EIGHTH REPORT for the Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2015

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

EIGHTH REPORT for the Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2015 EIGHTH REPORT For the fiscal year ended 31 December 2015 4 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................7 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Nature of our work ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................9 2.1 Revenue Generated from the Extractive Sector ............................................................................................... 9 2.2 Analysis of Production and Exports ............................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Scope of the reconciliation .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.4 Completeness and Accuracy of Information ................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Reconciliation of Financial Flows................................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Analysis of Government Revenues .................................................................................................................. 18 3. CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION ON THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY ........................................................... 29 3.1 Oil and Gas Sector ........................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Mining Sector ................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Collection and Distribution of the Extractive Revenues ................................................................................. 49 3.4 Beneficial Ownership ....................................................................................................................................... 53 3.5 Government Participation in the Extractive Sector ......................................................................................... 54 3.6 Audit and Assurance Practices in Zambia .............................................................................................58 3.7 Corporate Social Responsibility ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.8 VAT Refunds........................................................................................................................................60 4. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 61 4.1 Scoping Study .................................................................................................................................................. 61 4.2 Information Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3 Reconciliation and Investigation of Discrepancies ........................................................................................ 61 4.4 Reliability and Credibility of Information Reported ......................................................................................... 62 4.5 Basis of Reporting ........................................................................................................................................... 62 5. DETERMINATION OF THE RECONCILIATION SCOPE ........................................................................... 63 5.1 Selection of financial flows ............................................................................................................................. 63 5.2 Selection of Extractive Companies ................................................................................................................. 66 5.3 Reconciliation scope ....................................................................................................................................... 68 6. RECONCILIATION RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 73 6.1 Payment Reconciliation between Mining Companies and Government Entities ........................................... 73 6.2 Payment reconciliation per company .............................................................................................................. 74 Eighth Report For The Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2015 5 7. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................79 8. ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................. Annex 1: Reporting template and Supporting Schedule ..................................................................................... Annex 2: Tracking table of certified declaration forms ....................................................................................... Annex 3: Extractive companies profile and immediate beneficial ownership .................................................... Annex 4: List of Oil and Gas companies ............................................................................................................. Annex 5: List of Mining Rights (MMMD) ............................................................................................................. Eighth Report For The Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2015 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DA Development Agreements EPF Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative FDI Foreign Direct Investment FOB Free on Board FQM First Quantum Mining and Operations Ltd-BM M S GDP Gross Domestic Product GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia GSD Geological Survey Department IDC Industrial Development Corporation INTOSAI International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions ISA International Standard on Auditing ISRS International Standard on Related Services KCM Konkola Copper Mines MCM Mopani Copper Mines MMMD Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development MoF Ministry of Finance MoL Ministry of Lands MoLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing MSD Mines Safety Department MT Metric Tons MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NTES Non Traditional Exports OAG Office of the Auditor General PAC Public Accounts Committee PAYE Pay As You Earn PFM Public Financial Management PLC Public Limited Company TPIN Tax Payer Identification Number UMCIL Universal Mining & Chemical Industries Limited US$ United States Dollar VAT Value Added Tax WHT Withholding Tax ZCCM- IH Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines – Investment Holdings Plc ZEC Zambia EITI Council ZEITI Zambia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative ZICA Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants ZMW Zambian Kwacha – Rebased ZRA Zambia Revenue Authority Eighth Report For The Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2015 7 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a global coalition of governments, companies and civil society working together to enhance transparency and accountability in the management of revenues from natural resources. The International Board issued a new global standard for transparency in the oil, gas and mining industries in February 2016 (the “EITI Standard”). The EITI principles are based on the belief that prudent use of natural resources contributes to economic growth, sustainable development and reduction of poverty in resource-rich countries. To achieve this, the 2016 standard further develops the EITI principles of the standard as follows; It encourages countries to build on their existing reporting systems and practices for EITI data collection in order to make EITI data more timely, reliable and accessible and the EITI process more cost effective and efficient. It seeks to develop the EITI’s growing status as a platform for progress that is bringing greater transparency and accountability to all aspects of natural resource management, including tax transparency, commodity trading and licensing. It includes ground-breaking disclosure requirements on beneficial ownership, ensuring that the identity of the real owners of the oil, gas and mining companies operating in EITI countries will from now on be public. It introduces a new validation system which aims to better recognise efforts to exceed the EITI requirements and sets out fairer consequences for EITI countries that have not yet achieved compliance with the EITI requirements. Zambia has produced seven (7) annual EITI reports since joining EITI in May 2009 and becoming compliant on the 19th of September 2012. The periods covered by these reports are from 1 January 2008 until 31 December 2014. The 2015 ZEITI reconciliation report is the 8th ZEITI report, covering the period 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015. Zambia’s next validation
Recommended publications
  • The Mopani Copper Mine, Zambia
    The Mopani copper mine, Zambia How European development money has fed a mining scandal December 2010 Counter Balance CONTENTS The mission of “Counter Balance: Challenging the EIB” is to make the European Investment Bank an open and progressive institution delivering on EU development goals and promoting sustainable development to empower people affected by its work. The Counter Balance coalition 1. INTRODUCTION 5 consists of the following NGOs: CEE Bankwatch Network (Central and Eastern Europe), les Amis de la Terre (France), urgewald (Germany), Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale 2. ZAMBIA’S MINES: A KEY SECTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT? 7 (Italy), Both Ends (Netherlands), Bretton Woods Project (United Kingdom). 2.1 The privatization of Zambia’s mines: opacity and corruption 7 2.2 A tax system that deprives the state of mining profits 8 CTPD 2.3 Communities heavily impacted by privatization 9 2.4 Environmental impacts poorly managed 11 CTPD (Centre for Trade Policy and Development) is an NGO with the objectives of influencing 3. MOPANI: MINIMUM TAX REVENUE AND MAXIMUM SOCIAL pro-poor trade reform at national, regional and multilateral levels as well as facilitating for the participation of various stakeholders - including member organizations - in ensuring that trade DEGRADATION 12 is used as tool for poverty eradication. CTPD carries on advocacy work, monitoring of policies, 3.1 A minimal contribution to the Zambian budget 12 and awareness raising activities related to trade issues. The network gathers 12 member 3.2 Public services abandoned 13 organizations in Zambia and regularly collaborates with European NGOs. 3.3 Forced expulsions and violation of human rights 15 3.4 Temporary, dangerous and poorly paid jobs 16 FoE France 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Conflicts Around the World - September 2012
    Mining conflicts around the world - September 2012 ejolt report no. 7 September, 2012 Mining conflicts around the world Common grounds from an Environmental Justice perspective Begüm Özkaynak and Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos (coord.) with contributions by Gloria Chicaiza, Marta Conde, Bertchen Kohrs, Dragomira Raeva, Ivonne Yánez, Mariana Walter EJOLT Report No. 07 Mining conflicts around the world - September 2012 September - 2012 EJOLT Report No.: 07 Report coordinated by: Begüm Özkaynak (BU), Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos (UAB) with chapter contributions by: Gloria Chicaiza (Acción Ecológica), Marta Conde (UAB), Mining Bertchen Kohrs (Earth Life Namibia), Dragomira Raeva (Za Zemiata), Ivonne Yánez (Acción Ecologica), Mariana Walter (UAB) and factsheets by: conflicts Murat Arsel (ISS), Duygu Avcı (ISS), María Helena Carbonell (OCMAL), Bruno Chareyron (CRIIRAD), Federico Demaria (UAB), Renan Finamore (FIOCRUZ), Venni V. Krishna (JNU), Mirinchonme Mahongnao (JNU), Akoijam Amitkumar Singh (JNU), Todor Slavov (ZZ), around Tomislav Tkalec (FOCUS), Lidija Živčič (FOCUS) Design: Jacques bureau for graphic design, NL Layout: the world Cem İskender Aydın Series editor: Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos The contents of this report may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit services without special Common grounds permission from the authors, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. This publication was developed as a part of the project from an Environmental Justice Organisations, Liabilities and Trade (EJOLT) (FP7-Science in Society-2010-1). EJOLT aims to improve policy responses to and support collaborative research and action on environmental Environmental conflicts through capacity building of environmental justice groups around the world. Visit our free resource library and database at Justice perspective www.ejolt.org or follow tweets (@EnvJustice) to stay current on latest news and events.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Industry Corporate Actors Analysis
    POLINARES is a project designed to help identify the main global challenges relating to competition for access to resources, and to propose new approaches to collaborative solutions POLINARES working paper n. 16 March 2012 Mining industry corporate actors analysis By Magnus Ericsson The project is funded under Socio‐economic Sciences & Humanities grant agreement no. 224516 and is led by the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP) at the University of Dundee and includes the following partners: University of Dundee, Clingendael International Energy Programme, Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENERDATA, Raw Materials Group, University of Westminster, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Gulf Research Centre Foundation, The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Osrodek Studiow Wschodnich. POLINARES D2.1 – Potential sources of competition, tension and conflict and potential solutions Grant Agreement: 224516 Dissemination Level: PU 4 Mining industry corporate actors analysis Magnus Ericsson The corporate structure of the global mining industry is slowly changing. In parallel to the relocation of production to developing countries, mostly south of the equator, new corporate structures based in emerging economies are developing. The locus of control over mineral resources is shifting to the countries where production is taking place. In a few years time Chinese mining companies will also take place among the top ones. 4.1 Introduction During the present extended boom not only is metal and mineral production increasing fast but a new corporate landscape is also emerging. Established, globally-operating transnational corporations (TNCs) in the field of mining are meeting increasing competition from new mining companies based in China, India, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and other developing economies and from junior companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Direct Investment and the Internationalisation of South African Mining Companies Into Africa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Foreign Direct Investment and the Internationalisation of South African Mining Companies into Africa John Luiz and Meshal Ruplal1 Working Paper Number 194 November 2010 1 Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand Foreign Direct Investment and the Internationalisation of South African Mining Companies into Africa John M. Luiz and Meshal Ruplal∗ November 1, 2010 Abstract The paper investigates the factors influencing the internationalisation of mining firms into Africa and the strategies employed. We focus on the FDI of South African mining firms because of the dominance of this country in the extractive resources industry for over a century. A semi-structured interview survey process consisting of written questionnaires and one-on-one interviews that incorporated both structured as well as open-ended questions was used. The structured questionnaire attempted to identify the entry-mode characteristics of the mining firms as well as the importance of the factors influencing the internationalisation of mining firms. The open-ended questionnaire was designed to be probing in nature, in order to identify how mining companies manage the factors deemed present in an operational context. More than 80% of South African mining firms by market capitalisation provided responses to the survey. The research revealed that security of tenure, political stability and the availability of infrastructure were the three most important factors influencing the internationalisation of South African mining firms out of the nine factors tested in the survey. The most widespread strategies used to manage these factors were political lobbying, bargaining and negotiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing of Konkola Copper Concentrates and Chingola Refractory Ore
    Processing of Konkola copper concen- trates and Chingola refractory ore in a fully integrated hydrometallurgical pilot plant circuit by R.M. Whyte*, N. Schoeman†, and K.G. Bowes‡ terized by the size and quality of its copper and cobalt deposits. The Nampundwe mine Synopsis situated south-west of Lusaka is of strategic importance to the metallurgical operations on The Konkola Deep Mining Project (KDMP) seeks to exploit the deep the copperbelt, supplying a high sulphur pyrite level potential of the Konkola Deeps orebody, producing high grade concentrate to the cobalt roast-leach- copper concentrates for treatment at the Nkana Smelter and electrowinning (RLE) plants, and to the copper Refinery. smelters to make up for a sulphur deficit in the As an alternative to smelting, Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) has smelter feed. examined a processing route involving pressure leaching of the The Konkola mine commenced production Konkola concentrates at Nchanga, with the leach liquor being in 1957. The mine is one of the wettest in the treated by solvent extraction and electrowinning to produce high world, with a total of 300 000 cubic metres of purity copper cathode. The solvent extraction circuit would be operated to achieve a high ‘delta’ copper, thereby providing a water being pumped daily from the strong acid raffinate which can be used in the existing Tailings underground mine. Current mine production Leach Plant (TLP) to treat Nchanga oxide copper materials. from Konkola’s Kililabombwe orebody The main focus of the hydrometallurgical option is to capitalize amounts to approximately 2 million ton per upon the synergy that exists between the treatment of sulphide year, and this ore is treated through a conven- copper concentrates (acid producing) and oxide copper ores (acid tional crushing, milling and flotation plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining & Mineral Beneficiation
    ZAMBIA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Sub-Sector Profile: Mineral Beneficiation Industrial Minerals ZAMBIA: “Africa’s New Frontier for Investments and Profits” June 2013 I. OVERVIEW Located at the centre of southern central Africa, Zambia is a politically stable country with a growing economy; it is in the midst of transforming itself into an economic hub for the rapidly growing central and southern African regions. In Zambia, the sector is the backbone of its economy, contributing 9-10% of GDP. From 2001 to 2009, the mining sector annually grew by 9% and is forecasted to grow from US 590 million in 2000 to US $ 17 billion by the year 2017. Zambia possesses one of the world’s most vital and complex metallotects and is internationally recognized as having a good mineral potential. Copper is the main mineral resource, accounting for roughly 75% of the country’s total export earnings. In Zambia, refined copper is its major export product. The export value of refined copper and copper alloys (unwrought) alone accounts for 63.5 % of its entire trade value. The Zambian Government has been encouraging domestic value-addition of mineral resources by providing generous incentives. Through these efforts, Zambia has established itself as the top producer and exporter of refined copper in Africa. In addition to copper, there is also a broad spectrum of mineral resources available for further exploration, mining and beneficiation. Additional investment opportunities are especially present in mining and beneficiation of metallic minerals, such as iron, manganese, and uranium, and fuel minerals such as coal. Driven by increased consumption in emerging Asian economies, demands for Zambia’s mineral resources are expected to grow further.
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, 2016 Kitwe
    Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, 2016 Kitwe Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, Kitwe By Fred Mungalaba A dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Mineral Science in Mining Engineering (c) 2016 1 | P a g e Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, 2016 Kitwe DECLARATION I, Mungalaba Fred, do hereby declare that this is the original work done solely by me and that all sources of information have been duly acknowledged and that this work has never been presented at this university or indeed any other university for academic purposes. Candidates Signature…………………………… Date…………………………………… i | P a g e Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, 2016 Kitwe SUPERVISORS Name of Supervisor Signature Date 1. Dr. V. Mutambo ………………………. …………………………… 2. Dr. B. Besa (Co-Supervisor) ………………………. …………………………… EXAMINERS Name of Examiner Signature Date 1. Dr. A. Shane ………………………. …………………………… (External examiner) 2. Dr. S. M. Kambani ………………………. …………………………… (Internal Examiner) 3. Prof. R. Krishna ………………………. …………………………… (Internal Examiner) ii Review and Design the Ventilation System of Mindola Sub-Vertical Shaft, Mopani, 2016 Kitwe DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my lovely wife Nchimunya Ng’andu and my son Chipego Mungalaba. You are my source of happiness and success. I owe you lots you have encouraged and supported me from day one and it shall not fade uncelebrated. To my brothers Alfred, Emmanuel, Brian and Modley thank you for your love, care and motivation. You have always stood by me during my bad and good times.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Review: Mining in the South Pacific
    Press review: Mining in the South Pacific Vol. 4, No. 3, May – June 2012, 105 pages Compilation: Dr. Roland Seib, Hobrechtstr. 28, 64285 Darmstadt, Germany http://www.roland-seib.de/mining.html Copyright: The material is copyrighted by the media and authors quoted. Abbreviations in common use: BCL: Bougainville Copper Limited LNG: Liquid Natural Gas PIR: Pacific Islands Report PNG: Papua New Guinea Websites: Pacific Islands Report: http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/graphics.shtml PNG Post-Courier: http://www.postcourier.com.pg PNG The National. http://www.thenational.com.pg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Australian Company Granted Iron Sands Mining Lease In Fiji 21-year lease permits Amex Resources to dredge Ba River MELBOURNE, Australia (Radio Australia, June 28, 2012) – Australian mining company Amex Resources has been granted a 21-year mining lease to extract iron sands from 120 square kilometers of shallow water in and around the Ba River delta. Managing director Matthew Collard says the project will employ around 300 people. He says Amex has not asked for tax concessions and will pay the standard royalties and corporate taxes to the Fiji Government. "There is a 3 percent export royalty that the company must pay once we are exporting the product and then, at this moment in time, we are obligated to the 20 percent corporate tax, as every other entity," he said. "We haven't proceeded into any incentives, or tax incentives at this stage. We've just been focused on getting all our approvals through so that we can get into the construction phase." Mr. Collard says extracting the iron sand will be a very simple operation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Zambia in 2016
    2016 Minerals Yearbook ZAMBIA [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior February 2020 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Zambia By James J. Barry Zambia’s mining sector continued to be dominated by cobalt by 58%; beryl, 53%; emerald, 36%; and cement, 29%. Notable and copper production. In 2016, the country accounted for decreases in production included that of cobalt (Co content of 2.7% and 3.8% of world mined cobalt and copper production, mine production), which decreased by 65%; coal, 45%; refined respectively. Zambia was a leading gemstone producer globally, copper metal, 26%; raw steel, 21%; and manganese (Mn content), particularly of emerald. The country also produced cement, coal, 11%. Additionally, no bismuth was produced in 2016 because the crude steel, semiprecious gemstones, gold, lime, manganese, mineralogy of the copper ore sent to the smelter was different than refined petroleum products, sand and gravel, silver, stone, and that of previous years. Increased production of refined cobalt and sulfur (Flanagan, 2018; Shedd, 2018). copper metal was a result of increased imports of concentrates for processing (table 1; China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Minerals in the National Economy Corporation Ltd., 2017, p. 30). In 2016, Zambia’s real gross domestic product (GDP) was Structure of the Mineral Industry $12.6 billion,1 which was an increase of 3.4% compared with that of 2015. The value of the mining and quarrying sector Many of the country’s large copper mining and processing accounted for 10.5% of real GDP; the sector increased by 7% operations were located in Copperbelt Province in north- compared with an increase of 0.3% in 2015 owing to increases central Zambia.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report Was Spencer Eckstein and the Project Director Was Frank Wimberley
    04 May 2011 GLENCORE INTERNATIONAL PLC Mopani Copper Mines Plc Submitted to: Glencore International AG Baarermattstrasse 3 P.O. Box 777 CH-6341 Baar Switzerland Contributing Company Name Qualification Authors Golder Associates Frank Wimberley MSc (Eng) Civil, MBA Africa MBA MSc BSc(Hons) FAusIMM Golder Associates Peter Onley CP Perth Willem van der Golder Associates Pri Sci Nat, BSc Hons (Geo), GDE Schyff Africa (Mining Eng), GSSA Eddie Golder Associates Dip. Arch. Tech. Cunningham Africa Golder Associates Spencer Eckstein LLB MBA Africa Ukwazi Mining Jaco Lotheringen Pr. Eng Mining Solutions Niel Adendorff SNC Lavalin Golder Associates Kerron Johnstone BSc (Eng), GDE, MBA Africa REPORT Report Number. 12971-10168-1 Distribution: x1 Glencore International AG x1 GAA Project File x1 GAA Library (This page has been left blank intentionally.) 04 May 2011 12971_Lett_009 The Directors Glencore International plc (the “Company”) Queensway House Hilgrove Street, St Helier Jersey JE1 1ES CC: Citigroup Global Markets Limited Citigroup Centre Canada Square London E14 5LB Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) Limited One Cabot Square London E14 4QJ Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc 25 Cabot Square London E14 4QA MINERAL EXPERT’S REPORT: MOPANI COPPER MINES Plc Dear Sirs PURPOSE OF REPORT Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (“GAA”) has been commissioned by Glencore International AG (“Glencore”), to prepare a Mineral Expert’s Report (“MER”) in respect of the mining assets owned by and operated by Mopani Copper Mines Plc (“MCM”) (the “Material Assets”) a company in which Glencore has an interest. Glencore International plc is expected to be the ultimate parent company of the group. The Material Assets of MCM comprise of the following: Mining assets: .
    [Show full text]
  • Isakidd™ – 2020 Compendium of Technical Papers Contents
    2020 Compendium of Technical Papers Long the benchmark in the industry, IsaKidd™ accounts for over 13.6 mtpa of copper production from over 116 licensees world wide, including Glencore’s own operations. We provide clients with a comprehensive range of technology, process support and core equipment to ensure long term operational and economic success.” IsaKidd™ at a Glance > IsaKidd™ Technology is focused on delivering quality products and services to its customers whilst continuously working on technical innovations and developments to address the ever changing needs of the market. > Since development and commercialisation in the early 1980s, both ISA and KIDD technologies have undergone continuous improvement and today are regarded as the benchmark technologies for high intensity copper electro-refining and electro-winning operations. > Significant advancements have been achieved with both the stainless steel cathode technology and the electrode handling equipment used in copper tankhouses. For more: [email protected] Tel +61 7 3833 8500 IsaKidd™ – 2020 Compendium of Technical Papers Contents Copper Refinery Modernisation, Mopani Copper Mines Plc, Mufulira, Zambia ................................................................................................................... 2 Mount Isa Mines Necessity Driving Innovation ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Current Distribution
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Zambia in 2008
    2008 Minerals Yearbook ZAMBIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF ZA M BIA By Philip M. Mobbs Copper mining and refining were the predominant $2.50 per pound) and $6,614 per metric ton ($3.00 per pound), components of Zambia’s mineral industry. Zambia also was 50% for copper prices between $6,614 per metric ton and a significant producer of cobalt and semiprecious gemstones, $7,716 per metric ton ($3.50 per pound), and 75% for copper such as amethyst, beryl, and emerald. In 2008, Zambia’s mines prices that exceed $7,716 per metric ton. In 2008, the average accounted for an estimated 9% of total world cobalt output and price of LME grade A copper cathode was $6,945 per metric 4% of world copper production (Edelstein, 2010; Shedd, 2010). ton ($3.15 per pound) compared with $7,121 per metric ton ($3.23 per pound) in 2007. By yearend 2008, the LME price of Minerals in the National Economy copper was $2,902 per metric ton, which was well below the windfall tax threshold. The decline was attributable to the global In 2008, mining and quarrying accounted for about 8.2% economic crisis (Government of Zambia, 2008b; Edelstein, 2010). of the real gross domestic product (at constant 1994 prices) Investment in most types of mineral operations are covered compared with 8.5% in 2007. The decline was attributable to the by the Zambia Development Agency Act of 2006, although diversification of the economy.
    [Show full text]