Institute of Zoology

Living Conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2009/10 IoZ research strategy Raising the profile of Raising the profile issues and conservation and ensuring priorities, well are they at policy represented and in the media level With other organisations With other organisations Collaboration with most relevant outside bodies for interests our core research (see page 33). Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation. 6 . Providing policy makers, policy makers, Providing and the conservationists public with the general needed to information decisions informed make issues on conservation With institutions in London With institutions maintain and develop We links with academic research bodies, especially the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. Wild courses run MSc in We Wild Animal Health and Animal Biology with the College and Veterinary Royal in Conservation an MSc (see page 27). Science is influenced by Our research conservation London-based issues. Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation ­ 5 Managing and a relevant developing and useful body of knowledge zoological of Cambridge University maintain and develop We links with Zoology research and other relevant departments. is influenced Our research in the by organisations Cambridge Conservation Forum. Tropical contribute to the We Association Biology programme and Cambridge Student Conference. 4 Using our unique as a role convening society leading learned and achieve foster to excellence international to in science relevant conservation our core priorities 3 EDGE; Indicators and Assessments; Marine Marine Assessments; and Indicators EDGE; Health Wildlife and Freshwater; and Mongolia Europe UK, Asia; Meetings biology themes in conservation ) Yearbook Zoo ( International in zoos practice ( Conservation and in field conservation ) Reports Wiley-Blackwell published with series With the Zoological Society of London questions and respond to research We Conservation Programmes contribute to ZSL’s (see pages 20–21): and Reintroduction; Breeding • Conservation South East Asia; South and Central Africa; • questions and respond to research We living animal collection: contribute to ZSL’s research Welfare Animal Health and • monitoring • Reproductive run a programme of meetings and We publications (see page 22): and Animal Conservation of Zoology • Journal Scientific of evening Annual programme • symposia on topical • Biannual international best support publications to Technical • book Science and Practice • Conservation Attracting and engaging and engaging Attracting of range a diverse people and organisations in the science of zoology – from and conservation leaders in to students their field 2 Encouraging and Encouraging in excellence rewarding and the performance science, of communication and animal conservation husbandry diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and biological scales? world sustainably alongside human population growth and development? Our Aim policy. and influence conservation inform and to objectives its conservation help ZSL achieve to research, and conservation high quality zoological relevant and promote undertake To Our Objectives 1 Our Activities HEFCE funded programme training in and research research undertake We the following themes (see pages 8–17): and macroecology • Biodiversity and population ecology • Behavioural fitness and adaptability • Genetic variation, epidemiology Wildlife • biology • Reproductive and PhD education through MSc provide We programmes. Science Plan The major topics: and processes patterns • Biodiversity How can we explain and model biological in a changing and the environment • People How can we manage wild species and habitats foreword

UK science has a long history of innovation and excellence. In the case of the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), that is a history that goes back 184 years to its founding as one of the world’s first learned societies aiming to promote the study of zoology. ZSL initially pursued this aim by setting up the world’s first scientific zoo, but as the focus of the zoo changed from academic resource to visitor attraction, the scientific mantle was taken up by the Institute of Zoology. For more than 40 years, the Institute has pursued its research agenda, which is now focused on its aim to undertake and promote relevant high-quality zoological and conservation research, to help ZSL to achieve its conservation objectives and to inform and influence conservation policy.

For the dedicated scientists and students that carry out that research, it will be extremely gratifying to see the conclusions of a review of the Institute by its principal funding body, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE, reported on page 3), that concludes that the Institute is a unique, distinctive and world-class organisation. This uniqueness derives not just from the high-quality scientific research the Institute produces, but also in how the knowledge gained from that research is applied to real world issues facing conservation practitioners, governments and wider society. Institute scientists provide policy advice to more than a dozen departments of UK government, including Defra, the Ministry of Defence, the Department for International Development, Natural England and UK Customs and Excise, and to more than a dozen foreign governments, from Ecuador to Indonesia. The national and international policy relevance of Institute research can clearly be seen in the work reported in the pages that follow.

The scientific rigour and impartiality of the Institute also makes it an invaluable Contents source of independent and authoritative advice to NGOs. Institute scientists

1 Foreword collaborated with more than 50 UK and international NGOs in 2007/2008 alone, 2 Introduction as well as a range of multi-governmental organisations, including several 3 IoZ news branches of the United Nations. The Institute is also building capacity in 4 Research news conservation science worldwide by educating students on its Masters and 6 Research themes Doctoral study programmes. Its Masters alumni alone come from almost 50 8 Biodiversity and macroecology countries worldwide, and from six of the seven continents. 10 Behavioural and population ecology 12 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability The value provided by the Institute from the funding it receives is clear, but it 14 Wildlife epidemiology 16 Reproductive biology could not do so much without the support of its many partners in research and 18 Indicators and assessments unit education (a full list of these takes up pages 33–36), most notably through its 20 ZSL conservation programmes academic affiliation with the University of Cambridge, and postgraduate teaching 22 Communicating science links with the Royal Veterinary College and Imperial College. On behalf of ZSL, 24 ZSL scientific awards 2009 I congratulate the Institute for its continued success and impact, and hope that 26 Library its unique position in the research community continues to be recognised. 27 Education and training 28 Funding 30 Governance, staff and students 32 Scientists at Speakers’ Corner 2010 Professor Sir Patrick Bateson 33 Collaborations President of the Zoological Society of London 37 Staff representation 38 Publications

Foreword 1 Introduction

We seem to be cursed at the moment to live in interesting times. Last year, I concluded my introduction to Science for Conservation with a prediction of a period of financial austerity. While that was hardly a rare insight in the circumstances, it has nevertheless been proved accurate, if a little understated. We have had a change of government, and the resulting coalition seems set on eradicating Britain’s huge budget deficit in one parliament, in part through severe cuts in public spending. IoZ has so far managed to escape the financial turmoil relatively unscathed. Whether we continue to do so depends on how the Comprehensive Spending Review due out in October 2010 translates the scary noises currently being made by the government into budgetary action.

If Wikipedia is to be believed, the ‘Chinese curse’ is actually the first of three curses of increasing severity. The second is sometimes rendered as ‘May the government be aware of you.’ In October 2009, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) announced that it was instituting a review of the Special Factor funding it grants to IoZ. The aims of the review were to assess whether HEFCE was the appropriate body to fund IoZ, whether it was appropriate for IoZ to receive funding over and above what it would receive were it a normal university zoology department, and what the appropriate level of funding for IoZ should be, based on our distinctiveness, quality and efficiency. You can read more about the outcome in the IoZ News section opposite, but the bottom line was an extraordinary validation of the value that IoZ provides for the funding it receives. HEFCE even approved an increase to the IoZ grant, at least for the 2010/2011 funding year.

My three years as Director of IoZ have been interesting times indeed. It has been hard work dealing with the pressures of the HEFCE review, and before that the RAE, but these pressures have been made easier by the quality of our staff and students, which speaks for itself. Looking forward, I might be tempted to wish for a less interesting year to come. However, I am mindful of the last, and most severe, of the three curses: ‘May you find what you are looking for.’

Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

2 Introduction (left to right) Nathalie Pettorelli, Andrew Cunningham, IoZ News Elli Leadbeater, Alex Rogers © L’Oreal

The last twelve months saw a review of the core funding that IoZ receives from the UK government via the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). HEFCE had not reviewed its funding to IoZ years. Exactly how any government cuts pollinator of agricultural crops. Yet, the for almost a decade, and so this process will impact on the UK research sector is little-studied social honey wasps are of was long overdue. The review entailed IoZ currently unclear, though it is likely that enormous biological interest as they submitting a case for continued support the climate will not be so positive in the produce a honey harvest that humans against seven assessment criteria: Extent immediate future. Nevertheless, IoZ enters consume. This project will establish the of funded activities; The relationship to this period in a position of strength. As extent to which features of foraging HEFCE’s strategic aims and objectives; HEFCE representative David James wrote organisation are shared, from a Public value and benefit; The relationship in notifying us of their Board’s decision, behavioural and genomic perspective, between the public value and benefit, and ‘Of course the future of public funding is in the honey wasp and honeybee. the QR-rated activity; Value for money; very uncertain for everyone, but I hope Comparison with other providers of your colleagues at the Institute see this as It is with great sadness that we have to zoological research, both within the HE a clear endorsement of their work.’ say goodbye to Alex Rogers, who is sector and elsewhere; and Accountability leaving for a Chair at the University of for the use of public funds. HEFCE then Congratulations are due to Nathalie Oxford. Alex’s contributions to the convened an Advisory Group of subject Pettorelli for winning a L’Oreal Women in scientific and conservation work of IoZ specialists to consider IoZ’s submission, Science Fellowship. This award provides have been outstanding, and it is no and to offer advice to HEFCE on any future Nathalie with £15,000 to support her surprise that such a prestigious post has level and method of funding. project entitled Developing a global come his way. We wish him all the best for monitoring framework for protected areas. the future, but look forward to seeing him The report of the Advisory Group was Nathalie was one of four recipients chosen regularly, as he plans to continue to extremely complimentary of IoZ’s work. from over 200 applicants across all areas collaborate with staff at ZSL. The Group concluded that IoZ met all the of UK science. She is also the second review criteria, and indeed is a unique, winner from IoZ in the four years that the On 14 June 2010, IoZ scientists Seirian distinctive and world-class organisation. scheme has been running, which reflects Sumner, Kate Jones and Charlotte Walters They also noted that the level of HEFCE well on the quality of, and support for, our transformed Speakers’ Corner in Hyde funding is broadly appropriate given the female scientists. Park, London into an arena for public range and quality of our activities, and learning and debate centred round the that IoZ is focusing on the right areas of Congratulations are also due to Andrew National Science and Engineering Week’s activity. Finally, the Advisory Group Cunningham, who was the recipient of a 2010 theme of ‘Earth’ (see page 32). concluded that IoZ is making a significant prestigious Royal Society Wolfson Scientists at Speakers’ Corner hosted 16 contribution to HEFCE’s strategic aims and Research Merit Award. The aim of this UK scientists, who stood on soapboxes to objectives, and hence it is appropriate for award scheme is to provide academic speak to the public about their science. HEFCE to remain the principal funder. As a organisations with additional support to Speakers were assigned to one of three result of this, the HEFCE Board agreed that enable them to retain respected scientists themed sessions: Evolution of the Earth its funding to IoZ should continue at a of outstanding achievement and potential. (e.g., biodiversity, evolution, palaeontology), similar level, and approved an increase in The award will help support Andrew in his Earth Challenges (e.g., climate change, funding to IoZ for 2010/2011 of 2% over the project entitled Infection and spillover population growth, biodiversity loss), level in the previous year. dynamics of zoonotic viruses in African Earth Solutions (e.g., sustainable energy, bats, and provides clear evidence of his GM crops, biodiversity conservation). A We can be very proud of the outcome of a high standing in the research community. new set of speakers was brought on every governmental review that recognises the hour, keeping the topics, crowds and quality and value of the work done at IoZ, Elli Leadbeater has been awarded an Early discussions varied and fluid. It was such a but it is worth injecting a note of caution. Career Fellowship from the Leverhulme stimulating experience for the speakers HEFCE were clear that IoZ funding should Trust to work at IoZ on the behaviour and that many had to be asked politely to step reflect the broad decisions about research genetics of honey wasps. Honey production down in order to allow the next speaker funding that take into account the is inextricably linked to the honeybee, a on! The event was reported on in Science pressure of public funding in the coming hugely important and endangered and New Scientist Blog.

XxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxIoZ news 3 Research News

Over the year research undertaken at IoZ Assessing the impact of has continued to respond to a wide range Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis of conservation issues. As a result of this on amphibians in Sardinia work, some of which is described below, The island of Sardinia is a European ever-more accurate predictions about hotspot of amphibian endemism and population changes in the light of threat. Of the nine native species of frogs, environmental pressures can be made to toads and salamanders on Sardinia, seven inform national and international are restricted solely to the island and six decision-making processes. are classified as threatened according to the IUCN Red List. In 2007 a collaboration between the Sardinian NGO Zirichiltaggi and IoZ researchers confirmed the presence of the fungal parasite for over 5,000 species from bats to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). whales. Collating this information from Chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by the scientific literature was an enormous Bd, has been linked to amphibian species task that has been ongoing for over ten extinctions and population declines years and has involved over 20 people in worldwide, and potentially represents a three different countries. The database has very serious threat to amphibians on been used to explore factors that Sardinia. Funded by the People’s Trust for predispose different mammalian species Endangered Species, the Zirichiltaggi-IoZ to extinction – from human encroachment collaboration has conducted extensive to slow reproductive rate – invaluable for surveys on the island to ascertain the conservation management. In a further geographic distribution and host- collaboration with Nick Isaac, the database specificity of Bd on Sardinia. As yet, the has been converted into an online only hosts associated with infection by Bd interactive website, where registered are the endangered Sardinian brook newt, users can input data from the literature Euproctus platycephalus, which has been into the database – now called ‘YouTheria’ described as Europe’s rarest amphibian – i.e., you – putting the data in! Now the species, and the Sardinian painted frog, database is being used to test further Discoglossus sardus, which has suffered hypotheses about species abundance, mass mortalities consistent with ecology and evolution. In 2011 a special chytridiomycosis at three infected sites. As issue of Philosophical Transactions of © J. Bielby © J. yet, the population-level impacts of Bd and Royal Society will be published, which the transmission dynamics responsible for explores many of the patterns and maintaining infection within populations underlying processes in these data. are not known. However, future research Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S.A., O’Dell, J., Orme, conducted by Zirichiltaggi and IoZ will aim C.D.L., Safi, K., Sechrest, W., Boakes, E.H., Carbone, C., to address just these issues, which are Connolly, C., Cutts, M.J.,Foster, J.K., Grenyer, R., Habib, M., Plaster, C.A., Price, S.A., Rigby, E.A., Rist, J., Teacher, A., vital for obtaining a better understanding Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M. & Purvis, A. (2009) PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, of Bd on the island, and informing the ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct management and conservation of mammals. Ecology 90: 2648. Sardinian amphibians. Sardinian painted frog Discoglossus sardus Coordinating group life in PanTheria wild primates Kate Jones and colleagues have completed Where it is beneficial for animals to live the first global dataset of the life histories in groups, then individuals need to and ecologies of all mammals. The coordinate their activities so that the database called ‘PanTheria’ (Pan – global group remains cohesive. The ZSL Tsaobis and Theria – mammals) is the most Baboon Project has been investigating comprehensive of its kind in the world, how baboons that live on the edge of the containing data on body size, population Namib Desert coordinate their activities. density, gestation lengths and litter sizes For instance, at a broad scale, we found

4 Research at the ZSL Tsaobis Baboon Project has investigated how social animals with different needs and motivations remain cohesive and avoid group fission. Shown left are the baboons at Tsaobis showing extreme coordination during travel, walking in single file through the Namib Desert. © H. Peck/ZSL Tsaobis Baboon Project © H. Peck/ZSL

that female reproductive state was juvenile Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) important. Many fertile females lowered and one adult striped dolphin (Stenella group synchrony because males were coeruleoalba). Although the observed distracted by mating opportunities, and traumatic lesions were often not as severe many pregnant females increased as those found in harbour porpoises, it is synchrony as females concentrated on probable that the interactions did foraging to find enough food to meet their contribute to stranding and/or death in increasing appetites. At a finer scale, when several of the examined animals. A foraging, females dined with their male number of causes have been suggested partners when pregnant, were followed by for these interactions in UK stranded males when fertile, and generally tended harbour porpoises and it is possible that to coordinate their foraging with their similar factors may also be implicated in close female friends. Our findings allow us the cases described in this study. to better understand how social animals Barnett, J., Davison, N., Deaville, R., Monies, R., Loveridge, J., Rist © J. with different needs and motivations Tregenza, N. & Jepson, P.D. (2009) Postmortem evidence of remain cohesive and avoid group fission. interactions of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin species in south-west England. Veterinary Record 165: 441–444. King, A.J. & Cowlishaw, G. (2009) All together now: behavioural synchrony in baboons. Animal Behaviour 78: 1381–1387.

King, A.J., Isaac, N.J.B. & Cowlishaw, G. (2009) Ecological, social, and reproductive factors shape producer-scrounger Developing tools to monitor dynamics in baboons. Behavioral Ecology 20: 1039–1049. bushmeat hunting Monitoring threats to biodiversity in the tropics using established methods is Postmortem evidence of frequently difficult and costly, and there is interactions of bottlenose dolphins an increasing need for innovative with other dolphin species in approaches. In this research programme, south-west England we addressed how the impacts of The UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation bushmeat hunting can be monitored in Programme (CSIP) has previously ways that balance scientific rigour with recorded harbour porpoises (Phocoena practical feasibility. First, we evaluated the phocoena) found stranded in various reliability of catch and effort data reported coastal regions of the UK that had died as by hunters in Equatorial Guinea, a result of violent interactions with comparing it with the results of direct bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). observations of these variables, and

In a paper published in the Veterinary finding a good correlation between Rist © J. Record last year, pathology consistent methods (Rist et al. 2010). Since self- with bottlenose dolphin interaction was reporting can achieve much greater described in several other cetacean temporal and spatial coverage of hunting species found stranded in south-west activities for a fraction of the cost, it is England. They comprised four common clearly a much more cost-effective way to dolphins (Delphinus delphis), one juvenile monitor hunting impacts in this case. pilot whale (Globicephala melas), one Second, we show how hunting and habitat interact to determine the abundance of animals in the same study site, highlighting the need to take habitat variability into account when assessing hunting impacts (Rist et al. 2009).

Rist, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2009) The importance of hunting and habitat in determining the abundance of tropical forest species in Equatorial Guinea. Biotropica 41: 700–710.

Rist, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, M. (2010) Hunter reporting of catch per unit effort as a monitoring tool in a bushmeat-harvesting system. Conservation Biology 24: 489–499. © Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network Trust Wildlife © Cornwall

Research News 5 © T. Alexander www.thomasalexanderphotography.co.uk T. ©

6 Research Themes

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organised into five Research Themes: Biodiversity and Macroecology page 8 Behavioural and Population Ecology page 10 Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability page 12 Wildlife Epidemiology page 14 Reproductive Biology page 16

Each Research Theme group is made up of several research fellows, post-doctoral research assistants and PhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellow or Reader. Most staff work across several Research Themes in broad internal and external collaborations. The following pages outline some of the outcomes of current research programmes in each theme.

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 7 Biodiversity & Macroecology

The Biodiversity and Macroecology Healthy Mum – Eggcellent chicks: Research Theme aims to describe patterns maternal diet key to chick survival of diversity in the biology, ecology and Dietary ingested carotenoid biomolecules distribution of animal species and their have been linked to both improved health habitats at regional and global scales, and and immunity in birds and other animals to test hypotheses about the evolutionary (including humans). We tested whether and ecological processes that may maternally invested egg carotenoids could explain the origin and maintenance of offset the cost of parasitism in developing this diversity. We also aim to work with nestlings of an endangered New Zealand practitioners to apply this knowledge in bird, the hihi (Notiomystis cincta). setting priorities for conservation action. Bloodsucking mites (Ornithonyssus bursa) are a globally widespread parasite that frequently infest hihi nests, reducing chick quality and inhibiting population growth following reintroduction management. Our study clearly showed the negative effects

of parasitism on nestlings, and revealed Ewen © J. that maternally derived carotenoids could compensate this cost, resulting in growth Extinction dynamics in a parameters and ultimate mass achieved freshwater cetacean being similar to nonparasitised young. Our An extensive series of interviews in study offers a unique example of a direct riverside fishing communities across the positive relationship between enhanced middle-lower Yangtze River drainage has maternal investment of carotenoids and an provided substantial new information into ability to cope with a specific and costly the extinction of the Yangtze River dolphin parasite in young birds. As O. bursa or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), probably the infestations reduce population viability in first large mammal species to have hihi, our findings also highlight the become extinct in over 50 years. The importance of key nutritional resources for species was formerly believed to have endangered bird populations to better experienced major range collapse during cope with common parasite infestations. its decline, but new analyses demonstrate that baiji population decline was not Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Brekke, P., Cassey, P., Karadas, F. & Armstrong, D.P. (2009) Maternally invested carotenoids associated with any major contraction in compensate costly ectoparasitism in the hihi. Proceedings of geographic range even in the decade the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 12798–12802. immediately before its probable global extinction, possibly because the species Mass (g) apparently underwent large-scale periodic and seasonal movements across the river Mean growth of male (black symbols) and female 50 (white symbols) hihi nestlings in four treatments: 45 system. Range contraction and Ornithonyssus bursa treatment and carotenoids (n n ), fragmentation may therefore not be 40 O. bursa treatment but no carotenoids (u u ), general biogeographic characteristics for s 35 carotenoids but no O. bursa treatment ( ), and declining populations of mobile species in neither O. bursa treatment nor carotenoids (l l). 30 connected landscapes. However, although 25 Bars accompanying the symbols are standard errors. local ecological knowledge can provide a The curves show mean projected growth with the 20 unique source of data for conservation, it solid lines showing projected growth of male and 15 is unlikely to remain constant over time. female nestlings that receive mite treatment and/or 10 Loss of perspective about past ecological carotenoids, and dotted lines showing projected growth of nestlings receiving neither mite treatment 5 conditions caused by lack of communication nor carotenoids. 0 between generations may create ‘shifting 0 5 10 15 20 25 baseline syndrome’, in which younger Days after hatching generations are less aware of local species diversity or abundance in the recent past. Although Yangtze informants across all age classes were strongly aware of the

8 80

60 migration dichromatism 40

20

0 -0.68 -0.56 -0.44 -0.32 -0.20 -0.08 0.04 0.16 0.28 0.40 0.52

80 range habitat 60 diet

These frequency distributions of mean effect sizes from a wide range of studies on exotic birds show 40 that migrating and dichromatic species tend to have lower establishment success in novel environments 20 (negative effect sizes), while species with large geographic ranges, able to occupy many different habitats, and with broad diets, tend to have higher 0 establishment success (positive effect sizes). -0.68 -0.56 -0.44 -0.32 -0.20 -0.08 0.04 0.16 0.28 0.40 0.52

Re-sampled average effect sizes (Z+)

river ecosystem’s escalating environmental Following birds along the pressure to be important – because larger degradation, older informants were more invasion pathway propagules ameliorate the effects of likely to recognise declines in commercially Biological invaders represent one of the demographic, environmental or genetic important fish species. Younger informants primary threats to the maintenance of stochasticity, or of Allee effects – also were also significantly less likely to have global biodiversity, human health, and the predict an influence of species traits on even heard of baiji or the possibly extinct success of human economic enterprises. success. A second study by Blackburn et Yangtze paddlefish. This rapid rate of Thus, there is a pressing need to al. (2009) used quantitative meta-analysis cultural baseline shift suggests that once understand the process of biological to assess the effect of different categories even megafaunal species cease to be invasion. For birds, the identities of of species traits in the successful encountered on a fairly regular basis, they introduced species have historically establishment of non-native bird species. are rapidly forgotten by local communities. depended on a combination of societal Traits that predispose species to Allee demands for species with certain effects tended to decrease establishment Turvey, S.T., Barrett, L.A., Hart, T., Collen, B., Yujiang, H., Lei, Z., Xinqiao, Z., Xianyan, W., Yadong, H., Kaiya, Z. & Ding, W. characteristics, and the availability of success, whereas traits that enable a (2010) Spatial and temporal extinction dynamics in a species for capture, transport and release. species to cope with novel environments freshwater cetacean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0584 However, both societal demands and tended to increase success. The breadth of

Turvey, S.T., Barrett, L.A., Yujiang, H., Lei, Z., Xinqiao, Z., availability have changed over time, which habitats a species uses has the strongest Xianyan, W., Yadong, H., Kaiya, Z., Hart, T. & Ding, W. (2009) should lead to changes in the characteristics mean effect of all variables analysed. Rapidly shifting baselines in Yangtze fishing communities and local memory of extinct species. Conservation Biology 24: 778–787. of species introduced more recently. These results suggest that considering the Blackburn et al. (2010) quantified temporal traits of biological invaders in terms of the changes in selectivity of introduced bird small-population paradigm from species by comparing the characteristics conservation biology may be a productive of 423 species listed in a seminal 1981 avenue for future research. catalogue of introduced birds with those Blackburn, T.M., Cassey, P. & Lockwood, J.L. (2009) The role of of 122 species introduced more recently. species traits in the establishment success of exotic birds. We demonstrated differences between Global Change Biology 15: 2852–2860.

these two groups of species in the Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J. & Parnell, M. (2010) Changes in non-randomness in the expanding introduced avifauna of the frequencies with which different taxa are world. Ecography 33: 168–174. represented, in the geographic range sizes of species, and in their biogeographic regions of origin. These differences relate to changes in attitudes, legislation and vectors of transport relating to exotic © S. Turvey © S. species.

Once an exotic species has been introduced, the most consistent predictor of whether or not it establishes a viable population is the number of individuals released into the non-native location (propagule pressure). However, the reasons why we expect propagule

Research Themes 9 Behavioural & Population Ecology

Our research in behavioural ecology and Cooperation and punishment in fish even though the client is the primary population ecology has two major Cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. The victim of a biting female. Our study interlinked aims: to test fundamental theory of evolution by natural selection showed that males benefit from investing hypotheses in behavioural and population predicts that individuals will benefit from in punishment because females cooperate ecology and to use our knowledge of the selfish behaviour, yet cooperation is more in future interactions with clients. If behavioural and population ecology of common in nature. In recent years, females are less likely to cheat, then the wild species, and the human populations researchers have come to appreciate that male’s dinner is less likely to make an that interact with them, to inform punishment is a potent force that sustains early departure. The evolution of conservation policy and management. cooperation where individuals would punishment in humans might also yield otherwise be tempted to cheat. direct benefits to punishers, but further Punishment is relatively easy to explain if work will be needed to test this idea. the punisher is the victim of the cheating Raihani, N.J., Grutter, A.S. & Bshary, R. (2010) Punishers individual. However, humans are willing to benefit from third-party punishment in fish. Science 327: 171. punish cheats even if they were not the victim and if they do not expect to encounter the cheat again in the future. Explaining how costly punishment can A genetic basis for mate choice in evolve, in the absence of any direct benefit social primates? to the punisher, is therefore a key Genes of the major histocompatibility challenge for evolutionary biologists and complex (MHC) play a critical role in the economists alike. immune system. Since the diversity of MHC genes an individual possesses increases the number of pathogens it can react to, theory predicts that individuals should seek mates with dissimilar MHC genes to maximise MHC diversity in their offspring. Indeed, this pattern has been reported across a range of vertebrates from fish to mammals. However, it has rarely been studied in social species. We therefore investigated this pattern in a wild population of desert baboons. © G. Allen © G. © R. Smith Surprisingly, we found no evidence of Although a prevalent view is that mate choice for MHC dissimilarity. punishment can be explained in terms of However, further analysis of the group-level, rather than individual-level population’s genetic structure revealed benefits, a recent study on cleaner fish high levels of juvenile outbreeding as a provides the first evidence that punishers result of baboon social dynamics (males can reap direct benefits from punishing move between groups while females stay cheats even if they were not the primary put). This generates high levels of genetic victim. Cleaner fish provide a cleaning diversity such that most potential mates service to their reef-fish clients by removing skin ectoparasites. However, there is a conflict since cleaners prefer to ‘cheat’ by eating mucus and other living tissue and clients often leave in response to being bitten by cheating cleaners. Sometimes cleaner fish work in mixed-sex pairs to clean a joint client. In this situation the male cleaner fish, who is larger than and dominant to the female, aggressively chases the female if she bites the joint client and causes it to leave. Thus, the male

seems willing to invest in punishment Tsaobis Baboon Project © E. Huchard/ZSL

10 © N. Kümpel are likely to carry dissimilar MHC genes Over the period of this study, overall Research Institute (TAWIRI) have carried simply by chance. These findings indicate offtake, number of active hunters and out the largest survey of Tanzania’s that social structure may play a crucial average distance from the village at which carnivores. Eleven surveys were role in mediating the need for individuals hunters operated did not change conducted over 430 camera-trap stations to select mates on the basis of MHC substantially, with hunters switching back and 11,355 trap-days. Twenty-three out of dissimilarity. and forth between long-established 35 carnivore species known to occur in camps. Although the proportion of the two Tanzania were recorded and we reported Huchard, E., Knapp, L.A., Wang, J.L., Raymond, M. & Cowlishaw, G. (2010) MHC, mate choice and heterozygote advantage in a most common species (Cephalophus major extensions to the known wild social primate. Molecular Ecology 19: 2545–2561. monticola and Atherurus africanus) distribution of the bushy-tailed mongoose, increased in the offtake, species presumably previously thought to be rare. The research less robust decreased slightly, as did catch also revealed that many species, such as Can bushmeat support per unit effort (CPUE). Apparent leopard, are particularly fussy about sustainable livelihoods? sustainability in economic terms may be where they live, actively avoiding certain Bushmeat is an important component of masking gradual local extirpation of more areas. Importantly, all the species the informal economy throughout West vulnerable species before and during this surveyed tended to avoid croplands, and Central Africa. However, the potential study. This research underlines the need to suggesting that habitat conversion to impacts of unsustainable hunting on develop alternative livelihoods for hunters agriculture could have serious livelihoods need to be better understood and sources of protein for urban implications for carnivore distribution. in order to formulate effective policy to consumers to protect both vulnerable ensure the sustainability of bushmeat species and households, and is the basis hunting for both development and of a new ZSL project in Equatorial Guinea conservation reasons. We collected data to evaluate and implement potential through interviews with households and bushmeat alternatives. hunters, a village offtake survey, hunter Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, camp consumption diaries and hunter J.M. (2010) Incentives for hunting: the role of bushmeat in the follows in a village in continental household economy in rural Equatorial Guinea. Human Ecology 38: 251–264. Equatorial Guinea which supplies Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, substantial quantities of bushmeat to the J.M. (2010) Assessing sustainability at multiple scales in a urban market, to evaluate (1) whether rotational bushmeat hunting system. Conservation Biology 24: 861–871. hunting is predominately for income or consumption and through choice or Kümpel, N.F., Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2009) Trapper profiles and strategies: insights into necessity, (2) the factors influencing sustainability from hunter behaviour. Animal Conservation © TAWIRI / ZSL TAWIRI © household production of and consumption 12: 531–539. and expenditure on bushmeat and (3) the This study is the first to combine camera- impact of this hunting across a range of trap data with niche analyses to reveal temporal, spatial and taxonomic scales. Carnivore biodiversity in Tanzania: patterns in the habitat use and spatial revealing the distribution distribution of otherwise elusive and Hunting for trade to the urban market was patterns of secretive mammals poorly known species, and to inform a major component of household incomes, using camera traps reserve design and land-use planning. This carried out by around 60% of poor-to- Biodiversity monitoring is critical to methodology represents a potentially middle income households, while richer assess the effectiveness of management powerful tool that can inform national and households had other income-generating activities and policy change, particularly site-based wildlife managers and policy activities. Bushmeat formed a minor in the light of accelerating impacts of makers as well as international component of household expenditure and environmental change, and for compiling agreements on conservation. The project was less widely consumed than national responses to international continues to map carnivore distribution alternative, cheaper protein sources. obligations and agreements. Monitoring across the country, working closely with Bushmeat was a necessity good, with methods able to identify species most the wildlife authorities to support local consumption and expenditure related less likely to be affected by environmental conservationists and to generate than proportionately to income. While they change, and to pinpoint those changes information that is used to inform preferred the security of a regular wage, with the strongest impacts, will enable conservation planning. hunting was an important source of managers to target efforts towards Pettorelli, N., Lobora, A.L., Msuha, M.J., Foley, C. & Durant, fall-back income for men in the absence of vulnerable species and significant threats. S.M. (2009) Carnivore biodiversity in Tanzania: revealing the preferable alternative livelihood IoZ scientists, the Wildlife Conservation distribution patterns of secretive mammals using camera traps. Animal Conservation 13: 131–139. opportunities. Society (WCS) and the Tanzania Wildlife

Research Themes 11 Genetic variation, fitness & adaptability

The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness Range expansion and hybridisation have been many generations of and Adaptability Research Theme is to in petrels hybridisation and back-crossing between develop and apply empirical and Historical records suggest that the petrels P. arminjoniana and P. neglecta on Round theoretical methods to describe patterns of Round Island (near Mauritius, Indian Island. Our results provide an insight into of relatedness among individuals, Ocean) represent a recent, long-distance the processes of dispersal and the populations and species. Our research colonisation by species originating from consequences of secondary contact in aims to test hypotheses on the effects of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The petrels. genetic diversity on individual fitness and majority of petrels on Round Island appear Brow, R.M., Nichols, R.A., Faulkes, C.G., Jones, C.G., Bugoni, population persistence and to apply this most similar to Pterodroma arminjoniana, L., Tatayah, V., Gottelli, D. & Jordan, W.C. (2010) Range knowledge of genetic structure and a species whose only other breeding expansion and hybridization in Round Island petrels (Pterodroma arminjoniana); evidence from microsatellite genetic diversity/fitness relationships to locality is Trindade Island in the South genotypes. Molecular Ecology 19: 3157–3170. the management of animal populations. Atlantic. Patterns of genetic differentiation in petrels from Round Island and Trindade were analysed and indicated that the two Fitness benefits in social wasps populations exhibit low but significant A key step in the evolution of sociality is levels of differentiation. Estimates of the abandonment of independent migration rate between islands using breeding in favour of helping. In genetic data are also low, supporting the cooperatively breeding vertebrates and hypothesis that these populations have primitively eusocial insects, helpers are recently separated but are now isolated capable of leaving the group and from one another. A second population of reproducing independently, and yet many petrels, most similar in appearance to the do not. A fundamental question therefore Pacific species P. neglecta, is also present is why do helpers help? Helping behaviour at Round Island. Observations of birds at may be explained by constraints on Round Island suggest that the two petrel independent reproduction and/or benefits species are hybridising. Vocalisations to individuals from helping. We have recorded on the island also suggest that simultaneously examined the reproductive hybrid birds may be present within the constraints and fitness benefits underlying population. Genetic data support this helping behaviour in a primitively eusocial hypothesis and indicate that there may paper wasp. We gave 31 helpers the © R. Brown

12 © S. Sumner opportunity to become egg-layers on their natal nests by removing nestmates. This allowed us to determine whether helpers are reproductively constrained in any way. We found that age strongly influenced whether an ex-helper could become an egg-layer, such that young ex-helpers could become egg-layers while old ex-helpers were less able. These differential reproductive constraints enabled us to make predictions about the behaviours of ex-helpers, depending on the relative importance of direct (through independent reproduction) and indirect (by helping kin) fitness benefits. We found little evidence that indirect fitness benefits explain helping behaviour, as 71% of ex-helpers left their nests before the end of the experiment. In the absence of reproductive constraints, however, young helpers value direct fitness opportunities over indirect fitness. We conclude that a combination of reproductive constraints and potential for future direct reproduction explain helping behaviour in this species. Testing several competing

explanations for helping behaviour © K. Booth simultaneously promises to advance our understanding of social behaviour in and mating system) affect the strength of Assignments) of the current Ne of animal groups. inbreeding and genetic drift processes, but populations with overlapping generations, can be conveniently summarised into a using the sex, age, and genetic Sumner, S. (2009) How did the social insects become social? In: What Next? Dispatches on the Future of Science: 119–210. single parameter, the effective population information of a single sample of Brockman, M. (Ed.). New York: Vintage. size (Ne). Using this parameter, one can individuals taken at random from the

Sumner, S., Kelstrup, H. & Fanelli, D. (2010) Reproductive not only explain the current levels of population. Simulations show that EPA constraints, direct fitness and indirect fitness benefits explain helping behaviour in the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes genetic variation and fitness of a provides unbiased and accurate estimates canadensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: population, but also predict their evolution of Ne under realistic effort in sampling and 1721–1728. in the future. establishing the level of genetic variation. Additionally, it yields estimates of other Estimating parameters of Many long-lived plant and animal species interesting parameters such as generation populations with overlapping have overlapping generations. Although interval, the variances and covariances of generations numerous models have been developed lifetime family size, and the effective

Inbreeding and genetic drift (random to predict the effective sizes (Ne) of number of breeders of each age class. fluctuations in frequency of genes) are populations with overlapping generations, Wang, J., Brekke, P., Huchard, E., Knapp, L. A., & Cowlishaw, G. two closely related yet distinctive they are extremely difficult to apply to (2010) Estimation of parameters of inbreeding and genetic processes characterising populations of natural populations because of the large drift in populations with overlapping generations. Evolution 64: 1704–1718. finite sizes. They act and interact to cause array of unknown and elusive parameters the erosion of genetic variation, the involved. Unfortunately, little work has decline in fitness and the increase in been done to estimate the Ne of extinction risk due to the excessive populations with overlapping generations accumulation and expression of in sharp contrast to the situation of deleterious mutations, and the loss of populations with discrete generations for adaptive evolution. In real populations, which quite a few estimators are available. many factors (such as population size, sex In this study we propose an estimator ratio, variance in fecundity and viability (EPA, Estimator by Parentage

Research Themes 13 Wildlife Epidemiology

The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Theme A novel non-invasive tool for disease is still unclear, although S. aureus has aims to identify where disease is a threat surveillance of whales previously been identified as a high-risk to wildlife conservation, either as a In the past few decades, the numbers of pathogen to cetacean health, and primary cause of species declines or as a harmful microorganisms that have been streptococci have increasingly been threat to remnant wildlife populations. isolated from stranded marine mammals associated with cetacean mortality events. The Research Theme also aims to have increased substantially. Because of Our work proposes including blow investigate the emergence of disease as this trend, and the potential impact that sampling in cetacean monitoring a conservation threat and develop an infectious diseases can exert on marine programmes. This would be extremely understanding of the consequences of mammal populations, it is urgent to useful to identify spatiotemporal changes in wildlife disease epidemiology; develop methods of pathogen detection fluctuations in bacterial prevalence as both to wildlife conservation and welfare for free-ranging animals. We designed and indicators of changes in cetacean health. and to human health and welfare, implemented two non-invasive techniques Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Rocha-Gosselin, A. & Gendron, D. particularly where these changes are for the collection of exhaled breath (2009) A novel non-invasive tool for disease surveillance of driven by anthropogenic forces. condensate (blow) from large whales and free-ranging whales and its relevance to conservation programmes. Animal Conservation 13: 372–382. demonstrated their suitability for use in the field and for the detection of respiratory bacteria. Blow samples were obtained from eight cetacean species. Living the high life is risky business Using molecular techniques it was for toads under threat from fungus possible to detect up to three potentially Amphibians are the most threatened class harmful bacterial genera in the whales’ of vertebrates and are being devastated by blow. Haemophilus spp. were the most a key threatening process, the global commonly detected bacteria, present in emergence of the disease the blow of fin whales, sperm whales, chytridiomycosis caused by the humpback whales and grey whales, while pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium beta-haemolytic streptococci and dendrobatidis (Bd). However, despite a Staphylococcus aureus were detected only decade of research since the discovery of in grey whale and blue whale blows. None this pathogen, it is still largely unclear of the identified bacteria were found in what processes lead to the observed environmental (control) samples, distribution of infection and why some suggesting that their presence in the whale populations survive infection while others blows was genuine and not due to succumb. inadvertent contamination. The relevance of these bacteria for the whale populations To address this problem, a five-year study by Imperial College, ZSL and the BiodivERsA project RACE sampled a thus-far unsurveyed region, the Iberian Peninsula, where Bd was first detected in 1997. The study focused on a species that is known to be susceptible to chytridiomycosis, the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans, and sampled over 120 sites and 3,000 individual amphibians. This

© K. Acevedo-Whitehouse © K. survey, published in the journal Ecology Letters, provided the first high-resolution European map of infection for Bd. The analysis modelled the risk of infection for Alytes and showed that, while environmental variables are only weakly predictive of infection, they are strongly predictive of mortality. Specifically, high-altitude populations of Alytes were much more likely to suffer mass mortalities, and several of these

14 © C. Soto-Azat © C. Soto-Azat populations are now approaching Evidence for regular ongoing Historical presence of extinction. The study also used molecular introductions of mosquito disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis typing to show that infection is tightly vectors into the Galapagos Islands in African pipid frogs clustered in the Pyrenees National Park Endemic wildlife on oceanic islands is Amphibian chytridiomycosis is associated where only a single genotype occurs: this highly susceptible to the introduction of with global amphibian population declines is strong evidence that this region is still in diseases to which they are naive. Recently, and species extinctions. The disease is the early stages of introduction and spread, the invasive mosquito Culex now pandemic but its origin is unknown. raising a unique conservation challenge quinquefasciatus became established in One hypothesis, for which there is some as it is here that the study documented the Galapagos Islands. This mosquito is a evidence, states that it originated from recent mass-mortality events in this famous vector of diseases, such as avian Xenopus spp. (family Pipidae) in South ecologically-sensitive high altitude area. malaria, which depleted the endemic Africa and was spread globally with the Hawaiian avifauna following the international trade of these frogs, which This study is embedded within the introduction of the mosquito to those began in the mid-20th century. In order to European programme RACE (Risk islands. Culex quinquefasciatus also is a test this hypothesis further, IoZ scientists Assessment of Crytridiomycosis to known vector of West Nile virus, which can teamed up with the Natural History European Amphibian Biodiversity) that is kill a wide range of taxa and which, should Museum, London, to examine their large enabling research on the emergence of it reach Galapagos, is considered to pose collection of pipid frogs for evidence of Bd more widely across Europe. Key to a serious threat to the archipelago’s early infection with B. dendrobatidis. A combating the pathogen is an endemic wildlife. As part of a project to total of 665 specimens of 20 species of understanding of how Bd is being identify and mitigate disease threats to African and South American pipid frogs introduced into Europe, and what are the Galapagos wildlife, IoZ scientists in collected between 1844 and 1994 were key vectors within regions. The work by collaboration with scientists from Leeds examined using a novel technique Walker et al. (2010) provides key evidence University, the University of Guayaquil, developed by the team which enabled that we are still at a relatively early stage Ecuador, and the Galapagos Islands found samples to be taken without harming the of the emergence of Bd and that there are evidence that C. quinquefasciatus valuable specimens. Six of the animals many as yet uninfected, but at-risk, continues to be regularly introduced from examined were infected with B. regions. Understanding how we can mainland Ecuador to the Galapagos dendrobatidis: two specimens of Xenopus prevent the further spread of the archipelago. In addition to finding gilli collected from South Africa in 1982, pathogen, and can perhaps mitigate the stow-away mosquitoes on planes, they one X. laevis laevis tadpole collected from effects of infection in the wild, is now a found that Galapagos mosquitoes on Malawi in 1969, two X. l. bunyoniensis conservation imperative. islands with airports were more closely collected from Uganda in 1934 and one related to mainland mosquitoes than were X. fraseri collected in Cameroon in 1933. Walker, S.F., Bosch, J., Gomez, V., Garner, T.W.J., Cunningham, A.A., Schmeller, D.S., Ninyerola, M., Henk, D.A., Ginestet, C., those on islands with no airport, indicating None of the South American pipids was Arthur, C-P. & Fisher, M.C. (2010) Factors driving pathogenicity that newly introduced mosquitoes are positive, although only 45 of these were vs. prevalence of amphibian panzootic chytridiomycosis in Iberia. Ecology Letters 13: 372–382. able to survive and to breed with the available for examination, so a low established Galapagos population. The prevalence of infection could have been Sampling Alytes tadpoles for Batrachochytrium team also found genetic evidence for missed. These results suggest that B. dendrobatidis infection. the human-mediated transport of dendrobatidis infection was present in C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes between Xenopus spp. across sub-Saharan Africa islands. Such anthropogenic mosquito by the 1930s, providing additional support movements to, and between, the for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis. Galapagos islands increases the likelihood Soto-Azat, C., Clarke, B.T., Poynton, J.C. & Cunningham, A.A. of new mosquito-borne diseases (2009) Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium becoming established on, and dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs. Diversity and Distributions 16: 126–131. disseminated across, the archipelago.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cedeno, V., Cruz, M., Eastwood, G., Fonseca, D.M., Causton, C.E., Azuero, R., Loayza, J., Martinez, J.D.C. & Goodman, S.J. (2009) Evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B –­ Biological Sciences 276: 3769–3775. © M.Fisher

Research Themes 15 Reproductive biology

Our understanding of reproductive Why aren’t sperm tails all the (P<0.001) increases in mean sperm biology comes largely from a small same length? flagellar length after swim-up. Applying number of intensely studied model Sperm competition and sexual selection the swim-up technique to boar species, but nature presents a outcomes are often reported as depending spermatozoa additionally revealed that the bewildering array of adaptations with on superior sperm velocity and flagellar selected population was enriched for almost every new species we examine. In length, suggesting that sperm shape may progressive cells. We also conducted a the Reproductive Biology Research Theme be optimised for maximum efficiency. This small in vivo insemination experiment in we aim both to explore and understand has led to some widely held views that pigs and showed that all sperm size some of this diversity and to use some of spermatozoa with longer tails should categories were able to traverse the this knowledge for the development of possess a fertilisation advantage, utero-tubal junction, enter the oviduct and technologies that may have practical especially under conditions involving form the sperm reservoir bound to applications. In addition, we aim to find sperm competition. Nevertheless, this is a oviductal epithelial cells. These results out whether and how environmental largely inferred and unexamined support the view that sperm selection in change may affect reproductive and assumption regarding sperm performance. vitro produces a marginal bias towards developmental processes. We have examined this idea using a longer and faster spermatozoa, although, ‘swim-up’ selection technique as a proxy because sperm selection was not for sperm transport within the female tract. associated with a reduced variance in This technique involves selecting the sperm length, it was clear that there was motile sperm population that is capable of evidence for the exclusion of short-tailed swimming across a fluid boundary, leaving spermatozoa. While the processes their original suspension and moving involved in sperm transport do not seem upwards into an overlying fluid layer. The to prevent the short-tailed spermatozoa procedure allowed us to test the from reaching the vicinity of the oocytes, hypothesis that the selected sperm there is probably sufficient skewing in the population should be enriched for sperm overall population measurement to ensure with long tails. We examined the effects of that when mating systems involve a great the swim-up sperm selection technique on deal of sperm competition there is likely to sperm flagellar lengths in brown hares, be a gradual shift towards the production domestic pigs and domestic bulls. All three of longer sperm tails. species showed small but significant Holt, W.V., Hernandez, M., Warrell, L. & Satake, N. (2010) The long and the short of sperm selection in vitro and in vivo: HaresHares BoarBoarss BullsBulls swim-up techniques select for the longer and faster swimming mammalian sperm. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 598–608.

50 50 68

Summary box–whisker plots showing the 64 effects of swim-up treatment on flagellar length 46 46 in brown hare, boar and bull spermatozoa. m) m) m)

µ µ µ Small squares represent the median values; boxes indicate 25th and 87th percentiles, and 60 whiskers represent the nonoutlier range. 42 42 Filled circles represent outliers.

58 Sperm tail length ( 38 Sperm tail length ( 38 Sperm tail length ( 54

36 36 50

32 32 46 Swim-up Swim-up Swim-up Unselected Unselected Unselected

16 © N.Satake

Echidna sperm development stretched in ways that can only happen if (top) and DNA the DNA strands are systematically Scanning electron micrograph showing boar spermatozoa bound to epithelial cells at the junction The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus broken, and forced to realign in unusual between the uterus and oviduct 4 hours after aculeatus: Monotremata) belongs to the configurations, so they can accommodate insemination. These bound spermatozoa arrive at group of mammals known as the unusual shapes. Using a technique to this point within the female reproductive tract after monotremes. An unusual reproductive detect DNA strand breaks we were able to stringent selection processes. characteristic of echidnas is that the males show that echidna spermatozoa do indeed produce long and filamentous contain strand breaks, and that these were spermatozoa, which group together and not randomly distributed along the sperm swim in bundles of around 100 cells head, but apparently positioned with instead of the more usual tendency to some precision. Interestingly the strand swim individually. This type of sperm breaks were not positioned in the same aggregation is thought to promote faster way in all spermatozoa, and we could swimming, which should theoretically be arrange sets of spermatozoa in ways that

an advantage in situations involving appeared to show that there was repair of © J.Gosalvez mating of single females by more than DNA strand breaks as the spermatozoa (above) one male. became more mature (Johnston et al. Images of echidna sperm nuclei that have been 2009). subjected to in situ nick translation to detect DNA Another unusual aspect of echidna strand breaks. The sperm nuclei that are stained red spermatozoa is that the sperm heads Cerna, A., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Fernandez, J.L., Moreno Diaz do not contain any single or double stranded breaks de la Espina, S., de la Torre, C. & Gosalvez, J. (2008) Triplex in the DNA, while those that are stained green, due (nuclei) adopt a helical configuration. configuration in the nick-free DNAs that constitute the chromosomal scaffolds in grasshopper spermatids. to binding and translation of DNA using a fluorescent Previous studies of echidna spermatozoa Chromosoma 117: 15–24. marker, show varying amounts of strand breakage.

(Watson et al. 1996) have indicated that Johnston, S.D., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Gosalbez, A., Holt, W.V. the chromosomes are precisely aligned & Gosalvez, J. (2009) Directional mapping of DNA nicking in ejaculated and cauda epididymidal spermatozoa of the against each other, as in some insects short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus: such as grasshoppers (Cerna et al. 2008). Monotremata). Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21: 1008–1014. We therefore predicted that the Watson, J.M., Meyne, J. & Graves, J.A. (1996) Ordered chromosomes in the sperm head adopt tandem arrangement of chromosomes in the sperm heads of this spiral configuration because they are monotreme mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93: 10200–10205. structurally forced to follow the tertiary structure of the DNA-protein scaffold.

If this unusual sperm head morphology is really attributable to the coiling and super coiling of the DNA-protein complexes, the DNA helix would have to be bent and

Research Themes 17 indicators & assessments unit

Map of locations of Arctic population trends.

The Indicators and Assessments (IAU) ASTI populations unit was formed in 2006 to consolidate CAFF Area work at ZSL on defining the status and High Arctic trends of biodiversity. The unit is a joint Low Arctic Institute of Zoology and Conservation Sub-Arctic Programmes initiative, and comprises around 20 staff, students and interns. The main projects are designed to develop and produce scientifically robust global biodiversity indicators for global targets such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Millennium Development goals. This year, work has expanded to develop novel analytical approaches to understanding the distribution of biodiversity and species threat. The projects are providing science to inform global biodiversity policy in 2010, the International Year of Biodiversity, and reporting year for the CBD 2010 target.

Rapid decline in wildlife populations demonstrate large regional differences, Trends in wildlife population abundance with southern African PAs typically can provide the metric for powerful and maintaining their populations and western sensitive indicators of biodiversity change. African PAs suffering the most severe Two regional examples published this year declines. These results indicate that provide worrying but compelling evidence African PAs have generally failed to of extensive biodiversity loss. The first, a mitigate human-induced threats to African PhD project with the University of large mammal populations, but they also Cambridge and UNEP-WCMC, examined show some successes. wildlife trends in Protected Areas (PAs). Despite being the cornerstone of global In a joint initiative with the Circumpolar conservation efforts, PA performance in Biodiversity Monitoring Program, we used maintaining populations of their key the same methods to track change in species remains poorly documented. We Arctic species trends. The contribution of addressed this gap using population Arctic wildlife to global biodiversity is abundance time series for 69 species of substantial. The region supports globally large mammals in 78 African PAs. The significant populations of birds, mammals multi-species index of change in and fish. For example, over half of the population abundance revealed on world’s shorebirds and 80% of the global average a 59% decline in population goose population breed in Arctic and abundance between 1970 and 2005. sub-Arctic regions. Dramatic changes in Indices for different parts of Africa the Arctic’s ecosystems such as sea-ice

18 1.2 A State Global biodiversity change Aggregated indices of (A) the state of biodiversity, 1.1 (B) pressures on biodiversity and 1.0 (C) responses for biodiversity.

0.9 Values in 1970 set to 1; shading shows 95% confidence intervals derived from 1,000 bootstraps. 0.8 Significant positive/upward (open circles) and negative/downward (filled circles) inflections 0.7 are indicated.

1.8 B Pressure

1.6

1.4 Index

1.2

1.0 showed declines, with no significant category of the IUCN Red List will evolve recent reductions in rate, whereas from this work and others like it, in a 100 C Response indicators of pressures on biodiversity working group, which should result in 50 (including resource consumption, invasive more defensible applications of the 20 alien species, nitrogen pollution, criteria. Such techniques can also be used 10 overexploitation, and climate change to infer detail about extinction events,

5 impacts) showed increases. Despite some such as patterns of range decline in the local successes and increasingly positive recently declared extinct Yangtze River 2 trend in responses (including extent and dolphin. 1 biodiversity coverage of protected areas, Collen, B., Purvis, A. & Mace, G.M. (2010). When is a species 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 sustainable forest management, policy really extinct? Inferring extinction from a sightings record to responses to invasive alien species, and inform conservation assessment. Diversity & Distributions. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00689.x loss are predicted to occur over the next biodiversity-related aid), the rate of Collen, B. & Turvey, S.T. (2009) Probabilistic methods for century. Arctic species that have adapted biodiversity loss does not appear to be determining extinction chronologies. In Holocene Extinctions: to these extreme environments are slowing. 181–192. S. Turvey (Ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

expected to be displaced by the Turvey, S.T., Barrett, L.A., Hart, T., Collen, B., Hao Yujiang, encroachment of more southerly (sub- Butchart, S.H.M., Walpole, M., Collen, B. et al. & Watson R. Zhang Lei, Zhang Xinqiao, Wang Xianyan, Huang Yadong, (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Zhou Kaiya & Wang Ding (2010) Spatial and temporal Arctic) species and ecosystems, and Science 328: 1164–1168. extinction dynamics in a freshwater cetacean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. DOI: indeed, our results supported contrasting Collen, B. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2010) The barometer of life: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0584. trends in abundance between high, low sampling. Science 329: 140. and sub-Arctic populations. Continued, Sachs, J.D., Baillie, J.E.M., et al. & Jones, K.E. (2009) Biodiversity conservation and the Millennium Development rapid change in the Arctic ecosystems will Goals. Science 325: 1502–1503. A training programme for have global repercussions affecting the young scientists Walpole M, Almond R, et al. & Vié, J.-C. (2009) Tracking planet’s biodiversity as a whole. progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target and beyond. As an integral part of the IAU project Understanding how the Arctic’s living Science 325: 1503–1504. portfolio, the IAU internship programme resources, including its vertebrate species, has been running since the formation of are responding to these changes is When is a species really extinct? the unit in 2006. During the subsequent essential in order to develop effective The severity of the extinction crisis is often 4 years, more than 50 young scientists conservation and adaptation strategies. expressed in terms of counts of extinct have undertaken 6 month positions as a species, with lengthening lists stepping stone to future careers in Craigie, I., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmford, A., Carbone, C., Collen, B., Green, R. & Hutton, J. (2010) Large mammal population representing continuing loss of science. Of these individuals, 19 have declines in Africa’s Protected Areas. Biological Conservation biodiversity, whereas the lack of addition gone on to further post-graduate training, 143: 2221–2228. to such lists could be seen as an indicator including 13 to PhD studentships McRae, L., Zockler, C., Gill, M., Loh, J., Latham, J., Harrison, N., Martin, J. & Collen, B. (2010) Arctic Species Trend Index of conservation success. Superficially, (University of Cambridge, Imperial College 2010: Tracking trends in Arctic wildlife. CAFF CBMP Report determining whether a species is extinct London, Trinity College Dublin, University No. 20. might seem a simple task, whereby we of York, University of New South Wales, either find a species to be extant or it is Queen’s University Canada, and University Informing global biodiversity policy extinct. However, scientists are reluctant of British Columbia), 12 have gone on to This year, all signatory nations are to state with certainty if a species is work for NGO/IGOs, three have taken up reporting to the Convention on Biological extinct, so as not to facilitate the Romeo positions in UK government environment Diversity (CBD) on their progress towards effect (giving up on a species too early) or agencies and departments and nine have the 2010 target of reducing the rate of the Lazarus effect (bringing a species back undertaken field research projects ranging biodiversity loss. Biodiversity indicators from being named extinct). from the UK to Papua New Guinea, have been developed to assess whether or Namibia, Kenya and Tanzania. not this target has been met and to We tested a technique called optimal demonstrate the changing state of nature linear estimation to analyse the sightings over time. In a joint project with the 2010 record of mammal and bird species of Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, we varying ecology, life history and analysed 31 indicators to assess whether population demography. Uncertainties in the 2010 target had been met. Most categorising species as extinct must be indicators of the state of biodiversity made more transparent to ensure (covering species’ population trends, threatened and extinct species lists are extinction risk, habitat extent and buffered against changes in knowledge. condition, and community composition) New developments for the Extinct

Indicators and assessments unit 19 zsl conservation programmes

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on New Conservation Tools and scientific issues relevant to the Discoveries conservation of species and their habitats. This work directly supports Rediscovering the Horton Plains ZSL’s field conservation programmes, slender loris which are currently run in over 60 As part of the ongoing red slender loris countries worldwide. The combination of project in Sri Lanka, the research team applied and pure research means that we have rediscovered the virtually unknown are engaged in and can inform Horton Plains slender loris. Originally conservation policy and practice at all documented in 1937, there have only been levels, in partnership with governments, four known encounters in the past 72 NGOs and local communities. years. The Horton Plains slender loris is evidently extremely rare and was only found after more than 200 hours of nocturnal transect surveys. The rarity of this loris resulted in it previously being National Red List Website listed as one of the world’s 25 most National Red Lists enable nations to endangered primates and it is now being readily determine the conservation status incorporated into ZSL’s conservation of species, identify those under threat, strategy for the region. raise awareness, and develop effective conservation policies and action plans. The National Red List website (www.nationalredlist.org) is the first central source of national level biodiversity data and features an online forum, library, educational tools and over 67,000 species accounts from 44 countries and regions. It provides a focal point to share information, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of conservation planning. It also functions as a proactive means of identifying taxonomic and geographic data gaps and © C. Mahanayakage highlighting regions in need of national level assessments. A potential new species of elephant shrew When a ZSL EDGE Fellow began to study Safeguarding Species and the golden-rumped elephant shrew, she Ecosystems had no idea that she would discover a mysterious mammal that is potentially Greater one-horned rhino in Bardia new to science. In the poorly-known Boni National Park and Dodori forests of Kenya, brief With support from the Darwin Initiative, glimpses of an animal suggested it was ZSL has developed an integrated rhino not a golden-rumped elephant shrew, but conservation programme in Nepal. Our rather an entirely new species. These approach was simple: scientifically trained suspicions were later backed up by a joint technical staff to monitor and report on expedition of ZSL and the Kenya Wildlife each rhino individually. Local press coined Service (KWS). Scientists on the expedition it as providing ‘body guards’, and the were able to observe the new elephant result was a subtle form of deterrence shrew first hand, and documented a that provided valuable information to

© ZSL/KWS number of distinguishing features. anti-poaching efforts. The project also combined habitat management and community engagement; dealt with

20 action plan recommendations and set scientists to develop a position statement crucial directions for conserving the and guidelines for the proposed seaweed species across its range. Through a holistic farm that could cover over 24,000 hectares approach, it is hoped that a secure future of the Danajon Bank coral reef. can be built for this extraordinary species, transforming the Chinese giant salamander into a symbol of freshwater Advising Industry and Policy ecosystem conservation in China.

© A. Gell © Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil invasive plant species and human wildlife The spread of oil palm plantations in conflict; and provided support to Linking Biodiversity Conservation Southeast Asia is closely linked to forest education and livelihood programmes. No and Development loss and the consequent impacts on further rhino in Bardia have been poached biodiversity. ZSL recognises that demand since and ZSL is working to replicate that The Salakpra Elephant Ecosystem for palm oil and the need for poverty success in other parks. Conservation Alliance alleviation mean that further expansion is Working with the Elephant Conservation inevitable; we are therefore working with Creation of the Chagos Marine Network (ECN), ZSL’s Asian elephant the palm oil industry to mitigate its effects Protected Area project tackles the key issues associated on biodiversity. With a grant from the ZSL played a key role in creating the with elephant conservation in and around Biodiversity and Agricultural Commodities world’s largest marine protected area Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand. Programme and matched funding from (MPA), which doubled the amount of Wilmar International, we are engaging ocean currently under protection. The with the multi-stakeholder Round Table on Chagos Archipelago represents some of Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) to strengthen the world’s most pristine and diverse their ‘Principles and Criteria’ that relate to ocean habitats and is an important the identification and management of scientific reference site. In 2009, the UK biodiversity on and around oil palm Foreign Office opened a public concessions. consultation and ZSL engaged with this © S. Namsupak consultation as part of the Chagos With support from the USFWS Asian Environment Network (CEN). The CEN Elephant Fund, we have a growing adopted a strong position to encourage network of local groups – most of whom the creation of a no-take MPA depend on the forest for income – encompassing the entire 210,000 square developing alternative livelihoods under mile area and on 1 April 2010, it was the Salakpra Elephant Ecosystem announced that a full no-take MPA had Conservation Alliance (SEECA). Team been designated. members are acknowledged leaders in involving villagers, many of whom are women, in self-help conservation development projects to such an extent © S. Persey that universities, NGOs and communities around Thailand and abroad send groups to learn the methods adopted. GLOBE ZSL acts as the scientific advisory body to the Global Legislators Organisation for a Project Seahorse Balanced Environment (GLOBE). ZSL staff attended several high-profile meetings of international parliamentarians organised

© C. Sheppard and A. Sheppard © C. Sheppard and through the GLOBE process, where they presented information to the assembled Chinese giant salamander legislators on the current status, trends conservation and projects for tropical forests, marine One of ZSL’s top priority species for EDGE fisheries and coral reefs, including amphibians is the Chinese giant discussion of policy responses that could salamander, the world’s largest living reduce human impacts on these amphibian and one of the most ecosystems. ZSL will continue this work at evolutionarily distinct species on the © H. Koldewey the next meeting of the Convention on planet. To combat a steep decline in the ZSL and the University of British Columbia Biological Diversity (CBD) in Nagoya, wild population, EDGE recently direct Project Seahorse, an organisation Japan in October 2010, where they will be coordinated the International committed to conservation and closely involved with the GLOBE Conservation Workshop for the Chinese sustainable use of coastal marine ‘Parliamentarians and Biodiversity’ Forum. Giant Salamander, which generated key ecosystems. Further support from the BBC Wildlife Fund enabled Project Seahorse to launch a rapid assessment of seahorse species, distributions and habitats across the Danajon Bank in the Philippines using the knowledge and skills of local fishers. We developed a broad-scale habitat map of the region, which determined known locations of seahorse populations. The

© International Cooperation Network for Giant Salamander team also worked with top Filipino © Globe International

ZSL conservation programmes 21 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating Publications encourage increased investment of the communication of science between imagination, effort and resources to researchers, professional zoologists and establish dynamic ex situ programmes the public. We achieve this through a Animal Conservation that complement effective in situ varied programme of meetings and the Animal Conservation provides a forum for conservation. publication of scientific journals and books. rapid publication of novel, peer-reviewed research into the conservation of animal species and their habitats. The journal Conservation Science and Practice focuses on quantitative studies detailing book series important new ideas and findings that Each book in the Wiley-Blackwell/ZSL have general implications for the scientific Conservation Science and Practice book basis of conservation. Subjects include series aims to address the biodiversity, population biology, multidisciplinary aspects of conservation epidemiology, evolutionary ecology, by looking at how biological scientists and population genetics, biogeography, ecologists are interacting with social palaeobiology and conservation economics. scientists to effect long-term, sustainable An editorial, special Feature Paper and conservation measures. Recent titles in commentaries appear in each issue. the series include Wild Rangelands, edited by Johan du Toit, Richard Kock and James Deutsch, and Reintroduction of Top-Order Journal of Zoology Predators, edited by Matt Hayward and The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminent Michael Somers. journal dedicated to academic zoology, continues to attract an increasing number of high-quality research papers. Published monthly, the Journal includes hypothesis- Meetings driven studies that advance our knowledge of animals and their systems. In June Communicating Science and Wildlife we introduced the Thomas Henry Huxley Conservation events Review: the first in the series is How ZSL’s popular Communicating Science and stupid not to have thought of that: Wildlife Conservation lecture series is free post-copulatory sexual selection by and open to the public. Held on the Tim Birkhead. In July the digitised back second Tuesday of each month throughout volumes of Proceedings and Transactions the academic year, each meeting provides of the Zoological Society of London were an overview of the latest developments in made available online via the journal conservation and zoological research. This homepage. The Journal of Zoology year’s programme featured a range of podcast can be heard at topics, including Conservation and the www.wiley.com/bw/podcast/jzo.asp world in 2050, South Asian vultures: catastrophic declines and environmental impact, The human animal: biological International Zoo Yearbook basis of mate choice and Conservation The International Zoo Yearbook is an with shifting goalposts: polar conservation international forum for the exchange of and climate change. information on the role of zoos in the conservation of biodiversity, species and Please see habitats. Volume 44 focuses on www.zsl.org/science/scientific-meetings ex situ husbandry and management of for details of forthcoming Science and bears and canids. By bringing together Conservation events. the very best of current practice and welfare, the Volume is intended to provoke discussion from different points of view, identify deficiencies in our current knowledge, and

22 Symposia International symposia bring together teams of experts to discuss important topics in conservation science. Three were held during the year:

Impacts of environmental change on reproduction and development in wildlife The October symposium examined the ways in which environmental changes, such as global warming, increased radiation and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, influence not only short-term reproductive success and development but also long-term survival and fitness. Speakers included experts in ecology, nutrition, reproductive nature and scale of biodiversity-poverty Stamford Raffles Lecture physiology, developmental biology and links and the role and responsibilities of The 2010 Stamford Raffles Lecture was molecular biology. different interest groups in addressing given by Professor Linda Partridge, them. Speakers described key research Director of the UCL Institute of Healthy Foundations of Biodiversity: saving the areas and practical needs to maximise the Ageing. The New Biology of Ageing world’s non-vertebrates synergies between these two challenging described how research into ageing has The focus of the February symposium was international policy objectives. been rejuvenated by the discovery of the importance of non-vertebrate mutations in single genes that extend the biodiversity from ecological, social and lifespan of laboratory animals. Some of economic perspectives. An overview of the signalling pathways involved, the conservation status of selected non- particularly the insulin/Igf-like pathway, vertebrate taxa was used to highlight the have effects on lifespan that are conserved issue of promoting invertebrate, fungus, over the large evolutionary distances plant and ecosystem conservation without between nematode worms, fruit flies and the need to focus on charismatic megafauna. mice. An environmental intervention, dietary restriction, also prolongs life in diverse organisms. In all cases there is a prolongation of healthy lifespan, with a Organisers of the symposium Linking Biodiversity broad-spectrum improvement in function Conservation and Poverty Reduction. during middle and old age, together with From left: Matt Walpole, Dilys Roe and Joanna Elliott delay or amelioration of a range of ageing- related diseases. These findings have led to an intensive wave of research directed Science for Conservation at understanding the mechanisms at work Seminar Series This series provides our staff and students Organisers of the symposium Foundations of with the opportunity to learn more about Biodiversity. From left: Jonathan Baillie, the work of visiting researchers, Monika Böhm and Michael Samways collaborators and invited speakers. A range of subjects was covered during the Linking Biodiversity Conservation and year, including Phylogeography and Poverty Reduction: what, why and how? conservation genetics of wild Asian The April symposium discussed the links elephant in Thailand, Biosonar and between biodiversity conservation and behaviour in the abyss – How tag and poverty reduction. Despite apparent telemetry devices are providing insights consensus at the international policy level, into the hidden lives of beaked whales and there is considerable divergence of What’s really going bump in the night? opinion at the practical level as to the Hi-tech for conservation of difficult beasts.

Communicating science 23 ZSL SCIEnTIFIC AWARDS 2009

ZSL recognises outstanding Frink Medal furthered our understanding of achievements in conservation and Presented to a professional scientist for conservation biology and influenced zoological research through its annual substantial and original contributions to policy and practice. presentation of awards and prizes. In 2009 zoology. Awarded to: the following awards were presented: Charles Godfray FRS, University of Oxford, for outstanding contributions to our Marsh Award for Conservation Biology knowledge of population and community For contributions of fundamental science ecology, and evolutionary biology. In and its application to the conservation of particular, for research on ecological animal species and habitats. Awarded to: speciation and the evolution of Ana Rodrigues, Centre National de la specialisation, the coevolution of host Recherche Scientifique, for research on the resistance and natural enemy counter- implications of biodiversity patterns for resistance, the role and dynamics of conservation. In particular, for her work on bacterial symbionts, and the importance the development of methods for the of indirect population dynamic effects selection of priority areas for conservation, mediated by predators, parasitoids and and research on how the spatial pathogens. distribution of conservation efforts and threatening activities affects biodiversity.

Scientific Medal Presented to research scientists with no Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater more than 15 years postdoctoral Conservation experience for distinguished work in For contributions of fundamental science zoology. Awarded to: and its application to conservation in Greg Hurst, University of Liverpool, for marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. research on the effect of parasites on the Awarded to: design and population biology of their Peter Mumby, University of Queensland, hosts. In particular, for his work on the for empirical ecological studies to improve influence of parasites on the design of our understanding of reef processes animal reproductive systems, and on the and for developing ecosystem models functioning of invertebrate immune from which the effectiveness of systems. conservation measures in mitigating Oliver Pybus, University of Oxford, for disturbance on reefs, including climate improving our understanding of the change, can be tested. evolutionary dynamics of pathogens, particularly viral infections of humans, including HIV/AIDS, the hepatitis C virus, and influenza.

Silver Medal For contributions to the understanding and appreciation of zoology, including such activities as higher and public education in natural history and wildlife conservation. Awarded to: David Macdonald, University of Oxford, for outstanding contributions to zoology and wildlife conservation through popular and scientific books, research papers, films and other output. In addition, his establishment in 1986 and subsequent directorship of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit located at Tubney, near Oxford, have

24 (left to right) Greg Hurst – Scientific Medal David Macdonald – Silver Medal Oliver Pybus – Scientific Medal Charles Godfray – Frink Medal Nigel Robinson (Thomson Reuters) Nick Arnold – Thomson Reuters Zoological Record Award Professor Sir Patrick Bateson Ana Rodrigues – Marsh Award for Conservation Biology Tom Fayle – Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Jon Hutchings (The King’s School) Grace O’Donovan – Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Brian Marsh (Marsh Christian Trust) Leobert de Boer – ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Zoo Community

The Stamford Raffles Award Charles Darwin Award and Marsh Prize Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Presented for distinguished contributions Presented for the best zoological project Awarded to an A-Level (or Higher) student by amateur zoologists. Awarded to: by an undergraduate student attending for the best zoological project involving Robert Swann, for outstanding a university in the UK. Awarded to: some aspect of animal biology. contributions to ornithology. Haihan Tan, University of Cambridge, Awarded to: for his project Novel roles of nuclear Grace O’Donovan, The King’s School, receptors in cell fate decisions of neural Canterbury, for her project Do certain soil Thomson Reuters Zoological Record stem cells and differentiated progeny types predominate in areas with high Award in Drosophila. incidence of bovine tuberculosis? Presented for the public communication of zoology. Awarded to: Nick Arnold and Tony de Saulles, for their ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions book Wasted World, in the Horrible to the Zoo Community Science series (published by Scholastic). Awarded to: Leobert de Boer

Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Presented for the best zoological doctoral thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: The Zoological Society of London Tom Fayle, University of Cambridge, for thanks the Marsh Christian Trust and his thesis Ant community structure in a Thomson Reuters for their continued rainforest microcosm. support of the awards.

ZSL scientific awards 2009 25 Library

During 2009 almost 1,200 books were origin of species to celebrate the 150th Artefact of the month on the ZSL website added to the online catalogue, 2,800 anniversary of its publication. Three has featured Kenneth Martin’s Screw journal issues accessioned and 2,300 editions of Origin of species were mobile, which has been restored and loans were made to Fellows and ZSL staff. exhibited in the Reading Room, and the rehung in the ZSL Meeting Rooms The ZSL Library online catalogue ZSL Reception featured paintings lent to through generous support from the http://library.zsl.org was used 28,500 the Fitzwilliam Museum for their Darwin Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and times during the year. 200 exhibition, as well as a display about Camden Arts Centre; a celebration of the Charles Darwin’s connections to ZSL. bicentenary of Philip Henry Gosse, with beautiful illustrations from two of his ZSL’s new Library Management System The Library contributed text and pictures books The aquarium, an unveiling of the and online catalogue went live on 20 to a display about Darwin and ZSL, wonders of the deep sea (1854 and 1856) October 2009. The catalogue can be produced as part of the Charles Darwin: and Actinologia Britannica: a history of the accessed at http://library.zsl.org and A Genius in the Heart of London project, British sea-anemones and corals, with contains details of books, journals, online which was coordinated by the Linnean coloured figures of the species and resources, ZSL archives and artworks, Society of London and Westminster principal varieties (1860); the model of enabling visitors to search all these Archives and funded by the Heritage Obaysch made from Nile mud to celebrate resources through one database. The Lottery Fund. the arrival of Obaysch the hippopotamus online catalogue now includes the display on 25 May 1850; a celebration of 100 years of many book covers which can help Interest in ZSL’s archives has continued to of ZSL Offices including the Library at readers find material on the shelf, as well increase with a variety of researchers Regent’s Park and a letter from ZSL as improved help, including in the form of visiting the Library, mainly to consult the Founder Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles to Frequently asked questions. Additional London Zoo and Whipsnade Zoo Daily Sir Everard Home. resources include A list of studbooks in Occurrence books, 19th century Minutes of ZSL Library and as RSS feeds for Recently Council, Minutes of Scientific Meetings, received journal issues and Newly the correspondence collection and zoo acquired books. There are 1,268 URL links guides, and other historical and within the catalogue, many to open genealogical archives. access publications. Items from the archives were featured in A Retrospective Book Cataloguing project the exhibition Zoo Stories – Wild Animals is underway to add all books in the Library for Europe, a zoo history exhibition held at for which there is no existing electronic the Westphalian Horse Museum located in record, thus increasing their availability the Allwetterzoo Münster. The exhibition Godwin/ZSL © J. and accessibility. This project will help then toured a number of museums in ZSL to deliver the strategic aim of Germany. Visitors to the ZSL Nepal facilitating access to zoological and Conference in November visited the conservation knowledge. This project is Library to view the Hodgson manuscripts. funded with thanks to a bequest from Connie Nutkins, a former member of staff who left a generous gift in her will to the Library.

Wireless internet access went ‘live’ in the Library during May, allowing Library visitors to use their laptops to access the © ZSL internet whilst in the Reading Room. We are extremely grateful for the Our Darwin 200 celebrations continued in continued help of our dedicated team of November with a special tour for Fellows, volunteers and the many Fellows and who had the opportunity to see some of ‘Meet the archives’ events were held for Friends of ZSL who continue to support the publications of Charles Darwin as well Fellows and for visiting American students. the Library with their time, and by as a selection of the publications which These events generate much enthusiasm donating books, archives, zoo ephemera influenced him. The November Artefact of and interest and will continue to be held in and funds for the conservation of items the month was the first edition of On the the future. in our collections.

26 Library Education & training

Education and training are central to IoZ’s In September ten students graduated from activities and we have a strong our MSc course in Wild Animal Health and commitment to hosting research projects, fifteen students graduated from our MSc particularly those leading to a PhD degree. in Wild Animal Biology. Two MSc WAB students received distinctions: Saoirse Leonard was awarded the prize for the student with the highest aggregate of marks and Emmelianna Bujak received the best project prize for her study on the Femke Broekhuis, an MSc WAB graduate reproductive cycle of captive female from 2006/2007, has recently been Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra). Emmelianna awarded the Kaplan Prize Scholarship for has continued to win awards, and was a four year doctorate at the University of successful in the Vodafone World of Oxford, working with WildCRU and the Difference International competition. She Panthera Foundation. will continue her work with otters in south-east Asia as a Conservation The Wild Animal Biology MSc course now Biologist for ZSL. includes an option for students to gain experience in field conservation projects with rotations in Wild Animal Conservation and Management. Through collaboration with the London Wildlife Trust, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust and the People’s Trust for Endangered Species we are able to offer rotations in habitat Our PhD students are co-registered at a analysis for bats, bird surveys using university department but most spend the transects, moth trapping and identification, majority of their time at IoZ. In the aquatic invertebrate surveys, shoveler and 2009–2010 academic year PhDs were gadwall distribution and feeding activity successfully awarded to Arnaud Bataille Sreejith Radhakrishnan, who was awarded surveys, and bat roost mapping. To meet (Leeds University) for his studies into the the prize for student with the highest similar objectives, a new unit of the MSc population genetics and disease ecology aggregate of marks in the MSc WAH Wild Animal Biology course, Capture and of mosquito spp. in Galapagos; Amanda course, was the first student from a Handling of Free-Living Wild Animals, has Duffus (Queen Mary, University of developing country to be awarded the been introduced allowing students to London) for her studies into ranavirus prize for ten years, and so this represented experience reptile field techniques and ecology and transmission dynamics in UK a special achievement. The MSc WAH avian capture and handling. common frogs (Rana temporaria); Becki project prize was shared between Violaine Lawson (Liverpool University) for Colon for research on the pathology of The MSc course in Conservation Science investigating endemic and emerging common buzzards (Buteo buteo) in the UK continues to provide a growing number of diseases in British garden birds; Rob and Angels Baig for her work on the possible students with the skills required for Pickles (University of Kent) who studied transmission of ranavirus between wood success in the field of international the phylogeography and population frog (Rana sylvatica) and blue spotted conservation. Run in partnership with structure of the giant otter (Pteronura salamander (Ambystoma laterale). Imperial College, the Royal Botanic brasiliensis); and Joe Smith (Imperial Gardens Kew, IoZ and the Durrell Wildlife College London) for research on Conservation Trust, the course focuses on mammalian diversity and distribution in interactive learning, and includes training human altered tropical landscapes. in both practical skills, such as project planning, management and stakeholder engagement, and quantitative methods, such as decision theory, socio-economic surveys, and population modelling. Graduates are well placed to become future leaders in science-based conservation.

Education and training 27 funding

Institute of Zoology Income £4,580,152 1 August 2009 – 31 July 2010

Research Grants & Contracts £2,230,048 clear, the social organisation of foraging Core Grant £2,175,451 must have arisen independently in the two (European Union £45,804) groups, because their common ancestor was solitary. Indeed, honey wasp and the (Government Bodies £602,628) honeybee have very different social systems: whilst honeybee colonies contain one active queen, honey wasps have up to (Research Councils £528,915) 1,500, and workers are not permanently sterile, though they do not reproduce. This (Other Organisations £987,745) project will provide the first evaluation of foraging organisation in the honey wasp (Grant related overhead contribution £64,956) and address a fundamental question in Other Income £174,653 evolutionary biology: whether apparently convergent traits reflect co-option of the same genetic raw material. Elli will We receive our annual core income from Sam Turvey has received a £454,843 investigate whether the same genetic and HEFCE via the University of Cambridge; University Research Fellowship award physiological mechanisms underlie task however, this year 53% of our income from the Royal Society to study quaternary specialism in honeybees and honey came from other sources, particularly the mammal extinctions. Extensive wasps. Such traits illuminate genetic Research Councils and government palaeontological, archaeological and ‘toolkits’ that selection has acted on departments. In total 60 new grants were historical sources reveal that Asian repeatedly, which both facilitate and received during the year. ecosystems have experienced intensive constrain evolutionary change. human impacts for thousands of years, but the history and prehistory of Quaternary Tim Blackburn was awarded £32,250 mammal extinctions in Asia remain from the Leverhulme Trust for the project surprisingly poorly understood. Sam will ‘A global map of bird invasions’. The aim investigate patterns of regional biodiversity of this project is to produce the first change and mammalian species loss in comprehensive picture of the worldwide eastern and south-east Asia over the past distribution of all the invasive species in 10,000 years, in particular studying the a taxon – birds. The data will be an extinction dynamics of members of the important resource for scientists Chinese Quaternary megafauna such as interested in understanding the invasion the extinct proboscidean Stegodon, rhinos process, and will be the basis for future and gibbons. research on invasion biology at IoZ. The data will also help conservation bodies Bill Jordan was awarded £567,586.93 by and policy makers to understand where the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences and why invasions are continuing to Research Council for a study on ‘The occur, and so ultimately help to stem the physiological and genomic basis to the process and ameliorate its impacts. timing of life history transitions in the Skull of the extinct Chinese buffalo Bubalus Atlantic salmon’. This work will examine Kate Jones has been awarded a sub- mephistopheles, from the Chongqing Three genetic adaptation of juvenile Atlantic contract from The Wildlife Trust in New Gorges Museum. salmon in response to different York worth approximately $80,000 per environmental conditions among rivers. year for the next 5 years for predicting the emergence of new human infectious Elli Leadbeater was awarded £273,000 in diseases from wildlife. This work forms an the form of a 3 year Leverhulme Early important part of a larger, recently Career Fellowship to study the behaviour launched programme from the US Agency and genetics of the honey wasp for International Development (USAID) Brachygastra mellifica. This extraordinary aimed at detecting and predicting diseases social wasp is one of very few insects (zoonoses) that move between wildlife outside the honeybees to produce honey. and people. The global early warning Although behavioural similarities between system, named PREDICT, will be developed

© S. Turvey © S. the honey wasp and the honeybee seem with incremental funding of up to

28 Humpback whale found dead in the Thames. © M. Perkins: CSIP/ZSL © M. Perkins:

$55 million over 5 years and is one of five College London, the International Funding new USAID initiatives, known in Livestock Research Institute and the combination as the Emerging Pandemic African Technology Policy Studies Amphibian Ark Threats Program. USAID is developing Network. African drylands are undergoing BBSRC these initiatives to help prepare the world rapid transformation in response to Big Cat Productions Ltd (Disney) for infectious diseases like H1N1 flu, avian changing land management policies. On British Ecological Society flu, SARS and Ebola. Kate will be one hand, formerly communally owned British Wildlife Health Association collaborating with The Wildlife Trust along land is being privatised, while on the other Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) with UC Davis, the Wildlife Conservation hand, management of government land is Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA Society, Smithsonian Institution and being devolved from the centre to local Darwin Initiative Global Viral Forecasting Inc. to implement communities. These changes are causing USAID’s PREDICT programme. The work at households to abandon traditional Defra IoZ will involve building better online data livelihood practices, leading to large-scale Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust portals for disease reporting and collating changes in land use. A frequent outcome Environmental Planning Department, Falkland Isles Government and analysing large global biodiversity is the enclosure of previously open datasets to improve predictive models of rangeland, which restricts wild and Esmee Fairbairn Foundation which emerging infectious disease is the domestic grazer mobility, and so reduces Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) most likely to strike next. biodiversity value, degrades ecosystem Galapagos Conservation Trust services and further impoverishes poorer IUCN In March 2010, ZSL received a one year sectors of the community. The goal of this King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia extension to the existing period of funding project is to understand these processes L’Oreal UK of the collaborative UK Cetacean in more detail, modelling household Leverhulme Trust Strandings Investigation Programme decisions among the Boran of northern Lizard Island Research Station (Australian Museum) (CSIP). The CSIP has been conducting Kenya/southern Ethiopia, and the Maasai Medical Research Council (MRC) research on strandings around the UK of southern Kenya/northern Tanzania in Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund coastline since 1990 and is funded by response to large-scale policy shifts. The MRAG Ltd Defra and the Devolved Administrations outputs will be used to predict tipping Natural England (Scottish Government and Welsh points between alternative land use states, Assembly Government). The main remit of and so influence national policy debates. NERC/ESRC the CSIP is to provide a systematic and New Zealand Department of Conservation coordinated approach to the surveillance The Indicators and Assessments Unit North of England Zoological Society of all strandings of cetaceans (whales, project ‘Development and implementation Panthera Kaplan Graduate Award Program dolphins and porpoises), marine turtles of the Living Planet Index (LPI)’ was Penguin Books and basking sharks around the coast of awarded £45,000 by WWF International. People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) the UK and to investigate causes of death. The project is a collaboration between IoZ Profile Productions The funding will facilitate the toxicological and WWF, which has been running since Research Councils UK investigation of a number of UK stranded 2006. The aim of the collaboration was to River Otter Alliance harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), improve and enhance the LPI as a global Roger Vere Foundation a UK-wide leaflet campaign publicising biodiversity indicator and to develop new Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Trust the CSIP and a symposium to be held at LPI-related measures of biodiversity ZSL in 2010 to mark 20 years of research change. This partnership has already led Royal Society on strandings in the UK by the CSIP. The to a number of peer-reviewed journal RSPB CSIP is currently managed and coordinated articles, wildlife trend reports (e.g. Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation by IoZ – other partner organisations are migratory species, Arctic species, and SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund the Scottish Agricultural College, estuarine species), production of the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Inverness, the Natural History Museum Living Planet Report in 2006 and 2008, and Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) and Marine Environmental Monitoring. has informed the Convention on Biological University of Cambridge Diversity on progress towards the 2010 Veterinary Laboratories Agency Marcus Rowcliffe has been awarded target, in publications such as the United Wildlife Conservation Society £52,608 from NERC/ESRC for the project Nations Global Biodiversity Outlook. In the Wildlife Trust, USA ‘Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social coming year, the project will produce the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) sustainability and tipping points in African Living Planet Report 2010, and an online drylands’. The award is part of a larger database making population trend data a WWF International grant in collaboration with University widely available resource. WWF Netherlands

Funding 29 governance, staff & students

The Zoological Society of London Sarah Durant PhD Ian Craigie MSc Trenton Garner PhD Jennifer Crees Officers William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Helen Cross Biology Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Robin Curtis Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS, Postgraduate Tutor Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Daria Dadam MSc (Secretary) Kate Jones PhD Martina Di Fonzo Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic Caitlin Douglas Variation, Fitness and Adaptability Amanda L. J. Duffus BSc.H. (SSP-Biol), MSc Senior Management Alex D Rogers PhD Gillian Eastwood Ralph Armond MA (Director General) Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertZooMed DVetMed DipECZM (Willdlife Population Health) Rhys Farrer Professor Jonathan Baillie PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) Jinliang Wang PhD Aisyah Faruk BSc Professor Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Rosie Woodroffe PhD David Hayman BVM&S, MSc (Con. Bio.), MRCVS Institute of Zoology) Nicholas Hill MSc David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Postdoctoral Research Staff Olivier Hymas Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse BVMS, MSc, PhD Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Jon Bielby PhD Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Rich Storton MA (Marketing Director) Monika Böhm PhD Alanna Maltby MSc Jackie Tanner BSc (Development Director) Patricia Brekke PhD Harry Marshall Kate Ciborowski PhD Laura Martinez Ben Collen PhD James McNamara ZSL/University of Cambridge Joint John Ewen PhD Peter Minting Committee Sebastian Funk PhD Kirsty Morris Simon Harding PhD Johanna Nielsen BSc(Hons) Cambridge nominees Tom Hart PhD Hannah O’Kelly Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge (Chairman) Owen Jones PhD • Olutolani Oni Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, University of Kirsty Kemp PhD Alison Peel BSc(Vet) BVSc MSc MRCVS Cambridge Andrew King PhD • Robert Pickles BSc Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Rhiannon Lloyd PhD Stephen Price Professor William Sutherland PhD, University of Cambridge Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Christopher Nicolai Roterman Nichola Raihani DPhil Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen BSc MRes FRS ZSL nominees Marcus Rowcliffe PhD Jennifer Sears Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS, Seirian Sumner PhD Lisa Signorile University of Oxford Samuel Turvey DPhil Freya Smith Ralph Armond MA, Director General ZSL Christopher Yesson PhD Michelle Taylor BSc MRes Professor Ian Owens PhD, Imperial College London Leila Walker Postgraduate Research Assistants Charlotte Walters MSc In attendance: Elizabeth Clark Oliver Wearn Professor Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Katie Colvile MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Emma Wombwell Institute of Zoology) Nadia Dewhurst Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Affiliated Postgraduate Research Students Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Louise McRae MSc Julio Benavides Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge Fieke Molenaar DVM MSc MRCVS Alecia Carter Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, Institute Administrator (Committee Secretary) Rebecca Vaughan BSc BVMS MRCVS PhD Thomas Coglan Thibault Lengronne Postgraduate Research Students Ilana Pizer Mason Claire Asher Miguel Soares Institute of Zoology Kate Baker Claudio Soto-Azat Arnaud Bataille BSc Alex Thompson BA (Hons) Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Zoology) Farid Belbachir Philip Boersch-Supan Administrative and Support Staff Senior Research Staff Paddy Brock Amrit Dehal BSc Hons (Assistant Institute Administrator - Information Systems) Chris Carbone DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity Jessica Bryant and Macroecology Idrish Dudhwala BA Hons Accounting & Finance Rose Cairns (Finance Administrator) Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural Savrina Carrizo MSc and Population Ecology Breda Farrell (General Technician) • Aliénor Chauvenet MSc Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD Dip ECZM Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) (Wildlife Population Health) MRCVS; Reader; Fay Clark MSc MPhil David Hitchcock (Assistant Institute Administrator – Deputy Head, Institute of Zoology; Theme Leader, Murray Collins Buildings & Capital Projects) Wildlife Epidemiology

30 Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Institute and Kamran Safi Others working at the Institute, including Senior Staff) Derek Tittensor volunteers working on projects in the field Marie Knudsen MSc BSc Hons (Health & Safety and Research Support Administrator) Visiting Research Fellows Alison Rasmussen (Assistant Institute Administrator – Finance) • Tiffany Bogich Lucy Anderson Mike Lawes Marta Hernandez Meroño Ekaterina Ardakova Sarah-Jane Lee Abdul Alhaider Hila Levy Research Technicians Eric Jensen Vojtech Balaz Fiona Livingstone Cristina Ariani (Research Technician) Alison Batchelor Andres Fernandez Loras Kim Ballare (Research Technician) Amel Belbachir Maiko Lutz Frances Clare (Research Technician) • Scientific Publications and Meetings Emily Bell Juliane Maass Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Jennifer Beschizza Kirsten MacMillen Programme Manager) Holly Bik Journals and Meetings Victoria Maiswe Ellie Dyer (Research Technician) Will Birkin Robyn Manley Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications Christopher Durrant (Research Technician) • and Meetings) Rebecca Bodenham Melissa Marr Liz Bonnin Tatiana Mashanova Dada Gottelli (Chief Technician) Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Laura Boon James McKenna Daphne Green HNC (Senior Technician) Zoo Yearbook) Tomasz Borowik Alizee Meillere Anne Braae BSc (Journals Administrator) James Hansford (YouTHERIA Project Assistant) • Selina Brace Harriet Milligan Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Co-ordinator) Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician) David Brewer Osama Mohammed Shane McGuinness (Research Technician) Lucy Brookes-Marchant Michaela Moores Solenn Patalano (Research Technician) Editors Journal of Zoology Ruth Brown Carla Moros Nicolas Emmelianna Bujak Harriet Morris Gabriela Peniche BSc Biol. VN MSc (Pathology Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief) Technician) Tim Halliday MA DPhil • Paula Bull Carlos Moura Tamsin Burbidge Mordecai Ogada Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Virginia Hayssen PhD Ffion Cassidy Helen O’Neill Victoria Pook (Research Technician) Andrew Kitchener PhD Ria Chalder Frances Orton Lisa Stevens (Pathology Technician) • Rob Knell PhD Guo Heng Chin Annabelle Pagan Mark-Oliver Rödel PhD Alessandro Cini Stuart Parsons Indicators & Assessment Unit Coordinators Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD Gemma Clucas Huma Pearce Stefanie Deinet (LPI Estuaries Project Administrator) Gunther Zupanc PhD Vanessa Coldwell Fiona Pearce Natalie Cooper Gordon Pearson Julia Latham MSc (Convention on Migratory Species Reviews: Steven LeComber PhD Administrator) • Brendan Costelloe Yeng Peng Zee

Alan Cowlishaw Cristina Pinedo Editors Animal Conservation Adriana De Palma Claire Porteous Honorary Research Fellows Res Altwegg PhD Ranmali De Silva Netty Purchase Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Trenton Garner PhD Ignacio del Valle Christina Ravinet Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Matthew Gompper PhD Mark Derbyshire Elizabeth Robinson Tim Coulson, Imperial College London Sarah Devery Jon Russ Iain Gordon PhD Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Iain Dickson Maria Sanchez Todd Katzner PhD Medicine, USA Philip Doherty Nana Satake Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London Karen Mock PhD Thomas Doherty-Bone Claudia Sick John Gittleman, University of Virginia, USA Stephen Redpath PhD Stephanie Drier Daniel Simmons Sara Eckert Laura Simpson Katherine Homewood, University College London David Reed PhD Daniela Esteban Diaz Thomas Sloan E.J. Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Reviews: Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Katherine Forsythe Jeremy Smith Ian Owens, Imperial College London Aisling Fowler Sarah-Louise Smith Editors International Zoo Yearbook Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Raquel Lavara Garcia Anne-Marie Soulsby Charles Tyler, University of Exeter David Field BSc MBA Diane Gendron Jonathan Spencer Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Kristin Leus LIC PhD David Gill Elizabeth Sturgess Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet Lucy Girling Kathryn Sullivan Roberto Lombardo Gonzales Will Symes Honorary Research Associates Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD Lydia Gonzalez Ursina Tobler Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol Teresa Abáiger Alexander Gorbachev Daniel Trotman Julie Anderson Ailsa Henderson Kathleen Upton Jonathan Baillie Lindsay Hodgson Jonathan Usherwood Jon Bridle Library Matthew Holmes Veerle Van Den Bossche Elise Huchard Ellie Vaughan Jakob Bro-Jørgensen Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Felix Whitton Boris Dzyuba Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Jenifer Iles Lily Wilson Michael Palmer MA (Deputy Librarian/Archivist) Simon Goodman Gita Kasthala Javier Yow Nick Isaac James Godwin (Library Assistant) Aline Kuhl Marcella Kelly Ruth Jones MSc (Assistant Librarian) Jonathan Loh Emma Milnes MA (Retrospective Book Cataloguer) Valerie Olson • departures

Governance, staff and students 31 Scientists at Speakers’ Corner 2010

Scientists at Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London on 14 June 2010, see page 3.

32 Collaborations

Adelphi University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index COSEWIC Regional Red List Programme Index California Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory African Technology and Policy Studies Network List Index (Australia) Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Impact sustainability and tipping points in African drylands of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Britain; Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; Deakin University (Australia) Ecology and evolution Sampled Red List Index Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; of introduced avian malaria; IUCN Sampled Red List Henipavirus in African bats; Fruit bats as bushmeat Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC) Index in Ghana Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites Department of Conservation (New Zealand) harboured by the introduced wall lizard Carnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Regional Red List Programme Sampled Red List Index Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Department of Forests (Cyprus) Regional Red List List Index Center for Disease Control and Prevention Programme Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Arafura Timor Research Facility (Australia) IUCN Department de l’Etude du Milieu et Agricole Sampled Red List Index Center of Expertise for Rabies, Ottowa (Canada) (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Impact of vulture declines on public and animal ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List health in India Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Index; Regional Red List Programme Optimisation and social constraints in group-living Central Science Laboratory Health surveillance for Auburn University (USA) Signal content of plumage vertebrates; Coordination of social foragers in species recovery programmes colour patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Management of choice in desert baboons Australian Museum and Department of bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Environment and Conservation IUCN Sampled Red Downstream Research Group Conservation of the Health surveillance for species recovery List Index Yangtze River Dolphin programmes; Resource limitation in butterflies Australian National University Evolution of Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosis Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture personality in social species emergence in Dominica; West Indian mammal Science Cetacean strandings investigation; IUCN extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE Sampled Red List Index mammals; Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada) Centre National de la Rechereche Scientifique in Montserrat; Conservation of the critically International Programme on the State of the Ocean (France) Occurrence, distribution and abundance of endangered mountain chicken frog (IPSO) African mammals; The role of individual biology in determining population level processes in Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity vertebrates Eden Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index in Eastern Europe; Urban habitat use by bats in London: implications for conservation policy; Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical Edith Cowan University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; (Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme Red List Index Conservation status of bats in Europe Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Essex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index Bermuda Biological Station IUCN Sampled Red List Technologicas (Argentina) Regional Red List Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) Index Programme Reproductive studies in gazelles Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) International Charles Darwin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) Red List Index Biodiversity Synthesis Centre (USA) IUCN Sampled Charles University (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (Argentina) IUCN Sampled Red List Index BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health and reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management of Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes vultures in India Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) North American bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytrium Fauna and Flora International Chytridiomycosis BirdLife International IUCN Sampled Red List Index dendrobatidis reservoirs in China; IUCN Sampled emergence in Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservation Red List Index altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact of vulture mammals; Conservation priorities for EDGE Clemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List declines on public and animal health in India mammals; Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Index Sapo National Park, Liberia Bournemouth University IUCN Sampled Red List Communications Inc International Programme on Index Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland) the State of the Oceans (IPSO) Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red Brigham Young University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red CONABIO (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index List Index Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Living Planet Federal University of Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN British Antarctic Survey Chemosynthetically-driven Index Sampled Red List Index ecosystems south of the Polar Front; International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO); Conservation Species Specialist Group Regional Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) Conservation genetics of penguins; Molecular Red List programme IUCN Sampled Red List Index approaches to coral conservation biology; IUCN Conservation, Information and Research on Finnish Environment Institute Regional Red List Sampled Red List Index; Molecular ecology and Cetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whale Programme phylogenetics of Southern Ocean hydrothermal vent watching fauna FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red List British Divers Marine Life Rescue Cetacean Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor gene Index strandings investigation expression in homing in Atlantic salmon Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building Food and Environment Research Agency Garden Anthropogenic drivers of emerging infectious capacity and determining disease threats to Bird Health Initiative diseases Galapagos taxa Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica) Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le British Hedgehog Preservation Society Hedgehog Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; Scienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic health Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean islands British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term Convention on Biological Diversity (Canada) IUCN Initiative; Hedgehog health demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History FrogLife Molecular and adaptive genetic variation of Convention on Migratory Species Living Planet Monitoring bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe ranavirus in the UK; Are humans spreading wildlife Index disease between British frog populations Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation in Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network butterflies; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Cetacean strandings investigation

Collaborations 33 Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and Israel Ministry of the Environment Regional Red List Museo de Historia Natural (Peru) Regional Red List determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Programme Programme Galapagos National Park Building capacity and IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Deep-sea Museum für Naturkunde (Germany) IUCN Sampled determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; fauna of oceanic islands; Conservation of the Yangtze Red List Index Ecology of West Nile virus in Galapagos; Genetics, River dolphin Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France) IUCN parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp: Sampled Red List Index Game and Fisheries Research (Finland) IUCN JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) International Sampled Red List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation of Genus-ABS Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Joint Nature Conservation Committee IUCN the Yangtze River dolphin epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List National Aeronautics and Space Administration German Primate Centre (Germany) Optimisation Programme (USA) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Determinants of occurrence, distribution and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Denmark) abundance of African mammals Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Gardens (China) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond Constraints on recovery of small populations: the National Agricultural Research Foundation (Greece) Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) Hainan gibbon case study; Conservation priorities IUCN Sampled Red List Index Coordination of social foragers in patchy for EDGE mammals; National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation priorities for spp. vultures in India in desert baboons EDGE mammals; Samburu-Laikipia wild dog project National Institute for Medical Research Modelling Göteborg Natural History Museum (Sweden) IUCN Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health and amphibian response to Batrachochytrium Sampled Red List Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia dendrobatidis Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines Kumasi National University of Science and National Museum of Natural History of Spain IUCN Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean Technology (Ghana) Ecosystem services in Ghana: Sampled Red List Index Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat biodiversity understanding the human component National Museum of Nature and Science (Japan) in Eastern Europe IUCN Sampled Red List Index Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact of La Trobe University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red List disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK List Index Index Griffith University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics National Museums of Kenya Conservation priorities List Index DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach for EDGE mammals Group on Earth Observations Secretariat to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; sea lions (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond Liberian Forestry Development Authority Pygmy National Science Foundation (USA) IUCN Sampled hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park; Red List Index Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) National Taiwan Ocean University IUCN Sampled Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanic Red List Index islands Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea fauna (Germany) Determinants of Batrachochytrium Lincoln University (New Zealand) Ecology and of oceanic islands dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian evolution of invasive alien species populations National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-sea London School of Economics Saving Sumatran fauna of oceanic islands; IUCN Sampled Red List Herpetological Conservation Trust Health swamps: carbon credits and biodiversity Index surveillance for species recovery programmes conservation in Indonesia National University of Mongolia Regional Red List Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station (Japan) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Programme IUCN Sampled Red List Index Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites harboured by the introduced wall lizard Natural England Health surveillance for species Humboldt Institute (Colombia) Regional Red List recovery programmes; Evaluating threat to the sand Programme lizard from parasites harboured by the introduced Humboldt State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Macaulay Institute Susceptibility of social species to wall lizard Red List Index population decline in changing environments Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings Hungarian Natural History Museum IUCN Sampled Macquarie University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red investigation; The Frozen Ark project; IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index; Parent-offspring conflict in co-operatively Red List Index; Developing species identification breeding pied babblers systems for bat echolocation calls; Health surveillance for species recovery programmes Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index Illinois Natural History Survey (USA) IUCN Sampled Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean Index strandings investigation IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Nature Conservancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival by urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna of Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna oceanic islands Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitation oceanic islands de la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic New York State Department of Health (USA) West islands Marine Resources Assessment Group Molecular Nile virus emergence in Galapagos approaches to studying the conservation biology of Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (USA) corals (France) Dynamics of species extinctions Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and New Zealand Department of Conservation Sexual and the hihi; Modelling dynamics of translocated Cryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences selection and the hihi populations (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fish North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences species in fresh waters of the Ukraine Max Planck Institute (Germany) Evolutionary (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index perspective on group decision-making; Determinants Institute of Cancer Research A bimolecular of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African North of England Zoological Society IUCN Sampled approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in mammals Red List Index; Chytridiomycosis emergence in California sea lions; Zoonotic potential of Dominica whale-watching; Effects of ultraviolet radiation on Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and cetacean health; Sentinel-based ecosystem health Environment (Montserrat) Conservation of the North-West University (South Africa) Behavioural monitoring critically endangered mountain chicken frog ecology of Pyxicephalus adspersus; Emergence of lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of Ministry of Environment (Japan) Regional Red List the Yangtze River dolphin; Conservation priorities Programme Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled for EDGE mammals Red List Index Ministry of Environment (Prague) Regional Red List Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-sea Programme Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife Service fauna of oceanic islands (Australia) Mammalian diversity patterns Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) Institute of Zoology (China) Ecology and evolution Coordination of social foragers in patchy of invasive alien species environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna of in desert baboons Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN (Poland) Regional oceanic islands Red List Programme Ministry of Lands and Resettlement (Namibia) Open University of Sri Lanka Conservation priorities Coordination of social foragers in patchy Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences for EDGE mammals environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice (CICIMAR) Determining age structure of cetacean in desert baboons Omsk State Pedagogical University (Russia) IUCN populations using telomeres as a biological clock; Sampled Red List Index Zoonotic potential of whale watching; Sentinel- Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) IUCN Sampled based ecosystem health monitoring Red List Index International Association of Astacology IUCN Mongolian Academy of Sciences Conservation Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health Sampled Red List Index priorities for EDGE mammals surveillance for species recovery programmes International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of Parques Nacionales de la República Dominicana Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social poxviruses in squirrels Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; sustainability and tipping points in African drylands Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) People’s Trust for Endangered Species Health International Pacific Halibut Commission Emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the surveillance for species recovery programmes; Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of Hedgehog health Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in European amphibian populations

34 Pig Improvement Company Investigation of Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal University of British Columbia (Canada) predictors of boar sperm fertility following extinctions International Programme on the State of the Ocean cryopreservation Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Sampled Red List University of California (USA) Samburu-Laikipia Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre Index Wild Dog Project Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India Swedish Species Information Center IUCN Sampled Queens University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Index Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research IUCN Sampled Red List Index RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of Taita Taveta Wildlife Forum Conservation priorities mate choice in desert baboons; Evolutionary oceanic islands for EDGE mammals genetics of cooperation in meerkats; Optimisation Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and Coastguard Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Cetacean strandings investigation the Serengeti cheetah population; National Wildlife immunogenetics; The Frozen Ark project; Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian mammals; A Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; Roehampton University London Individual national plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Towards a deeper understanding of extinction; optimisation and social constraints in group-living Sexual selection and the hihi; Determining disease vertebrates Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term threats to Galapagos taxa; Epidemiology of zoonotic demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring viruses in Eidolon helvum; Collective decisions and National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe shelter choice in a gregarious insect; Zoonotic virus mammals; A national plan for carnivore infections in African bats; IUCN Sampled Red List Rothamsted Research Management of bumble bee conservation in Tanzania; Determinants of Index; Conformist behaviour in humans; Evolution habitat in agricultural landscapes occurrence, distribution and abundance in African of cooperation in nature; Signal content of plumage mammals. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled colour; From bats to humans: the social, ecological Red List Index Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A national and biological dynamics of pathogen spillover; plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Predicting the impacts of climate change; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red List Epidemiological aspects of amphibian Index Technical University of Denmark IUCN Sampled Red chytridiomycosis List Index Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean Research Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Tel Aviv University (Israel) Evolution of activity patterns in mammals University of Colombo (Sri Lanka) Conservation Royal Society for the Protection of Birds priorities for EDGE mammals Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden Texas A&M University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Bird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for species Index University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenic recovery programmes; Impact of disease in the drivers of emerging infectious diseases Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red List Programme decline of house sparrows in the UK; Living Planet University of Copenhagen (Denmark) Chytrid Index Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index disease in Kenya Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of University of Delhi (India) Conservation priorities for survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; oceanic islands EDGE mammals Predictors of boar sperm fertility following Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) cryopreservation; Epidemiology of parapoxvirus in University of East Anglia Management of bumble Coordination of social foragers in patchy squirrels; Problem-solving in primates; Beeworm: bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Relatedness environments; Optimisation and social constraints bumblebee-nematode host-parasite interaction and information in reproductive conflicts in social in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads and groups; Garden Bird Health initiative; IUCN Sampled Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studies mate choice in desert baboons Red List Index linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species University of Edinburgh Beeworm: bumblebee- UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre nematode host-parasite interaction; Impact of Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; vulture declines on public and animal health in Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Center (Russia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index India; Emerging disease threats to UK newts; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Evolutionary genetics of cooperation in meerkats; Universidad Andrew Bello (Chile) Saving mouth Evolutionary perspective on group decision-making Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection brooding frogs: the impact of chytridiomycosis on Agency Garden Bird Health Initiative Darwin’s frogs University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands South African National Biodiversity Institute IUCN Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in Programme and oviduct epithelial cells altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife immunogenetics University of Ghent (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings List Index investigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory Garden cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial Bird Health Initiative Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México IUCN cells Sampled Red List Index Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA) University of Guam IUCN Sampled Red List Index International Programme on the State of the Ocean Universidade do Vale do Itajai (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Guayaquil (Equador) Building capacity Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; investigation; Sentinel-based ecosystem health Universita di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; monitoring; Parasitism, immunity and sexual Index dimorphism in the Galapagos sea lion University of Hohenheim (Germany) Evaluating Universite de Poitiers (France) IUCN Sampled Red threat to the sand lizard from parasites harboured Seawatch Foundation Cetacean strandings List Index by the introduced wall lizard investigation Universite de Savoie (France) Determinants of University of Hong Kong IUCN Sampled Red List Shaanxi Normal University (China) Conservation Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in Index priorities for EDGE mammals; Disease threats and European amphibian populations conservation of the Chinese giant salamander University of Illinois (USA) A bimolecular approach Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptor Bird Health Initiative sea lions gene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings University of Kansas (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History programme; Evolutionary dynamics of major Index (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index histocompatibility genes in Arctic charr; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands University of Kent Emergence of Batrachochytrium Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA) dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Genetics of caste determination in polistine wasps University of Auburn (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Invasive species as vectors of disease and Index Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola (Dominica) amphibian declines; Factors influencing cooperative West Indian mammal extinctions; Conservation University of Auckland (New Zealand) Automatic behaviour and group performance in humans; priorities for EDGE mammals detection, parameterisation and species Population and social structure of the giant otter; identification systems for bat echolocation calls Evolutionary perspectives on group decision- Societe Audubon d’Haiti Conservation priorities for making; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; EDGE mammals; West Indian mammal extinctions University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna Conservation status of European bats; Implications of oceanic islands State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled of infectious disease for the global trade and Red List Index University of Bangor IUCN Sampled Red List Index conservation of amphibians; The role of individual Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; biology in determining population level processes in Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Red List Index vertebrates; Invasive species as vectors of disease in University of Birmingham Sexual selection and the Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS á Moulis amphibians; Sexual selection and the hihi hihi; Extinction, island biogeography and (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium community structure in island birds; Ecology and University of Koblenz-Landau (Germany) IUCN dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative Sampled Red List Index populations studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; University of Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red State Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species List Index Regional Red List Programme University of Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, State Museum of Natural History (Germany) Sampled Red List Index parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons Regional Red List Programme University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List Index oceanic islands strandings investigation Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation in studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; bats; Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species of the Polar Front; Optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates

Collaborations 35 University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence in University of Newcastle Chemosynthetically-driven Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of the Yangtze Galapagos; Social change, economic growth and ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology River dolphin drivers of conservation threats in Galapagos; of poxviruses in squirrels; International Programme Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings Parasitism, immunity and sexual dimorphism in the on the State of the Ocean investigation; Health surveillance for species Galapagos sea lion; Determining disease threats to University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project recovery programmes; Zoonotic virus infections in endemic Galapagos taxa; Dynamics of reproductive African bats; Evaluating the threat of vulture dominance in dinosaur ants University of Oslo (Norway) The role of individual declines to public and animal health in India biology in determining population-level processes in University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health vertebrates Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus Initiative; Cetacean strandings investigation; Impact infections in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic virus of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the University of Oxford Population genetic units in the infections in African bats UK; The role of individual biology in determining Ethiopian wolf; Camera trapping as a census tool; population level processes in vertebrates IUCN Sampled Red List Index; West Indian mammal Veterinary Services Division (Dominica) extinctions; Regional Red List Programme Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Implementation of a regional management plan for Red List Index University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assay amphibians in the Caribbean service University of London, University College Coordination of social foragers in patchy University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) Health and environments; Constraints on recovery of small reproduction in elephant populations in Asia West University of Timisoara (Romania) IUCN populations: the Hainan gibbon case study; Sampled Red List Index University of Portsmouth Conservation of Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social threatened amphibians by use of nuclear transfer Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust Conservation sustainability and tipping points in African drylands; technology priorities for EDGE mammals Large felid ecology and interactions with humans in the Algerian Sahara; Social and ecological University of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservation dynamics of the bushmeat trade; Metapopulation List Index priorities for EDGE mammals dynamics of colobus in the coastal forests of Kenya; University of Pretoria (South Africa) Evolution of Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term Resource limitation in butterflies; Echolocation in cooperation in nature demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; bats; Marine resources, livelihoods and National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian conservation around a West African marine University of Puerto Rico Amphibian conservation in mammals; Wildlife Picture Index; Occurrence, protected area; Changing livelihoods: a comparison the Caribbean distribution and abundance of African mammals of land tenure systems; Factors influencing University of Queensland (Australia) Semen freezing cooperative behaviour in group performance in Wildlife Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections in in macropods; Comparative studies linking ecology, humans; Modelling the dynamics of translocated African bats; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in evolution and physiology; Evolution of personality in populations Eidolon helvum social species; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; University of London, Imperial College Comparative Evolution of punishment and cooperation in nature Wildlife Trusts UK Health surveillance for species studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; recovery programmes University of Quintana Roo (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Red List Index Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird Mammalian community structure and dynamics Health Initiative across gradients of land-use intensity in Malaysian University of Rochester (USA) Modelling the Borneo; Determinants of pathogen distribution and amphibian response to infection by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) prevalence in a multi-host and island system; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Sexual selection and extinction in birds; Wildlife Polar Front University of Salzburg (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red management indicators for timber certification in List Index Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term West African forests; Emergence of demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints midwife toad; Determinants of Batrachochytrium on animal ecology World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red List dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian Index University of Sheffield Enhancement of sperm cell populations; Spatial global biodiversity monitoring survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index; Status and in the context of data uncertainy; Invasive species Conservation genetics of penguins; Comparative trends of estuarine biodiversity as vectors of disease in amphibians; Emerging studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; disease threats to newts in the UK; Molecular Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species approaches to he conservation biology of corals; nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp Effects of private ecotourism on a subsistence University of Southampton Chemosynthetically- fishing community; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Mammalian diversity patterns; Inferring extinction Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands; Molecular ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) risk and causation from population trends; ecology and phylogenetics of Southern Ocean Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts Modelling the dynamics of translocated hydrothermal vent fauna Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (Denmark) IUCN populations; Ecosystem services in Ghana: University of St Andrews IUCN Sampled Red List Sampled Red List Index understanding the human component; Dynamics of Index; Pelagic ecology of South West Indian Ocean large mammal range collapse and extinction: seamounts; Occurrence, distribution and abundance evidence from the Holocene record; Bovine of African mammals tuberculosis in badgers; Determinants of tiger occurrence and population viability in fragmented University of Staffordshire Resource limitation in landscapes; Disease susceptibility in three butterflies; amphibian species; The role of individual biology in University of Sussex Molecular basis of a major determining population level processes in evolutionary transition; Chytrid effects on natterjack vertebrates; Susceptibility of social species to toad population genetics; From bats to humans: the population decline in changing environments; social, ecological and biological dynamics of Management interventions for large mammal pathogen spillover populations in Cambodia; Ecological and genetic determinants of grey squirrel expansion in Italy and University of Tasmania IUCN Sampled Red List Index Britain; Whole genome analysis of University of Teesside West Indian mammal Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Patterns and extinctions processes in natural population declines University of Texas (USA) Regional Red List University of London, King’s College Environmental Programme change in riparian ecosystems: development of a new policy-planning tool University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants of University of London, Queen Mary Population and pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multihost immunocompetent genetic variation; Molecular and and island system adaptive genetic variation of ranavirus in the UK; Sex, flies and fungus; Epidemiology of poxviruses University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints on in squirrels; Identifying emerging disease threats to animal ecology UK newts; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in University of Washington (USA) Long-term Eidolon helvum; Forest fragmentation and demography of the Serengeti cheetah population parasitism of Malaysian amphibians University of Wisconsin (USA) IUCN Sampled Red University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian List Index mammal extinctions University of the West Indies Amphibian University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled conservation in the Caribbean Red List Index University of York International Programme on the University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and State of the Oceans (IPSO); IUCN Sampled Red List determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Index University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite University of Yüzüncü Yil (Turkey) Signal content of loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Influence plumage colour of sociality on disease spread in socially-structured populations University of Zurich (Switzerland) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm European amphibian populations cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Uppsala University (Sweden) Collective decision and shelter choice in a gregarious insect University of Natal (South Africa) Dynamics of species extinctions US Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Red List Programme University of Neuchatel (Switzerland) Evolution of punishment and cooperation in nature US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health and constraints on animal ecology reproduction in elephant populations in Asia

36 Staff Representation

Professional Affiliations International Council for Exploration of the Sea World Congress of Herpetology Paul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group on Trent Garner (Member, Executive Committee) Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Prospectiva the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans) (ANEP), Spain Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Reviewer) International Embryo Transfer Society Education William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar Amphibian Ark Biobanking Advisory Group Committee) (Council Member) Rhiannon Lloyd (Biobanking Officer) International Foundation for Science Animal Health Information Specialists (UK and Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Ireland) Committee) Editorial Positions Ann Sylph (Member) International Union for the Study of Social Insects Animal Conservation Bat Conservation Trust, UK Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for British Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Associate Editor); Jon Kate Jones (Trustee) Section) Bielby (Associate Editor); Tim Blackburn (Associate Editor), Nick Isaac (Associate Editor); Trent Garner British Andrology Society IUCN SSC (Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Reviews Editor) William Holt (Committee Member); Rhiannon Lloyd Ben Collen (Committee Member, Red List; Co-Chair, (Postdoctoral Representative, Steering Committee) National Red List Working Group; Member, Red List Animal Reproduction Science Technical Working Group); Andrew Cunningham William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) British Ecological Society (Member, Veterinary Specialist Group; Member, Tim Blackburn (Council Member); Kirsty Kemp Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Biological Reviews (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Group); John Ewen Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) (Member, Reintroduction Specialist Group); Trent British Veterinary Zoological Society Garner (Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); Cryobiology Katie Colvile (Member); Becki Lawson (Council Dada Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Group); William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Member); Fieke Molenaar (Council Member) Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Veterinary Specialist Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Bushmeat Working Group Group) Andrew Cunningham (Editor) Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member) London Biology Librarians Group EcoHealth Ann Sylph (Member) Jon Bielby (Review Editor); Andrew Cunningham Centre for Ecology and Evolution (Member, Editorial Board) Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee); Kate London Learned and Professional Societies Jones (Member, Steering Committee) Librarians Group Emu: Austral Ornithology Michael Palmer (Member) John Ewen (Associate Editor) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, South Africa Tim Blackburn (International Science Advisor) Marine Mammal Society Endangered Species Research Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member; Committee Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Mexico Member; Sea Lion Carcinoma Working Group) (Editor) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Honorary Professor) Mexican National Science Academy Global Ecology and Biogeography Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Tim Blackburn (Editor); Kate Jones (Editor) Michael Palmer (Member) Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology Journal of Applied Ecology Conservation Commons Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (President Elect; Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Ben Collen (Member, Steering Committee) European Delegate; Committee Member, Veterinary Specialist Group) Journal of Zoology Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board); Nichola Andrew Cunningham (Member, TB Advisory Group; Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa Raihani (Member, Editorial Board) Member, Amphibian Health Advisory Committee; Sarah Durant (Trustee) Reviewer, Statutory and Exotic Diseases Research Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals Programme); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian New Zealand Department of Conservation Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Editor) Health Advisory Committee) John Ewen (Member, Hihi Recovery Group) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological European Cetacean Society Office International des Épizooties Sciences Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Amphibian Diseases) European College of Zoological Medicine Tropical Conservation Science Anthony Sainsbury (Member) Sheep Trust Ben Collen (Associate Editor) William Holt (Trustee) Fisheries Society of the British Isles Wildlife Research Kirsty Kemp (Member) Societas Europea Herpetologica Andrew Cunningham (Associate Editor) Trent Garner (Member, Conservation Committee) Frozen Ark William Holt (Member, Steering Group); Rhiannon Student Conference on Conservation Science Lloyd (Member, Steering Group) Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory Committee) GEO BON Ben Collen (Task Chair) UK Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity Action Plan Steering Group Global Biodiversity Information Facility Paul Jepson (Member) Ben Collen (Task Co-Chair) UNEP- WCMC Global Invasive Species Programme Ben Collen (Honorary Fellow) Tim Blackburn (Member, Expert Working Group on Invasive Alien Species Indicators) University of Liverpool Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior Research International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Fellow) Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) Wildlife Disease Association International Association for Ecology and Health Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Scientific Committee, Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) European Section)

Staff representation 37 Publications

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2010) Obtaining whale Bielby, J., Bovero, S., Sotgiu, G., Tessa, G., Favelli, Carbone, C. & Pettorelli, N. (2009) Testing blow. Wildlife Professional 4: 70. M., Angelini, C., Doglio, S., Clare, F.C., Gazzaniga, E., relationships between energy and vertebrate Lapietra, F. & Garner, T.W.J. (2009) Fatal abundance. International Journal of Ecology Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. & Duffus, A.L.J. (2009) chytridiomycosis in the Tyrrhenian painted frog. 2009: 1–6. Effects of environmental change on wildlife health. EcoHealth 6: 27–32. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Justin Marshall, N., Vorobyev, London Series B 364: 3429–3438. Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Cooper, N. & Purvis, A. (2009) M., Blackburn, T.M. & Hauber, M.E. (2009) Are avian Modelling extinction risk in multispecies data sets: eggshell colours effective intraspecific Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Petetti, L., Duignan, P. & phylogenetically independent contrasts versus communication signals in the Muscicapoidea? A Castinel, A. (2009) Hookworm infection, anaemia decision trees. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: perceptual modelling approach. Ibis 151: 689–698. and genetic variability of the New Zealand sea lion. 113–127. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B - Celerier, A., Huchard, E., Alvergne, A., Fejan, D., Biological Sciences 276: 3523–3529. Blackburn, T.M., Cassey, P., Evans, K.L., Gaston, K.J. Plard, F., Cowlishaw, G., Raymond, M., Knapp, L.A. & Duncan, R.P. (2009) The biogeography of avian & Bonadonna, F. (2010) Detective mice assess Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Rocha-Gosselin, A. & extinctions on oceanic islands revisited. Journal of relatedness in baboons using olfactory cues. Gendron, D. (2009) A novel non-invasive tool for Biogeography 36: 1613–1614. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 1399–1405. disease surveillance of free-ranging whales and its relevance to conservation programmes. Animal Blackburn, T.M., Cassey, P. & Lockwood, J.L. (2009) Chaber, A-L., Allebone-Webb, S., Lignereux, Y., Conservation 13: 217–225. The role of species traits in the establishment Cunningham, A.A. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2010) The scale success of exotic birds. Global Change Biology 15: of illegal meat importation from Africa to Europe via Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Bronsvoort, 2852–2860. Paris. Conservation Letters. B.M.D., Cunningham, A.A., Bradshaw, H. & Craig, DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00121.x. P.S. (2010) Echinococcus granulosus infection in Blackburn, T.M. & Gaston, K.J. (2009) Sometimes the domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the obvious answer is the right one: a response to Charman, T.G., Sears, J., Green, R.E. & Bourke, A.F.G. Coquimbo region, north-central Chile. Veterinary ‘Missing the rarest: is the positive interspecific (2010) Conservation genetics, foraging distance and Parasitology 169: 117–122. abundance - distribution relationship a truly general nest density of the scarce great yellow bumblebee macroecological pattern?’ Biology Letters 5: 777–778. (Bombus distinguendus). Molecular Ecology 19: Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Cunningham, 2661–2674. A.A. & Bronsvoort, B.M.D. (2010) Demography of Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J. & Parnell, M. (2010) domestic dogs in rural and urban areas of the Changes in non-randomness in the expanding Clark, M.R., Rowden, A.A., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Coquimbo region of Chile and implications for introduced avifauna of the world. Ecography 33: Consalvey, M., Stocks, K.I., Rogers, A.D., O’Hara, T.D., disease transmission. Preventive Veterinary 167–174. White, M., Shank, T.M. & Hall-Spencer, J.M. (2010) Medicine 94: 272–281. The ecology of seamounts: structure, function, and Blackburn, T.M., Lockwood, J.L. & Cassey, P. (2009) human impacts. Annual Review of Marine Science 2: Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Cunningham, Avian Invasions. The ecology and evolution of exotic 253–278. A.A., Bronsvoort, B.M.D. & Craig, P.S. (2010) birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Echinococcus granulosus infection in humans and Collen, B. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2010) Barometer of life: livestock in the Coquimbo region, north-central Blackburn, T.M., Pettorelli, N., Katzner, T., Gompper, Sampling. Science 329: 140. Chile. Veterinary Parasitology 169: 102–110. M.E., Mock, K., Garner, T.W.J., Altwegg, R., Redpath, S. & Gordon, I.J. (2010) Dying for conservation: Colvile, K., Bouts, T., Hartley, A., Clauss, M. & Routh, Ahmed, S., Hart, T., Dawson, D.A., Horsburgh, G.J., eradicating invasive alien species in the face of A. (2009) Frothy bloat and serous fat atrophy in a Trathan, P.N. & Rogers, A.D. (2009) Isolation and opposition. Animal Conservation 13: 227–228. giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) with chronic characterization of macaroni penguin (Eudyptes respiratory disease. In Zoo Animal Nutrition: chrysolophus) microsatellite loci and their utility in Bonenfant, C., Gaillard, J.M., Coulson, T., Festa- 219–229. Fürth: Filander Verlag. other penguin species (Spheniscidae, AVES). Bianchet, M., Loison, A., Garel, M., Loe, L.E., Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 1530–1535. Blanchard, P., Pettorelli, N., Owen-Smith, N., Du Toit, Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, J. & Duncan, P. (2009) Empirical evidence of C.E., Deaville, R., Stubberfield, E.J., Jarvis, D.S. & Armstrong, D.P., Castro, I., Perrott, J.K., Ewen, J.G. density-dependence in populations of large Jepson, P.D. (2009) Meningoencephalitis associated & Thorogood, R. (2010) Impacts of pathogenic herbivores. Advances in Ecological Research 41: with Brucella species in a live-stranded striped disease and native predators on threatened native 313–357. dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in south-west species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 34: England. Veterinary Record 165: 86–89. 272–273. Brekke, P., Dawson, D.A., Horsburgh, G.J. & Ewen, J.G. (2009) Characterization of microsatellite loci in Didier, K.A., Wilkie,D., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Frank, Auster, P.J., Gjerde, K., Heupel, E., Watling, L., the hihi Notiomystis cincta (Notiomystidae, Aves). L., Georgiadis, N., Graham, M., Ihwagi, F., King, A., Grehan, A. & Rogers, A.D. (2010) Definition and Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 1255–1258. Cotterill, A., Rubenstein, D. & Woodroffe, R. (2009) detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the Conservation planning on a budget: a “resource high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule. ICES Bridle, J.R., Polechova, J., Kawata, M. & Butlin, R.K. light” method for mapping priorities at a landscape Journal of Marine Science DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/ (2010) Why is adaptation prevented at ecological scale. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 1979–2000. fsq074. margins? New insights from individual-based simulations. Ecology Letters 13: 485–494. Dolman, S.J., Pinn, E., Reid, R.J., Barley, J.P., Barnett, J., Davison, N., Deaville, R., Monies, R., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D., O’Connell, M., Berrow, S., Loveridge, J., Tregenza, N. & Jepson, P.D. (2009) Bro-Jorgensen, J. & Pangle, W.M. (2010) Male topi Penrose, R.S., Stevick, P.T., Calderan, S., Robinson, Postmortem evidence of interactions of bottlenose antelopes alarm snort deceptively to retain females K.P., Brownell, R.L. & Simmonds, M.P. (2010) A note dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin for mating. American Naturalist 176: E33–E39. on the unprecedented strandings of 56 deep-diving species in south-west England. Veterinary Record whales along the UK and Irish coast. Marine 165: 441–444. Bruemmer, C.M., Rushton, S.P., Gurnell, J., Lurz, Biodiversity Records 3: e16. DOI: 10.1017/ P.W.W., Nettleton, P., Sainsbury, A.W., Duff, J.P., S175526720999114X. Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cedeno, V., Cruz, M., Gilray, J. & McInnes, C.J. (2010) Epidemiology of Eastwood, G., Fonseca, D.M., Causton, C.E., Azuero, squirrelpox virus in grey squirrels in the UK. Duffus, A.L.J. (2009) Chytrid blinders: what other R., Loayza, J., Martinez, J.D.C. & Goodman, S.J. Epidemiology and Infection 138: 941–950. disease risks to amphibians are we missing? (2009) Evidence for regular ongoing introductions EcoHealth 6: 335–339. of mosquito disease vectors into the Galapagos Busby, B.J.B., Gottelli, D., Wacher, T., Marker, L., Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Belbachir, F., De Smet, K., Belbachir-Bazi, A., Fellous, Duffy, J.E., Srivastava, D.S., McLaren, J., Sankaran, B - Biological Sciences 276: 3769–3775. A., Belghoul, M. & Durant, S.M. (2009) Genetic M., Solan, M., Griffin, J., Emmerson, M. & Jones, analysis of scat reveals leopard Panthera pardus and K.E. (2009) Forecasting decline in ecosystem Bataille, A., Horsburgh, G.J., Dawson, D.A., cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in southern Algeria. services under realistic scenarios of extinction. In Cunningham, A.A. & Goodman, S.J. (2009) Oryx 43: 412–415. Biodiversity and Human Impacts. Ecological and Microsatellite markers characterized in the Societal Implications. Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera, Butchart, S.H.M., Walpole, M. et al. (incl. Collen, B., Hector, A., Loreau, M. & Perrings, C. (Eds). Oxford: Culicidae), a disease vector and major pest on the Baillie, J.E.M., Loh, J., McRae, L.) (2010) Global Oxford University Press. American coast and the Galapagos Islands. biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9: 971–975. 328: 1164–1168.

38 Estrada-Pena, A., Naranjo, V., Acevedo-Whitehouse, Huchard, E., Knapp, L.A., Wang, J.L., Raymond, M. & Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T.M. (2009) K., Mangold, A., Kocan, K. & de la Fuente, J. (2009) Cowlishaw, G. (2010) MHC, mate choice and The more you introduce the more you get: the role Phylogeographic analysis reveals association of heterozygote advantage in a wild social primate. of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, MSP1a Molecular Ecology 19: 2545–2561. invasion ecology. Diversity and Distributions 15: sequences with ecological traits affecting tick vector 904–910. performance. BMC Biology 7: 57. Huchard, E., Raymond, M., Benavides, J., Marshall, H., Knapp, L.A. & Cowlishaw, G. (2010) A female Marsden, C.D., Mable, B.K., Woodroffe, R., Everest, D.J., Dastjerdi, A., Gurrala, R., Banks, M., signal reflects MHC genotype in a social primate. Rasmussen, G.S.A., Cleaveland, S., McNutt, J.W., Meredith, A.L., Milne, E.M. & Sainsbury, A.W. (2009) BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: Emmanuel, M., Thomas, R. & Kennedy, L.J. (2009) Rotavirus in red squirrels from Scotland. Veterinary DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-96. Highly endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) Record 165: 450. lack variation at the Major Histocompatibility Irlich, U.M., Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn, T.M. & Complex. Journal of Heredity 100: S54-S65 Suppl. 1. Ewen, J.G., Thorogood, R., Brekke, P., Cassey, P., Chown, S.L. (2009) Insect rate-temperature DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp031. Karadas, F. & Armstrong, D.P. (2009) Maternally relationships: environmental variation and the invested carotenoids compensate costly metabolic theory of ecology. American Naturalist Massah, N., Wang, J.L., Russell, J.H., Van Niejenhuis, ectoparasitism in the hihi. Proceedings of the 174: 819–835. A. & El-Kassaby, Y.A. (2010) Genealogical National Academy of Sciences of the United States relationship among members of selection and of America 106: 12798–12802. Isaac, N.J.B. & Carbone, C. (2010) Why are metabolic production populations of yellow cedar (Callitropsis scaling exponents so controversial? Quantifying nootkatensis [D. Don] Oerst.) in the absence of Ficetola, G.F., Padoa-Schioppa, E., Wang, J. & variance and testing hypotheses. Ecology Letters 13: parental information. Journal of Heredity 101: Garner, T.W.J. (2009) Polygyny, census and effective 728–735. 154–163. population size in the threatened frog, Rana latastei. Animal Conservation. Jenkins, H.E., Woodroffe, R. & Donnelly, C.A. (2010) McDonald, P.G., Ewen, J.G. & Wright, J. (2009) Brood DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00306.x. The duration of the effects of repeated widespread sex ratio does not affect helper effort in a badger culling on cattle tuberculosis following the cooperative bird, despite extreme sex-biased Fisher, M.C., Garner, T.W.J. & Walker, S.F. (2009) cessation of culling. PLoS One 5: e9090. dispersal. Animal Behaviour 79: 243–250. Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in Johanet, A., Picard, D., Garner, T.W.J., Dawson, D.A., Milligan, S.R., Holt, W.V. & Lloyd, R. (2009) Impacts space, time, and host. Annual Review of Morales-Hojas, R., Jehle, R., Peltier, D. & Lemaire, C. of climate change and environmental factors on Microbiology 63: 291–310. (2009) Characterization of microsatellite loci in two reproduction and development in wildlife. closely related Lissotriton newt species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Funston, P.J., Frank, L., Stephens, T., Davidson, Z., Conservation Genetics 10: 1903–1906. London Series B 364: 3313–3319. Loveridge, A., Macdonald, D.M., Durant, S., Packer, C., Mosser, A. & Ferreira, S.M. (2010) Substrate and Johnston, S.D., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Gosalbez, A., Murphy, S., Pierce, G.J., Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., species constraints on the use of track incidences to Holt, W.V. & Gosalvez, J. (2009) Directional mapping Jepson, P.D., Learmonth, J.A., Addink, M., Dabin, W., estimate African large carnivore abundance. Journal of DNA nicking in ejaculated and cauda Santos, M.B., Deaville, R., Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., of Zoology 281: 56–65. epididymidal spermatozoa of the short-beaked Rogan, E., Ridoux, V., Reid, R.J., Smeenk, C., echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus: Monotremata). Jauniaux, T., López, A., Alonso Farré, J.M., González, Garner, T.W.J., Stephen, I., Wombwell, E. & Fisher, Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21: A.F., Guerra, A., García-Hartmann, M., Lockyer, C. & M.C. (2009) The amphibian trade: bans or best 1008–1014. Boon, J.P. (2010) Assessing the effect of persistent practice? EcoHealth 6: 148–151. organic pollutants on reproductive activity in Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S.A., O’Dell, common dolphins and harbour porpoises. Journal Garonna, I. Fazey, I. Brown, M.E. & Pettorelli, N. J., Orme, C.D.L., Safi, K., Sechrest, W., Boakes, E.H., of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 42: 153–173. (2009) Rapid primary productivity changes in one of Carbone, C., Connolly, C., Cutts, M.J.,Foster, J.K., the last coastal rainforests: the case of Kahua, Grenyer, R., Habib, M., Plaster, C.A., Price, S.A., Murphy, S., Winship, A., Dabin, W., Jepson, P.D., Solomon Islands. Environmental Conservation 36: Rigby, E.A., Rist, J., Teacher, A., Bininda-Emonds, Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., Spurrier, C., Rogan, E., López, 253–260. O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M. & Purvis, A. A., González, A.F., Read, F.L., Addink, M., Silva, M., (2009) PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life Ridoux, V., Learmonth, J.A., Pierce, G.J. & Gordon, I.J., Pettorelli, N., Katzner, T., Gompper, M.E., history, ecology, and geography of extant and Northridge, S.P. (2009) Importance of biological Mock, K., Redpath, S., Garner, T.W.J. & Altwegg, R. recently extinct mammals. Ecology 90: 2648. parameters in assessing the current status the (2010) International Year of Biodiversity – missed short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in targets and the need for better monitoring, real Jones, K.E., Mickleburgh, S.P. & Walsh, A.L. (2010) the eastern North Atlantic. Marine Ecology - action and global policy. Animal Conservation 13: Global overview of the conservation of island bats: Progress Series 388: 273–291. 113–114. importance, challenges and opportunities. In Island Bats: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation: Nielsen, J.F., Lavery, S. & Lorz, A.N. (2009) Synopsis Gosalvez, J., Cortes-Gutierrez, E.I., Nunez, R., 496–530. Fleming, T.H. & Racey, P.A. (Eds). Chicago: of a new collection of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Fernandez, J.L., Caballero, P., Lopez-Fernandez, C. & University of Chicago Press. Pycnogonida) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Holt, W.V. (2009) A dynamic assessment of sperm Biology 32: 1147–1155. DNA fragmentation versus sperm viability in proven Jones, K.E. & Teeling, E.C. (2009) Phylogenetic tools fertile human donors. Fertility and Sterility 92: for examining character and clade evolution in bats. Ortiz-Catedral, L., Ismar, S.M.H., Baird, K., Ewen, 1915–1919. In: Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study J.G., Hauber, M.E. & Brunton, D.H. (2009) No of bats: 715–738. Kunz, T.H & Parsons, S. (Eds). evidence of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Yersinia Hart, T., Coulson, T. & Trathan, P.N. (2010) Time series Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. in free-living populations of the red-crowned analysis of biologging data: autocorrelation reveals parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae). New periodicity of diving behaviour in macaroni Jones, O.R. & Wang, J. (2010) COLONY: a program Zealand Journal of Zoology 36: 379–383. penguins. Animal Behaviour 79: 845–855. for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Molecular Ecology Resources 10: Parker, K.A., Seabrook-Davison, M. & Ewen, J.G. Hart, T., Fitzcharles, E., Trathan, P.N., Coulson, T. & 551–555. (2010) Opportunities for nonnative ecological Rogers, A.D. (2009) Testing and improving the replacements in ecosystem restoration. Restoration accuracy of discriminant function tests: a Jones, O.R. & Wang, J. (2010) Molecular marker- Ecology 18: 269–273. comparison between morphometric and molecular based pedigrees for animal conservation biologists. sexing in macaroni penguins. Waterbirds 32: Animal Conservation 13: 26–34. Peel, A.J., Rossiter, S.J., Wood, J.L.N., Cunningham, 437–443. A.A. & Sargan, D.R. (2010) Characterization of King, A.J. & Cowlishaw, G. (2009) All together now: microsatellite loci in the straw-colored fruit bat, Hart, T., Mann, R., Coulson, T., Pettorelli, N. & Trathan, behavioural synchrony in baboons. Animal Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae). Conservation P. (2010) Behavioural switching in a central place Behaviour 78:1381–1387. Genetics Resources DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9190-9. forager: patterns of diving behaviour in the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus). Marine King, A.J., Isaac, N.J.B. & Cowlishaw, G. (2009) Penteriani, V., Pettorelli, N., Gordon, I.J., Katzner, T., Biology 157: 1543–1553. Ecological, social, and reproductive factors shape Mock, K., Redpath, S., Altwegg, R. & Gompper, M.E. producer scrounger dynamics in baboons. (2010) New European Union fisheries regulations Hazell, S.P., Groutides, C., Neve, B.P., Blackburn, T.M. Behavioral Ecology 20:1039–1049. could benefit conservation of marine animals. & Bale, J.S. (2010) A comparison of low temperature Animal Conservation 13: 1–2. tolerance traits between closely related aphids from King, A.J., Johnson, D.D.P. & Van Vugt, M. (2009) The the tropics, temperate zone, and Arctic. Journal of origins and evolution of leadership. Current Biology Pettorelli, N., Katzner, T., Gordon, I., Garner, T., Mock, Insect Physiology 56: 115–122. 19: R911–R916. K., Redpath, S. & Gompper, M. (2009) Possible consequences of the Copenhagen climate change Hazell, S.P., Neve, B.P., Groutides, C., Douglas, A.E., Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & meeting for conservation of animals. Animal Blackburn, T.M. & Bale, J.S. (2010) Hyperthermic Rowcliffe, J.M. (2010) Incentives for hunting: the role Conservation 12: 503–504. aphids: insights into behaviour and mortality. of bushmeat in the household economy in rural Journal of Insect Physiology 56: 123–131. Equatorial Guinea. Human Ecology 38: 251–264. Pettorelli, N., Lobora, A.L., Msuha, M.J., Foley, C. & Durant, S.M. (2009) Carnivore biodiversity in Holt, W.V. (2009) Is semen analysis useful to predict Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Tanzania: revealing the distribution patterns of the odds that the sperm will meet the egg? Rowcliffe, J.M. (2010) Assessing sustainability at secretive mammals using camera traps. Animal Reproduction in Domestic Animals 44: 31–38. multiple scales in a rotational bushmeat hunting Conservation 13: 131–139. system. Conservation Biology 24: 861–871. Holt, W.V., Hernandez, M., Warrell, L. & Satake, N. Prado, A., Hawkins, J.A., Yesson, C. & Bárcenas, R.T. (2010) The long and the short of sperm selection in Law, R.J., Barry, J., Bersuder, P., Barber, J.L., (2010) Multiple diversity measures to identify vitro and in vivo: swim-up techniques select for the Deaville, R., Reid, R.J. & Jepson, P.D. (2010) Levels complementary conservation areas for the Baja longer and faster swimming mammalian sperm. and trends of brominated diphenyl ethers in blubber California peninsular cacti. Biological Conservation Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 598–608. of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the 143: 1510–1520. UK, 1992–2008. Environmental Science and Holt, W.V. & Lloyd, R.E. (2010) Sperm storage in the Technology 44: 4447–4451. Prahl, S., Jepson, P.D., Sanchez-Hanke, M., Deaville, vertebrate female reproductive tract: how does it R. & Siebert, U. (2010) Aspergillosis in the middle work so well? Theriogenology 73: 713–722. Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Deaville, R., Reid, ear of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): a R.J. & Jepson, P.D. (2010) Chlorobiphenyls in the case report. Mycoses. Huchard, E., Alvergne, A., Fejan, D., Knapp, L.A., blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01863.x. Cowlishaw, G. & Raymond, M. (2009) More than from the UK: levels and trends 1991–2005. Marine friends? Behavioural and genetic aspects of Pollution Bulletin 60: 470–473. Raihani, N.J., Grutter, A.S. & Bshary, R. (2010) heterosexual associations in wild chacma baboons. Punishers benefit from third-party punishment in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64: 769–781. fish. Science 327: 171.

Publications 39 Raihani, N.J., Nelson-Flower, M.J., Moyes, K., Teacher, A.G.F., Garner, T.W.J. & Nichols, R.A. (2009) Browning, L.E. & Ridley, A.R. (2010) Synchronous Population genetic patterns suggest a behavioural provisioning increases brood survival in change in wild common frogs (Rana temporaria) cooperatively breeding pied babblers. Journal of following disease outbreaks (Ranavirus). Molecular Animal Ecology 79: 44–52. Ecology 18: 3163–3172.

Rees, S.D., Orledge, G.M., Bruford, M.W. & Bourke, Turvey, S.T., Barrett, L.A., Hart, T., Collen, B., Yujiang, A.F.G. (2010) Genetic structure of the black bog ant H., Lei, Z., Xinqiao, Z., Xianyan, W., Yadong, H., Kaiya, (Formica picea nylander) in the United Kingdom. Z. & Ding, W. (2010) Spatial and temporal extinction Conservation Genetics 11: 823–834. dynamics in a freshwater cetacean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B - Biological Sciences. Ribas, L., Li, M.S., Doddington, B.J., Robert, J., DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0584. Seidel, J.A., Kroll, J.S., Zimmerman, L.B., Grassly, N.C., Garner, T.W.J. & Fisher, M.C. (2009) Expression Turvey, S.T., Barrett, L.A., Yujiang, H., Lei, Z., Xinqiao, profiling the temperature-dependent amphibian Z., Xianyan, W., Yadong, H., Kaiya, Z., Hart, T. & Ding, response to infection by Batrachochytrium W. (2010) Rapidly shifting baselines in Yangtze fishing dendrobatidis. PLoS One 4: e8408. communities and local memory of extinct species. Conservation Biology 24: 778–787. Ridley, A.R., Raihani, N.J. & Bell, M.B.V. (2010) Experimental evidence that sentinel behaviour is Van Bressem, M-F., Raga, J.A., Di Guardo, G., affected by risk. Biology Letters 6: 445–448. Jepson, P.D., Duignan, P.J., Siebert, U., Barrett, T., César de Oliveira Santos, M., Moreno, I.B., Siciliano, Rist, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & S., Aguilar, A. & Van Waerebeek, K. (2009) Emerging Rowcliffe, J.M. (2009) The importance of hunting infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the and habitat in determining the abundance of possible role of environmental stressors. Diseases of tropical forest species in Equatorial Guinea. Aquatic Organisms 86: 143–157. Biotropica 41: 700–710. Van Bressem, M.F., Van Waerebeek, K., Aznar, F.J., Rist, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. & Raga, J.A., Jepson, P.D., Duignan, P., Deaville, R., Rowcliffe, M. (2009) Hunter reporting of catch per Flach, L., Viddi, F., Baker, J.R., Di Beneditto, A.P., unit effort as a monitoring tool in a bushmeat- Echegaray, M., Genov, T., Reyes, J., Felix, F., Gaspar, harvesting system. Conservation Biology 24: R., Ramos, R., Peddemors, V., Sanino, G.P. & Siebert, 489–499. U. (2009) Epidemiological pattern of tattoo skin disease: a potential general health indicator for Rödder, D., Kielgast, J., Bielby, J., Schmidtlein, S., cetaceans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 85: Bosch, J., Garner, T.W.J., Veith, M., Walker, S., Fisher, 225–237. M.C. & Lötters, S. (2009) Global amphibian extinction risk assessment for the panzootic chytrid Veron, J.E.N., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lenton, T.M., fungus. Diversity 1: 52–65. Lough, J.M., Obura, D.O., Pearce-Kelly, P., Sheppard, C.R.C., Spalding, M., Stafford-Smith, M.G. & Rogers, Sachs, J.D., Baillie, J., Sutherland, W.J., Armsworth, A.D. (2009) The coral reef crisis: the critical P.R., Ash, N., Beddington, J., Blackburn, T.M., Collen, importance of <350 ppm CO2. Marine Pollution B., Gardiner, B., Gaston, K.J., Godfray, H.C.J., Bulletin 58: 1428–1436. Green, R., Harvey, P.H., House, B., Knapp, S., Kumpel, N.F., Macdonald, D.W., Mace, G.M., Mallet, Walker, S.F., Bosch, J., Gomez, V., Garner, T.W.J., J., Matthews, A., May, R.M., Petchey, O., Purvis, A., Cunningham, A.A., Schmeller, D.S., Ninyerola, M., Roe, D., Safi, K., Turner, K., Walpole, M., Watson, R. Henk, D.A., Ginestet, C., Arthur, C-P. & Fisher, M.C. & Jones, K.E. (2009) Biodiversity conservation and (2010) Factors driving pathogenicity vs. prevalence achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. of amphibian panzootic chytridiomycosis in Iberia. Science 325: 1502–1503. Ecology Letters 13: 372–382.

Safi, K. & Pettorelli, N. (2010) Phylogenetic, spatial Walpole, M., Almond, R., Besançon, C., Butchart, S., and environmental components of extinction risk in Campbell-Lendrum, D., Carr, G.M., Collen, B., carnivores. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: Collette, L., Davidson, N.C., Fazel, A., Galloway, J.N., 352–362. Gill, M., Goverse, T., Hockings, M., Morgan, D.H.W., Revenga, C., Rickwood, C.J., Schutyser, F., Simons, Safi, K. & Siemers, B.M. (2009) Implications of S., Stattersfield, A., Tyrrell, T. & Vié, J-C. (2009) sensory ecology for species coexistence: biased Tracking progress towards the 2010 biodiversity perception links predator diversity to prey size target and beyond. Science 325: 1503–1504. distribution. Evolutionary Ecology 24: 703–713. Wang, J. (2010) Do marker-based paternity Santos, A.M.C., Jones, O.R., Quicke, D.L.J. & Hortal, assignments favour heterozygous and unrelated J. (2010) Assessing the reliability of biodiversity males? Molecular Ecology 19: 1898–1913. databases: identifying evenly inventoried island parasitoid faunas (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) Wang, J.L., Brekke, P., Huchard, E., Knapp, L.A. & worldwide. Insect Conservation and Diversity 3: Cowlishaw, G. (2010) Estimation of parameters of 72–82. inbreeding and genetic drift in populations with overlapping generations. Evolution 64: 1704–1718. Santure, A.W., Ewen, J.G., Sicard, D., Roff, D.A. & Moller, A.P. (2010) Population structure in the barn Wang, J. & Santure, A.W. (2009) Parentage and swallow, Hirundo rustica: a comparison between sibship inference from multilocus genotype data neutral DNA markers and quantitative traits. under polygamy. Genetics 181: 1579–1594. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 99: 306–314. Webley, G.E., Michael, A.E. & Abayasekara, D.R.E. (2010) The relationship between the production and Skerratt, L.F., Garner, T.W.J. & Hyatt, A.D. (2009) the anti-gonadotrophic action of prostaglandin F-2 Determining causality and controlling disease is alpha in luteal cells from the marmoset monkey based on collaborative research involving (Callithrix jacchus) in the early and mid-luteal phase. multidisciplinary approaches. EcoHealth 6: 331–334. General and Comparative Endocrinology 166: 436–442. Soto-Azat, C., Clarke, B.T., Poynton, J.C. & Cunningham, A.A. (2009) Widespread historical White, C.R., Blackburn, T.M. & Seymour, R.S. (2009) presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Phylogenetically informed analysis of the allometry African pipid frogs. Diversity and Distributions 16: of mammalian basal metabolic rate supports neither 126–131. geometric nor quarter-power scaling. Evolution 63: © 2010 The Zoological Society of London. 2658–2667. Registered charity no. 208728 St-Amour, V., Garner, T.W.J., Schulte-Hostedde, A.I. & Lesbarrères, D. (2010) Effects of two amphibian Woodroffe, R., Chapman, K. & Lemusana, E. (2009) Edited by Linda DaVolls pathogens on the developmental stability of green Solitary breeding in an African wild dog (Lycaon Design by newlevel.co.uk frogs. Conservation Biology 24: 788–794. pictus). African Journal of Ecology 47: 790–791. All rights are reserved, no part of this Struve, J., Lorenzen, K., Blanchard, J., Borger, L., Wright, H.W.Y., Gray, M.M., Wayne, R.K. & publication may be reproduced, stored in a Bunnefeld, N., Edwards, C., Hortal, J., MacCall, A., Woodroffe, R.B. (2010) Mating tactics and paternity retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or Matthiopoulos, J., Van Moorter, B., Ozgul, A.; Royer, in a socially monogamous canid, the bat-eared fox by any means, electronic, photocopying, F., Singh, N., Yesson, C. & Bernard, R. (2010) Lost in (Otocyon megalotis). Journal of Mammalogy 91: recording or otherwise, without prior space? Searching for directions in the spatial 437–446. permission of the publisher. modelling of individuals, populations and species ranges. Biology Letters DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0338. Yeste, M., Holt, W.V., Briz, M., Bonet, S. & Lloyd, R.E. (2009) Boar spermatozoa do not induce changes in Sumner, S. (2009) How did the social insects heat shock protein gene expression without direct Print conforms to ISO 14001. Cover stock become social? In What Next? Dispatches on the contact with oviductal epithelial cells. Reproduction certified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Future of Science: 119–210. Brockman, M. (Ed.). New in Domestic Animals 44: 132–132. Text pages 1–32 produced using 75% recovered York: Vintage. fibre certified by FSC. Zamin, T.J., Baillie, J.E.M., Miller, R.M., Rodriguez, Sumner, S., Kelstrup, H. & Fanelli, D. (2010) J.P., Ardid, A. & Collen, B. (2010) National Red Listing Reproductive constraints, direct fitness and indirect Beyond the 2010 Target. Conservation Biology 24: fitness benefits explain helping behaviour in the 1012–1020. primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes canadensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B - Biological Sciences 277: 1721–1728.

40 Student Publications

PhD Theses Brooks-Marchant, L. (2009) Use of archival dive Davies, T. (2009) Size and structure of the Maldivian recording techniques to examine the behaviour of whale shark population. Bataille, A. (2009) Population genetics and disease breeding macaroni penguins (Eudyptes ecology of mosquito spp. in Galapagos. University chrysolophus) foraging in the waters north of South French, J. (2009) Can gorilla tourism become a of Leeds, UK. Georgia. viable tool for conservation in Gabon?

Duffus, A. (2009) Ranavirus ecology in common Bujak, E. (2009) Investigating the reproductive cycle Grey, J. (2009) Prey selection by tigers in Bardia frogs (Rana temporaria) from the United Kingdom: of captive female Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra). National Park, Nepal. transmission dynamics, alternate hosts and host–strain interactions. University of London, Chave, A. (2009) Disease risk analysis for the Hardman, C. (2009) Alien invasive plant species in Queen Mary, UK. reintroduction of the short-haired bumble bee the Turks and Caicos islands. (Bombus subterraneus). Lawson, B. (2009) Endemic and emerging diseases Hopkins, A. (2009) The use of marine invertebrates of British garden birds. University of Liverpool, UK. Clack, E. (2009) The effects of reproductive status as indicators of reef health: A study of the and size on the thermoregulatory effectiveness of a Velondriake region of Madagascar. Pickles, R. (2009) Phylogeography and population nocturnal, oviparous reptile. structure of the giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Leon, J. (2009) Mapping saiga antelope habitat use University of Kent, UK. Drake, S. (2009) Determination of faecal with the aid of participatory monitoring. glucocorticoid metabolites to evaluate stress in Smith, J. (2009) Mammalian diversity and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). McCann, R. (2009) Correlating red deer distribution in human altered tropical landscapes. demographics with variable habitat integrity: the Imperial College London, UK. Garrod, B. (2009) Historical primate population deer of Mar Lodge Estate. extinction dynamics: ecological responses to past human impacts in China. Melin, A. (2009) Demographic studies of MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health Pachypodium sp. S. Africa and Aloe sp. Lesotho as Awarded by University of London Lamy, C. (2009) Investigating the prevalence of a basis for non-detriment findings. microsporidia in normal – what do you mean by Baig, A. F. (2009) The possible transmission of normal, healthy? captive Partula populations from Owen, M. (2009) Habitat association of Eld’s deer in ranavirus between wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and two zoological collections. Ang Trapeang Thmor Conservation Area, NW blue spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale) Cambodia. Landgrebe, M. (2009) Distal limb muscle control in Cardas, L. (2009) Effectiveness and secondary Asian elephants at varying speeds. Renshaw, P. (2009) Patterns of mycorrhizal specificity effects of itraconazole and terbinafine treatments for in Costa Rican epiphytic orchids. chytridiomycosis in Mallorcan midwife toad (Alytes Leonard, S. (2009) Cryptic Irish refugia: could brown muletensis) post-metamorphic individuals. bear populations (Ursos arctos) have persisted in Robertson, G. (2009) Examination of attitudes situ through the last glacial maximum? towards taking birds from the wild for falconry Chen, T-Y. (2009) A retrospective study of iron purposes in the UK. storage disease in the Ramphastidae collection of Perry, L. (2009) Measuring day range in mammals: the ZSL. does sample frequency affect our estimates? Saffery, J. (2009) Predicting the effect of climate change on rhinos. Colon, V. (2009) Pathological findings in common Porteous, C. (2009) Behavioural patterns of two buzzards (Buteo buteo) in the UK. ring-tailed lemur groups, Lemur catta, housed in Sajeva, G. (2009) The access and benefit sharing differing exhibits and ZSL London Zoo and ZSL regime: entry requirements for indigenous and local Danika, S. (2009) The three-dimensional Whipsnade Zoo. people. A study in the Khwe and Khomani San radiographic anatomy of the elephant foot and the communities. development and optimisation of a standard Sicree, J. (2009) Serum cortisol and pox virus protocol for radiographing elephant feet. infection in hospitalised California sea lions Tarasova, O. (2009) Conservation planning in (Zalophus californianus). reserve selection under uncertainties: A Ukrainian Karunaratna, D. (2009) Comparison of alfaxalone- case study. meditomidine and ketamine-meditomidine Sikora, I. (2009) PCB levels and their effects on anaesthesia in Bennett’s wallabies (Macropus marine mammal species in UK waters. Travers, H. (2009) Footprints in the forest: rufogriseus). Investigating the incentives for land clearance in Van Den Bossche, V. (2009) Beta-hemolytic Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Nollet, M. (2009) Population structure and effective streptococci in the blow of the long-finned pilot population size of the straw-coloured fruit bat whale (Globicephala melas) in the Strait of Gibraltar. Wallis, D. (2009) Evaluating the short-term success (Eidolon helvum) at Kasanka National Park, Zambia. of a population re-establishment of the ploughshare tortoise. Perera, V. (2009) Comparing efficiency of IFN gamma ELISA, IFN gamma Elispot and IFNgamma MSc Theses – Conservation Science White, R. (2009) Mapping population density of the technologies for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Awarded by Imperial College London endangered white breasted thrasher in St Lucia: Identifying priority sites for habitat protection. Radhakrishnan, S. (2009) Haematological studies to Armour-Marshall, K. (2009) EDGE hotspots as a assess the role of disease in declines of house spatial approach to prioritising EDGE species Whitham, C. (2009) The influences on spatial sparrows (Passer domesticus) in the UK. conservation. patterns and dynamics of bushmeat hunter effort and offtake: A case study from Ghana. Sripiboon, S. (2009) An evaluation efficiency of Boon, L. (2009) The value of volunteer labour to faecal DNA extraction methods in Asian elephant conservation activities at ZSL. Williams, S. (2009) The status and distribution of (Elephas maximus). Turks and Caicos island endemic plant species. Breach, K. (2009) Investigating patterns in human-snake conflict in St Lucia: determining Wright, R. (2009) Can forest certification schemes MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology correlates of negative outcomes and finding contribute to the conservation and sustainable Awarded by University of London solutions. management of biodiversity?

Balen, R. (2009) Investigation to determine the Chauvenet, A. (2009) Modelling population extent of skin movement (skin motion artifact) over dynamics of Serengeti cheetahs. the hip and shoulder joints of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) during walking and running. Dammerell, P. (2009) Evaluating the influence of inter-generational transfer of knowledge on Brookes, L. (2009) Monitoring the effects of a household water management in the Seychelles. translocation of a group of captive African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) through faecal cortisol and Daniel, O. (2009) Determining prevalence of B. behavioural analysis. dendrobatidis in tadpoles from different cohorts over time.

Student Publications 41 For further information about the Institute of Zoology please contact: Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of Zoology The Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY

Telephone +44 (0)20 7449 6610 [email protected] www.zsl.org