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The Subjectivities of Benevolence: Social Responsibility and Civil Governance in Tianjin’S Urban Welfare, 1911-1949

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The Subjectivities of Benevolence: Social Responsibility and Civil Governance in Tianjin’S Urban Welfare, 1911-1949 THE SUBJECTIVITIES OF BENEVOLENCE: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CIVIL GOVERNANCE IN TIANJIN’S URBAN WELFARE, 1911-1949 By John J. Somerville A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History-Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT THE SUBJECTIVITIES OF BENEVOLENCE: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CIVIL GOVERNANCE IN TIANJIN’S URBAN WELFARE, 1911-1949 By John J. Somerville This dissertation seeks to answer the following question: “What is the place of philanthropy in a modernizing society?” It draws from rich archival sources that represent the international and trans-local influences that reshaped the ethics of social responsibility in early twentieth century Tianjin, China. The complex relationship between national identity, diverse civil governance, and institutional legitimacy form the context for each of the dissertation’s chapters. The first chapter records the foundation of the Tianjin Chamber of Commerce and its philanthropic work, analyzes transformations in urban policing that presented new expectations placed on state institutions, and examines the journalistic responses to two significant regional disasters that involved the city in 1917 and 1920. The second chapter centers on the powerful effects of Nationalist discourse on social welfare even in the absence of strong state institutions using communications between different branches of the municipal government and multiple non-state actors to reveal new ways that civil society interpreted and transmitted state ideologies. The third chapter takes a step back from Tianjin to talk about how the secular and spiritual aspects of philanthropy overlapped and reacted to one another in the context of growing nationalism and anti-Japanese sentiment, arguing that small religious associations could have a significant impact on shaping the contours of institutional relief. The concluding chapter examines the conflicting outcomes of philanthropic work under Japanese occupation and discusses the intimate responses of the nationalist government to refugee suffering as bureaucratic control dissolved towards the end of China’s civil war. Copyright by JOHN J. SOMERVILLE 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reflecting on the past few years of this project, I have come to recognized a deep sense of gratitude and warm affection for the many partners and teachers along the way. I am thankful for their persistence, support, critique, and continual friendship. No one deserves greater appreciation and recognition than my primary advisor, Aminda Smith. Dr. Smith cultivated my interest in urban history and opened to me an incredible world of social engineering in China’s twentieth century. Whether the countless hours meeting with me in her office, or the urgent Skype calls while researching in Tianjin, or the many kind conversations of encouragement, Dr. Smith crafted my passion for Chinese history towards professionalism and enhanced my critical perspective. Her accessible demeanor and exceptional scholarly and teaching achievements make Dr. Smith a most worthy paragon of graduate advising. I have been richly blessed to have worked with her. I also could not have asked for better mentors than my secondary field advisors, Drs. Charles Keith, Ethan Segal, and Edward Murphy who each provided guidance and support while pushing me to craft better questions, hone my writing and theoretical framework, and develop my skills as an educator. Their serious engagement with my emerging ideas cultivated both my scholarly confidence and maturity. I hope this work will honor their significant investment and the diverse intellectual heritage I have gained from each of them. Their high expectations pushed me well beyond what I thought I could accomplish. I am also grateful for the support of our graduate chair, Dr. Walter Hawthorne, and Associate Dean, Dr. Pero G. Dagbovie for cheerfully helping me to navigate many professional and administrative hurtles, and track down opportunities for v research and teaching. In addition, I would like to thank MSU Asian Studies librarian, Wu Xian, for his help in accessing the Chinese language digital collections, and introducing me to a host of contacts in Tianjin. Personally, I owe a great deal to my fellow graduate students at MSU; Tim Weber, Elizabeth Dutridge-Corp, and Liao Zhang, who shared ideas, commented on drafts, and became dear friends. Generous travel grants from Michigan State University funded several productive weeks of research at the YMCA Archives at the University of Minnesota in 2013, and preliminary dissertation research in Tianjin and Beijing along with a summer language scholarship from FLAS in 2011. Many thanks are also due to the program directors and support staff of the China Fulbright Fellowship which funded a year of research in Tianjin. Janet Upton, Han Bing, and Jonathan Akeley of IIE provided exceptional support, encouraged scholarly exchange and opened a network of colleagues abroad. In Tianjin, Dr. Ren Yunlan from the Tianjin Academy of Social Science Research gave me access to primary source materials, and furnished numerous research opportunities. At Nankai University, Dr. Hou Jie shared his personal storehouse of material, guided my research, invited me to his weekly seminar courses and helped me gain access to several archives. Special thanks to Hou Yawei and Wang Weiwei, fellow graduate students who took time from their own dissertation work to share resources, meals, and good cheer. To the Metro Detroit Chinese Alliance Church, I am grateful for all your support and encouragement at the final stages of this project. In particular, Shu Jen, who tirelessly helped me to navigate the many subtleties of wenyan wen, and whose humor and empathy helped carry me to the end. Thanks to Diane and Jean who helped keep me vi from becoming a hermit during the long hours of writing. And my family, for their continual confidence, reassurance, and help. Lastly, I extend all love and gratitude to my wife Xiaoqing, for her encouragement, faith, and love. You have worked selflessly to support our family and have made the completion of this work possible. I could not ask for a better partner on this journey. And, to my son, John, whose laughter, curiosity, and playfulness have kept my spirits high. This dissertation is dedicated to you. This study uses pinyin vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS xiv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: FAMINE AND FLOOD – TWIN CRUCIBLES FOR CHANGE IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE, LATE QING THROUGH THE BEIYANG GOVERNMENT ERA 1895 – 1927. 13 Fragmented Authority: Tianjin’s Complex Urban Power Structure. 17 Profit and Misfortune: The Tianjin Chamber of Commerce. 18 Tianjin Police and Confucian Benevolence. 57 Competing Voices: Reporting on 1917 Flood and 1920 Famine. 69 Charity as Nationalism. 74 In the Sympathetic Eye: International Relief in the North China Famine. 80 CHAPTER 2: CONSOLIDATION AND THE NANJING DECADE, 1928-1937. 92 Nanjing Perspectives on Welfare in Government Memoranda. 95 Declaring the Rights of Men, Women and Children. 102 Raising Funds and the Benefits of Giving. 107 A Decade of Bureaucratization. 116 The Language of Suffering. 117 The Department of Public Health. 121 Winter Relief. 123 Tianjin City Vagrant Shelter. 125 Poor People’s Shelter and Workhouse. 127 Provincial Level Disaster Relief Work. 136 Unlikely Benefactors: Gendered Charity and the Modern Woman Tianjin Jiliangsuo. 138 Tianjin Police: Critical Agents of Social Relief. 159 Evidence of Agency: Mutual Aid Associations and Self Organized Relief. 166 International Connections: Relief Work in the Nanjing Decade. 172 Far from Home: Tianjin’s Foreign Refugees. 181 CHAPTER 3: FASHIONING A MODERN ETHIC: RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND INDUSTRIAL WELFARE IN TIANJIN. 185 Christianity and Public Health Advocacy. 188 viii Christian Models of Social Welfare 191 Christian Relief Work in China: The Interdenominational Melting Pot. 199 Towards a More Christian Industrial Order in China. 205 YMCA Labor Investigations. 218 War Relief, Patriotism, and Solidarity. 225 Sinicizing Western Charity. 235 CHAPTER 4: COLLABORATION AND RENEWED VISION: FROM JAPANESE OCCUPATION TO U.S. AID IN POST-WAR TIANJIN, 1937 – 1949. 242 Post-Occupation Refugee Relief. 248 Individual Requests. 252 The International Settlement and Wartime Relief. 258 Welfare Under an Occupation Regime. 261 Emergency Flood Relief Under the Japanese. 267 Occupation Police. 275 War Relief and War Refugees: Tianjin’s Post-War Recovery. 280 Japanese Refugees. 283 Postwar Reconstruction - Raising Funds. 285 Conclusion. 299 BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: International Society of Famine Relief, Tianjin. 83 Table 1.2: American Fundraising Activities. 89 Table 2.1: Tianjin Women’s Shelter. 151 Table 3.1: YMCA 1938 Soldier Relief Fund. 229 Table 3.2: Fundraising for NCCWRC Tianjin Branch. 232 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Image of a Tianjin Beggar. 13 Figure 1.2: Not Charity but a Chance to Earn. 52 Figure 1.3: Map Showing United War Work Campaign Parade. 77 Figure 1.4: Map Showing Affected Area with Centers of Distribution. 80 Figure 1.5: Freeman Plan for Preventing Flood and Famine. 86 Figure 1.6: China Famine Fund Poster. 90 Figure 1.7: Poster Issued by the Shantung Chinese Famine Relief Society. 91 Figure 2.1: Food Distribution at Tianjin Refugee Shelter. 92 Figure 2.2: General Yan Xishan (Left) and Tianjin Mayor Nan (Right). 98 Figure 2.3: Charity Performance Sponsored by the Dagongbao. 111 Figure 2.4: “Mrs. Chang Hsueh-Liang, now the Chairwoman of the West Mukden Floods Relief Association.” 112 Figure 2.5: (Left) “Actress Meng Hsiao-Tung appearing in a local theater for the Liaoning Flood Relief.” (Right) “Mrs. Liang Pao-chang, the first best-dressed lady in the Liaoning Flood Relief Fashion Ball. 113 Figure 2.6: Mei Lanfang Prepares for a Charity Performance. 115 Figure 2.7: “Clinic at the Refugee Camp.” 122 Figure 2.8: “Outside the Tianjin Shourongsuo.” 125 Figure 2.9: “Little Friends of the inner city Beiping Yuyingtang.” 127 Figure 2.10: “Miss L. Y. Liu, a member of the committee of the Tientsin Women’s Association; and J.
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