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HCT High Resolution Spectro-Polarimeter Technical WIDE FIELD FIBER-FED OPTICAL MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROMETER WFMOS OPERATIONAL CONCEPT DESIGN DOCUMENT (OCDD) JANUARY 30, 2009 Document Title WFMOS Initial Operational Concept Design Document Issue 1.1 Date January 30, 2009 Contributors to the WFMOS Study: Richard Ellis, Principal Investigator, Caltech Chris Evans, UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Mary White, Project Manager, JPL Observatory, Edinburgh Robin Bruno, Proposal Manager, JPL Beatriz Barbuy, Universidade de Sao Paulo, IAG Michael Seiffert, Project Scientist, JPL Luciana Pompeia, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraiba Stuart Lynn, IfA, Univ. of Edinburgh Dante Minniti, Dept. of Astronomy, Pontificia Peder Norberg, IfA, Univ. of Edinburgh Universidad Catolica John Peacock, IfA, Univ. of Edinburgh Rich Dekany, Caltech Fergus Simpson, IfA, Univ. of Edinburgh Anna Moore, Caltech Masahiro Takada, IPMU, University of Tokyo Roger Smith, Caltech Masami Ouchi, Carnegie Observatories Steven Beard, UK Astronomy Technology Centre Thomas Kitching, Univ. of Oxford Ian Bryson, UK Astronomy Technology Centre Filipe Abdalla, Univ. College London Andy Vick, UK Astronomy Technology Centre Ofer Lehav, Univ. College London Peter Doel, Univ. College London Ignacio Ferreras, MSSL—Univ College London Dave King, Univ. of Cambridge Laerte Sodre, Sau Paulo Ian Parry, Univ. of Cambridge Scott Chapman, Inst. of Astronomy, Univ. of Cambridge Dave Braun, JPL Mike Irwin, Inst. of Astronomy, Univ. of Charles Fisher, JPL Cambridge Amanda Frieze, JPL Geraint Lewis, School of Physics, Univ. of Sydney Larry Hovland, JPL Rodrigo Ibata, Observatoire de Strasbourg Muthu Jeganathan, JPL Vanessa Hill, Observatoire de Paris Joel Kaluzny, JPL Alan McConnachie, Dept. of Physics and Roger Lee, JPL Astronomy, Univ. of Victoria Norman Page, JPL Kim Venn, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. Lewis Roberts, JPL of Victoria S. Tere Smith, JPL Mark Wilkinson, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester Ron Steinkraus, JPL Nobuo Arimoto, National Astronomical Karl Reichard, Penn State University Observatory of Japan Antonio Cesar de Oliveira, LNA, Brazil Amina Helmi, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Ligia Souza de Oliveira, LNA, Brazil Univ. of Groningen i WIDE FIELD FIBER-FED OPTICAL OPERATIONAL CONCEPT DESIGN DOCUMENT MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROMETER (WFMOS) Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of Document............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Instrument Identification ........................................................................................... 2 1.4 Document Layout ..................................................................................................... 2 2 DOCUMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Applicable Documents.............................................................................................. 3 3 WFMOS, DARK ENERGY, AND MODIFIED GRAVITY........................................................ 4 3.1 The Challenge of Cosmic Acceleration .................................................................... 4 3.1.1 Dark Energy Observables ............................................................................ 4 3.1.2 The Evolution of Dark Energy....................................................................... 6 3.1.3 Modified Gravity............................................................................................ 7 3.2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations .................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Standard Rulers............................................................................................ 9 3.2.2 Precision of BAO Measurement ................................................................. 11 3.2.3 Non-linear Effects on BAOs........................................................................ 15 3.2.4 Scale-Dependent Bias................................................................................ 19 3.3 Expected Performance of WFMOS in Measuring the BAO Signature ................... 20 3.3.1 Contrasting High and Low Redshift Surveys .............................................. 22 3.3.2 Fisher Matrices and Figures of Merit.......................................................... 24 3.4 Redshift-Space Distortions and Modified Gravity................................................... 26 3.5 Further Applications and Challenges ..................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Neutrino Mass Constraints ......................................................................... 29 3.5.2 Galaxy Biasing............................................................................................ 31 3.6 Lensing Synergy..................................................................................................... 34 3.6.1 Strategic Considerations ............................................................................ 34 3.6.2 Benefits of Combining a BAO and 3-D Weak Lensing Survey ................... 34 3.6.3 Broader Synergy between WFMOS and HSC............................................ 37 3.7 Proposed WFMOS Surveys ................................................................................... 38 3.7.1 The International Perspective..................................................................... 38 3.7.2 Low-Redshift Survey .................................................................................. 39 3.7.3 High-Redshift Survey.................................................................................. 44 3.7.4 Requested Time ......................................................................................... 45 3.8 Summary of Survey Strategy for Dark Energy and Modified Gravity ..................... 47 4 STELLAR ARCHAEOLOGY AND GALAXY GENESIS ....................................................... 49 4.1 Science Case ......................................................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Overview..................................................................................................... 49 4.1.2 Redesigning the Galactic Archaeology (GA Surveys) ................................ 50 4.1.3 Addressing the Big Questions .................................................................... 55 4.2 Detailed Survey Design.......................................................................................... 63 ii WIDE FIELD FIBER-FED OPTICAL OPERATIONAL CONCEPT DESIGN DOCUMENT MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROMETER (WFMOS) 4.2.1 The Galactic Bulge ..................................................................................... 63 4.2.2 The Outer Disk ........................................................................................... 67 4.2.3 The Galactic Halo....................................................................................... 68 4.2.4 Targeting Substructure; Streams & Dwarfs ................................................ 71 4.2.5 Targeting M31 & M33................................................................................. 71 4.2.6 Overall Survey Design................................................................................ 71 4.3 Technical Considerations ....................................................................................... 73 4.3.1 Spectroscopic Requirements...................................................................... 73 4.3.2 Data Reduction Requirements ................................................................... 78 4.3.3 Continuum Estimation ................................................................................ 80 4.3.4 Velocity and EW Estimation ....................................................................... 80 4.3.5 Stellar Atmosphere Modelling..................................................................... 81 4.3.6 Chemical Tagging....................................................................................... 83 4.4 Competition ............................................................................................................ 84 5 GALAXY FORMATION AND LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE.............................................. 87 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 87 5.2 Strategic Issues...................................................................................................... 87 5.3 Sample Science Programs..................................................................................... 88 5.3.1 A High Quality Spectroscopic Survey to z ~ 1.6......................................... 88 5.3.2 Studies of z > 3 galaxies ............................................................................ 90 5.3.3 QSOs, Clusters, and Other Sources .......................................................... 91 5.3.4 Implications for Instrument Design ............................................................. 92 6 TECHNICAL DETAILS ........................................................................................................ 93 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 93 6.2 Target Catalogs
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