Monkey Matters Magazine

M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N primate care primate health primate news

June / July / August 2002 Vol. 8 Number 3

P u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r i m a t e A s s o c i a t i o n Centerfold: Two New Titi Monkeys

A Monkey’s Mini- Rainforest page 19

New Kidz! pages 6,10, 16

Macaque Factoids page 27

for people who care about primates... 1 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N We support responsible monkey ownership and the right to be fairly regulated in every state! Our Copyright / Terms Of Use This magazine is owned and operated by Monkey Matters Magazine Except as expressly licensed by Monkey Matters Magazine, no material from Monkey Matters Magazine may be repub- lished, uploaded, posted in any way, except that you may download a copy of the materials on any single computer for your individual, noncommercial use only, provided you keep intact all copyright and other proprietary notices. Modification of the materials or use of the materials for any other purpose is a violation of Monkey Mat- ters Magazine copyright and other proprietary rights. Maybe you have read or heard or have been told For purposes of these terms and condi- that Monkey Matters recommends a person, their or- tions of use, the use of any such material on ganization or their sanctuary. This is not true. We sup- any other Web site is prohibited. All trade- port the rights of responsible monkey ownership and marks, service marks, and trade names (col- the right to be fairly regulated in every state but as a lectively, the “Marks”) are proprietary to Mon- matter of policy (because we cannot be there to over- key Matters Magazine, or other respective see the dealings of others). Monkey Matters is not affiliated with, nor do we endorse, any other primate owners which have granted Monkey Matters organizations, businesses or sanctuaries. Magazine the right and license to use such Marks.

If you would like to see your monkey's face on our new website, and have not yet sent in a photo, do it now! Short biographies or stories (optional) can be sent in along with your photos!!

http://www.monkeymatters.com

Please send your original stories, letters, E-Mail submissions: photos and videos to: Send a floppy or attach your Monkey Matters file and send to: PO Box 85152 - MB181 [email protected]

San Diego CA 92186

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

Editors Contributing Editors Staff Photographers Board of Advisors

Scott R. King Diane Sage Patricia Blancaneau Marcia Gaunt Rick Storrs, PhD Janein Dunn Christine Ryan Bill Walker, Esq. Buck Farmer, Esq. Horacio Rilo, M.D.

Monkey Matters is a publication of the International Primate Association and is published by ILM Graphics & Publishing Co. Monkey Matters and the International Primate Association are not affiliated with any other primate organizations or businesses, including brokerages or sanctuaries. Articles, photos, drawings and advertisements do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Monkey Matters as a whole and publication does not indicate endorsement. All information and artwork is copyrighted unless copy rights revert to authors. Written, photo, art and video material may not be reproduced in whole or part without express permission from Monkey Matters magazine. Articles, photos and letters are welcome. 2 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

"Sam" The squirrel monkey. See Monkeys In Action, Your Photos, page 22 In This Issue..... Copyright / Terms Of Use...... 2 Contents...... 3 Monkey Mailbox--Letters To The Editor...... 4,5,6 Belated Birthday Monkey...... 5 Centerfold: Two New New Kidz!...... 6, 10, 15, 16 Titis”!....Page 29 Understanding Nutrition: Summer Fruits...... 7 Your Monkey’s Amygdala...... 11 Farewell Sofie...... 14 The Beautiful Cat Ba Langur...... 16 Useful Products: Colloidal Silver...... 17 VIP’s: Very Important Primates...... 17 Ask Our Veterinarians...... 18 Body Language 101...... 19 Monkey See, Monkey Do...... 21 Body Language 101 A Monkey’s Mini-Rainforest...... 23 . . . Page 19 How Many Communication Displays?...... 24 Enrichment!...... 25 Macaque Factoids...... 27 Our Anthropomorphic Best...... 28 New Titi Monkeys...... 29 Focus On: Two New Species...... 30 Monkeys In Action--Your Photos...... 32 Nutrition: Monkey Chow...... 33 Nutrition:Monkey Parting Shots, Your Photos...... 35 Mandatory Information, A Letter To New Readers...... 35 Chow . . . Page 33 Primate Placement Service...... 36 Monkey Matters Complete Guide To Care & Behavior..37 3 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Dear Monkey Matters, I had subscribed to Monkey Matters and received my first copy. Soon after you put Monkey Matters on line. I love having it on line, but, I can’t print it. I managed to print one issue, but couldn’t print 7 or 8. What has changed or what am I doing wrong. I like to keep my Monkey Matters Magazine in a binder for ref- erence. We have a black and white capuchin, age 1 1/2 years old. Thanks, Louise H Dear Louise, When printing from Acrobat, do not use the browser print command. Instead, click on the printer icon in the Acrobat toolbar. This should solve the problem. Editor

Dear Monkey Matters, Do you know where to get a woolly monkey? Or do you know any breeders of woolly monkeys?? Thanks, Anonymous (Editor’s note: No, I’m sorry. We don’t. Woolly monkeys are endangered, so although many people are interested in them, that is part of the reason they are not available.)

Dear Monkey Matters, I have enjoyed your magazine in the last few months...however this last issue I have attempted to download and print...I have never had a problem with the others but for some reason It doesn’t take minutes to download it takes apparently hours...I have been sitting here waiting and waiting...is there any reason why this issue is taking so long...It used to take just 30 min to download and print...any suggestions would help...thanks...Lisa

Dear Lisa, All the issues are about the same size and should take about the same time to download. It

Cover monkey “Jonny” is a juvenile capuchin who was hand- raised from an infant. Capuchins are highly intelligent primates with semi-prehensile tails and excellent manual dexterity. Mon- key mom Joie says that Jonny is very protective of her. He plays well with several Java macaque monkey pals, old male “Sonny” and two females, “Java” and “Sheena”. (Photo from Joie).

4 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

(Monkey Mailbox, continued) may be that your server was busy and your connection was slower than usual. We at Monkey Matters have a cable internet connection. It takes less than one minute to download the magazine. You might want to look in to getting a faster connection (for visiting Monkey Mat- ters and enjoying all your other favorite sites as well). Editor

Hello, My name is Carol and I am very interested in sharing our home with another monkey. At this time we have a 6 year old male Java named Roady. He is a sweet boy but would love I am sure a companion. We have had Roady for a little over a year and he has a home here forever. We have also had experience with a female rhesus that we had for 10 months and 2 caps we raised for Helping Hands. Felix was with us from the time he turned 8 months old till (Continued)

Belated Birthday Monkey Monkey mom Judy says pretty cinnamon capuchin “Heidi” (making the capuchin open-mouthed threat face at the photographer), turned 7 years old in April. Happy Birthday Heidi!

5 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

(Monkey Mailbox, continued) he was 10. Donnie came to us at 4 years old and we had him until he was 12. They both went back to Helping Hands for training. We also have 2 very good vets. As a young girl my family had a squirrel monkey. She was there before I was born and died when I was in my late teens. Roady has an 8 by 10 by 4 play cage. There is a second cage the same size hooked to it with a connecting door. He uses both sides right now but if we were to get a second monk the door can be closed so they can groom threw the wire but can get away from each other if they need their own space. We also have a 3 by 5 by 5 sleeping cage and a big outdoor exercise cage. This spring we plan to remodel a huge corn crib into a second outdoor area. I know a Java would be our best choice since Roady is a Java but would be willing to consider any monk who needs a permanent home. I would love a snugly little baby but would rather give a home to an older monk who needs one. Well I have rambled enough. PLEASE keep us in mind. Thank You again, Carol A New Kidz!

Called the red-tailed guenon, (AKA Schmidt’s spot-nosed guenon), this monkey with a rust colored tail is lively and engaging. Even youngsters have the rust coloring in their tails. This baby of several months still centers his play around mom. (Photo from Sandy) 6 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Squirrel monkeys like this adult female love fruit but don’t let them over do it! Understanding Nutrition Summer Fruits If there is one type of food universal to wild living monkeys, it’s produce. From leaves and shoots to fruits and buds, these monkeys learn to eat foods that are less tasty than what we offer them in captivity. “jungle fruits” that are plen- tiful are often lowering natural sugar than cultivated fruits. Too much fruit can cause watery stools, weight problems, “spoiled tastebuds” (lack of desire for protein and vegetables because they get hooked on the sweet taste) and in some cases can be part of what helps lead monkeys to metabolic problems like Type 2 diabetes. It’s important to feed monkeys fruit in small amounts and not feed them exclusively, such as an all fruit meal.

However, fresh fruits are valuable nutritionally and should be included in your monkey’s diet on a daily basis. A great deal of research is under way to study how fruits and vegetables can protect against diseases and the natural heal-

(Continued on next page)

7 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

(Continued) ing powers they offer. Adult spot-nosed guenon eating berries. In nature, purple is a colorful clue to a powerful group. The anthocyanins, for example, that give grapes and plums their purple/violet color offer pain relief.

Research also has shown that a person eating just 10 bing cherries can have the same analgesic effect as an aspirin, so monkeys need fewer, according to their size.

Fruits not only taste good but require minimal preparation and are fat free and excellent sources of vitamins and fiber. Vitamin C, found in many summer fruits, is an antioxidant that boosts your monkey’s immune system to fight diseases and helps in the repair and growth of cells. The fiber in fruit also is believed to reduce the risks for cancer. Some fruits are good sources of Vitamin A, also known as beta carotene, which helps repair the body’s tissues and improves your primate’s eyesight. Experts say that fresh fruit offers the greatest health benefits. Fruit juices are concentrated in calories and often lead to weight gain in monkeys who stay on large juice bottles.

Canned fruits often are packed in sugar. If you buy them as monkeys food, use fruits packed in natural juice and drain the juice off before feeding.

· Apples — Apples are a good source of fiber and Vitamin C. One medium apple is about 80 calories, yet it contains about 15 percent of the daily recommended allowance of dietary fiber.

· Blackberries — A half-cup of blackberries is only 37 calories. But this size serving is packed with Vitamin C and fiber.

8 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

· Strawberries — High in Vitamin C, strawberries also are a good source of fiber.

Blueberries — At about 80 calories per cup, blueberries are an excellent source of Vitamin C and fiber. A one-cup serving provides 30 percent of the daily recommended allowance of Vitamin C.

· Cantaloupe — You’ll have to look hard to find a fruit that is a better source of Vitamins A and C. A quarter of a cantaloupe — about 56 calories — offers 100 percent of the daily recommended allowance of vitamins A and C. Cantaloupe is also a good source of potassium.

· Cherries — Cherries are a good source of Vitamin C and fiber. A one-cup serving is about 90 calories, and it offers 12 percent of the daily recom-

mended allowance of fiber.

· Figs — Figs are a good source of fiber. Three medium figs — about 120

calories — offer almost 20 percent of the daily recommended allowance of fiber.

· Peaches — Peaches are a good source of vitamins A and C and fiber. One

6 6 6 6 Capuchin 6 Jonny looking Gimme some at his monkey fruit Mom! Mom Joie.

9 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

raw peach has approxi- mately 37 calories and 10 Yummm! percent of the daily recommended allowance of Vitamin C.

· Plums — Two medium plums are about 80 calories and offer 20 percent of the daily recommended allowance of Vi- tamin C.

· Watermelon — Water- melon is high in Vitamin C and a good source of Vitamin A. Watermelon also is an excellent source of lycopene, an antioxidant proven to help neutralize free radicals that can damage the body’s cells..... New Kidz! About 6 months old in this photo, cocky new kid “Jake” is a mangabey. Mangabeys have 32 teeth and are suited to a varied diet. Like other Old World primates, they have cheek pouches in which to store extra food. Mangabeys need spa- cious housing and can easily leap 12 to 15 feet if they have a springy branch or a soft spot to land on. (See more of Jake later in this issue.) 10 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Another part of the amygdala, the Your Monkey’s central nucleus, is the portion responsible for sending out the signals Amygdala to trigger the “fight or flight” re- When the primate’s amygdala ( an sponse. area of the brain) receives nerve Your monkey’s amygdala is a part of signals indicating a threat, it sends the brain. It’s an almond-shaped neuro out signals that trigger defensive structure involved in producing and re- behavior, autonomic arousal (usually sponding to nonverbal signs of anger, including rapid heartbeat and raised avoidance, defensiveness, and fear. blood pres- This small mass sure), of gray matter hypoalgesia that inspires aver- (a dimin- What’s an sive cues, such ished ca- as the freeze re- pacity to feel “amygdala”? action, sweaty pain), so- palms (which ca- matic reflex puchins some- potentiation times have), and (such as an the tense-mouth exaggerated display (Old startle re- World monkeys flex), and in particular dis- pituitary- play the tense adrenal axis mouth). The stimulation amygdala is a (production primeval arousal of stress center, originat- hormones). ing in early fishes, These which is central to physical the expression of changes are negative emo- accompa- tions in human nied by the and nonhuman emotion of fear. primates.. It started out as a very rapid method If you want to see the monkey’s of for your monkey to detect danger amygdala in action, it will be reflected and is of high survival value. in many gestures such as turmoil over

11 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

being taken on a car ride to the vet. Your monkey will unconsciously flex our arms, lean away, or angle away from anyone who upsets him. Lip, neck, and shoulder muscles may tense, as the monkey’s amygdala activates brain-stem circuits designed to produce protective facial expressions like the tense mouth and protective postures like the crouch. The amygdala also prompts releases of adrenaline and other hormones into the blood stream, thus stepping-up Young squirrel an avoider’s response monkey “Emily” and disrupting the control (Photo from Rob) of rational thought. The amygdala coordi- nates the actions of the autonomic and endo- crine systems and is involved in emotions.” The amygdala may be part of a “general-purpose de- fense response control network”. Unpleasant odors are also found to activate the amygdala and the cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. In Old World monkeys and apes, tense-mouth expressions convey threat and dominance. Monkeys and apes per- form the tense-mouth Squirrel monkeys have amygdalas too..... with lips closed or nearly closed, mouth narrowed to a slit, and jaws tightly closed prior to an attack. In babies, lip-compression and brow-lowering (combined in the pucker face) appear when someone persists in playing or feeding beyond their tolerance. 6. Lip-compression (lips pressed tightly together and rolled inward) often appears in the company of strangers, where it

12 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

correlates with gaze avoidance, non-con- vous system mobilizes for action tact, and distancing between individuals. (see FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT) as in, e.g., The tense-mouth when we hears is also an ag- Fight or flight response: The the cry of a gressive sign in heart beats faster, the blood- large bird over- our nearest pri- sugar level is raised, hormones head. mate relative, the from the adrenal gland are Primatology.: As pygmy chimpan- raised, preparing the alarmed primates, for zee or bonobo . animal to chase-and-bite or to whom facial ex- turn-tail-and-flee. Anatomy: In the pressions pro- tense-mouth, our lips’ orbicularis oris vide key social and emotional infor- muscles contract. Their rubber-band-like mation, some monkeys probe each fibers tighten to other’s eyes for produce visible positive or nega- compression, in- tive mood signs. rolling, and nar- Monkeys are rowing. Tension acutely aware of may be accented being noticed by by contracting the new people and muscles used in new animals. biting. Monkeys peri- odically glance FREEZE REAC- up and scan for TION roving eyes Posture: A sud- (much as do den involuntary monkeys in a cessation of body cage). Eyes movement, usu- convey unpleas- ally in response to ant feelings a novel stimulus through closed or to fear. eyelids and an Monkeys like this black- averted gaze. Usage: The capped capuchin are acutely Positive or pro- freeze reaction is aware of being noticed by vocative feelings a protective re- new people and new animals. show in opened flex. The eyelids, dilated monkey’s body pupils, and di- may automatically tense up as the ner- rect gaze......

13 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Farewell to sweet and be- loved Java macaque Sofie..... (See more in the next issue ) Nutrition Don’ts!

What monkey doesn’t like sugar, as is found in candy, baked goods, cereals and fruit spreads and jams.....but concentrated sugars are a leading cause of health and metabolic problems in pet primates and need to be avoided in order to avoid future health problems! (Photo is of a lesser spot-nosed guenon monkey “Gwen”.) 14 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

New Kidz!

Mangabey Jake is about six months old in this photo. The ischial callosities or bottom pads of the mangabey form a continuous line rather than being separate ovals. Like other Old World monkeys, (namely the guenons), some mangabey species like this red crowned mangabey, have a dramatic color change as they mature. This species is also sometimes called the white-collared mangabey.

15 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

New About 4 weeks old in this photo, new kid “Sami” is very clingy and attached to his human mom Jo. It is Kidz! normal for vervet monkeys to have blue skin.

The beautiful Cat Ba langur is critically endangered. Only some 100 individuals on a single island remain of the Cat Ba Island golden-headed langur. To avert extinction, conservationists stress, there must be active popu- lation management, including captive breeding, and above all safe, sufficiently large safe natural habitat — a shrinking commodity throughout Indochina. (Artwork by CC)

16 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Useful Products By Christine Colloidal Silver ● The product “Sovereign Silver” can be loidal silver may be administered used externally or orally via a dropper internally for your and monkeys don’t monkey’s health. seem to mind the This product is ad- taste. vertised as a pure ● Side effects: As form of silver. with many products ● Colloidal silver you must be aware of can be used to help side effects. fight bacterial, eye, ● Should you use col- ear and throat infec- loidal silver as a “pre- tions, parasites and ventive medicine” on fungus. Should you use colloidal sil- a regular basis? Be- ● Spray it on your ver as a “preventive medi- cause of side effects, monkey’s skin for cine” for your monkey on a it cannot be recom- cuts, burns, bites or regular basis? Because of mended. rashes. side effects, which manufac- ● one source of col- ● Whenever pos- turers don’t list, it cannot be loidal silver is Natural- sible administer the recommended. Immunogenics. Call silver directly on the toll free at 888 328-

problem area, e.g., right on wounds. Col- 8840 to.....❑

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

pp V.I.P.s pp p VERY IMPORTANT PRIMATES! Wild Old World monkeys like the vervets run and reproduce freely in the city of Durban in Africa. They are treated as p pp pests by many, because they breakpppp and enter, go through trash cans and leave pp strewn trash messes and enter yards to rob fruit trees that owners want to use for themselves. Some monkey lovers get p past these behaviors and have a protective attitude toward the wild vervets. A p spay/neuter program is much needed.... pp 17 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Suggestions presented in Monkey Matters are generalizations one may consider in handling a primate's problems. Any injury, illness or other condition contracted by a monkey is subject to individual complications. Therefore it is crucial that you seek and follow your own veterinarian's advice as soon as possible. And remember, different veterinarians may recommend different treatments for your monkey's problem.

Vet questions can also be sent via our E-Mail: [email protected]

Answering Vet:

Dr. R. (paraphrased)

Question:

I’m so worried about having the vet give my 8 year old capuchin anesthetic to have his teeth cleaned. Once a monkey comes out from under anesthetic are my worries over or is it true that they can still die?

Answer:

Here are two instances in which monkeys have died during or after coming out of isoflourane gas anesthesia. In the first case, the monkey have vomited bile into her lungs while under anesthetic. In more than one instance, the monkey appeared to be recovering but had heart failure and could not be revived......

(Continued on next page) 18 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Who’s Mad?

We’re mad!

Body Language 101

These two female bon- back, she has taken the lead net macaques, complete in threatening off the human with slightly punk hairdos, intruder. Her right cheek have both been nursing pouch is bulging with mothers. One, the one on edibles, while the more sub- the right, has taken on a missive monkey has no ex- more aggressive posture tras. Maybe the more domi- than the other. Staring di- nant monkey has a pound or rectly at the photographer, two of extra weight through her mouth open, her arms the middle but it’s hard to tell spread in the aggressive for sure. The more submis- open-mouthed-threat sive bonnet girl is following stance, her ears slightly the lead of her companion.

19 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Her stare is not so direct or fearless, nor is her leg stance, but she’s ‘with the program’. The small wound on one arm is the kind that would come from a quick nip from another monkey who wanted to dominate her. If the more aggressive bonnet was now to spring (The start of an open forward at the photogra- mouthed threat from a pher, the other would buck white-faced capuchin) herself up and give support in some way, either by attacking from the other side or by stand- ing by and threatening to. This is not only ‘natural’ but instinc- tive behavior and, as they mature, is found even in macaques who have been reared in captivity. Such behaviors usually appear between the (A submissive look from a spot- ages of 3 & 5 years of nosed guenon) age.....

20 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

The Human/Nonhuman Primate Connection Monkey See, Monkey Do - The Triggering Of Emotional Contagion

Everyone knows that a yawn can be catching among humans. Laughter can be contagious too.

In group situations, panic, joy, aggression and mourning have all be known to be contagious with humans.

The contagious effects of emotions like fear, distress and aggression have been studied in monkeys also.

The expression of fear in one monkey (the demonstrator) elicits an an- ticipation of fearful or stressful events in other monkeys (the observers) who are within sight, sound and smell of the demonstra- Goofy mona guenon Sasha puts tor. doughnut shaped dog pillow toy around her neck. It primes the observers to behave as though they are in the same situation as the demonstrator.

From experience we observe again and again that the observer does not really know what set off the demonstrator. But that appears unimportant. The observer believe the demonstrator and gets caught up in duplicating or reflecting his emotional state.

The demonstrator might be responding to the brief sight of a large bird overhead. The bird may be long gone, but the group observer the demon- strators emotional state and joins in to become a follower.

21 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

This can cause a problem with people who have a pair of monkeys. The demonstrator might get mad at a caretaker over nothing or almost nothing, but when he starts dis- playing aggression and fear, the observer does not know or care about the origin of the feelings. He usually acts without question to come to the aid of his primate friend.

Logical intervention is possible on the part of the caretaker who knows both primates and has been fairly well bonded to both. Through language and bribery (positive re- inforcement) the more submissive observer Monkeys like this white- needs to be separated from the demonstra- faced capuchin tend to be tor. reactive to contagion at all stages of growth and de- Start by ignoring the demonstrator, if pos- velopment. sible and speaking to the observer. Say something like, “Molly, don’t listen to Heidi. Heidi is lying. I didn’t do anything to her. Be a good girl Molly and you will get a treat. I keep reinforcing as Molly separates from Heidi by telling Molly that she is a good girl. Then I follow through appropriately with a treat--a nut or grape.

Monkeys also respond to emotional contagion demonstrated by humans. If the favored caretaker shows the slightest sign of anger toward someone else, animal or human, the monkey can be right there as an observer/reac- tor.

At the group level, emotional contagion often leads to more or less uni- form group behavior, as during mobbing or panic reactions where all monkeys behave in a similar manner.

Contagion tends to lead to stereotypical behaviors and therefore primates tend to behave as a cohesive unit. This is less likely in a group with widely mixed species, but can still happen.

Other behaviors that can be contagious with monkeys include playfulness, self-scratching and grooming...... 22 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

AA Monkey’sMonkey’s Mini-RainforestMini-Rainforest

Look for a new rainforest photo gallery and some tips on creating your own indoor or outdoor rainforest on the Monkey Matters website....

23 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

The Human/Nonhuman Primate Connection How Many Communication Displays does the average primate have???

Scientific American once published a chart Adult Douc Langur “Jack” listing the numbers of known communication displays of some of our favorite monkeys.

Known communication displays of the:

Night monkey - 16 Sifica - 21 Patas monkey - 24 Dusky titi - 27 Rufous naped tamarin - 32 Ring-tailed lemur - 34 Rhesus macaque - 37

As we can see, even prosimians or half-monkeys are very complex in their communication skills. And the small tamarin has almost as many communication displays as the large Rhesus macaque.

Compare this to the shorter lists of cats and dogs, many of whom are not well understood by their owners, and you will began to see why the odds are stacked against the primate keeper who is not studious, patient, educated and observant!.....

24 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Fishing for snacks or swimming...

You can use your shallow monkey pool for swimming, or as monkey mom Joan has done, for some summer snacking. Joan sprinkles a layer of dry snacks in the bottom and her adult black-capped capuchins Zach, Kayla and Benji fish for their favorites. The nuts and popcorn are eaten first.

(Continued on next page) Black-capped capuchins Zach, Kayla and Benji (Photos from monkey mom Joan).

25 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

(Fishing For Snacks or Swimming, continued) If you want to use your monkey pool for summer swimming, the best way to start is with warm of hot water. You can attach a hose to your water heater for hot water. Some people have good luck letting the filled pool sit in the sun the warm up.

Unlike capuchins who usually insist on hot water, Javas (and sometimes other macaques and a few guenons) will swim in cool or even cold water. Some monkeys prefer wading in shallow water to swimming. This adult Allen’s swamp guenon is wading at dusk in cool, very shallow water and fishing around for water bugs. (Photo from Marcia).....

26 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

MacaqueMacaque Factoids:Factoids: In the wild, high ranking Rhesus macaque mothers are usually in good health and rear their male and female offspring with equal success. Low ranking Rhesus mothers are frequently in poor condition and unable to produce much milk in a single bout of suckling. So their infants demand and are given more frequent access to the nipple. Since in this species, as in so many others, frequent nipple stimulation inhibits reproduction, low ranking mothers are usually unable to reproduce the following year. Low ranking mothers start with inferior nutritional condition and suffer more if they have a daughter than a son. Low ranking females with daughters are attacked more frequently. The attacks may be so stressful that they also inhibit milk production. This leads to even more nipple stimulation by the hungry daughter and a further reduction of the female’s fertility......

Shena (Java/Rhesus macaque) and Java (Java macaque) hanging out together. Sheena, though younger, has always been bigger and stronger and dominant. (Photo from monkey mom Joie) 27 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

I could do this all day.....

Much to his en- joyment, mona guenon Sasha grooms older white-faced male capuchin Filo. "MOM!! Zac took my piece!!”

Adult black- capped capuchin brothers Benji and Zac (photo from monkey mom Joan) 28 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

AA NewNew TitiTiti MonkeyMonkey !! (Continued on next page)

Send submissions, stories, letters, photos, Helpline Questions & Primate Placement Information to either address below: E-MAIL: [email protected] HARD MAIL: Monkey Matters PO Box 85152 - MB181 San Diego CA 92186

29 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Focus on: TwoTwo NewNew SpeciesSpecies

(June 23, 2002) Rio De Janero - Scientists or Prince Bernhard’s titi monkey, is working in Brazil’s central Amazon have remarkable for its dark orange discovered two new monkey species that sideburns, chest and the inner sides are about the size of small cats, of its limbs, its reddish-brown back, Conservation International announced and a white-tipped black tail. It lives today. between the east bank of The discovery of The stephennashi is a silver the Rio the two new monkey with a black Madeira and species of titi forehead and red sideburns, the lower monkey in Brazil’s reaches of its Amazon rain forest crest and red on the inner tributary, the is published in a sides of the limbs. Rio Aripuaña, just-released south of the special supplement River. to the journal Neotropical Primates. They were described by Marc van Roosmalen, a Callicebus bernhardi is named for primatologist at Brazil’s National Institute His Royal Highness Prince for Amazon Research (INPA), his son, Bernhard of the Netherlands, a Tomas van Roosmalen, and Russell noted naturalist who created the Mittermeier, president of Conservation Order of the Golden Ark to honor International and chair of the World conservationists internationally. Conservation Union (IUCN) Species This prestigious award was Survival Commission’s Primate Specialist bestowed upon coauthors Marc Van Group. Roosmalen and Russell Mittermeier in recent years. Van Roosmalen will “Even though our closest living relatives, present the discovery to the Prince the primates, have been very well-studied at Soestdijk Palace in Holland on for the past four decades, we are once June 25, four days before the again surprised by the discovery of even Prince’s 91st birthday. more species,” said Mittermeier. “It proves how much we still need to learn about Prince Bernhard will also receive biological diversity, especially in the tropical a special portrait of his monkey by rainforests.” Stephen Nash, CI’s technical illustrator, who has made major One of the species, Callicebus bernhardi, contributions to primate

30 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

conservation worldwide through his at Conservation International, 13 of posters and educational materials. The which are from Brazil. Including these second new species, Callicebus two new monkeys, Brazil now has 95 stephennashi, is named after Nash, who species of primates, far more than any works for Conservation International and other country, and 134 species and is based at the Department of Anatomical subspecies, close to one-quarter of Sciences at the State University of New the global total. Van Roosmalen and York at Stony Brook. Mittermeier have previously described four other new Callicebus monkey species. stephennashi, or Brazil now has 95 species Stephen Nash’s titi of primates, far more than Titi monkeys are monkey, is silver in any other country, and 134 about the size of color, with a black a small cat. They forehead and red species and subspecies, live in the dense sideburns, chest close to one-quarter of the understory of the and inner sides of global total. South American limbs. Since tropical forests in fishermen brought small family it to Van Roosmalen’s Breeding Center groups of a mated pair and their for Endangered Wildlife in Manaus, it is offspring. Twenty-eight species, each uncertain where it lives. Van Roosmalen with unique and colorful fur patterns, believes it came from the eastern bank are now known to occur over a large of the Rio Purús in Central Amazonia. part of the Amazon basin and the Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil. “I am currently using my new discoveries to convince the Brazilian government to Conservation International (CI) create nature reserves in the areas applies innovations in science, where I have found these species and economics, policy and community where others, yet unknown to science, participation to protect the Earth’s are likely to live,” says Marc van richest regions of plant and animal Roosmalen. “The Amazon is extremely diversity in the hotspots, major tropical rich in biodiversity, and these newly- wilderness areas and key marine discovered creatures should be regarded ecosystems. With headquarters in as flagship species.” Washington, D.C., CI works in more than 30 countries on four Scientists have described 24 monkeys continents...... new to science since 1990, according to Anthony Rylands, senior director at the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science 31 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Monkey mom Joie says, “This is my capuchin “Jony” ‘playing horsey’ with my Java macaque “Java” outside by their pool. The girls get tired of Jony playing.” (Photo from Dee)

Spying on birds, mona guenon Sasha likes to sit up high in her en- closed garden room. (Photo from CC)

Send your best shot to:

Monkeys In Action PO Box 85152 - MB 181 San Diego CA 92186

32 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

"Nutrition" is intended for educational purposes. If your primate has a medical problem, consult your veterinarian immediately. Monkey Chow is specially manufactured to meet the needs of New World and Old World primates. It is currently recommended as a basic ingredient in every monkey's diet.

By J Dunn Now Monkeys Have A New Reason To Refuse Monkey Chow To take a bad situation (monkeys generally not preferring to eat monkey chow) and make it considerably worse, Purina monkey chows (Mazuri) have now gone to dogs by adding the preservative ethoxyquin (See Ethoxyquin, p---)

Monkey Chow And Monkey Chow Alternatives When selecting a high quality food you have to learn how to distinguish between the good and bad ingredients. But there’s ethoxyquin in it Mom.....

(Young ring-tailed lemur holding monkey chow biscuit)

33 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Some pet products are not fit for human consumption and others (the ones you want) have better quality ingredients and are considered human grade. A few companies that make pet foods fit for human consumption are: Natura Pet Food Products at 1-800-532-7261. Breeders Choice at 1-800-255-4286 and the website is www.breeders-choice.com. Precise at 1-800-446-7148. Natu- ral Life Pet Products at 1-800-367-2391. Sensible Choice, Royal Canin, USA, Inc., at 1-800-592-6687 and website at www.royalcanin.com.

Most leaf eaters like this Douc Langur are now endangered. Sadly, even their leaf eater chow now contains ethoxiquin.

34 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

Below, Java/Rhesus macaque “Shena”, stepping out. Monkey mom Joie says, “Shena has plentyof room to exercise but she’s still getting chubby”. (Photo from Joie)

A serious look from a seriously large primate...this beautiful gorillas is endangered. (Photo from Joe C.) (Continued on next page) See you again on-line!!! http://www.monkeymatters.com

An Open Letter To New Readers:

Monkeys are social/emotional creatures with complex social/emotional needs. They are animals that require serious, well-educated caretakers. Monkey care can be a rewarding and positive experience. Yet with improper understanding and precaution, some mature monkeys can be difficult or even dangerous to humans. A fulfilling and enriched captive life-style can be offered to all primates. Yet receiving improper human care and precaution can be detrimental and/or life threatening to monkeys. To an individual extent, monkeys change in their needs and behaviors at different life stages. They are subject to their own inherent traits, the effects of the environment(s) they have been raised in and whether or not they have a quality/bonded relationship with a human caretaker and/or other social animal. Keeping captive monkeys in pairs or groups as adults requires knowledgeable and vigilant caretakers. Two or more monkeys in a social relationship can result in social benefits and stimulation or in social challenges, tension and aggression, which can be life threatening. For pertinent information in addition to Monkey Matters, the Monkey Helpline is available. For personal experience plus referencing from dozens of primate books, write or call anytime (number inside) with your questions on behavior or care..... 35 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N

(Parting Shots, continued)

Above, “monkeys in pairs”, two Allen’s swamp monkeys facing off. One is making a high trilling sound at the other. Below, monkey fun in a mini-rainforest, squirrel monkey Pip hopes to find some insects.....

36 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N 25 Are you giving up a monkey you care about? (Xerox this for your files)

Monkey Matters' Primate Placement Service

For people who want help in placing (not selling) a cherished primate into a desirable, new home call: (800) 796-7363 (ext. 1100146) 24 hours a day. We have the expertise to work with you in finding the best possible new home for your cherished monkey.

Monkey Matters staff members have successfully placed a number of primates prior to officially starting our Primate Placement Service. We will continue to work with anyone who wants to place a primate up for adoption in deciding what type of home would best suit his or her individual primate's needs. No money changes hands in a placement. Where appropriate, we can recommend proper sanctuaries.

To adopt a primate, please contact us by mail only with your name, address, phone number, your years Wanted! of experience with primates. List ages and types of primates, your vet's name (or name of one you plan to use), address and phone number.

p Monkey Matters wants your monkey's "Mug Shots"! p Send your clearest ones! Original photos reproduce the best. Your application will be kept on file. p Please send extra copies that we Due to volume of correspondence, no replies will be can keep, if possible! made to applications until a primate is available.....

Monkey Helpline Service: If behavior is the problem, and you would still like to keep your monkey, please call our Helpline for possible solutions and problem solving skills.

Tel: (800) 796-7363, ext. 1100146 E-mail: [email protected]

Due to a change in editorial policy, we are currently not accepting ads.

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

Petition For Responsible Monkey Ownership To Whom It May Concern, We, the undersigned, are directly concerned with ▲ the well-being of primates ▲ the education of private owners ▲ the rights of owners in each state to keep primates responsibly ▲ the rights of owners to be fairly regulated. Please keep our petition in favor of the fair private ownership of monkeys in your file. We support the right of citizens in every state to responsibly keep primates (as pet monkeys, as aviary monkeys, exhibitor monkeys, breeder monkeys and rescue monkeys) and our right to be fairly regulated. Where citizens have already lost their right to own monkeys, we support restoration of such rights. Name Printed______Signature______Address______City/State/Zip______37 M O N K E Y M A T T E R S V O L U M E 8 N U M B E R 3 , T H E W E B V E R S I O N 26

Monkey Matters Complete Guide To Care & Behavior (Volumes 1 & 2) $95.00 To have Monkey Matters Complete Guide sent as a gift, just add a note asking for a gift card and your order will be rushed! ▲ 900 pages with a color photo cover on each volume! ▲ Over 2000 illustrations & photographs!

▲ Includes the Monkey Matters caretaker evalu- ation chart (rate yourself as a monkey caretaker!) ▲ Has detailed chapter contents and an index for easy referencing! ▲ Includes chapters on understanding behaviors and on problem behaviors. ▲ Thoroughly researched descriptions of species behaviors, including helpful illustrations. ▲ A thorough guide to primate enrichment. ▲ A complete chapter on social enrichment. ▲ Unique and inspirational housing designs!

▲ To order the Monkey Matters Complete Guide To Care & Behavior:

The cost for both volumes is: $85.00 + $10.00 shipping & handling (insured UPS) or if you have a PO box address, (UPS does not de- liver to PO boxes) the cost is $12 for insured 3 day mail.

Send a check or money order to - Monkey Matters (Book) PO Box 85152 - MB 181 San Diego CA 92186 (Please allow 6-12 weeks for delivery)