Annual Report to Planetary Science Institute on the 2014 Activity of

Robert M. Nelson, Senior Scientist

Most of this activity is related to work performed as a member of the Cassini Spacecraft Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Team under a NASA selected proposal entitled:

A Cassini Investigation of the Surface Morphology, Composition, and Thermal Processes of Saturnian and Galilean Satellites and an Asteroid using the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer.

1) Surface Working Group, Orlando, FL, Jan 26-29, 2014 2) Cassini Project Science Group, Pasadena, CA, Feb 10-14, 2014 3) Lunar and Planetary Science meeting, Houston, TX, Mar 17-21,2014 4) VIMS Science Team Meeting, Cambridge, Mass, May 26-29, 2014 5) Cassini Project Science Group, Noordwijk, Netherlands, Jun, 23-27, 2014 6) Planetary Science Institute Retreat, Tucson, AZ, Aug 19-21, 2014 7) VIMS Science Team meeting, Tucson, AZ, Oct 1-3,2014 8) Titan Surface Working Group, Ithaca, NY, Oct 6-9, 2014 9) Cassini Project Science Group, Pasadena CA, Oct 20-24, 2014 10) American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Science Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 9-14, 2014 11) American Geophysical Union meeting San Francisco, Dec 15-19, 2014

Session Chair, American Geophysical Union Meeting

The Rite of Spring: The Changing Seasons on Titan Intense scrutiny by the Cassini Orbiter, combined with extensive ground based observing campaigns, has established Titan’s seasonal weather pattern over more than a third of a Saturn orbital period. Many of the changes seen in the atmosphere are associated with changes on the surface. These changes are the product of atmospheric processes such as evaporation, rainfall and/or infiltration and fluvial activity most probably in combination with dynamic processes ongoing in Titan’s interior. The relative contribution of each of these processes to Titan’s state at a given point in time is gradually being understood. The session will present recent spacecraft and ground-based results and test the veracity of the current models. Session conveners Robert M. Nelson, Planetary Science Institute, Cassini VIMS team , Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cassini Radar team

Invited Paper. American Geophysical Union Meeting An Improved Instrument for Angular Scattering Measurements of Candidate Planetary Surface Regolith Materials at Extremely Small Phase Angles: Relevance to the Outer Solar System Robert M. Nelson1,2, Mark D Boryta2, Bruce W Hapke3, Ken Manatt4, Desiree Olivia Kroner2 and William D Smythe2,4, (1)Planetary Science Institute, Pasadena, CA, United States, (2)Mt San Antonio College, Walnut, CA, United States, (3)University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, (4)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States The reflection variation and the polarization change with phase angle of radiation scattered from particulate materials has been studied for a century in efforts to understand the nature of clouds, aerosols, planetary ring systems and planetary regolith materials. The increase in reflectance as phase angle decreases, the ‘Opposition Effect’, has been well documented in astronomical observations and laboratory studies. Variations in linear polarization near small phase angles have also been well studied (e.g. Shkuratov et al.,2002, Rosenbush et al. 2015). While the phenomena have been well documented, a generally accepted physical explanation is still lacking despite many excellent theoretical modeling efforts. We have undertaken a reductionist approach in deconstructing the process. We have fabricated a goniometer which permits us to present samples with discrete wavelengths of monochromatic light that is linearly polarized in and perpendicular to the scattering plane. We also can illuminate our samples with both right handed and left handed circular polarization senses. Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes record the reflected radiation from the sample after it has passed through linear and circular polarizing analyzers(Kroner et al.). This reductionist approach permits us to measure the reflectance and polarization phase curves and the change in linear and circular polarization ratio (LPR and CPR) with phase angle between 0.056 and 17 degrees. LPR and CPR are found to be important indicators of the amount of multiple scattering in the medium (Hapke, 1990, Nelson et al, 1998, 2000;Hapke, 2012). This approach provides a way to distinguish between suggested models and to gain greater insight into the process of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation in a variety of media. This work was supported by NASA’s Cassini Science Program Hapke, B. (1990), , 88, 407-217. Hapke, B. (2012). Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Cambridge U. Press, New York. Kroner et al, this meeting. Nelson et al, 1998, Icarus, 131, 223-230. Nelson et al, 2000, Icarus, 147, 535-558.

PSI Annual Report Addendum Robert M. Nelson, Senior Scientist, Planetary Science Institute

Introduction An important part of the NASA research investigation is education of today’s students, the next generation of researchers. In addition to my work with students in the Goniometric Photopolarimeter Laboratory that I have moved to Mount San Antonio College, I also have been involved in educating students about their moral and ethical responsibilities to society. In that context, working with the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, four college campuses, two churches and one radio station I organized the ‘Courage and Resistance Tour’ of Southern California Campuses featuring Professor of Religion and Ethics at Temple University John Raines, his wife, the early child development expert Bonnie Raines, also of Temple University, and the journalist Betty Medsger, formally of the Washington Post.

In 1971, Professor Raines, and his wife Bonnie, along with six others burglarized the Media Pennsylvania office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They removed all the files in the office and turned them over to journalist Medsger of the Washington Post. The files revealed vast illegal wrongdoing by the FBI including its nefarious COINTEL program, which included the FBT’s attempt to blackmail Martin Luther King Jr. to commit suicide.

The perpetrators of the FBI office robbery at Media PA were never apprehended. They only made their identities public last year. The story behind the events is reported in Medsger’s 2014 recent book, ‘The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover’s secret FBI.’

During the last year I organized the Southern California Courage and Resistance Tour, involving John and Bonnie Raines, and also Betty Medsger. The tour appeared at four campuses in Southern California. The appearances also offered the showing of the soon to be released film ‘1971’ which portrays the burglary and its background. The tour permitted students of the current generation to interact with students of five decades past to discuss moral and ethical questions of when it is acceptable to break the law.

The relevance to the Edward Snowden case today is obvious.

Announcement of Opportunity to Participate in the Courage and Resistance Tour

Solicitation for participation in the tour follows: To Southern California Academic Colleagues: Announcement of Opportunity to Participate in the “Lessons in Courage and Resistance Tour” : Academic Seminars on the History of Illegal Surveillance into the Private Lives of Citizens by United States Intelligence Agencies. On behalf of the Southern California American Civil Liberties Union I would like to solicit your interest in organizing a speaking event at your academic institution next January on the important topic of government surveillance into the private lives of its citizens. The project involves the journalist Betty Medsger, formerly of the Washington Post. She recently authored “The Burglary: the Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover’s Secret FBI,” a book about the 1971 break in to the Media PA FBI office. The Media documents revealed for the first time the FBI’s COINTEL program, where the FBI was infiltrating peace and civil rights organizations to undermine their work. This included spying on Martin Luther King, Jr. The perpetrators of the burglary were never apprehended and their identities remained unknown until last year. A review of Medsger’s book is found at http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/agents_of_change/13177/ Early next year, the ACLU is offering an opportunity to host Betty Medsger and two of the “burglars” in the 1971 Media PA break-in (one who is a professor of religion at Temple University; the other developed the child care program at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia). In addition, the tour will include Johanna Hamilton who made the film ‘1971’. The film was released earlier this year and dramatizes the Media PA events. The trailer for the film is found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2Kgo7NNXWs. The ACLU will be hosting all four speakers in Southern California the last week of January 2015 The tour calls attention to the great similarity of the Media PA events of four decades ago and Edward Snowden’s revelations of today. Both instances involved individuals breaking the law in order to advance a higher level social purpose—exposing illegal surveillance of US citizens by their own government. The principal target audience for the tour is today’s current student population, who perhaps may be familiar with Edward Snowden’s revelations but have had little or no exposure to the similar activities of the past. The point is to expose students to the important civil liberties issues within today’s national security debate before they consider entering into work at organizations such as the National Security Agency. We hope to have coordinated events at each host campus. We suggest the speakers might be used in different combinations to address appropriate educational audiences—classroom presentations, a panel discussion or other forum. The interest in this tour is cross disciplinary—with obvious relevance to history, journalism, law, film, religion and ethics departments. Obviously, this tour is costly. All four speakers are from the East coast. Therefore, it is hoped that host institutions would make some effort to solicit internal resources to help offset the costs of the tour. Please contact me at the address below for further details. The individuals associated with the tour are: 1. Betty Medsger. Betty Medsger is the author of “The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover’s Secret FBI,” the book that in January 2014 revealed the identities of the people who on the night of March 8, 1971, burglarized the FBI office in Media, PA. That act of resistance provided the first evidence of how Hoover’s FBI operated, including the infamous COINTELPRO operations that used dirty tricks, including violence, against the FBI’s perceived enemies. The burglars first sent copies of their stolen files to five people: two members of Congress and three journalists. Of those recipients, Medsger was the only one who did not return the files to the FBI. She wrote the first stories about the content of the files, including ones that instructed agents to “enhance paranoia,” to make people think there was “an agent behind every mailbox” and that described blanket surveillance of black communities throughout the country. It was the first time a journalist received secret government files from someone outside the government who had stolen secret files. It also was the first time the Nixon Administration demanded that Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham suppress a story. Just three months later she would face the same demand regarding publication of the Pentagon Papers. The unprecedented revelations in the Media files enraged the public and eventually led to the first congressional investigations in 1975 of all intelligence agencies and to the establishment of permanent congressional oversight of intelligence agencies. The revelations also led, perhaps most importantly, to the strengthening of the Freedom of Information Act in 1974 and to the first national discussion of the role of intelligence agencies in a democratic society. Now based in New York, Medsger is the former chair of the journalism education program at San Francisco State University and the founder of its Center for the Integration and Improvement of Journalism. She is a founding member of IRE (Investigative Reporters and Editors) and a former board member of the Center for Investigative Reporting 2. Professor John C. Raines John C. Raines became active in the civil rights movement as a Freedom Rider in 1961, part of the Mississippi Freedom Summer in 1964 and the Selma March in 1965. In 1964 he helped organize The Seminarians Vigil in Washington protesting the filibuster of the Civil Rights Bill by southern senators. In the late 1960s, he and his wife Bonnie joined the mostly Catholic “East Coast Conspiracy To Save Lives” where they learned the burglary skills they put to use in robbing the FBI office in Media, Pa. in March 1971. Once published the files documented J. Edgar Hoover’s massive surveillance, use of infiltrators and informants intended to intimidate and silence public dissent. The disclosure led to Senate action to protect civil liberties and hold accountable the FBI and the CIA. The 200 agents Hoover assigned to find the robbers were not successful. Raines taught in the Religion Department of Temple University for 50 years. He won a Lindback “Distinguished Teaching Award” in 2006 and was elected “Honors Prof of the Year” in 2004. He has authored many books and won repeated Fulbright awards to help establish a comparative religious studies program in Indonesia. Raines is an ordained minister of The United Methodist Church, and has four children and seven grandchildren. He drove the getaway car on the night of the burglary. 3. Bonnie Raines Bonnie Raines, M Ed., founded child care centers for Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and LaSalle University. She established standards and developed facilities for high- quality care for infants, toddlers and preschoolers. During her tenure as Executive Director, Educating Communities for Parenting became established as a national model of education, incorporating a formal curriculum, program evaluation and training systems. More recently, as a policy associate for Philadelphia Citizens for Children and Youth, Bonnie led a city-wide initiative to partner with community groups and social service organizations in starting after- school programs and teen programs in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. She coordinated the newly-formed Picasso Project to raise funds for grants to city schools without adequate arts resources. Over seven years the project has awarded grants totaling $225,000 to 61 programs in elementary, middle and high schools and provides leadership for arts education advocacy in Philadelphia. Bonnie has served as the president of the board of directors of the West Philadelphia Child Care Network and the Northwest Interfaith Movement. She is the mother of four and grandmother of seven. Bonnie and her husband John continue to live in Philadelphia and remain politically active. She did the planning and scoping of the Media PA FBI office in advance of the burglary. 4. Johanna Hamilton Johanna Hamilton co-produced the play Pray the Devil Back to Hell, the gripping account of a group of brave and visionary woman who demanded peace for Liberia, a nation torn to shreds by a decades old civil war. It premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival where it won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary, and was later short-listed for an Academy Award. It has been shown at hundreds of festivals and grassroots screenings all over the world. In the Fall of 2011 it spearheaded the PBS mini-series Women, War and Peace. The series won the Overseas Press Club Edward R, Murrow Award for best documentary. She had produced non-fiction programs for PBS, the History Channel, the Washington Post/ Newsweek Productions and New York Times Television. She is a graduate of the University of and holds and MA in Broadcast Journalism from New York University. 1971 is her documentary feature debut.