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Chaetognatha from the Central and Southern Middle Atlantic Bight - Species Composition, Temperature-Salinity Relationships, and Interspecific Associations

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Chaetognatha from the Central and Southern Middle Atlantic Bight - Species Composition, Temperature-Salinity Relationships, and Interspecific Associations View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by College of William & Mary: W&M Publish W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles 1991 Chaetognatha From The Central And Southern Middle Atlantic Bight - Species Composition, Temperature-Salinity Relationships, And Interspecific Associations George C. Grant Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Grant, George C., "Chaetognatha From The Central And Southern Middle Atlantic Bight - Species Composition, Temperature-Salinity Relationships, And Interspecific Associations" (1991). VIMS Articles. 612. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/612 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract.-Eighteen species of chaetognaths were identified from Chaetognatha from the shelf waters in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Species composition in the Central and Southern Middle water column and the hyponeuston was nearly identical, but the percent Atlantic Bight: Species Composition, frequencies of the more common cold-temperate species were general­ Temperature-Salinity Relationships, ly lower in surface collections. Mean surface salinity, weighted for abun­ dance of individual chaetognath spe­ and Interspecific Associations* cies in the hyponeuston collections, varied from 32.6 and 32.8 °/00 for George C. Grant the coastal- and estuarine-inhabiting Sagitta tenuis and Parasagitta ele­ Virginia Institute of Marine SCience and SChool of Marine Science gans, to 34.8 and 34.9 for the offshore The College of William and Mary. Gloucester Point. Virginia 23062 Pterosagitta draco and Krohnitta pacifica. Weighted mean tempera­ tures ranged from below 14DC for Mesosagitta minima, P. elegans, and Serratosagitta tasmanica to over Recognition of several chaetognath later confirmed that the endemic 24DC for K. pacifica. Overall associa­ species along the northeastern coast shelf population of "S. serrutoden­ tion among Middle Atlantic Bight of the United States is quite recent. tata" in this region was actually S. chaetognaths, measured for the 15 Until 1960, only eight species had tasmanica. Grice and Hart (1962) most frequent species in 716 collec­ tions by variance ratio, was signifi­ been identified from shelfwaters off found other species in slope waters cantly positive. Association between the Middle Atlantic states, i.e., the southeast of Long Island, New York, pairs of species was therefore also Middle Atlantic Bight from Cape Cod including Pseudosagitta lyra, Meso­ largely positive, with the important to Cape Hatteras; these were in­ sagitta decipiens, and Solidosagitta exception of Parasagitta elegans. cluded in Bigelow and Sears (1939): planctonis. Thus, at the close of the This species, with a unique regional niche in low salinities and tempera­ Eukrohnia hamata, Parasagitta ele­ 1960s, some 15 species were known tures, was negatively associated gans, Flaccisagitta enflata, Serrato­ from the shelf and the presence of (p<O.Ol) with five warm-water spe­ sagitta serratodentata (including the others in surface slope waters sug­ cies (Krohnitta pacifica, Ferosagitta then undescribed Serratosagitta tas­ gested their likely occurrence over hispida, Sagitta tenuis, Sagitta hele­ manica), Flaccisagitta kexaptera, the shelf as well. naB, and Flaccisagitta. enjlata). Most species reached maximum abundance Pseudosagitta maxima, Krohnitta This study ofMiddle Atlantic Bight at the surface near midnight. Excep­ subtilis, and Pterosagitta draco **. chaetognaths is based on an intensive tions included Sagitta helenae, with Deevey (1960), in a study ofthe Dela­ series of collections from the central daylight maxima, and Krohnitta pa­ ware Bay region, added Ferosagitta and southern bight. Presented here cifica, Ferosagitta hispida and Ser­ hispida, Sagitta helenae, and Meso­ are the species composition in hypo­ ratosagitta serratodentata, showing crepuscular increases in abundance. sagitta minima to the list of recog­ neuston and subsurface collections, nized species. Since her material had temperature-salinity-plankton (T-S-P) been collected three decades earlier diagrams for the more common surface (1929-31), it appears that pre-1960 species, measurements of interspe­ studies had simply failed to distin­ cific associations among chaetognaths, guish between grossly similar spe­ and a summary of diel abundance in cies. Sagitta tenuis, Sagitta bipunc­ the hyponeuston. tata, and Krohnitta pacifica were added by Grant (1963a, b) to the list of shelf species, and Grant (1967) Methods and materials Chaetognath collections * Contribution No. 1624 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and School of A transect of six stations (C1-J1, Fig. Marine Science, The College ofWilliam and 1) off southern New Jersey was sam­ Mary. **Taxonomy in this paper generally follows pled quarterly for two years, October the revisions ofTokioka (1965) and Kassat­ 1975-August 1977. Two more north­ kina (1971), but removes Pse:udosagitta lyra erly stations (A2, B5) and a southern and P. 'TnInima from the genus Flacci­ Manuscript accepted 12 October 1990. sagitta in agreement with species groupings transect offour stations (L1-L6) were Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 89:33-40 (1991). of Alvarii'io (1963). added in the second survey year 33 34 Fishery Bulletin 89(1). J99 J (Grant 1977a, 1979, 1988). Routine collections at each station included paired 60-cm bongo net samplers (202 and 5051lm mesh nets), towed from just below the sur­ face to near, but safely off, the bottom, then back to the surface (so-called double oblique tows; 220 samples), and eight surface layer (upper 10cm) collections ob­ tained at 3-hour intervals over a 24-hour period (496 samples), using a 1-m wide hyponeuston net (5051lm mesh). Of the 716 collections (Table 1), only 1 bongo and 79 hyponeuston (mostly daytime) collections lacked chaetognaths. Laboratory processing Collections were divided into successively smaller ali­ quots for the more numerous taxa, using a sample­ splitting device of proven design (Burrell et al. 1974). However, chaetognaths were generally obtained from whole or half samples, unless very abundant. Data analysis Collection data were sorted by species, stations, and collection methods. Analysis of the relationship of species abundance to hydrography was limited to hyponeuston collections because subsurface tows were oblique, often traversing multiple layers of different water types. Mean temperatures and salinities of cap­ ture in surface-layer collections were calculated for each common chaetognath species, weighting each observed temperature and salinity by the size of catch (log N + 1), where N = total catch in a standard 20-min­ ute hyponeuston net tow at 2.5 knots. Thus, Figure 1 Location of Middle Atlantic Bight plankton stations (•) sam­ pled quarterly, October 1975-August 1977. Those in transect T= off New Jersey (C1-J1, 0) were sampled for 2 years. Other stations were added for the second year. Depth contours in tl(log nl + 1) + tz(log nz + 1) + + tn(log nn + 1) meters. (log nl + 1) + (log nz + 1) + + (log nn + 1) Sl(lOg nl + 1) + sz(log nz + 1) + + sn(log nn + 1) derived from a null association model (Schluter 1984). The expected'value of VR under the null hypothesis (log nl + 1) + (log nz + 1) + + (log nn + 1) of independence is 1. When VR>1, a positive associa­ tion of species is indicated; VR<1 indicates a negative where 11, Sj, and nj are the surface temperature, sur­ association. A test statistic W =(N)(VR) provides a test face salinity, and total catch in each positive collection, of significance for deviations from 1. Ifspecies are not respectively. associated there is a 90% probability that W lies be­ Presence, absence, and joint occurrences of the 15 tween the chi-square limits: most frequent species from both bongo and hyponeus­ ton collections were used in an analysis of association between and among'speCies. As recommended by Lud­ wig and Reynolds (1988), the significance of associa­ Because of the large degrees of freedom in this study tion among all 15 species and 716 collections was first (where N = 716), critical values of XZ were approx­ tested simultaneously using a variance ratio (VR) imated (see Zar 1984, p. 482). Grant: Chaetognatha from central and southern Middle Atlantic Bight 35 Relative strength of the asso­ Table 1 ciation between pairs of species Number of zooplankton collections obtained during eight seasonal cruises in the Middle was measured using 2 x 2 con­ Atlantic Bight, 1975-77. tingency tables and Hurlbert's (1969) coefficient ofinterspecific Subsurface Surface association (Cg), as corrected by 60-cm bongo nets 1-m hyponeuston net Ratliff (1982) for errors resulting Cruise Dates 2021lm 5051lm 5051lm Total from lack of absolute association 1 23-29 Oct 75 6 6 48 60 (Pielou 1977). Yates' correction 2 5-16 Feb 76 6 6 48 60 of chi-squared calculations was 3 8-16 Jun 76 6 8 52 66 applied for low expected frequen­ 4 31 Aug-9 Sep 76 6 7 48 61 cies (Bailey 1981). 5 5-28 Nov 76 22 21 75 118 6 20 Feb-6 Mar 77 21 21 75 117 7 17-28 May 77 21 21 75 117 Results 8 19-29 Aug 77 21 21 75 117 Total 109 111 496 716 Species composition Eighteen species (11 genera) of chaetognaths were identified, 17 Table 2 in both surface hyponeuston and Percent frequency of chaetognath species occurrence in hyponeuston collections from subsurface bongo net collections eight quarterly cruises, 1975-77. (Tables 2 and 3). Compositional Cruise: 7 8 Total differences in the two lists were limited to the rarest species: Number of collections: 75 75 496 Sagitta bipunctata was found Serratosagitta tasmanica 17.3 21.3 42.5 only in hyponeuston collections, Flaccisagitta enflata 24.0 73.3 41.9 while Pseudosagitta maxima was Parasagitta elegans 58.7 14.7 37.3 restricted to subsurface collec­ Mesosagitta minima 2.7 9.3 16.5 tions.
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