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2001 – Law of Lands AGRARIAN REFORM IN VENEZUELA: CASE STUDY OF A FUNDO ZAMORANO IN THE STATE OF MONAGAS By ALFONSO JOSÉ SINTJAGO CORDOVA A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Alfonso José Sintjago Cordova 2 To my parents and my brother who have helped me and supported me through my studies, without their help, particularly in the long nights and weekends invested in this research, this thesis would not have been possible, thank you for encouraging me to follow through with my goals and aspirations 3 ACNOWLEDGMENTS My investigation in Venezuela would not have been possible without the support of the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida, which provided the necessary funding and the instructional support to conduct my study. In particular, this study was possible thanks to a Tinker Foundation Summer Field Research Grant which allowed me to carry out research in Venezuela between May and August of 2008. I would like to thank Dr. Carmen Diana Deere, my advisor and tutor at the University of Florida, who motivated me to explore the effects of the current agrarian reform taking place in Venezuela. Her advice and support were instrumental to the completion of my thesis. I would like to also express a special thanks to Dr. Frederick Royce and Dr. Pilar Useche who apart from serving as my thesis readers were my instructors in the seminars on Agrarian Reform in Latin America, and Latin American Economic Development during my graduate studies at the University of Florida. A special gratitude is extended to all those in Venezuela who contributed to this study, in particular, Dr. Carlos Viso and Ms. Daria Hernandez as well as others who guided my project and provided me with the contacts to make this research possible. I would like to thank all of the cooperative members at the Fundo Zamorano Alejandro de Humboldt, in particular the spokeperson of the fundo, as well as the president and members of the different production units who provided me with insight into the inner workings of the fundo. I would also like to thank the government officials who permitted me access to the fundo and made this study possible. Special thanks to all of the individuals who participated in the interviews for their time and effort in helping me finalize this project. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................................... 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 13 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 15 Objectives and Organization ...................................................................................................... 15 Why Agrarian Reform?............................................................................................................... 17 Rural Venezuela and the Marginalization of the Peasant ......................................................... 22 Geography and Land in Venezuela ............................................................................................ 24 Organization of the Thesis .......................................................................................................... 26 LAND AND AGRICULTURE IN VENEZUELAN DEVELOPMENT ....................................... 30 Chapter Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 30 History of Land Ownership in Venezuela ................................................................................. 30 Changing Demographics and Increased Oil Dependency ........................................................ 37 1960 Law of Agrarian Reform ................................................................................................... 38 Results of the 1960 Agrarian Reform ........................................................................................ 40 Cooperatives in Venezuela before the Chávez Administration................................................ 49 Food Production before the Chávez Government ..................................................................... 53 Worsening Socio-Economic Conditions and the 1998 Election of Hugo Chávez .................. 56 Discussion and Analysis ............................................................................................................. 59 CHÁVEZ’S AGRARIAN REFORM ................................................................................................ 64 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 64 Legal Framework ........................................................................................................................ 65 Sources of Lands for the Agrarian Reform: National Lands vs. Expropriations .................... 73 Fundos Zamoranos and Their Organizational Structure ........................................................... 75 Administration of the Reform and Rural Development Initiatives .......................................... 77 Achievements of the 2001 Agrarian Reform............................................................................. 87 2001 Special Law of Cooperatives ............................................................................................ 90 Production Crisis -- Shortage of Agrarian Goods? ................................................................... 93 Violence as a Result of the Agrarian Reform ............................................................................ 98 Discussion and Analysis ............................................................................................................. 99 5 CASE STUDY: FUNDO ZAMORANO “ALEJANDRO DE HUMBOLDT” ............................ 106 Overview and Methodology ..................................................................................................... 106 History of the Fundo Zamorano Alejandro de Humboldt ...................................................... 108 Goals and Objectives of the Fundo Zamorano Alejandro de Humboldt ............................... 112 The Struggle against Capitalism and an Individualist Mentality ........................................... 113 Organization of Fundo Zamorano Alejandro de Humboldt ................................................... 115 Distribution of Land within the Fundo .................................................................................... 120 Membership Problems at Alejandro de Humboldt.................................................................. 123 Government Administration of the Fundo ............................................................................... 125 Women at Alejandro de Humboldt .......................................................................................... 127 Reaching the Fundo – Location, Transportation and Road Conditions ................................. 128 Terrain at Alejandro de Humboldt - Land Types and Classifications ................................... 131 Social Conditions at Alejandro de Humboldt .......................................................................... 132 Potable Water and Water Storage ..................................................................................... 132 Quality of Housing ............................................................................................................ 133 Electrical Service ............................................................................................................... 135 Food Consumption at Alejandro de Humboldt ................................................................ 137 First Aid and Health Conditions ....................................................................................... 138 Crop Production at Alejandro de Humboldt ............................................................................ 138 Livestock Production at Alejandro de Humboldt .................................................................... 144 Conflict with Technicians ......................................................................................................... 148 Tools and Equipment ................................................................................................................ 150 Government Funding and Credit .............................................................................................. 154 Cooperative Member Scholarships and Advances .................................................................. 158 Summary ...................................................................................................................................
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