHYDWLRQJUDGLHQW2LNRV²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À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

 +RVNLQJ*3.HUVKDZ'-5HGEHHFKGHDWKLQWKH0DUXLD 3ODWW.+$OOHQ5%&RRPHV'$:LVHU6.0RXQWDLQ 9DOOH\6RXWK,VODQG1HZ=HDODQG1HZ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI %RWDQ\ EHHFKVHHGOLQJUHVSRQVHVWRUHPRYDORI EHORZJURXQG  FRPSHWLWLRQDQGIHUWLOLVHUDGGLWLRQ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI (FRORJ\  +RVNLQJ*3+XWFKHVRQ-$0RXQWDLQEHHFK 1RWKRIDJXV VRODQGULYDUFOLIIRUWLRLGHV GHFOLQHLQWKH.DZHND5DQJH1RUWK 3RROH$/6RXWKHUQEHHFKHV1HZ=HDODQG'HSDUWPHQWRI  ,VODQG1HZ=HDODQG1HZ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI %RWDQ\ 6FLHQWLÀFDQG,QGXVWULDO5HVHDUFK,QIRUPDWLRQ6HULHV1R :HOOLQJWRQS +XUVW-05LFKDUGVRQ65:LVHU6.$OOHQ5%*URZWK 5HLG-6%HHFKWLPEHUV3URSHUWLHVDQGXVHVRI1RWKRIDJXV PRUWDOLW\DQGUHFUXLWPHQWRI 1HZ=HDODQG·VLQGLJHQRXVWLPEHU VSHFLHV1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFH,QIRUPDWLRQ6HULHVS VSHFLHV/DQGFDUH5HVHDUFK&RQWUDFW5HSRUW 5REHUWVRQ$:.HOO\'/DGOH\--6SDUURZ$'(IIHFWV +XVKHHU6:&RRPHV'$5REHUWVRQ$:/RQJWHUP RI SROOLQDWRUORVVRQHQGHPLF1HZ=HDODQG0LVWOHWRHV LQÁ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ÀWVRI PDVWVHHGLQJ(FRORJ\² WHPSHUDWXUHDVDV\QFKURQL]LQJFXH(FRORJ\² .LUNODQG$-RKQV-+%HHFK)RUHVWV1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW 6PDLOO6-&OLQWRQ3:$OOHQ5%'DYLV05&OLPDWH 6HUYLFH:HOOLQJWRQ FXHVDQGUHVRXUFHVLQWHUDFWWRGHWHUPLQHVHHGSURGXFWLRQE\D .XQVWOHU*&RRPHV'$&DQKDP&'6L]HGHSHQGHQFH PDVWLQJVSHFLHV-RXUQDORI (FRORJ\² RI JURZWKDQGPRUWDOLW\LQÁXHQFHWKHVKDGHWROHUDQFHRIWUHHV 6PDOH0&YDQ2HYHUHQ+*OHDVRQ&'.LPEHUOH\02 LQDORZODQGWHPSHUDWHUDLQIRUHVW-RXUQDORI (FRORJ\² '\QDPLFVRI HYHQDJHG1RWKRIDJXVWUXQFDWDDQG1IXVFDVWDQGV /HGJDUG1-1RUWRQ'$6KRRWJURZWKLQ\HDUROG LQ1RUWK:HVWODQG1HZ=HDODQG1HZ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI )RUHVWU\ 1RWKRIDJXVVHHGOLQJV1HZ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI (FRORJ\ 6FLHQFH 0LQLVWU\RI $JULFXOWXUHDQG)RUHVWU\KWWSZZZPDIJRYW 6WHZDUW*+5RVH$%9HEOHQ77)RUHVWGHYHORSPHQW Q]IRUHVWU\IRUHVWU\LQQ]LQGLJHQRXVIRUHVWU\ LQFDQRS\JDSVLQROGJURZWKEHHFK 1RWKRIDJXV IRUHVWVRI 1HZ=HDODQG-RXUQDORI 9HJHWDWLRQ6FLHQFH² 1HXQHU*%DQQLVWHU3)URVWUHVLVWDQFHDQGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR LFHIRUPDWLRQGXULQJQDWXUDOKDUGHQLQJLQUHODWLRQWROHDI  :DUGOH-7KH1HZ=HDODQGEHHFKHV(FRORJ\XWLOLVDWLRQDQG DQDWRP\LQWKUHHHYHUJUHHQWUHHVSHFLHVIURP1HZ=HDODQG7UHH PDQDJHPHQW1HZ=HDODQG)RUHVW6HUYLFH:HOOLQJWRQ 3K\VLRORJ\³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·V1RWKRIDJXVIRUHVWV*HRMRXUQDO )RUHVW5HVHDUFK² 2JGHQ-6WHZDUW*+$OOHQ5%(FRORJ\RI1HZ=HDODQG :LVHU6.%DNHU*%HQHFNH85HJHQHUDWLRQRI UHGDQG 1RWKRIDJXVIRUHVWV3S,Q9HEOHQ77+LOO565HLG VLOYHUEHHFK+RZLPSRUWDQWLVWKHVL]HRI KDUYHVWHGDUHD" - HGV 7KH(FRORJ\DQG%LRJHRJUDSK\RI 1RWKRIDJXVIRUHVWV

64 SCIOn ~

For information on management of native species, contact: Dr David Bergin, Scion Private Bag 3020, Rotorua. 3010 email: [email protected] Phone (07) 343 5899, Fax (07) 343 5332

Tane's Tree Trust was formed in 2001 to encourage New Zealand landowners to plant and sustainably manage native trees for multiple uses. The objectives of the Trust are: promotion of native forestry as an attractive land use option by consolidating and advancing the state of knowledge of native tree species; maximising economic incentives for establishing natives; resolving legal and political obstacles to the planting of natives; and encouragement of knowledge-sharing amongst stakeholders.

If you are interested in joining the network individual subscriptions are $45 with options for donations and corporate membership and sponsorship. For further information on the wotk of the Trust, contact office @tanestrees.org.nz Phone: (07) 858 4404 P.O. Box 12094 Hamilton 3248

INDIGENOUS TREE BULLETIN SERIES The New Zeala!ld Beeches - Establishment, Growth and Management is the sixth in this series of New Zealand Indigenous Tree Bulletins which summarise the latest information about management of planted and naturally regenerating native tree stands. . The focus is on production as well as environmental and social objectives. Bulletin No. 1 is Totara Establishment, Growth, and Management Bulletin No. 2 is Kauri Ecology, Establishn1ent, Gr01vth, and ManagenJent Bulletin No. 3 is Native Trees- Planting and Earfy Management for Wood Production Bulletin No. 4 is Pohutukawa- EcoiO!J) Establishment, Growth, and Managef!Jent Bulletin No. 5 is Fanning with Native Trees Subjects for future Bulletins include: establishment of native hardwood species; and assessment and monitoring of native plantations.

I