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Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory
DANGEROUSLY FREE: OUTLAWS AND NATION-MAKING IN LITERATURE OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY by Jenna Hunnef A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Jenna Hunnef 2016 Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory Jenna Hunnef Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto 2016 Abstract In this dissertation, I examine how literary representations of outlaws and outlawry have contributed to the shaping of national identity in the United States. I analyze a series of texts set in the former Indian Territory (now part of the state of Oklahoma) for traces of what I call “outlaw rhetorics,” that is, the political expression in literature of marginalized realities and competing visions of nationhood. Outlaw rhetorics elicit new ways to think the nation differently—to imagine the nation otherwise; as such, I demonstrate that outlaw narratives are as capable of challenging the nation’s claims to territorial or imaginative title as they are of asserting them. Borrowing from Abenaki scholar Lisa Brooks’s definition of “nation” as “the multifaceted, lived experience of families who gather in particular places,” this dissertation draws an analogous relationship between outlaws and domestic spaces wherein they are both considered simultaneously exempt from and constitutive of civic life. In the same way that the outlaw’s alternately celebrated and marginal status endows him or her with the power to support and eschew the stories a nation tells about itself, so the liminality and centrality of domestic life have proven effective as a means of consolidating and dissenting from the status quo of the nation-state. -
Redbird Sixkiller Was Born on July 1, 1807 in Cherokee Nation East, Near Lookout Mountain, Georgia
Redbird A06 Sixkiller 1868 Washington, DC Redbird Sixkiller was born on July 1, 1807 in Cherokee Nation East, near Lookout Mountain, Georgia. As a youth he attended elementary and secondary school in that area, and later he received a scholarship from the Guess Family, a Quaker family, and attended school in New Ark, Delaware, where he studied law and phi- losophy. About 1836, just prior to the Cherokee Removal, Redbird married Pamelia Whaley. She was also born in the Cherokee Nation East. In 1837 Red- bird and Pamelia were informed that they would be forcibly removed from Georgia and would be relocated to Indian Territory, west of the Missis- sippi River. The Indian Removal has become known as The Trail of Tears. Redbird and Pamelia arrived in the Goingsnake District of Indian Territory in the Spring of 1838. They settled near the present day village of Westville, Oklahoma, where they raised a family of eight, five boys and three girls. In 1861 the Civil War started. One would think that an Indian who had been forcibly evicted from his home in Georgia and moved to Indian Territory would not have warm feelings about the United States. Redbird enlisted in the Union Army, and after training he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Union Artillery of the Second Brigade. Redbird’s son Samuel served as an enlisted man in the same unit. Redbird served in the Union Army from July 11,1862 until May 31,1865. He was mustered out at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory. His unit was in the battle of Newtonia, Missouri during Sept. -
Cherokee Genealogy Resource Presentation
FindingFinding youryour CherokeeCherokee AncestorsAncestors ““MyMy GrandmotherGrandmother waswas aa CherokeeCherokee Princess!Princess! ”” WhereWhere toto begin?begin? Information to collect: Names (including maiden names of females) Date and place of birth Date and place of marriage Date and place of death Names of siblings (i.e., brothers and sisters) and Rolls and Roll Numbers SampleSample IndividualIndividual InformationInformation Name:Name: WilliamWilliam CoxCox Born:Born: 77--JuneJune --18941894 inin DelawareDelaware Dist,Dist, CherokeeCherokee NationNation Married:Married: 1515 --OctoberOctober --19191919 inin BlountBlount County,County, TennesseeTennessee toto PollyPolly MorrisMorris Died:Died: 33--AprilApril --19731973 inin Nashville,Nashville, TennesseeTennessee RollRoll // CensusCensus Information:Information: 18961896 CensusCensus // DelawareDelaware DistDist -- RollRoll #517#517 BirthBirth RecordsRecords Oklahoma birth records have been kept since 1925 and are availab le from: Division of Vital Records Oklahoma State Dept. of Health 100 NE 10th Ave PO Box 53551 Oklahoma City, OK 73152 -3551 NOTE: Before 1947, all birth records are filed under the father' s name. After 1947, all birth records are filed under the child's name. Birth Affidavits for Minor Cherokees born (1902 to 1906) were in cluded in the Dawes Applications, and are available from: Oklahoma Historical Society 2401 N Laird Oklahoma City, OK 73105 -4997 Guion Miller Applications also include birthdates and proof of family relationships. These are available -
Vice in the Veil of Justice: Embedding Race and Gender in Frontier Tourism Daniel Richard Maher University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2013 Vice in the Veil of Justice: Embedding Race and Gender in Frontier Tourism Daniel Richard Maher University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Folklore Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Maher, Daniel Richard, "Vice in the Veil of Justice: Embedding Race and Gender in Frontier Tourism" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 817. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/817 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Vice in the Veil of Justice: Embedding Race and Gender in Frontier Tourism Vice in the Veil of Justice: Embedding Race and Gender in Frontier Tourism A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology By Daniel R. Maher Illinois State University Bachelor of Science in Sociology, 1990 Illinois State University Master of Science in Sociology, 1992 August 2013 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ________________________________________ Dr. Kirstin Erickson Dissertation Director ________________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. JoAnn D’Alisera Dr. Ted Swedenburg Committee Member Committee Member _________________________________________ Dr. Patrick Williams Committee Member ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes how “frontier” discourses in Fort Smith, Arkansas simultaneously constitute mythological narratives that elide the deleterious effects of imperialism, racism, and sexism, while they operate as marketing schemes in the wager that they will attract cultural heritage tourists. -
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma Hosts Keetoowah Cherokee Language Classes Throughout the Tribal Jurisdictional Area on an Ongoing Basis
OKLAHOMA INDIAN TRIBE EDUCATION GUIDE United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (Oklahoma Social Studies Standards, OSDE) Tribe: United Keetoowah (ki-tu’-wa ) Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma Tribal website(s): www.keetoowahcherokee.org 1. Migration/movement/forced removal Oklahoma History C3 Standard 2.3 “Integrate visual and textual evidence to explain the reasons for and trace the migrations of Native American peoples including the Five Tribes into present-day Oklahoma, the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and tribal resistance to the forced relocations.” Oklahoma History C3 Standard 2.7 “Compare and contrast multiple points of view to evaluate the impact of the Dawes Act which resulted in the loss of tribal communal lands and the redistribution of lands by various means including land runs as typified by the Unassigned Lands and the Cherokee Outlet, lotteries, and tribal allotments.” Original Homeland Archeologists say that Keetoowah/Cherokee families began migrating to a new home in Arkansas by the late 1790's. A Cherokee delegation requested the President divide the upper towns, whose people wanted to establish a regular government, from the lower towns who wanted to continue living traditionally. On January 9, 1809, the President of the United States allowed the lower towns to send an exploring party to find suitable lands on the Arkansas and White Rivers. Seven of the most trusted men explored locations both in what is now Western Arkansas and also Northeastern Oklahoma. The people of the lower towns desired to remove across the Mississippi to this area, onto vacant lands within the United States so that they might continue the traditional Cherokee life. -
Note to Users
NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. LIFE HISTORY OF SAMMY STILL, A TRADITIONAL WESTERN CHEROKEE IN MODERN AMERICA By Juliette E. Sligar Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Public Anthropology Chair: Richard J. Dent"'' (\ Cesare Marino Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Date 2005 American University Washington, D.C. 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1425664 Copyright 2005 by Sligar, Juliette E. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1425664 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
These Hills, This Trail: Cherokee Outdoor Historical Drama and The
THESE HILLS, THIS TRAIL: CHEROKEE OUTDOOR HISTORICAL DRAMA AND THE POWER OF CHANGE/CHANGE OF POWER by CHARLES ADRON FARRIS III (Under the Direction of Marla Carlson and Jace Weaver) ABSTRACT This dissertation compares the historical development of the Cherokee Historical Association’s (CHA) Unto These Hills (1950) in Cherokee, North Carolina, and the Cherokee Heritage Center’s (CHC) The Trail of Tears (1968) in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Unto These Hills and The Trail of Tears were originally commissioned to commemorate the survivability of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the Cherokee Nation (CN) in light of nineteenth- century Euramerican acts of deracination and transculturation. Kermit Hunter, a white southern American playwright, wrote both dramas to attract tourists to the locations of two of America’s greatest events. Hunter’s scripts are littered, however, with misleading historical narratives that tend to indulge Euramerican jingoistic sympathies rather than commemorate the Cherokees’ survivability. It wasn’t until 2006/1995 that the CHA in North Carolina and the CHC in Oklahoma proactively shelved Hunter’s dramas, replacing them with historically “accurate” and culturally sensitive versions. Since the initial shelving of Hunter’s scripts, Unto These Hills and The Trail of Tears have undergone substantial changes, almost on a yearly basis. Artists have worked to correct the romanticized notions of Cherokee-Euramerican history in the dramas, replacing problematic information with more accurate and culturally specific material. Such modification has been and continues to be a tricky endeavor: the process of improvement has triggered mixed reviews from touristic audiences and from within Cherokee communities themselves. -
This Document Is Made Available Electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library As Part of an Ongoing Digital Archiving Project
This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND WRITINGS ON AMIIEIRIICAN IINIDIIANS RUSSELL THORNTON and MARY K. GRASMICK ~ ~" 'lPIH/:\RyrII~ F l\IHNN QlA A publication of the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, 311 Walter Library, 117 Pleasant St. S.E., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 The content of this report is the responsibility of the authors and is not necessarily endorsed by CURA. Publication No. 79-1, 1979. Cover design by Janet Huibregtse. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 American and Ethnic Studies Journals . 3 Journals Surveyed 4 Bibliography 5 Economics Journals 13 Journals Surveyed 14 Bibliography 15 Geography Journals 17 Journals Surveyed 18 Bibliography 19 History Journals . 25 Journals Surveyed . 26 Bibliography 28 Interdisciplinary Social Science Journals .133 Journals Surveyed .134 Bibliography .135 Political Science Journals . .141 Journals Surveyed .142 Bibliography .143 Sociology Journals • .145 Journals Surveyed . .146 Bibliography .148 INTRODUCTION Social science disciplines vary widely in the extent to which they contain scholarly knowledge on American Indians. Anthropology and history contain the most knowledge pertaining to American Indians, derived from their long traditions of scholarship focusing on American Indians. The other social sciences are far behind. Consequently our social science knowledge about American Indian peoples and their concerns is not balanced but biased by the disciplinary perspectives of anthropology and history. The likelihood that American society contains little realistic knowledge about contemporary American Indians in comparison to knowledge about traditional and historical American Indians is perhaps a function of this disciplinary imbalance. -
DDKX CABDS Intermarried Whites—Cherokee Nation Schools
H3HDRICK8, SAM. INTERVIEW / Ct I <J c> «J 0 / 152 DDKX CABDS Intermarried whites—Cherokee Nation Schools—Cherokee JSation Malaria—Indian Territory Medicine—Cherokee Tuberculosis—Cherokees file c tions —Cherokee Intoxicants—Cherokee Nation Law enforcement—Cherokee Pac t ion s—Cheroke e Civil War—Cherokee Hatipn SAM. IOTSBTIEW ^ 153 INTERVIEW WITH SAM HENDRICKS FIELD WORKER GUS HUMMINGBIRD. April 26, 1937 Sam Hentricks was born in Goingsnake District in the Cherokee Nation, June 10, 1859* Mr. Hendricks was raised in poverty and like many other Indians boys of his time, he did not attend »chool. Mr. Hendrick's mother, Mary Fourkiller, a fuH-Blood Gherokee Indian, married a white man by the name of Wash Hendricks, who came to the Indian country about 1856 as a trader. To this union were born Sam and Willie. Sam still lives about three miles from his birth place. Willie lives some where in Arkansas. Wash Hendricks, the father of Sam,was a Full-blood German whom the Cherokees called "Dutchman11 at that time. Came to this county in 1838 from Germany. The parents of ^ry Fourkiller, the mother^of Sam, disliked Wash Hendricks, because they did not want the Cherokees inter- marrying with the Whites, This attitude of dislike on the part of Mary's parents, caused Hendrioks to leave his wife when Sam was about ten months old, Mary died a few months'afterwards• At Mary's death Larkin Fourkiller, his grandfather took him. Mr, Fourkiller operated_a small farm on Svansville Creek, raised wheat, corn, and stock. Sea attended a small country fiBIDBICKS, SAM. -
Omo Shticeiii
OMO SHTICEIII 1IOIOI1SH II IV ACKHOV/LEDGME1TTS I am indebted to Hon. W. V/. Hastings, Member of the United States Congress for books from the Library of Con gress and books from his private -library; to Dr. 1!. P. Ham- moiid, president of northeastern State Teachers College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, for assistance in securing material through the college library; to Dr. Frans Olbrechts, Bel gium, to Llr. Lev/is Spence, Edinburgh, Scotland, and Miss Eula E. Fullerton (a student of Cherokee history and life, manners and customs) professor of history, northeastern State Teachers College,, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, for their helpful sug gestions; to the Hewberry Library, Chicago, Illinois, for photostats of that part of the John Howard Payne Manuscript dealing v/ith the religious festivals of the Cherokees; to I.Iiss Lucy Ann Babcock, Librarian, northeastern State Teachers College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, in calling ray attention to cer tain books; to Ross Daniels, government official among the Indians, for negatives from which some of the Illustrations are made; to b. J. Seymour, Camden, Arkansas, and Miss A- licia Hagar, Joplin, Missouri, for proof reading; and'to Miss Josephine C. Evans, my secretary, for assistance"in prepar ing the bibliography and the index. YI COUTBHIS CHAPTER PAGE I1TTRODUCTIC1T. ............................... I. A GEHERAL ST^TEMEIIT COHCER17ILTG THE AMERICA1I M* ............................. .... 1 The Singular Characteristics of the A- rnerican Indians ....................... 2 The Culture of the American Indians.... 11 The Warfare of the American Indians.... 20 The Religion of the American Indians... 26 The Ethics of the American Indians..... 32 II. A GEliERAL STATEMENT C01TCERHI1IG THE CKSROKEE niDLiilTS ................................... 39 The Cherokee Dialects ................. -
John Foster Wheeler Elias C. Boudinot Major J.H. Sparks
m John Foster Wheeler Major J.H. Sparks J. Frank Weaver Elias C. Boudinot Wooden Hand Printing Press Albert Pike Clarence F. Byrns W.D. Barksdale Jack Moseley EDITOR: Amelia Martin ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Sarah Fitzjarrald McCullough CONSULTING EDITOR: Carolyn Pollan GUEST WRITERS: Jack Moseley (fi&ntznlz INDEXING: VOL. 13, NO. 2 SEPTEMBER, 1989 Sarah Fitzjarrald McCullough Editors' Notes 2 PROOFREADERS: John Foster Wheeler, Mayor of Fort Smith 3 Ben and Anne Johnston Gene and Lou Johnston Sequoyah and the Cherokee Alphabet 12 Don Marquette Fort Smith Press 14 Art Martin Col. W.E. Decker 26 BOARD AND OFFICERS: Ken Johnson, President Chess Pie 26 Wallace Floyd, Vice President Sebastian County Newspapers 27 Don Marquette, Treasurer Available In Arkansas Libraries Virginia Bruce, Recording Secretary Pat Birkett, Correspondence Secretary News and Opportunities 30 Jo Tillery, Membership Secretary Genealogy 36 John Ayres Letters and Inquiries 37 Stewart M. Condren Del D. Conger In Loving Memory 38 Leonna Belle Cotner Rodney Cook Marquis Lafayette Dean Wm. R. "Bud" Harper E.B. Sparks, Jr. Hazel Maude Pegues Ben Johnston, Jr. R.W. "Boots" Lynch Mary Frances Oliver Gene Johnston Rev. Paul Cooke Karo Morley Whitwell Floy Looper Stanley Smithson Mrs. Hallye Vanderpool Dr. Donald J. McMinimy William Eads, Sr. Mrs. Annise Skidmore James Tuck Thomas Harper, Sr. Majorie Ann Beall Franklin Wilder Dr. Paul Leeds Rogers Pauline Moore Denton Helen Foristell Southard Clara Reed Barber Membership in the Fort Smith Historical James H. "Jim" Parker Sister Cunnigunda Rzodeczko Society includes subscription to The Journal of the Fort Smith Historical Society, which Minnie Laser Nelson Miss Virginia Gardner is published semi-annually. -
From Whiskey Peddler to Sunday School Teacher
From Whiskey Peddler to Sunday School Teacher Humble Beginnings In the old tongue she was called Nu-tsi. Although her birthdate has not been found, various listings indicate that Nancy Scraper was born about 1849 in Goingsnake District of the Cherokee Nation. She was born in a log cabin to Archibald Scraper and his first wife, Malinda “Nellie” McIntosh. Her paternal grandparents were Dee-soo-gaw-skee (Scraper) and Tiana Smith. Her maternal grandparents were Martin McIntosh and Nancy Tail. During her early years in Scraper Hollow she was fortunate in that numerous family and friends lived close by. Life was good. The rich soil brought forth plentiful crops and orchards sagging with fruit. Fish and game were in good supply and berries and nuts grew in abundance. Thick forests of mighty oaks and other trees provided wood for their cabins, smoke houses, and various shelters. Water gushed from nearby springs supplying ample water for the families and their livestock. Excess water filled the creek branches running through the hollow and created swimming holes where children and adults alike braved the icy cold water to bath or cool off during the summer months. Family Gatherings From time to time the various Scraper families and their neighbors gathered and celebrated their lives and God’s gifts to them. Rows of tables groaned under the weight of all the food prepared for the feast. Marbles and other games were played and the menfolk proved their prowess shooting arrows at cornstalks and firing their pistols at targets placed on the fence. The elders passed on stories of the old country and the infamous death march when Old Chickensnake (Andrew Jackson) drove them like cattle from their old homeland east of the mighty Mississippi River.