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TAXON:Pilea Microphylla SCORE:18.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Pilea Microphylla SCORE:18.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Pilea microphylla SCORE: 18.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Pilea microphylla Family: Urticaceae Common Name(s): artillery plant Synonym(s): Parietaria microphylla L. gunpowder plant military fern Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Mar 2017 WRA Score: 18.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Herb, Garden Weed, Horticultural Weed, Shade-Tolerant, Seed Contaminant Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 22 Mar 2017 (Pilea microphylla) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Pilea microphylla SCORE: 18.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 22 Mar 2017 (Pilea microphylla) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Pilea microphylla SCORE: 18.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "Cultivated forms are larger and more vigorous, with a medium Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora green color; the weedy garden forms are smaller and tend to be - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other yellow-green in bright sun." [Cultivated forms exist, but no evidence Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI that plants are highly domesticated] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Northern America : Mexico Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Florida, - Georgia, - Louisiana, - South Carolina Southern America Brazil: Brazil Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Cayman USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Islands; Cuba; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Hispaniola; Jamaica; 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Martinique; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles - St. Eustatius; Puerto Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Rico; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and Grenadines; Virgin [Accessed 20 Mar 2017] Islands (British); Virgin Islands (U.S.) Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Southern South America: Argentina - Misiones; Paraguay Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Naturalized: . natzd. elsewhere" Creation Date: 22 Mar 2017 (Pilea microphylla) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Pilea microphylla SCORE: 18.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 20 Mar 2017] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized in low elevation, mesic, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University disturbed sites at least on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i, but of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. probably on all of the main islands." Gilman, E. F. (1999). Pilea microphylla. Artillery Plant. Fact Sheet FPS479. University of Florida IFAS Extension, "USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11" Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. [Accessed 21 Mar 2017] "var. microphylla ... Walls and pathside rocks in damp shaded places, Iremonger, S. (2002). A Guide to Plants in the Blue 610 to 1,680 m (2,000 to 5,500 ft). Endemic." [Elevation range of this Mountains of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press, variety exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility in Kingston, Jamaica part of native range] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native: Northern America : Mexico Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Florida, - Georgia, - Louisiana, - South Carolina Southern America Brazil: Brazil Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Cayman USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Islands; Cuba; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Hispaniola; Jamaica; 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Martinique; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles - St. Eustatius; Puerto Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Rico; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and Grenadines; Virgin [Accessed 20 Mar 2017] Islands (British); Virgin Islands (U.S.) Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela Southern South America: Argentina - Misiones; Paraguay Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Naturalized: . natzd. elsewhere" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Creation Date: 22 Mar 2017 (Pilea microphylla) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Pilea microphylla SCORE: 18.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University "on all of the main islands except Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. "Scattered populations throughout Africa in coastal zones and some Friis, I. (1989). A Revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) in Africa. inland localities; elsewhere widespread in the tropics South America. Kew Bulletin, 44(4), 557-600 Often a garden weed." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized in low elevation, mesic, Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of disturbed sites at least on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i, but the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University probably on all of the main islands. First collected on O'ahu in 1925 of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. (F. Brown 1262, BISH)." "Occurring on Kaua͚i, O͚ahu, Maui, and Hawai͚i, but probably all of the main islands (Wagner et al., 1999: 1306), this taxon has also been documented from Midway Atoll: first from Sand Island by Oppenheimer, H. L. & Bartlett, R. T. 2002. New plant Wagner & Herbst (1995: 26), and later from Eastern Island by records from the main Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Shannon & Wagner (1996: 14). The following specimen is a new Occasional Papers. 69: 1-14 record for the island of Läna͚i. Material examined. LÄNA͚I: Kö͚ele, on rocks with Youngia, Portulaca , and Calyptocarpus, 518 m, 25 Oct 1999, Oppenheimer H109930." "Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. New island record Known to be naturalized in Hawai͚i on Midway Atoll, Kaua͚i, O͚ahu, Läna͚i, Maui, and Hawai͚i (Wagner et al.
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