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The Hansa Towns and Scandinavia on the Eve of Swedish Independence Author(S): Waldemar Westergaard Reviewed Work(S): Source: the Journal of Modern History, Vol

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The Hansa Towns and Scandinavia on the Eve of Swedish Independence Author(S): Waldemar Westergaard Reviewed Work(S): Source: the Journal of Modern History, Vol The Hansa Towns and Scandinavia on the Eve of Swedish Independence Author(s): Waldemar Westergaard Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Sep., 1932), pp. 349-360 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871002 . Accessed: 02/03/2012 23:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Modern History. http://www.jstor.org THE JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY VolumeI Iz SEPTEMBER 19:32 lVumberS THE HANSA 'rOWNSAND SCANDINAVIAON '1'H1£EVE OF SV\7EDISHINDEPENDENCE1 x x tHEN GustavEriksson was electedking of Sweden \ / \ / in 1523, only two accreditedforeign envoys were T T present. They representedthe Hansa town of Lubeck,which, with Danzig,was Sweden'ssolitary ally in its desperatefight for independence.The presenceof theseenvoys BerntBomhouwer and Simon Plonnies wasnot a mereacci- dent. DuringSweden's long struggleagainst the DanishKing John (Hans)and his son and successorChristian II, Lubeck, as the chiefof the so-called"Wendic" towns, had foundherself almostconstantly in negotiation,and occasionallyat war,with the Danishstate. Danzig,in its moreremote position on the southeasternBaltic littoral, owed allegianceto the Polish crown;but its trade with westernEurope, like that of the Wendictowns, had to passthrough the Sound, where the officers of the Danishking collected toll dueson all cargoesentering or leavingthe Baltic Sea. The ancient brass cannon that rest peacefullyon the battlementsof Cronborgcastle at Elsinorc now mere museumspecimens-bear mute testimonr to the powerlong wieldedby Denmarkat that strategicpoint. 1Paper read at the annualmeetiIlg of the AmericanHistorical Association held in Minneapolis,December 28, 1931.The manuscriptmaterials used in this paperwere securedthrough a grant-in-aidmade by the SocialScience Research Council in 1930. 349 350 WALDEMAR WESTERGAARD TheHansa towns had long been a factorto be reckonedwith. Theyhad administered a severe defeat to KingWaldemar at the Peace of Stralsundin 1370; they had organizeda league of townsand developed a diplomatictechnique that answeredade- quatelyto their expandingeconomic needs. Oftenrepresented on the Hansetagewere the Livoniantowns of Riga,Dorpat, and Reval, which,like the Swedishfrontier post at Wiborg,faced Novgorodand Muscovy.The way to Russia was carefully guardedby the GermanBaltic towns; and, economically as well as politically,Denmark at the openingof the sixteenthcentury madea seriesof effortsto breakthis Hanseaticcordon. For the purposesof the presentaccount, the agreementof Segeberg(1506)2 may be taken as the beginningof a seriesof Hanseatic-Scandinaviancomplications that reachedtheir cli- max when GustavusVasa becamethe first king of modern Swedenin 1523. At Segeberg,lling Johnforced an agreement from Lubeck and the Wendictowns to refrainfrom trade with the rebelliousSwedes. John's nephew, James IV of Scot- land,3was prevailed upon to take a handin cowingthe German towns; and Louis XII of Francesent his heraldto workfor peacein the king'sinterest. A thirdking, HenryVII of Eng- land, only expresseda mild interestin King John'sHanseatic diplomacy.The Hansa factory in Londonhad been brought well undercontrol, and that was enoughfor the present.A fourthruler whose interest John enlisted was the Holy Roman Emperor,AIaximilian, to whorllthe kingmade a successfulap- pealfor help. The Emperor,at IVingJohn's instance, published a ban againstthe Swedes,which forbade all trade with them. I1ltendedfor the imperialGerman towns, it affordeda precedent 2Hanserecesse,1473-1530 (24 vols.; Leipzig, 187s1913), ser. 3, V, 246-48. Cited hereafteras H.R. 3James IV to John of Denmark, between Oct., 1506, and Jan., 1507, H.R., ser. 3, V, 289-90. See also ibtd.,p. 290 (Nos. 216, 217). Louis XII to LUbeck,Mar. 3, 1507;H.R., ser. X,V, 292. Henry VII to Llibeck,Jan. 28, 1507;ibid., p. 290. LUbeck's reply, early April, 1507; ibid., p. 295. Notarial irlstrument,May 6, 1507;tbid., p. 297. Danzig's instructionsto envoys, prior to May 9, 1507; ibid., pp. 335-.39. Danzig ac- count of Hansadiet at LUbeck,May 21, etc., 1507;ibid., pp. 345-68. Recesszu Lubeck, May 16-Jurle6, 1507;ibid., pp. 303-32; cf. pp. 299-300 (Nos. 282, B3). THE HANSA TOWNS AND SCANDINAVIA 351 for imperialintervention in Scandinavianaffairs that was not withoutdanger. KingJohn was fightingto maintainthe Scandinavianunion. He disregardedtheoretical considerations and proceeded to put pressureon Lubeck,Danzig, and the north Germantowns to effecttheir assent to the imperialban. At the diet of the Hansa townsheld in May andearly June, 1507, twenty-six towns sent envoys. Othersexplained their absence in letters. Lubeck'sin- sistenceon actionregarding Denmark's breach of privilegesat the expenseof Hanseaticmerchants whose activities would be hemmedby the imperialAct, was met by Cologne'sreply that the towns had otherand moreserious breaches to think about as in Londonand Flanders.Danzig's burgomaster was in attendanceat the Hansetag,and he proceededto minimize the edict. It appliedto individualtowns and wasnot all-inclu- sive, he said. Danzig had receivedno help from the Hansa townsin its last year'sdifficulties Xwith Denmark; and now that Denmarkand Danzig wereat peace,he felt that conciliation wasin order.To Lubeck'srequest for support against the Dan- ish king at the meetingsoon to be held in Nykobing,Danzig answeredsignificantly that the town council and burghers wouldhave to be consulted. The reasonfor Danzig'sattitude is not far to seek. The her- ring fisheriesat Falsterboand Skanorhad long been in the handsof the north Germantowns. The extent of the fishing activitiesof the townshas beenexaggerated by travelers,whose accountsof whatthey thoughtthey sawhave beenaccepted by a numberof well-knownmodern writers on Hanseatichistory. Officialestimates show an activity sufficientlygreat to require no embellishment.In 1523,at the closeof the periodunder dis- cussion,7,515 boats, manned by an averageof five personsper boat, werereported by the Lubeckofficial (Vogt) as fishingoff Falsterboalone, during the precedingseason The catch was estimatedat 7,703kegs. Thecalculated revenue for the Danish crownfrom the Skanefisheries tolls in 1523 was 2,500-3,000 352 WALDER WESTERGMRD marks,a considerablesum for that time.4In the closingdecaele of the fifteenthcentury, one authorityesti1nates a total catch of some 50,000kegs on whichtolls were paid by the Harlsa Vogtein Skanein a singleyear.5 Salt fish or herringwere an essentialpart of every allotmentof rations. With the kegs weighingupward of sixteenpounds each, here was enougl1to supplya largearmy with a year'sration of fish. Theplots of ground,or Fttten, where the herringwere cleaned, salted, and packedin barrelswere assignedto the diSerent Germantowns. Duringthe earlyautumn, especially from Au- gust to October,the little peninsulaextending south from Skanewas hu1nming with the voicesof fishwives,-the hammering of the coopers,the activitiesof the packers.Vanzig's plot at Falsterbowas well locatedby the shore,while Lubeck'sFttte lay in a somewhatless favorableplace, just back of Danzig's and west of the town.6Occasionally during the idle morlths whenthe herringfieets werein their home ports, the sea en- croachedon the Fttten territory,the boundarystakes had a way of disappearing,and claimsand counter-claimsainong the Germantowns werethe result. Meantime,the Lubeckersbe- camemore insistent on presentinga unitedfront to KingJohn, who was makingdesperate eSorts to put throughhis plan for the econolnicisolation of Sweden.Danzig was not preparedto jointhe Wendictowns in this eSort,except as it wouldhelp the town secure1nore favorable terms for the Skanefishing rights. King John had here an excellentopportunity to split the ranksof the Germantowns. At the meetingof Nykobingon the Danishisland of Falster,in June-July,1507, the Wendictowns and Danzigmet the Danishking and his advisers.7That Lu- beck'sgame was up was clearfrom the start, for Danzig as- 4"CantslerClaus GiorelsensOptegnelser," in [Nye] Dansk Mayazin, ser. 2, VI (1836), 313. 5 Wehrmann,in Zeitschriftfurlubeckische Geachichte, II, 130, cited in D. Schafer, I)as Buchdes luDeckischenVogts auf Schonen(2d ed.; Lubeck, 1929), p. xliii. 6 Schafer,op. cit., pp. civ-cxvi and lEarteII. 7 Accountof Danzig's envoys, June 21-July 8, 1507; H.R., ser. 3, V, 404-20. Cf. "Recess zu NykJobing,"ibid., No. 261. For a general account, see OanmarksRiges liistorie (d vols.; Copenhagen,189F1907), IIIa, 109-12. THE HANSA TOWNS AND SCANDINAVIA 353 sumedthe role of mediator,accepted the imperialban against Sweden,and preferredto take its chanceson a separateagree- mentwith the Danishauthorities in the Skanefisheries matter. Backof the scenesat the Nykobingmeeting were the envoysof Scotlandand France,both active in the king's cause.8The Swedes,whose leader in the strugglewith Denmarkwas now SvanteSture, had been anxiouslyawaiting news from Nyko- bing;but all they got wasan offerof peacefulmediation. Svante Sturerightly
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