DOCSLIB.ORG

An Experimental Study of the Ventral Striatum of the Golden Hamster. 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Experimental Study of the Ventral Striatum of the Golden Hamster. 1 THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 191~167-192(1980) An Experimental Study of the Ventral Striatum of the Golden Hamster. 1. Neuronal Connections of the Nucleus Accumbens RICHARDNEWMANANDSARAHSCHILLINGWINANS Department of Anatomy, The University of Michigan Medial Schml, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ABSTRACT As part of an experimental study of the ventral striatum, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method was used to examine the afferent and efferent neuronal connections of the nucleus accumbens. Following iontophoretic applications or hydraulic injections of HRP in nucleus accumbens, cells labeled by retrograde transport of HRP were observed in the ipsilateral telencephalon in the posterior agranular insular, perirhinal, entorhinal, and primary olfactory cortices, in the subiculum and hippocampal field CA1, and in the anterior and posterior divisions of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. In the diencephalon, labeled neurons were present ipsilaterally in the central medial, paracentral and parafascicular intralaminar nuclei, and in the midline nuclei parataenialis, paraventricularis, and reuniens. Retrograde labeling was observed in the ipsi- lateral brainstem in cells of the ventral tegmental area and dorsal raphe. Many of these projections to nucleus accumbens were found to be topographically organized. Anterograde transport of HRP from nucleus accumbens demonstrated ipsilat- era1 terminal fields in the ventral pallidum and substantia nigra, pars reticulata. The afferent projections to nucleus accumbens from the posterior insular and perirhinal neocortices, intralaminar thalamus, and the dopamine-containing ventral tegmental area are analogous to the connections of the caudatoputamen, as are the efferents from nucleus accumbens to the substantia nigra and ventral globus pallidus. These connections substantiate the classification of nucleus accumbens as a striatal structure and provide support for the recently proposed concept of the ventral striatum. Furthermore, the demonstration that a number of limbic system structures, including the amygdala, hippocampal formation, entorhinal cortex, and olfactory cortex are important sources of afferents to the nucleus accumbens, suggests that the ventral striatum may serve to integrate limbic information into the striatal system. It has recently been suggested that the are largely from the hippocampus, primary nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and olfactory cortex, and amygdala, and thus lim- substriatal gray-three apparently unrelated bic in nature, in contrast to the neocortical basal forebrain areas -are anatomically and input to the dorsal system. The ventral stria- functionally related striatal structures. Hei- tum, then, is one of the few areas in which mer and Wilson (‘75) have applied the term the limbic and striatal systems interface di- “ventral striatum” to these areas collectively rectly. and have provided evidence that they project The nucleus accumbens is the most promi- to a subcommissural portion of the globus nent component of the ventral striatum. The pallidus, which these investigators have called functional significance of this nucleus has his- the “ventral pallidurn.” Heimer and Wilson torically been a topic of considerable debate; have drawn attention to the fact that while accumbens has been variously included in the the neuronal connections of this ventral stria- olfactory, limbic, and striatal systems because to-pallidal system are in part analogous to of its intermediate location between the cau- those of the classical dorsal system, the known datoputamen and septum, and because of the telencephalic afferents of the ventral striatum multitude of connections ascribed to it by 0021-9967/80/1912-0167$04.400 1980 ALAN R. LISS. INC. 168 R. NEWMAN AND S.S. WINANS early investigators. These reported connec- catalepsy, and Pijenburg et al. ('73) have tions include efferents from nucleus accum- shown that injections of ergometrine cause a bens to the septum and caudate nucleus of the substantial increase in motor activity, while macaque (Lauer, '451, the substantia nigra in Smith and Holland ('75) have produced alter- the tamandua and cat (Smith, '30; Rioch, '31), ations in lactation in rats by placing lesions the globus pallidus and the entopeduncular in nucleus accumbens, and Koikegami et al. nucleus of the tamandua (Smith, '30), the rat ('67) have shown electrical stimulation of this hypothalamus and amygdala (Gurdjian, '27, nucleus to induce ovulation in rabbits. '28), and the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of In summary, nucleus accumbens is appar- the cat (Guillery, '59). Afferents to nucleus ently a striatal structure closely associated accumbens have been described from the cat functionally and anatomically with the limbic hippocampus (Fox, '431, the macaque olfactory system. The concept of the ventral striatum tubercle (Lauer, '45), the amygdala of the rat may provide a basis for understanding this (Knook, '66), and the parataenial thalamic relationship. In order to test the validity of nucleus in the rabbit and monkey (Cowan and this concept experimentally, and to further Powell, '55; Powell and Cowan, '56). define the anatomy of the ventral striatum, The application of modern experimental the afferent and efferent neuronal connections techniques to this problem has provided infor- of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory mation suggesting that nucleus accumbens is tubercle, which together compose the majority anatomically related to both the caudatopu- of the ventral striatum, were examined using tamen and the limbic system. Swanson and the method of axonal transport of the protein Cowan ('751, using tritiated thymidine, have horseradish peroxidase (HRP).The results of demonstrated a close ontogenetic relationship HRP experiments in the nucleus accumbens between nucleus accumbens and the caudato- are presented here; those pertaining to the putamen, while Heimer and Wilson ('75) have olfactory tubercle will be described in a second called attention to the histochemical and cy- paper in this series (Newman and Winans, toarchitectural similarities of these two areas. this issue). Furthermore, autoradiographic experiments by a number of researchers have shown the METHODS efferent projections of nucleus accumbens to be largely to the globus pallidus and substan- Fifty male and female golden hamsters tia nigra, and thus similar to the efferents of (Mesocricetus auratus) ranging in weight from the caudatoputamen (Swanson and Cowan, 75 to 130 g received injections or iontophoretic '75; Conrad and Pfaff, '76; Domesick et al., applications of HRP into the nucleus accum- '76). In addition to efferents typical of the bens or neighboring forebrain structures. The striatum, however, projections from nucleus hamsters were anesthetized with sodium pen- tobarbital (75 mg/kg), placed in a Kopf ster- accumbens to limbic areas, including the eotaxic instrument, and subjected to one of preoptic area and hypothalamus, have been the two procedures described below. proposed (Conrad and Pfaff, '76; Williams et al., '77; Nauta et al., '78). Although the afferents of nucleus accum- Iontophoresis bens have never been systematically studied Horseradish peroxidase (Miles Laboratories, with modern methods, this nucleus, like the Inc., Elkhart, Indiana) was applied iontophor- caudatoputamen, is now known to receive af- etically in 20 hamsters. The HRP was pre- ferent fibers from dopaminergic neurons of the pared at a concentration of 500 pglpl in 0.05 ventral midbrain (Ungerstedt, '71; Bjorklund M Tris buffer (pH 8.61 and delivered through and Lindvall, '78; Fallon and Moore, ,781, and a glass micropipette having a tip diameter of projections to the nucleus accumbens have 25-40 pm. Anodal DC pulses of 1.5-3.0 mi- recently been reported from limbic structures croamps (one per second; 500 msec duration) as well, including the subiculum and amyg- were applied with a Grass SD5 or 588 stimu- dala (Swanson and Cowan, '77; Krettek and lator. Current was applied for 10-30 minutes Price, '78a). and the pipette remained in place for 10 min- Pharmacological and electrophysiological utes after the current pulses were stopped studies also suggest that nucleus accumbens before it was withdrawn from the brain. Dur- is related to both the striatum and the limbic ing this time, a constant cathodal direct cur- system. Dill and Costa ('77) have found that rent of 0.15-0.30 microamps was passed to injections of morphine into accumbens produce prevent diffusion of HRP out of the pipette. CONNECTIONS OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS 169 Eighteen to 48 hours after surgery, the sisted of 250 cc of 0.1 N cacodylate-sucrose animals were reanesthetized and perfused solution (pH 7.2 % sucrose), followed by 250 through the heart with 250 ml of cacodylate- cc of fixative containing 5% glutaraldehyde in buffered saline, followed by 250 ml of a fixa- 0.1 N cacodylate buffer. The brains were re- tive containing 3% glutaraldehyde, or 1%par- moved from the skulls following perfusion, aformaldehyde and 1.5% glutaraldehyde. The postfixed for four hours in cold (4°C)25% brains were removed from the skulls and sucrose solution prepared in the perfusion washed overnight in cold (4°C)25% sucrose fixative, then washed for 10-15 hours in cold prepared in the cacodylate-buffered saline so- 25% sucrose prepared in 0.1 N cacodylate lution. The pia was then removed with a buffer. Coronal sections were cut on a freezing rubber eraser, the brains cut coronally in 40 microtome and stored in buffered sucroqe for Fm sections on a freezing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synaptic Organization of Claustral and Geniculate Afferents to the Visual Cortex of the Cat
    The Journal of Neuroscience December 1986, 6(12): 3564-3575 Synaptic Organization of Claustral and Geniculate Afferents to the Visual Cortex of the Cat Simon LeVay Robert Bosch Vision Research Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California 92138 Claustral and geniculate afferents to area 17 were labeled by sponses of some cortical neurons, previously called “hypercom- anterograde axonal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat- plex cells” by Hubel and Wiesel (1965), are suppressed as the germ agglutinin, and examined in the electron microscope. A length of the stimulating slit of light is extended beyond some peroxidase reaction protocol that led to labeling in the form of optimal value. Interestingly, neurons in the visual claustrum minute holes in the EM sections was used. Both types of affer- behave in a complementary fashion: Their responses to an ori- ents formed type 1 (presumed excitatory) synapses exclusively. ented stimulus increase monotonically with stimulus length, In agreement with previous reports the great majority of genic- sometimes showing length summation up to 40” or more-a ulate afferents to layers 4 and 6 contacted dendritic spines. The sizable portion of the animal’s entire field of view (Sherk and claustral afferents to layers 1 and 6 also predominantly con- LeVay, 198 1). tacted spines. In layer 4, however, claustral afferents contacted These observations suggest that claustral neurons contribute spines and dendritic shafts about equally. The results suggest a to end-stopping by exerting a length-dependent inhibition on substantial Claus&al input to smooth-dendrite cells in layer 4, some neurons in the visual cortex.
    [Show full text]
  • Amygdaloid Projections to the Ventral Striatum in Mice: Direct and Indirect Chemosensory Inputs to the Brain Reward System
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 22 August 2011 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00054 Amygdaloid projections to the ventral striatum in mice: direct and indirect chemosensory inputs to the brain reward system Amparo Novejarque1†, Nicolás Gutiérrez-Castellanos2†, Enrique Lanuza2* and Fernando Martínez-García1* 1 Departament de Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain 2 Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain Edited by: Rodents constitute good models for studying the neural basis of sociosexual behavior. Agustín González, Universidad Recent findings in mice have revealed the molecular identity of the some pheromonal Complutense de Madrid, Spain molecules triggering intersexual attraction. However, the neural pathways mediating this Reviewed by: Daniel W. Wesson, Case Western basic sociosexual behavior remain elusive. Since previous work indicates that the dopamin- Reserve University, USA ergic tegmento-striatal pathway is not involved in pheromone reward, the present report James L. Goodson, Indiana explores alternative pathways linking the vomeronasal system with the tegmento-striatal University, USA system (the limbic basal ganglia) by means of tract-tracing experiments studying direct *Correspondence: and indirect projections from the chemosensory amygdala to the ventral striato-pallidum. Enrique Lanuza, Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Amygdaloid projections to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and adjoining struc- Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de tures are studied by analyzing the retrograde transport in the amygdala from dextran València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50 ES-46100 amine and fluorogold injections in the ventral striatum, as well as the anterograde labeling Burjassot, València, Spain. found in the ventral striato-pallidum after dextran amine injections in the amygdala.
    [Show full text]
  • Glutamate Binding in Primate Brain
    Journal of Neuroscience Research 27512-521 (1990) Quisqualate- and NMDA-Sensitive [3H]Glutamate Binding in Primate Brain A.B. Young, G.W. Dauth, Z. Hollingsworth, J.B. Penney, K. Kaatz, and S. Gilman Department of Neurology. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Excitatory amino acids (EAA) such as glutamate and Young and Fagg, 1990). Because EAA are involved in aspartate are probably the neurotransmitters of a general cellular metabolic functions, they were not orig- majority of mammalian neurons. Only a few previous inally considered to be likcl y neurotransmitter candi- studies have been concerned with the distribution of dates. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated con- the subtypes of EAA receptor binding in the primate vincingly the potency of these substances as depolarizing brain. We examined NMDA- and quisqualate-sensi- agents and eventually discerned specific subtypes of tive [3H]glutamate binding using quantitative autora- EAA receptors that responded preferentially to EAA an- diography in monkey brain (Macaca fascicularis). alogs (Dingledine et al., 1988). Coincident with the elec- The two types of binding were differentially distrib- trophysiological studies, biochemical studies indicated uted. NMDA-sensitive binding was most dense in that EAA were released from slice and synaptosome dentate gyrus of hippocampus, stratum pyramidale preparations in a calcium-dependent fashion and were of hippocampus, and outer layers of cerebral cortex. accumulated in synaptosomc preparations by a high-af- Quisqualate-sensitive binding was most dense in den- finity transport system. With these methodologies, EAA tate gyrus of hippocampus, inner and outer layers of release and uptake were found to be selectively de- cerebral cortex, and molecular layer of cerebellum.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of the Hippocampus and the Striatum to Simple Association and Frequency-Based Learning
    www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg NeuroImage 27 (2005) 291 – 298 Contributions of the hippocampus and the striatum to simple association and frequency-based learning Dima Amso,a,b,* Matthew C. Davidson,a Scott P. Johnson,b Gary Glover,c and B.J. Caseya aSackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY 10021, USA bDepartment of Psychology, New York University, NY 10003, USA cDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA Received 8 September 2004; revised 30 January 2005; accepted 8 February 2005 Available online 8 April 2005 Using fMRI and a learning paradigm, this study examined the result from how often an event is encountered or how often it is independent contributions of the hippocampus and striatum to simple presented in a particular context or paired with other events. association and frequency-based learning. We scanned 10 right-handed Understanding the neural bases of these types of learning is the young adult subjects using a spiral in/out sequence on a GE 3.0 T objective of this study. scanner during performance of the learning paradigm. The paradigm A common measure of learning, used in both human infant and consisted of 2 cues that predicted each of 3 targets with varying nonhuman animal research, is response to novelty. The theoretical probabilities. Simultaneously, we varied the frequency with which each target was presented throughout the task, independent of cue framework (Sokolov, 1963) underlying these novelty-preference associations. Subjects had shorter response latencies to frequently paradigms is that attention is oriented more toward novel, relative occurring and highly associated target stimuli and longer response to familiar, stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippocampal–Caudate Nucleus Interactions Support Exceptional Memory Performance
    Brain Struct Funct DOI 10.1007/s00429-017-1556-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hippocampal–caudate nucleus interactions support exceptional memory performance Nils C. J. Müller1 · Boris N. Konrad1,2 · Nils Kohn1 · Monica Muñoz-López3 · Michael Czisch2 · Guillén Fernández1 · Martin Dresler1,2 Received: 1 December 2016 / Accepted: 24 October 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Participants of the annual World Memory competitive interaction between hippocampus and caudate Championships regularly demonstrate extraordinary mem- nucleus is often observed in normal memory function, our ory feats, such as memorising the order of 52 playing cards findings suggest that a hippocampal–caudate nucleus in 20 s or 1000 binary digits in 5 min. On a cognitive level, cooperation may enable exceptional memory performance. memory athletes use well-known mnemonic strategies, We speculate that this cooperation reflects an integration of such as the method of loci. However, whether these feats the two memory systems at issue-enabling optimal com- are enabled solely through the use of mnemonic strategies bination of stimulus-response learning and map-based or whether they benefit additionally from optimised neural learning when using mnemonic strategies as for example circuits is still not fully clarified. Investigating 23 leading the method of loci. memory athletes, we found volumes of their right hip- pocampus and caudate nucleus were stronger correlated Keywords Memory athletes · Method of loci · Stimulus with each other compared to matched controls; both these response learning · Cognitive map · Hippocampus · volumes positively correlated with their position in the Caudate nucleus memory sports world ranking. Furthermore, we observed larger volumes of the right anterior hippocampus in ath- letes.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum Along 2 the Dorsal-Ventral Axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.14.876516; this version posted December 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distinct transcriptomic cell types and neural circuits of the subiculum and prosubiculum along 2 the dorsal-ventral axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E. Hirokawa1, Thuc Nghi Nguyen1, Lucas T. Graybuck1, Olivia 5 Fong1, Phillip Bohn1, Kiet Ngo1, Kimberly A. Smith1, Christof Koch1, John W. Phillips1, Ed S. Lein1, 6 Julie A. Harris1, Bosiljka Tasic1, Hongkui Zeng1 7 8 1Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA 9 10 2Lead Contact 11 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] (SLD) 13 14 15 Highlights 16 17 1. 27 transcriptomic cell types identified in and spatially registered to “subicular” regions. 18 2. Anatomic borders of “subicular” regions reliably determined along dorsal-ventral axis. 19 3. Distinct cell types and circuits of full-length subiculum (Sub) and prosubiculum (PS). 20 4. Brain-wide cell-type specific projections of Sub and PS revealed with specific Cre-lines. 21 22 23 In Brief 24 25 Ding et al. show that mouse subiculum and prosubiculum are two distinct regions with differential 26 transcriptomic cell types, subtypes, neural circuits and functional correlation. The former has obvious 27 topographic projections to its main targets while the latter exhibits widespread projections to many 28 subcortical regions associated with reward, emotion, stress and motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
    Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfactory Maps, Circuits and Computations
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Olfactory maps, circuits and computations Andrew J Giessel and Sandeep Robert Datta Sensory information in the visual, auditory and somatosensory between local positional features to extract information systems is organized topographically, with key sensory features like object identity, depth and motion [4–6]. Unlike the ordered in space across neural sheets. Despite the existence of a small number of continuous sensory parameters that spatially stereotyped map of odor identity within the olfactory characterize vision, audition and touch (such as position, bulb, it is unclear whether the higher olfactory cortex uses frequency and amplitude), olfactory parameter space is topography to organize information about smells. Here, we poorly defined and highly multidimensional [7]. For review recent work on the anatomy, microcircuitry and example, any given monomolecular odorant can be neuromodulation of two higher-order olfactory areas: the described in terms of its functional groups, molecular piriform cortex and the olfactory tubercle. The piriform is an weight, chain length, bond substitution, resonance fre- archicortical region with an extensive local associational network quency or any number of additional chemical descrip- that constructs representations of odor identity. The olfactory tors. Furthermore, olfactory space is inherently tubercle is an extension of the ventral striatum that may use discrete — not only are individual odorants structurally reward-based learning rules to encode odor valence. We argue unique but many of the molecular descriptors typically that in contrast to brain circuits for other sensory modalities, both used for individual odorants (such as functional group or the piriform and the olfactory tubercle largely discard any bond substitution) cannot be mapped continuously in topography present in the bulb and instead use distributive any scheme for chemical space.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippocampal Subfield Volumes Are Uniquely Affected in PTSD and Depression
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/739094; this version posted August 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Hippocampal subfields in PTSD and depression Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group Lauren E. Salminen1, Philipp G. Sämann2, Yuanchao Zheng3, Emily L. Dennis1,4–6, Emily K. Clarke-Rubright7,8, Neda Jahanshad1, Juan E. Iglesias9–11, Christopher D. Whelan12,13, Steven E. Bruce14, Jasmeet P. Hayes15, Soraya Seedat16, Christopher L. Averill17, Lee A. Baugh18–20, Jessica Bomyea21,22, Joanna Bright1, Chanellé J. Buckle16, Kyle Choi23,24, Nicholas D. Davenport25,26, Richard J. Davidson27–29, Maria Densmore30,31, Seth G. Disner25,26, Stefan du Plessis16, Jeremy A. Elman22,32, Negar Fani33, Gina L. Forster18,19,34, Carol E. Franz22,32, Jessie L. Frijling35, Atilla Gonenc36–38, Staci A. Gruber36–38, Daniel W. Grupe27, Jeffrey P. Guenette39, Courtney C. Haswell7,8, David Hofmann40, Michael Hollifield41, Babok Hosseini42, Anna R. Hudson43, Jonathan Ipser44, Tanja Jovanovic45, Amy Kennedy-Krage42, Mitzy Kennis46,47, Anthony King48, Philipp Kinzel49, Saskia B. J. Koch35,50, Inga Koerte4, Sheri M. Koopowitz44, Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar51, William S. Kremen21,22,32, John Krystal17,52, Lauren A. M. Lebois37,53, Ifat Levy17,54, Michael J. Lyons55, Vincent A. Magnotta56, Antje Manthey57, Soichiro Nakahara58,59, Laura Nawijn35,60, Richard W. J.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Subcortical Gray Structures
    Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas: Subcortical Gray Structures Manual Tracing for Hippocampus, Amygdala, Caudate, and Putamen Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Tracing is done in a combination of the three orthogonal planes, as specified in the detailed methods that follow. B) Each region of interest was originally defined in the right hemisphere. The labels were then reflected onto the left hemisphere and all borders checked and adjusted manually when necessary. C) For the initial parcellation, the user used the “paint over function” of IRIS/SNAP on the T1 template of the atlas. I. Hippocampus Major Boundaries Superior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn in the majority of slices. At its most lateral extent (subiculum) the superior boundary is white matter. The inferior boundary is white matter. The anterior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn and the amygdala; the posterior boundary is lateral ventricle or white matter. The medial boundary is CSF at the center of the brain in all but the most posterior slices (where the medial boundary is white matter). The lateral boundary is white matter. The hippocampal trace includes dentate gyrus, the CA3 through CA1 regions of the hippocamopus, subiculum, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Tracing A) Tracing is done primarily in the sagittal plane, working lateral to medial a. Locate the most lateral extent of the subiculum, which is bounded on all sides by white matter, and trace. b. As you page medially, tracing the hippocampus in each slice, the superior, anterior, and posterior boundaries of the hippocampus become the lateral ventricle/temporal horn. c. Even further medially, the anterior boundary becomes amygdala and the posterior boundary white matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects on Dopamine Uptake in Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2016 Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Ferdous, Nafisa, "Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2016. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2016 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE CAUSES LONG TERM EFFECTS ON DOPAMINE UPTAKE IN CULTURED CELLS By Nafisa Ferdous Bachelor of Science, North South University, Bangladesh 2012 A Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2016 ii PERMISSION Title Chronic amphetamine exposure causes long term effects on dopamine uptake in cultured cells Department Biomedical Sciences Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies.
    [Show full text]