/J COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

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BERT IrIjpo..SXy USOM/KOREA COMMUNICATIrONS )1eDUI COMMUNICATION FACTS

SOUTH KOREA

Pages

I. INTRODUCTION 1

.II- FORMAL COMMUNICATION FACTORS 3

A. Population 4 B. Minorities 5 C. Major Ci ies 5 D. Languages and Literacy 7 E. Education 8 F. Students Abroad 12 G. Press 13 H. Periodicals 20 I. Book Publishing 22 J. Radio 25 K. Television 29 L- Films 31

III. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION FACTORS 32

IV. TARGET GROUPS 33 I. INTRODUCTION

Including its southernmost islands, the Republic of Korea extends southward 350 miles from the 38th parallel, yet no part of the mainland peninsula is more than 90 miles from the sea. Bordered by communist North Korea on the north, the Yellow Sea on the west anu south, the Sea of Japan to the east and outlying Japanese islands to the southeast, the Republic of Korea contains approximately 38,000 wquare miles of land, of which one-fiftn is cultivated. Ranges of moderately high mountains practically cover ine entire country except for the heavily farmed southwestern portion.

In this country, somewhat smaller than the state of Virginia, live over 27,000,000 people (1964 estimate), members of one of the most racially homogenous populations in the world. Believed to be a fusion of migrating peoples from central Asia and the Yellow River basin, the Koreans speak and write a common language that is varied by only seven dialects, all ot whicn are mutually intellisible. Minority groups, except for an estimated 30,000 Chinese, are non-existent.

Mass communications media for the country have developed quite rapidly since the . Tne press and periodical publications are -oriented. The greatest share of the nation's radio receivers and movie theaters are located in a dozen large urban areas, particularly those adjacent to Seoul-Inchon, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon and Kwangju. Radio primarily, and tne press secondarily, have begun to extend into the countryside, but thae mass of the rural population still depends upon informal means of communication to keep abreast of news. Three TV stations, two in Seoul and one in Pusan, are telecasting an average of six hours daily to an estimated 40,000 (1964) sets. One Seoul station is government owned, and the other two both belong to a private company.

The relative abundance of mass media in the nation's urban areas is indicative of the continuing disparity in the way of life between the rural villages and the urban areas. The villages have tended to remain unitary social units in which work, values and attitudes are held in common, while the urban areas are the setting for the swifter breakdown of traditional values and collective orientations. The villages as such remain a stronghold of conservatism in an otherwise unstable, transitional society.

Although the urban growth rate far exceeds that of rural areas because of tne steady influx of farm laborers, the majority of the Korean population still lives in rural areas and is dependent upon the land for its livelihood. With the growth of the cities there has been a corresponding growth of the urban working class and of a small but vital middle class composed largely of professional p,-ople. These groups, combined with a tiny upper class of wealthy landowners, bit businessmen and industrialists, and top level government officials, as yet form a minority of the population when compared to Korean farmers and fishermen.

The Republic of Korea has not yet reached political stability nor economic self-sufficiency, though there are definite sings of increasing maturity in the former and of encouraging growth in the latter. Following the overthrow of in 1960, the elect ed government of Premier Chang Myon ruled for nine months before being toppled ny a military coupe in May o 1901. Badly needed economic reforms were barely begun under the Chang Myon j-overnmenL oefore the nil itary take-over, Lollowinc which the country was ruled by the Supreme CounciL for NationaL Reconstruction with Park Chung-hee at it, iead, wine promisee. that eLections would be held as soon as possible. Thes, occurreu in Lt- lall o' 19b3, with Park elected president, uut no1, L, an ansolute majority. Tue- Park government facea its severe.st CLiSls in the spring o, 196)A, when student demonstrations degenerateu anto riots that were quelled only by the use of force. With normalization of' relations with Japan expected to take place as this is written, the Republic of Korea should enjoy a period of comparative political stability and continued economic growth.

-2 ­ II. FORMAL COMMUNICATION FACTORS

A. Population - South Korea

The Republic of Korea possesses an ethnically homogenous population which, according to 1963 estimates, totals 26.27 million. This population is growing at an estimated 3 per centum per annum, with major concentrations in the Seoul-Inchon anct the Pusan areas and in the fertile plains of tne south. The urban population is growing at approximately dou 'te the rate of the population as a whole, but the country continues to remain preaominantly rural even though it is second on-, to Japan in the rate of urbanization amont Asian nations.

The nortality rate is high in Korea (average 13fe expectancy is 47 years) but it is declining. Combined with the high rate of fertility, the declining aeatn rate create,, a major problem for economic growth. In the face of the burgeoning populatio,., ever-increasing amounts of capital investments are needed to maintain growth of capital income and to combat the very heavy anemployment that has plagued all Korean governments since independence. Economic growth of the Republic of Korea has shown substantial improvement the past few years, and the prospects are good that it will continue. Normalization of relations with Japan (expected this year) should provide added impetus to the economic growth of the nation.

population - 1963 estimates

Total Urban Rural Male Female Per sq. Per sq. mile No. of jmil.) (il.) (mil. (mil. (mil.) mile arable land households

26.Li 10 16.27 13.14 13.13 675 3,150 4,700,000

-3­ KOREAN POPULATION - 1963 estimates

Total: 26,277,635

Population Age Distribution

Age Group Male Female Total Male-Female Absolute % of Pope Absolute % of Pop. -Ratio Absolute % of Pop.

0 - 9 4,274,693 16.3 3,982,960 15.2 51:49 8,257,653 31o-5 10 ­ 19 2,803,207 10.7 2,559,621 9.7 52:48 5,363,828 20.4 20 - 29 2,057,138 7.8 2,144,873 8.2 49:51 4,202,071 16.0 30 ­ 39 1,466,725 5.6 1,604,031 6.1 48:52 3,070,726 11.7 40 - 49 1,154,916 4.4 1,14,265 4.3 51:49 2,303,980 8.7 50 - 60 776,311 3.0 819,951 3.1 49:51 1,596,272 6.1 Over 60 612,440 2-3 870,661 41:59 1,83005 _6

13,145,289 5Ol 13,132,346 49.9 26,277,635 100.0 B. Minorities - South Korea

South Korea has no resident minority problem. Former Japanese residents were repatriated after World War II, and there are only some 30,000 Chinese residents, who constitute less than one-third of one percent of the total population. Most of the Chinese are engaged in ;estaurant and retail trade, and are politically insqgnificant. Non-resident minorities consist primarily of Arnericaii civilian and military personnel.

Percent of Total Total Population Location

Korean 26.27 mil. 99.008 Throughout the country.

Minorities 1/ Majority are in Chinese 22,000 .002 Seoul, Inchon, Taegu and Pusan.

1/ The Nationalist Chinese Embassy estimates that there are approximately 22,000 Chinese in South Korea. Korean sources estimate, however, that there are over 30,000.

C. Major Cities: South Korea

When Japan assumed control over all of Korea in 1910 there were only eleven cities of 14,000 or more inhabitants, representing some 4 of the population. By 1955 approximately 20% of the population of South Korea lived in cities and towns of 10.,000 or more inhabitants. The impetus for Korean city growth was provided by Japanese economic activity, with cities developing primarily as auministrative and distribution centers for Japanese exploitation of Korean natural resources. Since independence industrialization has been taking place rather quickly in many cities, though they continue to retain their administrative and distributive functions. Much of the growth of Korean cities has resulted from the influx of people from surrounding agricultural regions, and from tie nundreas of thousands of refugees from North Korea anu repatriates from Japan. This has added to the large number of urban unemployed.

(Cont'd on Page 6)

- 5 ­ C. Major Cities: South Korea (Cont'a from Page 5)

(All figures 1964 estimates)

Pop. in mils. Radio TV Daily News- Theaters Name ('63 est.) Location Identification sets* sets Papers Capital; educational, Seoul 3.38 NW ROK, near seacoast media, business center n.a. 40,000 14 81 of nation Largest seaport, key Pusan 1.4 SE, ROK, port city industrial & transpor- n.a. 10,000 2 49 tation center Admi-istrative, Taegu .70 South-central ROK educational center, n.a. n.a. 4 26 rail & road hub Seaport for Secul and Inchon -39 NW ROK,on coast adjacent industrial n.a. n.a. 2 15 _areas Administrative and Kwangju .36 SW ROK commercial center n.a. n.a. 2 11

Administrative and Taejon .25 West-central ROK, communications center n.a. n.a. 2 11 _south of Seoul

It is estimated there are 2,000,000 radio sets in the ROK, a few thousand of which are wired sets. Seoul has two TV stations, one government owned, and Pusan one, owned by the company operating the second Seoul station.

*3-* There is a total of 481 commercial motion picture theaters in the ROK. D. Languages and Literacy: South Korea

The Korean lanuage is distinct from both Japanese and Chinese, although its Crarmnar aid word form resemble Japanese, and its vocabulary is filled with words borrowea from the Chinese. Texts were written in Chinese characters but proniounced in Korean sometime during the period of the Three Kiin-dom (57 B.C. - 608 A.D.). The nangul (phonetic) alphabet was developed about the midulf- of the L5th century, but Chinese characters remained the script of most scholars. At present) Chinese and characters are still used extensively in Korean books, periodicals newspapers to expressconcepts in a clemer fashion than can be accomplished by the use of haigul.

There are seven easily distinguishable dialects of Korean The spoken over the lpn tfl and breadtn of the entire Korean peninsula. predominant dialect is Kyonggi, which is spoken in the area around Seoul, and while the other dialects spoken in South Korea are Cholla, Kyongsang in North Cheju. Hwanghae, Pyongan and Haigyong are the dialects spoken

During their occupation of Korea (1910 - 1945) the Japanese language. made a concerted effort to teacn and encourage the ust- of their in After 1938 only Japanese was taught in the schools, and instruction is any other language was forbidd-n. As a result of this policy there an estimated 10-15 percent of the South Korean population that can still speak Japanese. In the 31-40 age group of iiales, the percentage of those speaking Japanese may range as high as 65-7p percent of all those in the age group.

For those Koreans under 31 years of age, English has supplanted as Japanese as the second language of the country. Students who reach far as the freshman year in college will have had at least seven years usually of English instruction, and those who continue on for a degree take additional instruction. Of the approximately 20,000 college graduates per year, however, it is estimated that only 10 percent have the ability to read English with facility. French, German and Chinese the are the other language electives available to the Korean student at secondary school and college level.

In 1945 an estimated 78 percent of the South Korean population Today, could neither read nor write in or in any other language. the Ministry of Education claims a literacy rate of 90 percent for all members of the population over 6 years of age, achieved by literary instruction in the ROK Army and through the use of "civics" schools this on education). Altnough tne criteria for standard (see section 24 letters of literacy is simply the ability to identify and write the of the hangul alphabet, and the level of literacy by more advanced during standards would very likely be nearer 85 percent, the progress made the past 20 years is quite remarkable. (Cont'd on Page 8)

- 7 ­ D. Languages and Literacy: South Korea (Cont'd from Page 7)

Percent Literate Total Literate Speaking Only

Major language 85 - 90% 19.5 - 20.7 million 23 million

Foreign languages

1. Japanese n.a. 2.3 - 3.4 million Great majority speak, but do not read or write Japanese. 2. English n.a. est. 35,000 Those who read outnumber those who have speaking ability.

E. Education: South Korea

Education has traditionally rated high in the Korean system of values, but public education had only barely begun before the Japanese accupation. prior to 1910 the education system was based almost exclusively on Confucian values which created patterns and attitudes -- such as dependence on rote learning and disdain for the manual arts -- that still exist today. Western learning entered with the Christian mission schools in the late 19th century, but was supervised strictly by the Japanese during their control of the country.

Public education for Koreans was little developed unrder the Japanese, and opportunities for higher education were limited under a system designed to benefit Japanese residents of Korea. From 1911-1938 a dual system of education was operated for Japanese and Koreans, to be followed in 1938-1945 with a single curriculum designed to make both Japanese and Koreans loyal subjects of the Emperor.

With the end of the war and the entrance of the U.S. Army of Occupation, the Japanese-oriented system of education was subjected to the impact of U.S. educational philosophy and methods. A 6-year elementary course, 3-year junior middle or vocational school course, 3-year senior middle, normal, or vocational school course, and a 4-year college course were established, and stronrefforts were made to democratize ana decentralize education. Progress toward a democratically­ oriented philosophy of education has been quite slow, however, and today the Korean education system is an amalgam of the traditional-authoritarian and the Western-democratic.

-8­ The ravages of the Korean War dealt tremendous damage to Korea's progress toward a modern educational system. Classrooms and texts were destroyed and damaged in large numbers, the teaching staff was decimated, and large numbers of stulents and teachers were displaced. At the end of 1959 the Ministry of Education estimated that some 20,000 more teachers were needed for the normal execution of primary and secondary education, aid over 27,000 primary and secondary classrooms were vitally needed to end the double and triple shifts instituted at many ROK schools.

The educational system in Korea is currently a mixture of the public and the private, but differences in instruction are few due to the control of tne Ministry ol' Education over the private schools. Only a very small percentage of primary school age pupils attend private schools, but in the upper levels of the educational system private schools are of considerable importance, particularly private colleges and universities. Support for private schools comes from many sources, including individuel philanthropists, mission groups, and foreign charities.

Government-operated schools are divided into two separate systems: (1) national schools operated directly by the Ministry of Education and, (2) public schools administered by public officials or school boards, but subject to supervision by the national government. Private schools must be accredited by the government and are subject to government direction and supervision.

Compulsory primary-level ed-cation for a period of six years is legally required bj the Korean government. In 1964 about four-fifths of those who started the six year primary program completed it. Part of the difficulty in achieving 100 percent realization of the goal of compulsory free public education, aside from the lack teachers and classrooms, is caused by a lack of adequate finance for the schools. Prior to 1961 it had been the practice to supplement government funds for elementary schools with those collected through the Parent Teachers Association. After 1961 this policy of utilizing the PTA was discontinued. However, as of 1965 the assistance of students' parents is being sought for improving school construction through the Committee for Improvement of School Construction. Through this committee the parents are requested to pay 100 won each month for the purpose of improving school facilities. In 1965 the teachers on all levels are demanding raises in salaries with consequent increasing pressures on the government for increased budget expenditures.

In primary school the curriculum is dominated by study of the Korean language, which takes up the greatest share of class time. Mathematics, social studies, health, and "moral education" (anti- Communist South Korean nationalism) are the other major subjects in the curriculum. Middle school studies are basically an extension of the primary subjects: Korean language, mathematics, social studies,

- 9 ­ vocational education, and some elective subjects. Vocational middle schools, as distinct from their academic counterparts, must have vocational courses in 30 percent of their class periods. The study of Eaglish is begun in all middle schools, with most students having five hours of instruction per week. High school is again a continuation of earlier subjects, with an increased number oi electives added. English instruction averages three-six hours per week. Some means toward a limited specialization are provided in high school, but rarely such that the average student is prepared for a job when he leaves school.

Vocat:onal education in Korea has yet to be geared to t reeds of the economy, particularly in agriculture and industry, as is indicated by the figures (see chart on education) which show that the government is far from attaining its goal of a 7:3 vocational-to-academic school ratio. Instructors and equipment are often lacking, instruction is not uniformly up to the desired standards and frequently lacks the practical approach, and many students fail to take advantage of the available facilities and instruction. The root cause of the students' indifference toward technical and vocational education -- symbolized by the large number of students who abandon vocational studies for liberal arts when they enter college -- lies in the general Korean attitude toward education, valuing it as a means to social prestige and high position rather than a means to develop skills to be used in future work.

For this reason more than half of Korea's college and university students are enrolled in liberal arts courses, which in general have failed to provide Korea with the trained men and women that are needed to implement the nation's required economic reforms. There are not enough white-collar jobs to go around and, as a result, Korea has a surplus of high school, college, and university graduates on the job market. Under the present policy of the Ministry of Education the college student enrollment quota will be maintained at 140,000 over the next ten years. This in effect will reduce enrollment in the face of increasing demand for college education.

Korea's teachers are trained at the nation's 12 normal schools and 6 colleges of education attached to universities. For certification, primery school teachers have to have a high school education or be graduated from a 3-year high school level normal school. Middle school teaching certificate requirements call for completion of junior college or its equivalent, plus certain educational courses, and for high school teaching the prospective teach r needs four years of college work, including a minimum number of educational courses. Practice teaching at the elementary level is held in schools attended to the normal schools known as "demonstration" schools, of which there were 41 in 1959.

Adult education has been conducted in "civics" sonools designed to provide in three years the equivalent of elementary or middle schocl education respectively. There are at present 546 "civics" scnools which have contributed to giving Korea one of the highest literacy rates in Asia.

- 10 ­ Changes in the Korean educational system have been contemplated by the military government following its take-over in , but no definite plans have yet been published. Among the more important changes contemplated is the consolidation of the public institutions of higher learning into a smaller number of units.

School-age Percent No. of Student- No. of Schools Enrollment Population in school Grads. since- Teacher Ratio Elementary 5,004 4,726,297 3,710,291 95.6 n.a. 62:1 Secondary 1,165 666,630 1,627,927 28 n.a. 38:1

386 Ac High School 306 Voc 399,651 n.a. n.a. n.a. 30:1 692 Trade and Technicial Schools 139 18,900 n.a. n.a. n.a. 19:1

Colleges and 66 Col-U Universities 36 Jr. Col 127,833 n.a. n.a. n.a. 27:1 102 Teachers, Two year Jr. Colleges 12 3,951 n.a. n.a. n.a. 17:1

Other 215 "Civics' it?31 g. 69,722 n.a. n.a. n.a. 27:1 546_LIIII56 Students Abroad: Republic of Korea 1965

1. It is impossible to make an accurate estimate of the number of Korean students who have gone abroad or who are still studying abroad. The Ministry of Education maintains figures only fo- those persons who travel abroad on a student passport. Numerous Koreans going abroad do not meet Ministry of Education minimal requirements for a student passpor3 and secure, rather, a tourist or cultural passport from the Ministry of Foreign Affafrs and, thus, are not shown on any official records as students.

2. Approximately 7,900 Koreans received U.S. student visas during the period L9115-65. However, records for the period 1945-53 are not accurate or complete on this subject due to losses and confusion occuring during the Korean War. Several hundred unrecorded students were transpcrted at least as far ab Japan and an unknown number transported all the way to the U.S. by USAF flight crews during this same period. Of the approximately 7,900 students known to have entered the U.S., the best estimate is that between 12% and 15% of them have returned to Korea. Estimates by the Embassy, the American Korean Foundation and the Korean Consulate General show that probably no nore than 2.,500 of these students are still enrolled in any type of educational institution in the U.S. The remainder have married or have secured permanent ressdence and employment in the U.S. A few have gone to Canada.

3. There are no known students from the Republic of Korea in any communist nation including Cninao Some students from the "Democrati ' People Republic of Korea" (North Korea) are enrolled in colleges and other institutions in various communist countries. Students (estimated 100) are known to have been sent from th- DPRK to attend Patrice Lumumba (Friendship) University in Ma',cowo Nu information is available on DPRK students in communist China. OTHER TOTAL BLOC U.S. COMMONWEATH EUROPEAN GERMANY OTHER ASIAN (1) (2) (3)

UNIVERSITY 8750 0 7,900* 250* 100* 400* 100*

HIGH SCHOOL l00** 0 100** Unknown Unknown Unknown Urnnown

* Estimates made by American Embassy and American Korean Foundation ** Estimates made by American Embassy (1) Includes UK and all Commonwealth countri>Rs (2) Includes all other European countries except Federal Republic o. Germany (3) Includes all Asian countries except Japan - Ministry of Education figures on Korean students in Japan, admittedly inaccurate, range from 100 to 3,000.

- 12 ­ G. Press: South Korea

Under Japanese rule, the Korean press was strictly censored and controlled by the Japanese Government, and during the 1930's the number of newspapers printed in Korean was steadily reduced. By 1940 nearly all newspapers for popular consumption were printed in Japanese, most lacking even a Korean section. With liberation and military government by the U.S. Army, a muLtitude o1 nespapers sprange up to merge, languish or die in a relatLively restrictea market. Stability in terms of numbers was gradually oeing at,:ancd when the Korean War erupted, dealing heavy damage to press 'acilIt,2, an disruptnII, newspaper stafi's.

After nost ilities eliaeu, the press aan rebounded and although still primarily dependent upon support from wealtny backers, gradually increased its revenue from sales ana adverTLisilig. The number of papers was held downn under the Rhee Government, but following the April 1960 revolution there occurred another proliferation of' newspaper publishing, in great part due to the abolition of the press licensing system established under President Rhee.

In the snor. period between the do~wnfall of the Rhee Government and the miliary coup in May 1961, the press cxpanded vigorously in terms of both revenue and total circulation. Editorially, the papers generally fell into an anti-governmenu stand on most major issues; primarily as a reaction against the previous years of strict government control, and as a calculated means of boosting sales. Reporting zjas generally long on sensationalism ana short on oojecuive analysis, and news stories tended to be reported as much b,, inference as [)Y stateu fact.

Following the military coup in May 1961, the Korean press again fell- under government control, wth pre-,s Liccnsin, and censor-ship re-established. The number oi dai ly ncwspapers aiid ne,;s agencies in Seoul was sharply reduced, as were provincial newspapers and press agencies, leaving 14 dailies in Seoul ana 21 in the provincies still being published. Prior Lo the coup, the total press circulation of Lhe nation was estimated to be 1.4 million. of whicn approximately i million was accounted for by 15 leading dailies and Lhe rest L),more than 400 daily and weekly puolications.

Recent unofficial statistics estimated a comined circulation of the press at 1.7 million. Each major daily paper used to publish both a morning aria evening edition. However, the Military Government compelled all dailies to change this mo2ning-evening system to a single edition system. This was imposed on the press on August 13, 1963 and the single edition system has been in effect since that time. The majority of the dailies are evning edition papers.

No law designeu to control the press existed until August 2, 1964 when the National Assembly, in which the ruling party enjoyed a two-thirds majority, passed a law aiming to place the press under the control of the Government-controlled pres ethics commission. The press bitterly

- 13 ­ expressed its opposition to such a law and the situation remained critical until finally a compromise was reached with the Government. As a result of this compromise, the newspapers are to maintain self­ control over press ethics. Power for this control is in the hands of the Press Ethics Coiminssion, which was formally inaugurated on September 12, 1961 as a voluntary institution. The Government then withheld enforcement of this law but no legal action has been taker, to date, to repeal the lawm, thus leavinC the possibility tnat the Government may enforce ft at any tme it desires to do so. When the law was passed by the National Assemblb, controversy existed as to whether or not it was constitutional, sincE the Constitution, which was put into effect with the establishment of civil government on December L7. 1963 after 31 months of military rule, giarantees that all citLizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and press, and "licensing and censorship in regard to s1Decb and press shall not be permatted.

The law governing the press is entitled "Law Concerning the Registration of Newspapers mad News Agencies." This law regulates the qualifications of publishers, the minimum standara equipment required and other procedural requirements, It serves to restrain rroliferation of newspv 'ers to some extent.

In addition to this law, the Government has other means to discourage the proliferation of newspaper publishing. It may control the importation of newsprint and it may withhold allocations of foreign exchange for the purchase of newspaper equipment.

The total annual demand for newsprint in Korea is unofficially estimated at 26-27,000 tons per annum. Of this total, 16,000 tons are supplied through domestic sources. For the remainder, the Korean piess must rely on importation of newsprint. This causes a serious problem for newspaper management since the press has to ce at the mercy of the Government to grant it ufficient forelgn exchange for such imports. The shortage of newsprint has been a constant threat to the newspaper business. For example, an agreicrt reached at a mectln,- oC the Korean Newspaper Puolishers' Association on October 23, 1962, provided for a daily to puolish 48 pages a week. However, an acute shortage of' newsprint forced the Association to pass another agreement which reduced the weekly volume of pages from 48 to 40. Later, it was reduced to 36 pages and, finally, on August 3, 1964, the figuru was set at 32 pages a week.

Press Institutions

The Korean Press Ethics Commission. In an effort to develop a mat ire and responsible press in Korea, the Press Ethics Commission was founded on September 12, 1961 as a self-discipline institution. With its inauguration, the Ccmmission adopted an ethical code of conduct to be observed hy newspapermen. It consists of 13 representatives: two nominees from the Korean Newspaper Publishers' Association and the Korean Newspaper Editors' Association; two reporters; a lawyer, from the Bar

- 14 ­ Association; one professor; two representatives from the National Assembly; one nominee from the News Agency Publishers' Association; and, two other members. As of January, 1965, 34 daily newspapers and news agencies have pledged themselves to abserve the code of conduct adopted by the Commission.

Previously, the Commission was financed exclusively by the Korean Newspaper Publishers' Association. As a result, it could not wipe out the impression that it was an instrument to protect the publishers' interests. Following the press crisis of August 1964, its function was considerably strengthened by the installation of a new office for self-censorship. Yet, from the financial standpoint, tnf Commission is still weak, even though it received a subsidy from tne Government as well as the amount contributed by the KNPA. I plan is now under consideration to establish an independent fund for tne oTpration of uhe Commission, thereb' removing it from any influence of fLnajcial contributors.

Korean Newspaper Publishers' Association. This Association was founded on April 7, 1957 to promote mutual understanding and to protect common interests. It consists of publi.hers of all dailies throughout the country, Lotalling 34.

Korean Newspaper Editors' Association. Founded in April, 1957, this organization aims at improving the quality of the Korean press. This was the first association to adopt a code of ethics which later paved the way for the "standard of conduct for newspapermen." Its code covers freedom of the press, responsibilit , limitations on reporting, attitude of criticism, independence, accuracy and sincerity, fairness and tolerance, ad decency. It consists of about 200 members, professional journalists of the editorial level and above, from daily ne'wspapers and major news agencies. The Asso:iation has a number of specialized sub­ committees.

Press Research Institute. Inaugurated on October 1, 1963 at the recommendation of the Korean Newspaper Editors' Association, this organization publishes a monthly "Press Reviews."

Press Center. It was established on May 5, 1965 to promote understanding and strengthen functional relationships among domestic and foreign journalists and press organizations.

Korean National Comnitlee of the International Press Institute. Installation of this coimnrttee, took place in December of 1960 with the approval of the YPI. At the IPI's 8th general conference on May 15, 1959, this organization ecceptea incividual Korean journalist membership within its ranks. However, at that time, Korea's request for national committee representation was refused on the grounds that the Korean press had ro "freedom of the press."

- 15 ­ The Kwanhoon Club. This fraternity of working journalists was organized in 1959 to study press developments in Korea and to exchange ideas and opinions in order to ensure the sound development of professional standards. At he 7th meeting of the International Federation of Journalists, held May 4, 1964, it was granted associate membership. The club publishes a quarterly entitled "Study of the Press."

The Reporters' Association. This organization, inaugurated on August 17, 1964, comprises more than 1,500 reporters of newspapers, radio stations and news agencies. It originated as a militant group to oppose enforcement of the controversial Press Ethics Commission Law. Since this law has never been enforced, the primary purpose of the Association has been lost and it operates now along the lines of a fraternal group. It publishes a weekly bulletin.

Korean Chapter of Sigma Delta Chi. This is a professional journalistic society. It uniqueness lies in the fact that it is composed of both American and Korean journalists. Korean members comprise those who have been to the United States under the State Department's journalist exchaige program.

Newspaper Day: is observed in Korea annually on April 7th. This day was so designatea by the Korean Ntwspaper Editors' Association in commemoration of the first publication of a modern newspaper in Korea, the "Independent Newspaper," in 1896, started by the Korean ptriot SUH Jae-pil. On this day, the Korean press observes a holiday and no newspapers are published.

Children's Newspapers: there are three children's dailies publlbhed by Seoul newspapers - Hanguk Ilbo, Tonga Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo. The idea of publishing a children's daily newspaper was first initiated by the Hanguk Ilbo in 1960.

In the past, and particularly under present conditions, the press has been centered in Seoul. There has been relatively little interest in local provincial news. The large majority of newspapers are aimed at urban population groups, in particular the intellectuals and the growing middle class. Only a small number of provincial newspapers take more than a passing interest in the masses of people who live outside the urban areas. In the urban areas, aside from regular subscribers, most newspapers are distributed by newsbusy who hawk them to passers-by.

As of March 31, 1961, there were reportedly 288 daily news services registered with the government. The great majority of these were very small outfits that represented little more than a stencil machine-desk-telephone arrangement. Only the three oldest news agencies -- Haptong, Orient and Donghwa -- maintained a nation-wide network of services as well as reciprocal exchange agreements with major international news services. Following the military coup, the number of news agencies was reduced to 6, leaving intact the three major agencies. News is transmitted to provincial papers by means of Korean morse code. In Seoul the major newspapers have teletype machines to cover late foreign news developments occurring just before press time.

- 16 ­ In February 1965, the following news and wire services were available in Korea: Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters, Agence Frarce Presse, Central News Agency, Vietnam Press, Kyodo, Jiji, North American Newspaper Allionce, ANSA (Italian) and DPA (German). In terms of placement in the Korean press, it appears that AP, UPI and AFP dominate the news service scene.

Surveys have shozn that the Korean press ranks third behind radio and personal conversation as the most frequently used medium of communication among the leadership ulite -- L,cvef'nment officials, teachers, lawyers, police executives, judgcs, politicians, businessmen, journalists and rn:litary leaders. Nearly 98 percent of the polled elite subscribed to one or more nation-wide newspapers, and over half subscribed in addition to a local paper. The major categories of writing of interest to this group are, in order, editorials, domestic politics and inter­ national news.

(April 1965)

Total Capital Provincial Other

No. of Papers - Dailies 35 14 21 n.a.

Circulation (mil.) 1.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Readers (mil.) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

News Sources: (July 1964)

Influential Word of Market Radio Personages Friends Mouth Newspaper Place

Village 49.0% 5.2% 2o6% 25o1% 11.3% 2.6d

Township 39.9 2.7 0.7 20.6 34.6 0.7

News Source and Level of Education:

No Primary Middle and College and Education Confucian School High School Junior College 5.(d Radio 21.6% 15.7% 41.5% 15.6%

Influ:!nt ial Personages 63.6 9.1 18.2 9.1

Friends 80.0 ­ - 20.0

(Cont'd on Page 18)

- 17 ­ News Source and Level of Education: (Cont'd from Page 17)

No Primary Middle and College and Education Confucian School High School Junior College

Word of Mouth 54.4 6.3 32.8 5.1 1.3

Newspapers 2.8 2.8 47.2 43.0 4.2

Market Place 40.0 20.0 40.0 -

News Source and Age:

19-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 & over

Radio 9-3% 33.6% 24.3% 25.7% 7.1%

Influential Personages - 15.4 61.5 15.4 7.7

Friends - 33.3 - 33.3 33.3

Word of 6.8 18.9 32.4 21.6 20.3 Mouth

Newspapers 6.9 36.6 30.9 18.3 4.3

Market Place - 33.3 50.0 16.7 - Major Newspapers: South Korea

(Major papers still published) April, 1965

Political Other Name Location Circulation Readers Language Orientation Characteristics Tonga Ilbo Seoul 250,000 n.a. Korean n.a. n.a. Choson Ilbo "1 150,000 it if ,, it Hanguk Ilso it 150,000 " It it Kyonghyang Sinmun " 80,000 I ,, , It Seoul Sinnun " 40-50,000 it ,i ,, Taehan Ilbo " 20,000 I f i,, Seoul Kyongje Sinmun " n.a. ,, itI, , Pusan Ilbo Pusan 30,000 ,, ,,t - Kukje Sinbo "W 30,000 " t?- I Yongnam Ilbo Taegu n.ao ,, if- , Maeil Sinmun " 40,000 Sisa Ilbo " "t Catholic paper i n.a. I "t n.a. Kyonggi Maeil Sinmun Inchon n.a. ,, it,, , Korean Republic Seoul 15,000 " English Gov't owned if Korea Times it 15,000 if n.a. Printed by Hanguk Ilbo H. Periodicals: South Korea

The following figures reresent the number of periodicals published at the end of 1964. During the 2!-year military rule, the number of periodicals was smaller primarily due to restrictions placed on publications. The Korea Publication yearbook of 1963 listed 275 non-government periodicals, other than dailies. This number almost doubled in 1964 (454) with the birth of the new civilian government and the lifting of restrictions. Some are not published regularly. About 50 periodicals stopped publication the past year, with approximately the same number of new periodicals appearing on the market. There are a fairly large number and variety of publications available to the rading public, even though a handful are of any importance (see following page). High production cost, the lack of financial oacking and the limited moket combine to hold periodical production to a relatively low level.

Total Captal Provincial Other

No. of periodicals 579 423 156 n.a. Newspapers (42) (16) (26) Circulation (mil.) est. 1.5 est. 0.7 est. 0.8 n.a. Readers (mdl.) est. 3.0 est. 1.0 est. 2.0 n.a.

Types of Periodicals 1. Government 134* 134 n.a. n.e. 2. Non-government 454 402 52 n.e. n.a. 3. Non-communist 588 536 52 4. politics 66 63 3 n.a. n.a. 5. Economics 97 88 9 6. Entertainment 29 23 6 n.a. nsa. 7. Students and Youth 69 55 14 8. Women 5 5 0 n.e. 9. Labor 7 7 0 n.. 10. Arts and Culture 26 19 7 n.a. 11. Agriculture 22 20 2 n.e. 12. Religion 41 36 5 n.a. n.e. 13. Science and Medicine 42 42 0 14. Education 21 18 3 n.a. 0 n.a. 15. Overseas Chinese 1 1 16. Others 28 25 3 nea.

* As of August 1963. Local governments also publish numbers of periodicals, the exact figure of which is not available.

- 20 ­ Major Periodicals: South Korea (February 1965)

Political Other Name Location Circulation Language Frequency Type Orientation Characteristics

Sasanggye Seoul 40,000 Korean Monthly Intellect- Independent Leading Intellectual (World of Thought) ual monthly, articles on a variety of subjects

Shindonga (New East Asia) Seoul 40,000 Korean Monthly General Opposition Intellectual,main interest politics, social problems. Sedae (Generation) Seoul 12,000 Korean Monthly Intellect- Pro-gov't Politics and literary ual criticism. Yowon (Garden of Women) Seoul 60,000 Korean Monthly Women's Independent Women's articles and literary works. Hyondaemunhak (Contem- Seoul 15,000 Korean Monthly Literature Independent Literary works and porary Literature) critiques.

Nongwon (Farm) Seoul 120,000 Korean Monthly Farming Independent Farming, rural develop­ ment, folk works. ?ijines (Business) Seoul 8,000 Korean Monthly Business Independent Business and financial interests.

Popchung (Law & Politics) Seoul 10,000 Korean Monthly Law Independent Journal for law students.

Yosang (Image of Women) Seoul 25,000 Korean Monthly Women's Independent Women's interests and literary wot-ks.

- 21 - I. Book Publishing: South Korea

Long suppressed by the Japanese Government, the Korean book publishing industry ourst forth in a rash of activity following the end of Japanese rule in 1945. Higlh production but unstable conditions characterized the industry until the outbreak of the Korean War when production was virtually halted. At the end of the war there was a short upsurge in business, followed by a period of depression that ended with another upswin C in 1958.

Today the publishing industry is plagued by lack of capital for both publication and distribution, excessive competition and low standards of business ethics, and the lack of a large consumer base with high purchasing power. The result is low quality book production and the existence of a large number of "one-shot" publishers who downgrade the level of Korean publishing.

There are approximately 35 major publishing companies in the nation, most of them in Seoul. The principal book distributing companies are also in Seoul and distributed throughout the nation by means of provincial outlets in Pusanj Taegu; Kwangju and Chonju. They include Changan Book Store (Seoul), Samsin Book Company (Seoul), Yangwu Company (Seoul) and Taehan Toso Chusik Hoesa (Korean Book Company Ltd., Pusan). Hanguk Chulpan Hyopdong Cholap (Korean Publishers" Cooperative, Seoul) represents the leading cooperative venture. It was organized by 100 Seoul publishers who have 42 retail bookstores in Seoul and 37 provincial distributing oranches (as of February 1965). Of 900 registered publishers, only 200 companies are active.

printint laciLLties are in general adequate enough for current Korean needs, but there is a lack of satisfactory paper to be used in the books, forcing many publishers to use either newsprint or offset paper (woodfree book paper), According to the Korean Paper Industry Association, twenty-five paper milies manufacture approximately 43,000 tons (1,718,000) reams) of newsprint and 18,000 tons (478,000 reams) of woodfree paper annually, which is regarded sufficient for domestic consumption. Ink is required by law to be of domestic production, and is generally of poor quality.

All primary schools use the same textbooks, which are selected by the Ministry of Education and produced by the Taeha Moonkyo Sojok Chusik Hoesa (Korean Educational Textbook Company, Ltd.).- Secondary school texts are produced and distributed by the Korean Authorized Textbook Company, a company made up of those publishers whose texts have been approved by the Ministry of Education. Colleges and universities have free choice in their selection of books and buy them from various commercial companies. The secondary school text book revision program is being help up pending the decision by the government on the proposed change in the present 6-3-3-4 school system.

- 22 ­ Imports of books from the United States and Japan dominate the foreign book field. The market for books in English appears to be very good because of the ever-increasing knowledge of English. The present potential audience (college and university students and teachers) is estimate to be about 130,000 and is increasing each year. In addition to the interest in English there has been a growing interest on the part of itudents an-d yoith _L Japanese language, literature anu music. Sales of Japanese books, particularly novels and language tuxtcouks, nave groatly exTandeu since the fall of the Rhee Government .

In general the book publishers tailor their products to meet the needs and desires of teachers, high school _nut unrversity students, salaried workers ana housewLves (see list of new titles on chart). Housewives, salaried workers and high school students are primarily fiction buyers, while university students mad teachers concentrate on non-fiction of various types. Among the leadership clite, books rank fourth behind radio, Ponversation and newspapers as the most frequently used mediun of' coimunwiication. The average member of the elite buys his books at a bookstore and reads approximately one book per month.

- 23 ­ Books: South Korea - 1964

r

New Titles Published Imported Library 1Principal Book RJblihers per year per year per year Libraries Books Language Types Distribution

Est, 900 4,696 noa. 835,365" I-Nqtional 331,404 Korean (All major __572 reprints Vricd 282,819 lOt-Univ. 634, L54 publishing 5,963 Total ! Korean Varicd 3,817,736 950-Schooi 1,349,343 Korean Varied companies General - 73 2 2,234,800 ' -SpecLal 41,284 Korean Varaed 826,173 are in Hist ory - 81 47-Public QA10,494 Korean Varied Seoul.) Law & Pol- 135 6 561.7 L-71-Total ,216,b79 7,774,303 Soc Su & Econ. - 181 Philosophy- 40 Religion - 204 1 Engineering 72 Industry - 105 Arts - 110 Linguistics 123 Literature- 423 Medicine - 35 Education - 111 Ref. books- 841 Juv. books- 161 Cartoons -3,213 Others -_55 5,963

',:Figures obtained from the Customs Bureau, Ministry of Finance: No. of volumes approved for import 516,321 - U.S. by the (62%) Ministry of Education 277,305 - Japan in 1964 - 565,938. (33%) 460,665 with foreign 42,239 - Others exchange funds and (5%) 105,273 with IMG 835,865 = $688,893 funds. All of latter was for American books and about 80% of former for Japanese books. J. Radio: South Korea

The government-run Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) broadcasts extensively both to its domestic audience and to overseas listeners. On its home service, the KBS transmits two separate programs: one over HIKA and the other over H1IA. HIKA broadcasts twenty hours a day from 0500 to 0100 KST and HLCA broadcasts eighteen hours and ten minutes daily from 0500 to 1210 and from 1400 to 0100 KST. HIKA's program carries principally light entertainment while IILCA concentrates on news, commentaries, anal,ses, language teaching and other educational programs.

HLKA's programs are relayed by 23 sub-9tations which cover the urban, and most of the rural, areas of the country. The network's main transmitter with a power of 100 kw is located in Seoul and broadcasts on 710 kc. K,BS's second service, HLCA, is not relayed, but is 500 kw transmitter beams its programs to most parLs of the country over 970 kc. Sixteen sub-stations share daily an average of three hours of local programming with the rest of the time network programs. The KBS Overseas Broadcasting Station, HISA, broadcasts 43 hours and 26 minutes daily in seven languages: Korean, Japanese, English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish. 25 hours and 26 min-tec of the broadcasting time is in Korea, beamed to listeners in communist J4orth Korea. HLSA also broadcasts 521 hours in Japanese, 3 hours in Koreanf 3 hours in Chinese (Mandarin), 2 hours in English, 1 hour in French, hour in Russian and 1 hour in Spanish. HLSA broadcasts over one medium wave and three 50 kw short wave transmitters from Suwon, near Seoul.

In addition to the Government-run radio, there are two commercial networks and several individual radio stations operating in Seoul. The principal commercial network is the Munhwa Broadcasting Company which began operations in 1959 in Pusan. The main MBC station, HIKV, is now in Seoul and five local stations within its network are located at Pusan, Taegu, Kwangju, Taejon and Chunju. NBC broadcasts twenty hours daily over its 10 kw transmitter in Seoul and 5 kw or 1 kw stations located in other cities. The program content is 60% entertainment; 30% educational and 10% news.

Additional broadcasting is provided by the Christian Broadcasting System which has its 10 kw main station, HIKY, in Seoul and four local 1 kw stations in Pusan, Taegu. Kwangju and Ir. CBS is on the air 18 hours a day from 0530 to 2330 KST. All programming is in Korean with the exception of three hours and thirty minutes of religious programming in English every Sunday from 0830 to 1200 KST. CBS also broadcasts 30 r autes of an anti-communist religious program every Sunday from 2330 to 2400 KST. More than 60% of its regular programming is classical, or light classical, music. The CBS network accepts selected sponsorship and is controlled by the interdenominational Korean Christian Association.

An additional commercial station is the DBS, HLKJ, outlet, owned by the Tonga Ilbo newspaper in Seoul, which started operation in

- 25 ­ 1963. The single station broadcasts 19 hours daily over its 10 kw transmitter, on 1230 kc., primarily to the Seoul metropolitan area. The program pattern generally follows that of MPC but its independent news and commentary approach have made it far more popular than any other station in Seoul.

Another commercial station) Radio Seoul Broadcasting, HIKC, appeared on the scene in 1964, This 20 kw station broadcasting on 640 kc is on the air 20 hours daily with a program pattern generally similar to those of other local stations. RSB is Korean millionaire, Yi Byung Chul's entry into the radio field. Yi has also opened a television station, Dong Yang TV; and is expected to open a newspaper in Seoul sometime in l965.

The Evengelical Alliance Mission broadcasts 24 hours a day over its 50 kw transmitter', HIC,X from Inchon. The station programs in four languages - Korean, Russian; English and Chinese to North Korea, Communist China and the Soviet Far East over 1060 kc. The programs are primarily of a religious nature.

The Voice of the United Nations' Command (VTJNC) broadcasts to listeners in North and South Korea and Communist China. VUC's 5 kw base station in Seoul is on the air 14 hours daily from 1700 to 0700 KST, broadcasting in Korean primarily to a South Korean audience. It also has a 50 kw transmitter located on Kangwha-do island that broadcasts 182 hours a day over 1270 kc to North Korea and Communist China in Korean, Mandarin and Cantonese. VJNC's "B" station currently broadcasts 8 hours daily in Korean from its 5 kw transmitter, over ;h0 kc and 2635 kc shortwave, to North Korea in Korean. VT2NC planc to open an additional 5 kw transmitter near Pu.an for booadasting in Korean to a local audience.

Finally, Korea's first FM broadcasting station, HICD, opened in Seoul in 1965. The 1 kw station broadcasts over 89o1 mc with programming devoted primarily to classical music. The station operates on a commercial basis.

Early 1965 estimates place the number of radio receivers in South Korea at approximately 942,843 sets with an additional 776,939 wired receivers or amplifiers controlled largely by the Ministry of public Information. An MP2 estimate indicate- that adpit 38% of all Korean families own at least one radio or wired receiver. The average daily listening audience for all radio programs is pla-ed at about 10,000,000 persons. A recent radio ;istenrr survey indicated that more than 25% of the listeners listen to tbEr radios more 'han 5 hours a day. Sunday is the most popular day of the week for radio listening with peak hours cited as those between 7Cy0C-C80, 1200- 1300 and 190OI-2200. Weekly listening habits generally follow those of Sumday listener .

Surveys of program preferences in selected rural areas indicate that choices are as follows: (1) news, (2) entertainment, (3) music and (4) cultural and social program3. Ir Oeoul, the preference ratings were: (1) entertainment, (2) music, (3) news and (4) cultural and social programs.

26 ­ Radio: South Korea

Transmitters

Main Sub Sta. Relay Hours Daiy Languages Audience KBS HLKA 1-100 kw 16 7 20 hours Korean - 19 hrs Domestic Korean - 1 hr North Korea

HLCA 1-500 kw - - 18 hrs 10 min Korean - 18 hrs 10 min Domestic

HLSA 1-100 kw L3 hrs 26 min Japaness- 54 hrs Overseas English -2i hrs Overseas French - 1 hr Overiea8 Chinese - 3 hrs Communist China Russian ­ 1 hr Soviet Asia

Spanish - hr LatTi America Korean - 3 hrs Overseas Korean - 25 hrs 56 min North Korea

CBS HLKY 1-10 kw 4 - 18 hrs Korean - 18 hrs Domestic English - 31 hrs Domesticr Korean- Z hr North Korea* NBC HLKV 1-10 kw 5 - 20 hrs Korean - 20 hrs Domestic

* Sunday only. Radio: South Korea (Contf from page 27)

Transmitters

Main Sub Sta. Relay Hours Daily Languages Audience

DBS HLKJ 1-10 kw 19 hrs Korean - 19 hrs Domestic

RSB HLKC 1-20 kw 20 hrs Korean - 20 hrs Domestic Team Radio HLKX 1-50 kw 24 hrs Rusian - 4 hrs Soviet Asia Korean - 7 hrs North Korea Chinese - 4 hrs Communist China English - 9 hrs Overseas VUNC Base 1- 5 kw - ­ 14 hrs Korean -13 hrs 15 min Domestic English - 45 min Domestic "A" 1-50 kw - ­ 18 hrs 30 mi Korean - 8 hrs North Korea Chinese - 10 hrs 30 min Communist China "B" 1- 5 kw - ­ 8 hrs Korean - 8 hrs North Korea FM HLCD 1- 1 kw - - 3 hi's Korean - 3 hi's Domestic K. Television: South Korea

Television has become an increasingly important media in South Korea with one government and two commercially operated tations in daily transnission. The government-run KBS-TV began tiT. ,nitting to audiences in the Seoul-Inchon-Silwon area in December 1961. The privately operated Dong Yang TV opened stations in Seoul and Pusan in December 1964.

The primary problem affecting the growth of television in South Korea is a shortage of TV sets. TV sets registered with the Ministry of Public Information at the end of 1964 totalled 34,500 in Seoul and 5,000 in Pusan. Unofficial estimates place the total for the Seoul-1hchon- Suwon area at between 40,000 and 50,00 and those in Pusan, around 10,000. The government allowed the importation of 25,000 sets from Japan in 1962, which were sold at a controlled price. Thp remaining sets have come either from Japanese or American sources. There is no local production of TV sets although a Pusan firm is considering this project if permission can be obtained to import parts unobtainable in Korea. A shortage of foreign exchange continues to restrict the importation of parts or tots to Korea.

The government's KBS-TV transmits daily over Channel 9 with an audio power of 2 kw and a video power of 1 kw. The station is on the air six hours a day, from 1730 to 2330 KST. Program content consists of 45.2% entertainment, 34,4% cultural and educational, 13% news and 7.4% children's programs. Although KBS-TV is government controlled and receives a government budget, it is also semi-commercial and accepts sponsored programs. It also receives a 4200 per month fee from the owners of registered TV sets.

Dcng Yang TV transmits in Seoul over Channel 7 with an audio power of 1 kw and a video power of 2 kw. Program hours are from 1800 to 2300 KST daily with program content emphasizing entertainment rather than education. D-TV's Pusan station transmits over Channel 9 with an audio power of .25 kw and a video power of .50 kw. It is on the air 42 hours daily with programming generally similar to that of the Seoul Station. D-TV uses both video-tape and kinescope; KBS uses only kinescope.

Both KBS-TV and D-TV have about 150 staff members in Seoul with D-TV employing about one-half that number in Pusan. With low budgets for local production, most of the entertainment programs of both stations are imported from abroad, primarily from the U.S. In early 1965, KBS-TV was telecasting 12 U.S. commercial programs weekly; D-TV, 5. Both stations telecast a majority of their local shows live.

- 29 ­ Television: South Korea (Cont'd)

D-TV Pusan is in the unique position of having no Korean competition, but of having direct competition from Japanese TV. Four Japanese channels beamed from the Fukuoka area are received clearly in Pusan. A majority of the adult viewers over 30 years of age understand Japanese.

Transmitters Hours Total Sets Audience Program Content

KBS-TV, Channel 9 6 40,000-50,000 200,000 est. Entertainent, education, news, children's.

Dong Yang TV, Channel 7 5 40,000-50,000 200,000 est. Entertainment, education, news, features.

Dong Yang TV, Channel 9 4 8,000-10,000 40,000 est. Same as Seoul with local live show. L. Films: South Korea

Since 1953 the number of motion picture theaters cas more than doubled, and going to the movies has become one of the more popular forms of entertainment. Foreign films are very popular with Korean audiences, primarily because of their superior techniques, advanced use of color, and exotic (to Koreans) subject matter. Nearly one-half of the films imported come from the United States and are generally musicals, slapstick comedies and adventure stories,

The domestic film industry is still in its infancy though its has steadily increaced the number of its productions each year. The films, although L'nprovTng, are of rather low quality both artistically and technicaly. The lack of proper equipment, capital, an, technical know-how, combined with tnu appeal of foreign films, has continued to have a darpeiLng effect on the domestic film industry. Tc offstt these negative factors and promote the growth cf the domestic industry, the government in Marcn 1961 placed very high import duties on foreign fiLms and cit the quota of imports that can enter the country each year.

Due to the absence of theaters in the large villages and market tcwns, film viewing is essentially entertainrent that can be enjoyed only in the capital and the larger Korean cities. Ruiral audiences have to journey to the city for co-mercial fiLb, entertainment, but they can see government-sponsored film showings in their home areas by means of mobile theaters. Similarly, USIS film teams bring noneorqmercaal showings to a relatively sall rural audience.

In a survey of the leadership elite,falm viewing was ranked sixth in the ratings of the most frequently used media of co7munications. Nearly every respondent of the poll (98%) said that they went to the movies, and most saw one or two films a month. Their obvious use of the media for entertainment is borne out by the percentage (92%) who stated that they did their viewing at commercial theaters. Films Produced Imported Film Producers per year Types per year Theaters Seats Audience - Dong- Motion Picture Co. 147 feature All types 68 457 286,000 Est. 49 million arnually. Kukdong Motion Picture Co. movies -most One-half Hanyang Motion Picture Co. popular U.S. Hankuk Motion Picture Co. were those Shin Films basea on Korea Art novels or Seiki Co. historical Dongwon Motion Picture Co. events. Yunup Motion Picture Co. Haptong Motion Picture Co. III. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION FACTORS

Mass communications media, although plentiful in the heavily urbanized areas of South Korea, continue to be relatively less important in the countryside. There still is a shortage of radios among the rural population but the ratio of rural families owning radios has grown from one in eight in mid-1960 to one in three by early 1965. The press still fails largely to reach into the more isolated rural communities. However, while an historical insularity appears to continue to a degree in many rural areas, there is indication that the increased development of some media outlets, particularly radio, has tended to break this down. Village attitudes and reactions toward specific events tend to be less parochial. Word­ of-mouth communication no longer is the primary means of developing these attitudes and reactions.

A survey conducted by students of Seoul National University's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences in Kyonggi Province in July 1964 indicated that 49% of the villagers questioned depended on radio for news as against 25% who depended on word-of-mouth and l1.3%, on newspapers. In towns visited, radio also ranked first, with 39.9% getting their news from this media, while newspapers were next with 34.6% and word-of-mouth third with 20.5%. The survey pointed out that a government program aimed at expanding the number of radios and amplifiers in the rural communities was largely responsible for this change in community communications patterns.

The survey also pointed out that, while newspapers are depended upon as a new source primarily by the more educated class, radio has become the popular source of information and entertainment for the less educated. The survey also showed that a democratic consciousness is higher among newspaper readers than among radio listeners, and, as a corollary, the lower the democratic consciousness, the higher the reliance on hearsay.

Thus it appears that in the rual area, particularly, the past five years has seen a well defined change in the pattern of news dissemination. The gossip sessions that predominated in the past may still exist, but the news that is now fed into such meetings often comes from the radio, or wired amplifiers, rather than from a chance meeting with a villager from a neighborning community.

News of national import has traditionally originated in Seoul, but where formerly it was generated primarily by government officials, politicans and the Seoul press, it now is often generated by the government or commercial radio. The principal radio network is the government's 26-station KBS organization which reaches most rural communities through direct radio or wired receiving outlets. There is also an indication that the provincial press is becoming more of a factor that it has been in the past in the dissemination of news in rural areas, even though this is still limited. Personal communication obviously remains an important factor in both rural and urban areas in South Korea. However, it is increasingly evident that the source of news communicated between peoples has changed considerably in the past few years. - 32 ­ IV. TARGET GROUPS

The disruptive effect of the Korean War, the continuing influex of population to the nation's crowded cities and the ever-present impact of Western culture are major factors which have combined to change the traditional Korean society End leav(- iL in a state of transition. Class lines in this traisitional society can generally be said to be blurred ad shifting, and not truly a solid basis for social identity. Despite the 2hange? in society, how( ver, there remains tiie age-old cultural cap between the growing cities and the rural countryside.

Rural society, altnuugh subject to the growing impact of mass media and education, has tended to remain a thing apart from urban life. Each rural village has commonly formed a unitary <,cial grouping in which work, social valuec and atitudes are mutualiv held by all the villagers. Apart from inetr primarv idensit!-ation witil thc frinilv individuals tend to identify themselves more witii the village add iL communal interests than with a self-conscious level of -1iuss Id ntifi(st ion. As a result, class division per se is a minor matter in the daily life of the ordinary villager.

There are, of cotuyrse, subtle vaiations of status within the village which are of great importance to the village inhabitants, but they do not divide the village on the basis of class. These variations in prestige and position are primarilv determined by the social position of the individual's foinilv. which in turn i- primarily determined by the anount of wealth, usual Ly land or t'shing equipment, which the family pos-sesses. Secondary considerations for status incLude claims to rclationshlp tc the old noble familieb (yangban), education, anod connections with government officials. Wealthy farmer- -and fi.sh-rmcn, t(acher;, village govern­ ment offit-lals, and upper-level studeri' , this have considerable status in the village.

Urban society, under the impact of eaucation, ma - communications media, proximity to political change) ana the influx of refugees and rural laborers, has become a much more fluid and urstable tructure than its rural counterpart. With the increaoing breakaon of traditional values, the trend i,, for status to be achieved on the basiV of individual performance, as opposed to that gained by virtue of fanily background. This is as yet merely a trend, however and not a condLition pervading urban society. Traditional forms remain of importan-,-, and connection to a family of high social origins is a distinct asset in busines-, and social life.

The upper class of urban Korean society is theoretically composed of members of the yangban aristocracv, but in reality only the leaders of the upper class may truly claim ancestry in the aristocracy. The majority of the upper clat-s is made up of wealthy landowners, big businessmen and industrialists, eduated professionals of considerable means, and upper level breaucrat., High r-anking military officers with connections to the old families are also considered members of the upper class and achieved high prestige in the aftermath of th - military take-over of the country.

- 33 ­ The middle class of urban Korean society, like the upper class, is small but growing segment of the entire population, and is even more of an urban phenomena. It is composed largely of moderately prosperous professionals -- doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians -- middle-level bureaucrats, small businessmen and minor industrialists, and most of the college-level student population. Middle ranking military and naval officers, particularly those with more than average education, are also considered to be members of the middle class.

Members of the lower clas, make up the overwhelming majority of the Korean population. Major segments of the lower class group include enlisted personnel in the armed forces, urban unskilled laborers and the unemployed, and the mass of faxmers anu fishermen. The latter, although not self-consciously identified as lower class within the village framework, must be so classified on an overall national basis. At the very bottom of the social scale are sucn occupations as butchers, entertainers, nightsoll collectors and prostitutes.

Army Officers (estimated 35,000)

Esteemed by the general populace for their apolitical stand during the overthrow of the Rhee Government, the middle and top-ranking ROK Army officers were considered to be one of the more stable elements on the political scene. Anti-Communist, highly nationalistic, and strongly authoritarian in outlook, the young officers found themselves faced with the complex problems of running a modern nation. Balanced against their sincerity, drive and energy 7as their economic naivete, emotionalism and lack of administrative skills and experience. Nevertheless, experience was gained and now, under President Park's civilian government, many officers have high-ranking government positions.

Enlisted personnel (estimated 600,000)

Enlisted personnel in the Korean military have little influence on the social or political scene other than that created by their actions following orders from their superiors. Traditionally of low status under the Confucian system of values, their position in society has risen somewhat in the face of the nation's constant need to maintain a large standing army. Although the majority of recruits return to the social position of their families following discharge from service, a great many make use of' service-acquired skills and opportunities (e.g. equipment repair) to elevate their posibion in Korean society.

Farmers and Fishermen (estimated 9-5 million)

South Korean farmers (k1 million) and fishermen (1 million) comprise some three fourths of the nation's total labor force, and support more than tnree-fifths of the total population. Conservative, hard-working and traditionally oriented toward political inactivity, they represent a continuing source of stability on the political scene.

- 34 ­ Among them, a word-of-mouth communication is still an important means of learning both village and national news, but communications media including radio, newspapers, posters, etc., are playing an increasingly important role in keeping them informed. The heads of wealthy families and teachers represent an important factor in the formulation of village opinion.

Media Personnel (estimated 2,000)

Prior to the 1961 military coup there were approximately 15,000 people working full and part-time in all phases of mass communications, most of whom were part-time reporters for the large number of small newspapers and press agencies. Following the success of the coup, the military government drastically reduced the number of press publications and news agencies and, in so doing, sharply cut the number of media personnel. Under the Chang Myon Government the members of the press had considerable influence in urban areas becausj of their sensationalist reporting, rumormongering and excessive criticism C. the government. This basically irresponsible use of freedom of the press was ended through censorship by the military government, and as a result the press experienced a considerable loss of influence. Under President Park Chung-hee's civilian government the press has regained much of its influence and has somewhat toned down its irresponsible reporting, through its own self-control over press ethics.

Students (estimated 130,000)

There are appriximately 130,000 university, college and normal school students in South Korea. Nationalistic, idealistic and hard working, they have a strong desire to aid in building the economy of their country and, at the same time, maintain democratic rights won in the overthrow of the Rhee regime. Like the Japanese students, the Korean students have a strong sense of solidarity, although they are not as inclined toward a Marxian view of politics, nor are they as well organized. Students in general are influenced strongly by their own leaders in various political clubs and are reached primarily by such formal media as the press, radio and intellectual publications.

- 35 ­