ÉTUDE DES PERTURBATIONS INDUITES PAR LES ASTÉROÏDES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS DES PLANÈTES ET DES SONDES SPATIALES AUTOUR DU POINT DE LAGRANGE L2 Petr Kuchynka

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ÉTUDE DES PERTURBATIONS INDUITES PAR LES ASTÉROÏDES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS DES PLANÈTES ET DES SONDES SPATIALES AUTOUR DU POINT DE LAGRANGE L2 Petr Kuchynka ÉTUDE DES PERTURBATIONS INDUITES PAR LES ASTÉROÏDES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS DES PLANÈTES ET DES SONDES SPATIALES AUTOUR DU POINT DE LAGRANGE L2 Petr Kuchynka To cite this version: Petr Kuchynka. ÉTUDE DES PERTURBATIONS INDUITES PAR LES ASTÉROÏDES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS DES PLANÈTES ET DES SONDES SPATIALES AUTOUR DU POINT DE LA- GRANGE L2. Planète et Univers [physics]. Observatoire de Paris, 2010. Français. tel-00557567 HAL Id: tel-00557567 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557567 Submitted on 19 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ÉCOLE DOCTORALE D’ASTRONOMIE ET D’ASTROPHYSIQUE D’ILE DE FRANCE THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS présentée par Petr KUCHYNKA pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’Observatoire de Paris en Astronomie et Astrophysique ÉTUDE DES PERTURBATIONS INDUITES PAR LES ASTÉROÏDES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS DES PLANÈTES ET DES SONDES SPATIALES AUTOUR DU POINT DE LAGRANGE L2 dirigée par Jacques LASKAR et Agnès FIENGA soutenue le 3 décembre 2010, devant le jury composé de : Jean-Baptiste Caillau........................................................examinateur Nicole Capitaine........................................................présidente du jury Agnès Fienga.............................................................directrice de thèse Àngel Jorba...........................................................................rapporteur Sergei Klioner........................................................................rapporteur Jacques Laskar............................................................directeur de thèse Flavien Mercier...................................................................examinateur François Mignard................................................................examinateur Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides [email protected] ii À mes anciens professeurs sans lesquels ce travail n’aurait pas eu lieu : Ch. Derras, R. Rahma, Mme. et M. Carin Remerciements Je suis reconnaissant à Jacques Laskar de m’avoir accepté comme étudiant et de m’avoir systématiquement soutenu dans tous mes projets. Je suis également reconnaissant à Agnès Fienga d’avoir bien voulu suivre de près mon travail. Je remercie infiniment Philippe Robutel pour toutes les discussions que nous avons eues pendant ses pauses cafés. Ces échanges m’ont procuré un vrai plaisir de réflexion. Ils ont en plus motivé une partie importante des recherches présentées dans cette thèse. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Ana Gomez qui a suivi la préparation de mon doctorat depuis le Master. Je veux remercier Nicolas Rambaux pour ses conseils et son soutien. Les bonnes conditions de travail, je les dois à l’ensemble de l’équipe IMCCE. En particulier je remercie Isabelle Nicolas et Mickaël Gastineau qui m’ont toujours aidé avec gentillesse dans mes soucis administratifs et informatiques. Un grand merci également à Agnès Patu pour les relectures. Mon moral a été maintenu au cours de ces longues années grâce à François Farago. Merci ! Pour la même raison, je veux remercier Marc Palenicek et Alyette Boutry. Je suis très reconnaissant à mes parents et à Nolwenn pour leur appui bienveillant. iii iv Résumé Étude de perturbations induites par les astéroïdes sur les mouvements des planètes et des sondes spatiales autour du point de Lagrange L2 L’objectif de la thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration du modèle des astéroïdes dans l’éphé- méride INPOP (Intégration Numérique Planétaire de l’Observatoire de Paris). La prise en compte imparfaite des astéroïdes dans les modèles dynamiques est considérée aujourd’hui comme le fac- teur limitant de la qualité des éphémérides, que ce soit en terme de précision des paramètres ajustés ou en terme de capacité à extrapoler les éphémérides au-delà des observations dispo- nibles. Le grand nombre d’astéroïdes présents dans le Système Solaire et le peu d’informations disponibles sur leurs masses rendent en effet l’implémentation de ces objets particulièrement difficile. Après la présentation d’un cadre analytique et la recherche numérique des astéroïdes les plus perturbateurs, on propose une approche nouvelle. L’approche consiste à sélectionner un nombre restreint d’individus parmi un ensemble d’environ 25000 astéroïdes de telle sorte que la perturbation induite sur les planètes par l’ensemble, privé de la sélection, soit similaire à la perturbation induite par un anneau solide centré sur le Soleil. L’optimisation de la sélection fait partie des problèmes quadratiques mixtes où on cherche à ajuster simultanément des paramètres réels et entiers. On compile une nouvelle liste de 276 astéroïdes à implémenter avec un anneau dans le modèle dynamique d’une éphéméride planétaire. L’optimisation de la sélection dépend des masses incertaines des astéroïdes, par conséquent les résultats sont obtenus dans le cadre d’expériences Monte-Carlo où les masses des astéroïdes varient de manière aléatoire dans des intervalles raisonnables. On introduit la méthode de régularisation de Tikhonov avec contraintes de boîtes pour l’ajustement efficace du nouveau modèle. Une deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude des effets qui peuvent être induits par les astéroïdes sur une orbite quasi-périodique autour du point de Lagrange L2 du système Terre-Soleil. Ce point accueille depuis 2009 les satellites Herschel et Planck et accueillera dans les prochaines années la mission Gaia. Les satellites Herschel et Planck sont pris comme cas d’étude. Leurs orbites nominales sont déterminées par le calcul de la forme normale du problème circulaire restreint à 3 corps. Les orbites obtenues sont ensuite injectées dans le modèle dynamique de INPOP et stabilisées par la méthode de multiple-shooting. On développe un cadre analytique, basé sur le problème quasi-bicirculaire restreint, permettant de prédire l’effet d’un astéroïde en orbite circulaire sur les sondes. Les perturbations induites par des astéroïdes évoluant sur des orbites réalistes sont ensuite étudiées en intégrant avec INPOP les sondes successivement en présence et en absence d’astéroïdes particuliers. On montre que les effets des astéroïdes sont, de manière générale, négligeables. v vi Abstract A study of asteroid perturbations on planetary orbits and on spacecrafts or- biting the Lagrangian point L2 The purpose of this thesis is the improvement of the asteroid model in the planetary ephemeris INPOP (Intégration Numérique Planétaire de l’Observatoire de Paris). Asteroids are particularly difficult to implement in the dynamical model of an ephemeris because of their large number and because of the lack of accurate measurements of their masses. An analytical framework, suitable for the study of asteroid perturbations, is presented. After numerically searching for the most perturbing asteroids in terms of the amplitude of the individual perturbations induced on the planets, we explore a new approach. This consists in searching for a limited number of objects that should be removed from a selection of 25000 asteroids in order to achieve the best similarity between the perturbation induced by the remaining asteroids and the perturbation induced by a solid ring centered on the Sun. The problem falls into the category of mixed integer quadratic problems where real as well as integer parameters are fitted in order to obtain an optimal solution. We provide a new list of 276 asteroids that together with a ring should be accounted for in the dynamical model of the ephemeris. As the optimal selection depends on asteroid masses, the list is based on Monte Carlo experiments in which the asteroid masses are randomly varied within reasonable intervals. The Tikhonov regularization with box constraints is presented as a method to fit the new model to observations. A second part of the study is concerned with asteroid perturbations induced on spacecrafts orbiting the Earth-Sun Lagrangian point L2. The point harbors since 2009 the Herschel and Planck observatories, it was also selected for the incoming Gaia mission. The nominal orbits of Herschel and Planck are determined by calculating the normal form for the circular restricted 3 body problem hamiltonian. The orbits are then injected into INPOP and stabilized by the multiple-shooting method. An analytical framework based on the quasi-bicircular problem is developed to predict the perturbations induced on the spacecrafts by asteroids on circular orbits. The perturbations induced by asteroids on realistic orbits are obtained numerically by comparing integrations with INPOP of both spacecrafts in presence of various asteroids. We show that in general the perturbations induced by the asteroids are negligible. vii viii Table des matières Contexte et motivation 1 1 Introduction 6 1.1 L’intégrateur et l’éphéméride INPOP . 6 1.1.1 Modèle dynamique . 6 1.1.2 Repères et échelles de temps . 7 1.1.3 Ajustements aux observations . 7 1.2 Orbites des astéroïdes . 9 1.2.1 La base de donnée Astorb . 9 1.2.2 Incertitudes . 10 1.2.3 Distribution spatiale . 11 1.3 Masses des astéroïdes . 11 1.3.1 Méthode astrométrique . 12 1.3.2 Autres méthodes .
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