DOCSLIB.ORG

Reseña Histórica Del Descubrimiento De Los Hongos Dermatofitos Desde El Siglo 1 A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reseña Histórica Del Descubrimiento De Los Hongos Dermatofitos Desde El Siglo 1 A Hongos dermatofitos Scientific International Journal™ ______ ORIGINAL ARTICLE RESEÑA HISTÓRICA DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE LOS HONGOS DERMATOFITOS DESDE EL SIGLO 1 A. C. HASTA LOS TRABAJOS ACTUALES Lourdes Echevarría García, PhD Profesora conferenciante Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología Departamento de Biología Universidad del Turabo Puerto Rico [email protected] Resumen Los hongos dermatofitos son un grupo taxonómicamente relacionados entre sí. Tienen la capacidad de invadir tejidos queratinizados. Estos tejidos son la piel, pelo y uñas, tanto en los seres humanos como en los animales. Los dermatofitos corresponden a un grupo de hongos filamentosos integrados dentro de los géneros: Microsporum, Trichophyton y Epidermophyton (Spiewak et al., 1998). Esta revisión describe todos los trabajos de científicos y micólogos que trabajaron desde comienzo de siglo hasta el presente, mostrando la historia y evolución de este grupo de hongos filamentosos en el pasar de los años. Se describe la identificación de los dermatofitos por su morfología, pruebas serológicas, técnicas moleculares y técnicas de identificación de ADN fúngico basado en la cadena de la polimerasa (PCR, por sus siglas en inglés). Palabras claves: hongos filamentosos, dermatofitos, micólogos, morfología Abstract Dermatophyte fungi are a group taxonomically related. They have the ability to invade keratinized tissues. These tissues are skin, hair and nails, in both humans and animals. Dermatophytes are a group of filamentous fungi integrated within genders; Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton (Spiewak et al., 1998). This review describes all scientific and mycologists’ work from the beginning of the century to the present, showing the history and evolution of this group of filamentous fungi over the years. It describes the identification of the dermatophytes by their morphology, serology tests, molecular techniques and identification techniques of fungal DNA based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Keywords: filamentous fungi, dermatophytes, mycologists, morphology Vol. 13 No. 3 · September-December 2016 21 Echevarría García, L. Scientific International Journal™ INTRODUCCIÓN l término “dermatofito” fue empleado por primera vez en el año 1882. Sin embargo, a través de la historia de la humanidad se evidencia que las E infecciones causadas por estos hongos son tan antiguas como la existencia de la misma. Los aspectos trascendentales de los dermatofitos, desde la perspectiva de los grandes descubrimientos, se muestran a modo de resumen para plasmar un orden cronológico en la secuencia del desarrollo de este grupo taxonómico. DESCUBRIMIENTOS Y APORTACIONES l primer científico en comenzar investigaciones con estos hongos lo fue Aulus Cornelius Celsus, quien trabajó con los aspectos clínicos de algunas micosis E superficiales; estas fueron descritas desde la época de Hipócrates en el año 460- 377 a. C. Él fue el primero en documentar la candidosis seudomembranosa con el nombre de “afta alba”, lo cual fue corroborado posteriormente por Galeno en los años 130-200 d. C. Luego, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, en el Siglo 1 a. C., reconoció la tiña inflamatoria (querion) y el favus. Describió, en su tratado de medicina (Grive, 1837), la condición clínica de porrigo, que corresponde a la actual infección de tinea capitis tipo favus. Cassius, en el siglo V, indicó que los romanos acuñaron el término tinea, que significa “Apolillado”. El mismo fue utilizado por Cassius, en el siglo V, para referirse al cuadro clínico de la tinea capitis, creyendo que era causado por insectos o gusanos. En el siglo XVII, los grandes maestros de la pintura representaban en sus cuadros a niños con probables infecciones fúngicas en el cuero cabelludo que se confundían a menudo con la lepra. Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, en el siglo XVIII, plasmó en una pintura lo que representaban las clases sociales del siglo XVII y XVIII. La obra, Santa Isabel de Hungría, plasmaba a una monja que curaba a los enfermos tiñosos. Representaba las radioterapias, sales de talio y depilación mecánica que se utilizaban en la época como tratamiento. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, en el siglo XVIII, fue autor de un gran número de obras en náhuatl, español y latín. En cada una, describe el padecimiento de dermatofitos en la piel de las personas. Robert Remark, en el 1834, trabajó en el Hospital La Charité de Berlín y demostró, por primera vez en la historia, que los escudetes fávicos estaban compuestos de cuerpos esféricos y fibras ramificadas, sin darse cuenta que se trataba de un hongo. Descubrió la tiña fávica que era causada por un hongo, al cual dio el nombre de Achorion shoenleinii, en Vol. 13 No. 3 · September-December 2016 22 Hongos dermatofitos Scientific International Journal™ honor a su maestro alemán Schonlein. No se le otorgó el crédito correspondiente; hizo sus publicaciones en el año 1845, en lo que se considera el primer tratado de micología. En la actualidad, todavía existe una controversia acerca de quién es el fundador de la micología dermatológica. Johann Lukas Schonlein, en el año 1839, estudió el hongo del favus, aunque sospechaba de su existencia desde 1827. En el año 1839, reconoció el origen micótico de estas infecciones. En el año 1840, Remark se inoculó el agente etiológico del favus para demostrar que era infeccioso. David Gruby, en los años 1841 y 1842, aisló el hongo de favus y reprodujo la enfermedad. También, descubrió la tiña microscópica y cultivó Microsporum audouinii. Lo denominó así por el tamaño pequeño de las esporas y en honor a Víctor Audouin. Demostró que la infección de tinea tenía origen micótico. También, estudió las infecciones del cuero cabelludo y describió el parasitismo de tipo ectotrix, causado por Microsporum audouinii, y el tipo endotrix, causado por Trichophyton tonsurans. Entre sus escritos, publicó sus descubrimientos en “Memoire sur une vegetation qui constituie la vraie teigne”. En el año 1842, presentó el verdadero hongo del algodoncillo ante la Academia de Ciencias de Paris e instaló un consultorio con gran éxito social al dedicarse a la medicina. En el año 1884, publicó un estudio acerca de Trichophyton tonsurans como agente etiológico de tiña con parasitación endothrix. Nunca fue aceptado verdaderamente por los franceses y fue refutado por los húngaros. Otro científico fue P. H. Malmsteen quien, en el año 1845, describió el género Trichophyton y las especies mentagrophytes y tonsurans. Escribió el libro “Historie Naturelle des vegétaux parasites”. C. Eichstedt, en el año 1846, encontró escamas de la piel infectadas con pitiriasis versicolor (también llamada tiña versicolor), un hongo al que llamó Microsporum furfur. Carl Otto Harz, en el año 1870, descubrió el organismo E. floccosum y el grano actinomicético en la mandíbula de un buey, lo cual llamó Actinomyces bovis. El científico Majocchi, junto con sus alumnos, realizó una descripción completa sobre la clínica, histopatología y micología de las tiñas profundas o granulomas dermatofíticos. Raymond Sabouraud, considerado uno de los eminentes micólogos del siglo XIX, inició el estudio sistemático de las dermatofitosis y, en el año 1892, publicó su primer trabajo “Etude clinique, histologique et bacteriologique sur la pluralité desTrichophytons de I’homme”. En el año 1894, escribió los resultados de sus primeros tres años de investigación en el libro “Les Trichophyties humaines”. Clasificó los agentes causales de las dermatofitosis en cuatro grupos: Achorion, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton y Microsporum. Sostuvo la idea de que las dermatofitosis eran Vol. 13 No. 3 · September-December 2016 23 Echevarría García, L. Scientific International Journal™ causadas por más de una especie de hongos. En el año 1910 publicó la enciclopedia “Maladies du cuir chevelu”; el tercer volumen de “Les teignes” fue el primer manual de micología dermatológica, considerado hoy un clásico de la medicina y un modelo de observación científica. Libero Ajello y Nannizzi, en el año 1927, descubrieron el primer estado de ascospora del dermatofito M. gypseum. Su trabajo fue criticado por Langeron y Milochevich. El reconocimiento ocurrió 30 años después, cuando se volvió a encontrar el estado perfecto del mismo hongo, lo que llevó a los estudiosos a dar el nombre de Nannissia a la etapa de ascospora en los dermatofitos pertenecientes al género Microsporum. Tres años después, en el año 1930, Langeron y Milochevich reordenaron a los dermatofitos y eliminaron el género Achorion. Langeron, Maurice, Charles, Pierre y S. Milochevich, en el 1930, modificaron la clasificación de Sabouraud de los dermatofitos y reconocieron la importancia de añadir ingredientes al medio de cultivo utilizando sustancias naturales para incrementar la capacidad de esporulación de los hongos. Establecieron la base de la nomenclatura actual de los hongos, tomando en cuenta los modos de reproducción. Además, lucharon por la utilización del latín en el lenguaje micológico. Sus ideas fueron seguidas por los estadounidenses, de tal manera que Norman Conant y, sobre todo, Chester Emmons, en el año 1934 reordenaron la nomenclatura, con lo cual disminuyeron las confusiones. También, propusieron la taxonomía actual para los dermatofitos. Incluyeron todas las especies de dermatofitos en tres géneros: Microsporum, Trichophyton y Epidermophyton. Dicha clasificación está basada en las características de las conidias, células reproducidas mediante fase asexual y única forma de reproducción conocida hasta ese entonces. Vanbreuseghem, en el año 1952, aisló el primer dermatofito geofílico,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. In the book, we use the terms ‘fungal infections’ and ‘mycoses’ (or singular fungal infection and mycosis) interchangeably, mostly following the usage of our historical actors in time and place. 2. The term ‘ringworm’ is very old and came from the circular patches of peeled, inflamed skin that characterised the infection. In medicine at least, no one understood it to be associated with worms of any description. 3. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 4. Burnham, J. C., ‘American medicine’s golden age: What happened to it?’, Sci- ence, 1982, 215: 1474–1479; Brandt, A. M. and Gardner, M., ‘The golden age of medicine’, in Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. V., eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000, 21–38. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of ‘side-effect’ was in 1939, in H. N. G. Wright and M. L. Montag’s textbook: Materia Med Pharma- col & Therapeutics, 112, when it referred to ‘The effects which are not desired in any particular case are referred to as “side effects” or “side actions” and, in some instances, these may be so powerful as to limit seriously the therapeutic usefulness of the drug.’ 6. Illich, I., Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, London, Calder & Boyars, 1975. 7. Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Society, New Delhi, Sage, 1992, 56 and 63; Greene, J., Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Dis- ease, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007; Timmermann, C., ‘To treat or not to treat: Drug research and the changing nature of essential hypertension’, Schlich, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    OPEN Introduction Fungal infections or mycoses are the great neglected diseases of medical history.1 There are numerous histories of viral, bacterial and protozoan infections, for all times and all places, but very few studies of those caused by fungi. Why? It cannot be because of prevalence. Histori- cal sources and contemporary epidemiological investigations show that fungal infections were and are ubiquitous in human and animal popula- tions. Everyone in Britain and the United States in the last half a century would have heard of, if not suffered from, athlete’s foot or thrush. In the first half of the twentieth century, children feared the school nurse find- ing ringworm on their scalp and having to endure, not only the pains of X-ray depilation or having their shaven head painted with gentian vio- let, but also exclusion from school and the shame of being stigmatised as ‘unclean’.2 It seems that medical historians have followed the agenda of the med- ical profession in showing relatively little interest in conditions, such as the majority of cases of mycoses, that do not lead to ‘illness’ as such, but cause inflammation, irritation and discomfort. Medical history remains dominated by studies of diseases that had, or continue to have, a high profile within medicine, or have attracted government interest and investment because they cause significant morbidity or mortality. Yet, the majority experience of ill health was, and is, of self-limiting and self-treated conditions, where sufferers did not, and do not, consult a doctor and become ‘patients’. In their efforts to recover ‘the patient’s view’, medical historians have ignored the minor illnesses, injuries and infections that were, and remain, outside of the medical gaze.3 But medical historians have also largely ignored the ailments brought on by medical advances, and here too the history of fungal infections 1 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Luciano Polonelli
    Luciano Polonelli Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Tel.: +39 0521 903429; Fax: +39 0521 993620; e-mail: [email protected] History of Medical Mycology File 1 (Prehistoric times-1894) Prehistoric times In the ancient times, man had to face not only the opposing forces of nature, wild animals and poisonous organisms, but also diseases, misfortunes that seemed to arise from nowhere. Thousands of years passed before the man began to acquire knowledge concerning the nature, treatment, and prevention of the infectious diseases. Our early progenitors found it natural to attribute the responsibility of the epidemics that they could not rule to a divine will that had to be satisfied with prayers, rites and sacrifices. The difficulties of a rational approach to the understanding of the etiology of infections is well reflected by the lack of any reference known before the Hindu, Greek and Roman civilizations, when the related diseases were described, however, exclusively on the basis of signs, symptoms and treatments [Ajello, 1998]. ~ 3500 B.C. The interaction between man and fungi began in the remote past. A juice extract from the stalks of a certain plant has been probably the first hallucinogen utilized by the Aryans as cryptic symbolism in the Rigveda, literally “Collection of the verses of wisdom”, the first collection of hymns composed in an archaic form of Sanskrit. Soma, the narcotic God of 1 olden India, is supposed to have originated from the Aryans, invaders of India, 3500 years ago, from the north (now Afghanistan), who brought their cult of Soma into the Indus Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Quel Dermatophyte Peut-On Encore Appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : Revue Historique Et Illustration Par Deux Cas Cliniques
    Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2016 Quel dermatophyte peut-on encore appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : revue historique et illustration par deux cas cliniques CHOLLET Annemay CHOLLET Annemay, 2016, Quel dermatophyte peut-on encore appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : revue historique et illustration par deux cas cliniques Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_922452297E277 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Dermatology Eponyms – sign –Lexicon (G) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14z025c4 Journal Our Dermatology Online, 3(3) Author Brzezinski, Piotr Publication Date 2012-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Dermatology Eponyms DOI: 10.7241/ourd.20123.61 DERMATOLOGY EPONYMS – SIGN – LEXICON – G Piotr Brzeziński1, Ahmad Thabit Sinjab2, Emili Masferrer3, Priya Gopie4, Vijay Naraysingh4, Toshiyuki Yamamoto5, Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei6, Hossein Mirhendi7, Carol A. Kauffman8, Abdülkadir Burak Cankaya9, Americo Testa10, Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva11 1Dermatological Clinic, 6th Military Support Unit, Ustka, Poland [email protected] 2Department of General Surgery, District Hospital in Wyrzysk a Limited Liability Company, Wyrzysk, Poland [email protected] 3Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain [email protected] 4University of the West Indies, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago [email protected] 5Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] 6Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran [email protected] 7Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [email protected] 8University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [email protected] 9Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] 10Department of Emergency Medicine, A Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy [email protected] 11Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil [email protected] Our Dermatol Online. 2012; 3(3): 243-257 Date of submission: 11.05.2012 / acceptance: 05.06.2012 Conflicts of interest: None Abstract Eponyms are used almost daily in the clinical practice of dermatology.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation Identification and in Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Dermatophytes
    ISOLATION IDENTIFICATION AND IN VITRO ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DERMATOPHYTES DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR M.D. IN MICROBIOLOGY THE TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY PSG INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH, PEELAMEDU, COIMBATORE - 641 004 TAMILNADU, INDIA APRIL - 2011 Certificate PSG INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & RESEARCH PEELAMEDU, COIMBATORE – 4. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “Isolation, Identification and In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes” submitted by Dr.Sowmya.N, is work done by her during the period of study of her post graduation in Microbiology from June 2008 to March 2010 in our institution. This work is done under the guidance of Dr.B.Appalaraju, Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, PSG IMS & R. Dr.B.Appalaraju, Dr.S.Ramalingam Prof & Head Principal Department of Microbiology, PSG IMS & R PSG IMS & R Place: Coimbatore Date: 10/12/2010 Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With deep sense of gratitude I express my sincere thanks to Dr.B.Appalaraju M.D., Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, P.S.G. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, for his keen interest, valuable suggestions, guidance and constant encouragement in every step which has made the study possible and purposeful. I express my sincere thanks to Professor Dr Marina Thomas and my respected teachers for their valuable suggestions, support and encouragement. I am thankful to Dr.S.Ramalingam, Principal, Dr.Vimal Kumar Govindan, Medical Director of PSG Hospitals, for permitting me to carry out this study. It’s my immense pleasure to extend my gratitude to Dr.P.Surendran, Professor of Dermatology and Dr.C.R.Srinivas, Professor of Dermatology for their support in completing my study.
    [Show full text]
  • Aim of the Study 4
    DISSERTATION ON A STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS AND RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF DERMATOPHYTES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL Submitted to The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University FOR M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION BRANCH – IV (MICROBIOLOGY) THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, INDIA SEPTEMBER 2006 Certificate Certified that the dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS AND RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF DERMATOPHYTES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL” is a bonafide work done by Dr.K.HEMALATHA, postgraduate Institute of Microbiology, Madras Medical College Chennai, under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the regulation of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University for the award of M.D. Degree, Branch-4 (Microbiology) during the academic period of August 2003 to September 2006. Dr. KALAVATHY PONNIRAIVAN B.Sc., M.D. (Bio) Prof. A.LALITHA M.D., D.C.P. DEAN Director & Professor Madras Medical College. Institute of Microbiology, Chennai-600 003. Madras Medical College, Chennai-600 003. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere thanks to our Dean Dr.KALAVATHY PONNIRAIVAN M.D. Madras Medical College, Chennai for having allowed me to conduct this study. I owe special thanks to our Director & Professor DR.A.Lalitha, M.D., Institute of Microbiology, Madras Medical College, Chennai for her constant support, invaluable suggestion and encouragement. I wish to express my gratitude and thanks to our Vice-Principal and my guide Dr. S. Geethalakshmi M.D. Professor, Institute of Microbiology, Madras Medical College, Chennai for her help and guidance throughout the period of my study.
    [Show full text]
  • LEXICON – G Piotr Brzeziński1, Ahmad
    Dermatology Eponyms DOI: 10.7241/ourd.20123.61 DERMATOLOGY EPONYMS – SIGN – LEXICON – G Piotr Brzeziński1, Ahmad Thabit Sinjab2, Emili Masferrer3, Priya Gopie4, Vijay Naraysingh4, Toshiyuki Yamamoto5, Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei6, Hossein Mirhendi7, Carol A. Kauffman8, Abdülkadir Burak Cankaya9, Americo Testa10, Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva11 1Dermatological Clinic, 6th Military Support Unit, Ustka, Poland [email protected] 2Department of General Surgery, District Hospital in Wyrzysk a Limited Liability Company, Wyrzysk, Poland [email protected] 3Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain [email protected] 4University of the West Indies, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago [email protected] 5Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] 6Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran [email protected] 7Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran [email protected] 8University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [email protected] 9Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] 10Department of Emergency Medicine, A Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy [email protected] 11Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil [email protected] Our Dermatol Online. 2012; 3(3): 243-257 Date of
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Enzyme Studies of Microsporum Canis and Microsporum Cookei in Relation to Their Pathogenicity and Diversity
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Comparative Enzyme Studies of Microsporum canis and Microsporum cookei in Relation to their Pathogenicity and Diversity. A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology at Massey University Mukoma Francis Simpanya 1994 ii ABSTRACT Infections by dermatophytes can be contracted from animals, humans, soil or contaminated fomites. In the genus Microsporum, some species e.g. M. canis are commonly associated with cats and dogs which act as an important reservoir for human infections. Others, e.g. M. cookei are nonpathogenic and found in the soil. The present studies have investigated the incidence of these ecologically contrasting species on cats, dogs and in the soil, their enzyme expression, and enzyme types as identified by proteinase inhibitors, gelatin/S DS -PAGE and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and have led to an investigation of their phenotypic variation. The primary aim was to attempt to detect differences in enzyme production which might be related to mechanisms of pathogenicity of M. canis. Isolation procedures employed were the hairbrush technique for small animals and the keratin-baiting technique fo r soil with samples being cultured on SDA containing antibiotics. Soil samples revealed 19 fungal genera, three being of keratinolytic fungi, representing 50% of total isolations. Trichophyton species were the most common (39% samples) but M.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction - Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000 - NCBI Bookshelf
    22-4-2020 Introduction - Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000 - NCBI Bookshelf NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Homei A, Worboys M. Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000: Mycoses and Modernity. Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan; 2013. Introduction Fungal infections or mycoses are the great neglected diseases of medical history.1 There are numerous histories of viral, bacterial and protozoan infections, for all times and all places, but very few studies of those caused by fungi. Why? It cannot be because of prevalence. Historical sources and contemporary epidemiological investigations show that fungal infections were and are ubiquitous in human and animal populations. Everyone in Britain and the United States in the last half a century would have heard of, if not suffered from, athlete’s foot or thrush. In the first half of the twentieth century, children feared the school nurse finding ringworm on their scalp and having to endure, not only the pains of X-ray depilation or having their shaven head painted with gentian violet, but also exclusion from school and the shame of being stigmatised as ‘unclean’.2 It seems that medical historians have followed the agenda of the medical profession in showing relatively little interest in conditions, such as the majority of cases of mycoses, that do not lead to ‘illness’ as such, but cause inflammation, irritation and discomfort. Medical history remains dominated by studies of diseases that had, or continue to have, a high profile within medicine, or have attracted government interest and investment because they cause significant morbidity or mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dermatophytes
    CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Apr. 1995, p. 240–259 Vol. 8, No. 2 0893-8512/95/$04.0010 Copyright q 1995, American Society for Microbiology The Dermatophytes 1 2 IRENE WEITZMAN * AND RICHARD C. SUMMERBELL Clinical Microbiology Service, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York 10032-3784,1 and Mycology Laboratory, Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health, Toronto, Ontario M5W 1R5, Canada2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................240 HISTORICAL REVIEW.............................................................................................................................................241 ETIOLOGIC AGENTS...............................................................................................................................................241 Anamorphs...............................................................................................................................................................241 Epidermophyton spp. ...........................................................................................................................................241 Microsporum spp. ................................................................................................................................................241 Trichophyton spp. ................................................................................................................................................241
    [Show full text]