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Om Hemforande NORDISK MUSEOLOGI 1994•1, S. 53-6 4 OM HEMFORANDE Sverker Sorlin Hemforande ar evigt manskligt. Tank pa jagarnas lager, hur kvinnorna atervande hem i aftonen med natter och bar, hur mannen slapade hem ett just fallt byte. Tank pa "Sista !asset in ". Tank pa dig eller mig, just atervanda ftan varuhuset med Julia shoppingpasar. Vi JYller garderober och kylskap med nyss forvarvade varor. Det verkar som om det finns en tillfredsstallelse knuten till hemforandet. Visst - det har varit arbete. Det ar under svett och moda som vi hemfor. Men nar vi hemfort skall vi fira! Det existerar inte nagon teori om hemforande, inte ens en hemforandets historia. Det finns en samlandets historia. Det finns backer och tidskrifter om samlande och samlare och samlingar. Om hemforandet finns, savitt jag vet, ingenting sarskilt. Samlande och hemforande ar inte identis­ DEN DANSKA ARAB/EN - ka. Samlande forutsatter en intention: EXPEDITIONEN 1761-1767 samlingen. Hemforaren kan forstas vara en samlare Mitt forsta exempel handlar om den dan­ - och ar det ofta. Men han kan ocksa vara ska expeditionen till Framre Orienten utan sadan vilja till ackumulation. 1761-1767. Den var liten, fem veten­ Hemforande kan vara aterkomst i triumf skapsman och en tjanare. Hjarnan bakom med trofeer och byten, men ocksa resulta­ expeditionen var den valkande Gottingen­ tet av planloshetens flyktiga ogonblick. filologen och orientalisten Johan David Vad som har skall folja ar tre historiska Michaelis. Han visste vad man skulle leta exempel pa hemforande. De reser fragor efter i Arabien, vilka fragor som skulle som galler den symboliska karaktaren hos stallas, vilka manuskript som skulle kopas. hemforda foremal. De beror agandets Han hade ocksa klart for sig vilka som var natur och begarets sublimering. Mina mest lampade att delta. Om allt detta exempel ar kopplade till expeditioner, skrev han en utforlig instruktion, som vetenskapliga eller foregivet vetenskapliga. senare (1762) ocksa trycktes. 1 Vetenskap brukar ibland beskrivas som ett Michaelis vande sig till kung Frederik V systematiskt'samlande. Med eller utan sys­ med sin ide. Den danske kungen kande tematik - det finns ett element av hemfo­ sig lockad men inte alldeles overtygad av rande i vetenskapen. den tyske professorns forslag och bad dar- SVERKER SORLIN 54 for fyra danska professorer att kommente­ Kalis synpunkter upprepades i den slut­ ra Michaelis' instruktion. De fyra accepte­ giltiga instruktionen, som Hans Majestat rade den, men med vissa talande tillagg sjalv signerade. Dokumentet, daterat 15 och fortydliganden. december 1760, ar anmarkningsvart En av dem, J. C. Kall, tog alldeles sar­ modernt och tolerant till sin anda. skilt upp ett tema: den danska aran. Kungen understrok att alla fem i expedi­ Temat hade aven intresserat Michaelis, tionen skulle ha jambordig stallning, vid som ·i instruktionen menat att det var omrostningar skulle alias rost vaga lika. 11 rimligt att den nation, vars kung anord­ lngen ledare utsags. Att kalla det for nat denna exped~[ion sjalv skulle skorda Niebuhr-expeditionen, som man ofta gor, frukterna av den); Michaelis hade ocksa ar darfor ett misstag. Den enda sarskilda noterat att Hans Majestat for sina bidrag uppgift Carsten Niebuhr fick, vid sidan av till denna hornsten i Vasterlandets kun­ sina plikter som matematiker och geograf, skap om Arabien kunde rakna med att var att forvara expeditionens kassa. motta 11 ara i alla framtida larobocker". Kungen var angelagen att mota de krav For Kall hangde den danska aran sam­ som stalldes av tidens vetenskapssamhalle. man med forvarvandet av manuskript. Han ville exempelvis att var och en av Anstrangningarna att skaffa manuskript expeditionsdeltagarna skulle fora dagbok fick pa inga villkor begransas av en snal oberoende av de andra, eftersom 11 i budget, forklarade han. Det var ytterst Europa ... det betraktas som mest palidigt 11 vasendigt att Det Kongelige Bibliotek i som bekraftas av flera vittnen • Avsikten Kopenhamn genom de nya skrifterna var att betona expeditionens internationel­ skulle fa del av 11 betydande ny lyskraft och la syftning; vad som raknades var ara.. " . Danmarks stallning i den vetenskapliga Kall undrade vidare om det inte skulle varlden. A andra sidan skulle det inte rada vara klokt att forbjuda expeditionsdelta­ nagot tvivel om att detta var en dansk garna att sanda manuskript till andra des­ expedition. Det var den danske ambassa­ tinationer an Det Kongelige Bibliotek. doren vid Hoga Porten som skulle svara Det fanns ju en risk att den kungliga mis­ for de lokala arrangemangen, utfarda pass sionen i Tranquebar eljest skulle sanda och sa vidare. alltsammans till Halle, vilket enligt Kall Kungen utbad sig om att expeditionen intraffat tidigare. Kall deklarerade att skulle anskaffa texter i naturalhistoria, eftersom Kungen av Danmark var den geografi och historia, liksom aldre codices­ framste finansiaren, skulle han ocksa ha versioner av bibeln pa hebreiska och gre­ 11 ratt till resans hela resultat och till den kiska. Alla manuskript skulle, heter det an berommelse det for med sig, och ... resena­ en gang, sandas till "Vart kungliga biblio­ 11 rerna skall foljdenligt ... sanda alla sina svar tek i Kopenhamn , eller levereras vid ater­ [pa fragor som de skulle forses med av komsten till Danmark. andra vetenskapsman] till Hans Excellens Expeditionen skulle motta fragor fran greve von Moltke varefter Hans Excellens akademier runtom i Europa. Men svaren kan vidarebefordra dem till deras ratta pa fragorna skulle forst sandas till destinationsorter... " Kopenhamn, sa att att kopior skulle kun- OM HEMFORANDE na goras dar. Denna regel gallde aven snav mening, men nog maste det betraktas 55 teckningar och skisser, kartor, dokument, som en aspekt pa vetenskapens anvandbar­ naturalhistoriska objekt och andra fore­ het att den pa detta satt fungerade som en mal, liksom dagbockerna. Saledes: all ny trofe, en symbolisk manifestation. Veten­ kunskap och alla materiella objekt som skap skankte status pa den internationella expeditionen fick ihop skulle foras till scenen, at vetenskapens hemlander och at Kopenhamn - eller som instruktionen for­ deras furstar och regenter. mulerade det: "ingen annanstans an just Bibliotek, kabinett, museer och andra • II d1t . vetenskapliga samlingar spelade i sjalva Detta kan verka en smula overdrivet; verket allt viktigare roller i den sociala expeditionen utgick ju faktiskt fran konstruktionen av sjalvmedvetande och Danmark. Men det behovde faktiskt sagas. prestige. De bidrog ocksa till den sociala Det fanns ett internationellt vetenskaps·· konstruktionen av varde. Som Lorraine samhalle som var angelaget att ta del av Daston har foreslagit kan museernas och expeditionens resultat. Resultaten var bade samlandets tidiga historia lasas som en universellt giltiga och attraktiva, det fanns berattelse om hur varde blev till. 2 Det sall­ en reel! risk att de skulle kunna hamna pa synta och frammande betraktades som andra platser i Europa. Det gallde bade vardefullt och upphojdes, tillskrevs aura. publiceringen av artiklar och hocker och Denna vardeskapande process har forknip­ forvaringen av de hemforda foremalen. pats med hovet, aristokratin och de ledan­ Kopenhamn var knappast ett forsta rang­ de kopmannaskikten. 3 Men aven vetenska­ ens vetenskapligt centrum vid mitten av pens utovare och gynnare laddade objek­ 1700-talet, och alternativa arenor for ten med symboliskt varde. publicering och visning var latta att tanka Konstforemal och naturalier fran fjarran sig. lander fick en konkret funktion som gavor Expeditionsmedlemmarna var i sig sjalva och skanker i ett intrikat europeiskt varde­ kosmopolitiska figurer. Niebuhr var system. Hemma hos en direktor i det hol­ dansk, fast fran det tysktalande Holstein. landska Ostindiska kompaniet, represente­ Petrus Forsskal var fodd i Helsingfors och rade yxor, skoldar eller jakarandaskrin en hade studerat i Uppsala for Linne och i heh annan och djupare mening an de Gottingen under Michaelis. Tva andra nagonsin gjorde som faktiska vittnesbord danskar medfoljde: Frederik Christian von om sina ursprungsplatser. Det var pa sam­ Haven, som ocksa last hos Michaelis, och ma satt med vetenskapliga objekt. En Christian Carl Kramer, en ung lakare som pisang, en papegoja eller ett odleskinn annu inte slutfort sin utbildning. Tysken ansags spegla agarens vittfamnande kon­ Georg Wilhelm Baurenfeind, som var takter, hans upphojda intressen, hans expeditionens tecknare, var fodd betydelse, valstand och status. Sadana Niirnberg men utbildad i Kopenhamn. samlare fanns ofta i vetenskapens narhet, Frederik V demonstrerade en tidstypisk som exempelvis direktoren i det holland­ patriotism i sitt beslut att centralisera ska Ostindiska kompaniet, George samlingarna till den danska huvudstaden. Clifford, vars tradgard Linne skildrade i Kanske kan det inte kallas nytta i nagon sitt arbete Hortus Clijfortianus (1737). En SVERKER SORLIN 56 kollega till Clifford, Nicolaas Witsen, hol­ nitiska och de skulle utnyttja vetenskapens landsk diplomat och sjalv framjare av senaste metoder. Kungen bad t. ex. vetenskapen, mottog bland annat nagra Forsskal iaktta de principer Linne udagt tidiga exemplar av kangurun. Detta mark­ aret innan i dissertationen Instructiones liga pungdjur blev snart en ikon for den peregrinatoris (1759). Befalhavaren pa den mest frammande av varldar, Nya Holland orlogsman som skulle fora expeditionen (Australien), och ett tydligare tecken pa till Arabien skulle ge allt tankbart bisrand agarens status och kontakt med tidens glo­ till forskningen. Nationens
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