Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

Student Politics in with Special Reference to All Assam Student’s Union : 1967-1985

Dr.Shirumoni Baruah Assistant Professor, Department of History, B. Borooah College, Ulubari, -7

Abstract The students and youths of the North-east region have been highly impacted by the socio-political and economic condition of the area. In Assam a series of massive movements have been launched by the students. The AASU played a leading role in launching four important movements over economic issues. These were Oil Refinery movements in 1957 and 1969, movement on the issue of Food Crisis in 1966 and 1974. Besides, it launched three movements for protection of linguistic and cultural identity of the people of the state. These were Official Language Movement in 1960, Medium of Instruction Movement in 1972 and Assam Movement. Among these Assam Movement was the most powerful and popular Movement launched by the organization. In addition to general features of a powerful movement it demonstrated certain specific features. At present AASU protested against the influx of foreigners, establishment of big dams, solution of inter-state boundary dispute, sealing of Indo-Bangladesh border and so forth. But the activities of the AASU are not above criticism. It is said that the Official Language movement in 1960, Medium movement in 1972 and Assam Movement have become an important factor for the rise of separatist tendencies among the hills and as well as the plain tribes of Assam. Keywords : , AASU, Problems of Assam, Identity Crisis.

Introduction One of the important features of Indian political and social life in now a days in the presence of numerous organizations or pressure groups which are actively associated with burning issues of a particular area. Such type of organization represents a communication channel between the Government and community values or common subjects. AASU (All Assam Students Union) is one type of voluntary association of individuals who are bound together for the defence of common interest of Assam. AASU can be defined as an organized attempt to influence government policy decisions without directly joining in the election contest. AASU’S activities are always involved with government action. In the critical situation, strong voice has always been raised by the students against all the major anti-national activities. The student youths are considered to be a powerful force in a society. The students of North-east have been launching massive movements on issues like cultural identity, economic backwardness and migration. Prior to the coming of the British, there were no student group or association in the region. Formal education began in the region with the advent of the British. At the initiatives of Christian Missionaries and the British administration, the began to familiar with the modern education. The youths who had been exposed to modern education to some degree began to play an important role in the society. The newly educated youths began to establish numerous organizations related to the socio-economic and political interests of the people of Assam such as a Sarvajanik Sabha, Assam Association, Assam Desh Hitaishini Sabha to protect the interests of the peasants and to fight against the evil administration of the British.1 Objectives of the Study Firstly, the work analyse the role of AASU in major movements of Assam which were launched to safeguard the economic interest and socio-cultural identity of the people of the state. The second objective is to examine how far the AASU is successful in maintaining its strength and solidarity in the present political scenario. Methodology For the work, content analysis had been mainly adopted. Primary sources like Smritigrantha of AASU, governmental documents and secondary sources such as books, journals, magazines etc were consulted in order to achieve the objective of the study.

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1122 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

The students have been playing a commendable role at the time of major crisis since the days of independence. The beginning of students involvement into freedom movement in Assam can be traced back to the formation of Assamese Literary Society in 1867.2 During pre-independence period in real the student organizations were acted as socio-political platform of the Assamese students rather than a literary one. The original student organizations during pre-independence period like the Tea Club, Asamiya Chatrar Sahitya Sabha and the Asamiya Bhasar Unnati Sadhini Sabha dedicated to the improvement of and culture were the pioneering organizations of Assam Students’ Union.3 Imposition of Bengali language in 1836 as a medium of instruction instead of Assamese became one of the common factor for the nationalists to fight against their enemy. So, all the organizations emerged during that period were stood primarily to recover the respite of their mother tongue. The organization of an Asamiya Chatrar Sahitya Sanmilan (Literary Conference of Assamese Students) in 1916 is a landmark of student’s activity in Assam. This was formed under the auspices of Chandranath Sarma and other pioneers. For the first time, the students of schools and colleges (Cotton College) of Assam were invited to attend in the meeting. This was presided by Lakshminath Bezboruah.4 In the meeting it was renamed as Assam Chatra Sanmilan. Prominent leaders of Assam Chatra Sanmilan were Chandranath Sarma, Ambikagiri . Heramba Prasad , Jananath Bora, Sarbeswar Sarma Kotoky, Umesh Choudhury, Daiba Chandra Talukdar. The Sanmilan in course of time voluntarily engaged in the practical interest of the province. It had a broader outlook than the previous organizations. Its aims and objectives were – 1. To give facility to the student community of Assam. 2. To develop the literary culture of the students. 3. To help the students to develop. Physical, mental and intellectual capacities besides imparting education in schools and colleges. 5 In 1940, it got affiliation from All India Students’ Federation and came to be known as Students Federations. During the ‘Quit India Movement’ the federation collected funds to fight against the imperialist power. It is remarkable that before independence, the student organization of Assam were developed in nationalistic way. After independence the organization had taken a new turn. In September, 1959 it took the nature of more on non party lines. It came to stand on behalf of the larger and collective interests of the students with its objective to promote the spirit of culture, literature and sports. In 1967, the All Assam Students’ Union emerged with a more clarified position with definite aims and objectives. The constitution of the AASU was adopted on 8th August, 1967.6 The conference was presided by Lakhi . According to its’ constitution, five tier systems were introduced : viz. State Level Union, District Students’ Union, Mahkuma Students’ Union, Regional Students’ Union, Primary or Local Students’ Union.7 From the following terms and conditions the nature of the AASU can be understand. a. It is not affiliated to any political party. b. To develop a sense of respect for Assam and it’s people. c. To preserve the independent and integrity of the motherland. d. To protect and safeguard the interests of the indigenous people of Assam. e. Development of political, social and cultural consciousness among the youths. The organization also advocated to attain social, economic, political justice, freedom of expression, ideas, truth, self-respect equality in all respects, national integration and fraternity.8 Thus it is seen that it has a broader outlook. After independence, exploitation of natural resources, short shightedness of the political leaders of Assam, their thrust for political power, selfish motives and heavy burden of taxation on affected the minds of the young generation. In the post independence period, student organizations came to be formed as a result of culmination of discontent, dissatisfaction with the Congress Government. The student that means the young generation became aware about the rights of the people of the state. In course of time, the student community involved with every aspects of the state which would be feel as destructive for the province.

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1123 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

The presidents of AASU from 1967 to 1985 were mainly Lakhi Saikia (1966-1967), Tilak Gogoi (1967-1969), Pradip Dewan (1969-1971), Pulakesh Baruah (1971-1972), Lalan Prasad Sing (1972-1974), Prabin Deka and Monirul Jaman (interim period), Brindavan (1975-1977), Amrit Borgohain (1977-78), Lalit Chandra Rajkhowa (1978-79) and (1979-1985)9 The General Secretaries during 1979 to 1985 were as such – Dilip Bhattacharyya (1966-1967). Bharat Lohar (1967-1969), Atul Bora (1969-1971), Prasana Kumar Choudhury (1971-1972), Jatin Choudhury (1972-1974), Dipen Dutta and Gautam Bora (interim period). Dipen Dutta and Tazmul Haque (1975-1977), Dharma Borah (1977-1978), Nagen Sarmah (1978-1979) and Bhrigu kumar Phukan (1979-1985)10 The student movements which were mainly led by AASU from post independence to 1985 may be broadly categorized into movement on economic issues and movement to safeguard the linguistic and cultural Identity of the Assamese people. The AASU played a leading role in launching four important movements over economic issues. These were Oil Refinery Movement in 1957 and 1969, movements on the issue of food crisis in 1966 and 1974, movements for protection of linguistic and cultural identity of the people of the state including Official Language Movement in 1960, Medium of Instruction Movement in 1972 and movement on the issue of foreign nationals (1979- 1985) which is known as ‘Assam Movement’.11 Economic Movements The negligent attitude of the Central Government had proved when the Government wanted to establish an Oil Refinery in Bihar. This plan was vehemently opposed by the people of Assam. The Oil Refinery Movement had taken a new turn when the student community started to take the issue. They regarded it as a symbol of economic exploitation of the centre. As Assam was the production centre of oil so there was no justification in establishing the refinery in Bihar instead of Assam. On 1st August, 1956, representatives of different organizations met and decided to launch movement against in support of the establishment of Oil Refinery in Assam. On 11th August, 1956, the students of the educational institutions of Guwahati launched a campaign to boycott their classes and starting a procession shouting slogans demanding the establishment of the Oil Refinery in Assam.12 Students picketed at schools, colleges and other government offices which resulted the arrest of a large number of students. Numerous Students Action Committee had been formed for active participation of the students. Oil Refinery Action Committee met the then Chief Minister of Assam Vishnuram Medhi on 13th July, 1957 and placed the demand of the people of the state regarding the establishment of proposed Oil Refinery in Assam. The Student Action Committee decided to observe 19th July as the protest day and meeting was gathered by large number of protesters organized by the students. The Assam Oil Refinery Convention adopted numerous protest action against the plan of Central Government. Due to tremendous pressure from the all sections of the people of Assam, Mr. KD Malavya, Union Minister of Mines and Oil, had declared on the floor of Lok-Sabha about the agreement between the Government of India and the Romania Government to establish a refinery in Assam.13 At last it is observed that in the mass movement, the student community was successful in mobilising the masses. Due to their whole hearted participation and active role, the Central Government was forced to establish the propose Oil Refinery in Assam instead of Bihar.14 In 1966, the AASU launched a movement against the food crisis. Under the leadership of Lakhi Saikia and Dilip Bhattacharyya it turned into a mass movement. They had found support from various sections of the society. The students’ observed 4th August, 1966, as the ‘Protest Day’ against the artificial scarcity and high prices of food and picketed the MLA at . Further, the students of Assam observed February 4th , 11th and 15th as All Assam Students Protest Day, Hartal Day and Promise Day respectively. The movement also took a shape of the movement against the ‘Non-Assamese’. The reason behind arising hatred against the Marwaries was that this is the controlling class of the markets of Assam. The people thought that the situation gradually had taken a violent turn due to the selling of all commodities in the black markets prices by them. Due to the active participation of the students the had committed to overcome the crisis as early as possible. The government had also framed new policy and laws to control the black marketers to avoid such situation in future.15 It draw the attention and appreciation of people all over India.16 In 1974, AASU again launched a movement against the increase of prices of essential commodity which hard hit the common people. They submitted the charter of 21 demands to the Chief Minister of Assam 21st February,

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1124 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

1974, which dealt with the main foundation of solving the various complex problems of Assam, one of which was related to the food crisis.17 In this movement Putul Saikia and gajen Ingti (student leaders) were gunned down by police. In 1975 Emergency Rule was clamped down in India. Many innocent people of Assam were also harassed during the emergency period.18 Movements for Cultural and Linguistic Identity The students of Assam again showed their strength in 1960 during the Official Language Movement. In 1959 Assam Sahitya Sabha adopted a proposal to introduce Assamese language as official language. AASU observed 11th March, 1960 as State Language Day and 12th July, 1960 as Student Protest Day.19 The student community of Assam of Assam had played an important role in popularizing the movement by organizing meetings and procession throughout the state. Meetings were held at on 3rd June, 1960 and at Darrang on 2nd June, 1960. A complete hartal was organized by the students of on 2nd June, 1960. The students of went on strike on 8th June, 1960 in protest against the language issue.20 Due to tremendous pressure from the people of Assam, the Government of Assam passed the Official Language Bill on 17th October, 1960.21 Though the Act had been passed, but it failed to solve the problem permanently. The plains and as well as the hill tribes resented this enactment.22 Many Bengalis also protested and in several areas like Lumding and Mariani where they were in majority.23 They attacked the Assamese people. Violence between Assamese and Bengalis in several areas resulted in the loss of many lives. In 1972, a powerful movement was launched by the AASU called Medium of Instruction Movement. Pulakesh Baruah led the students of Assam in the movement for Assamese as Medium of Instruction. Another important leaders of the movement were, Prasanna Narayan Choudhury, Abu Sharif, Purna Barma, Khagen Saikia, Jadab Saikia, Atul Bora, Khirode Das, Satyajit Bora, Gunajit Kumar Choudhury, Gopal Bhuyan, Aswini Das etc. Anil Bora, Naren Mahanta, Mujamil Haque lost their loves in the movement. Sisir Phukan, Mohit Bora, lalit Bora, Mukut Bhuyan, Bishnu Kotoky were arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. (MISA).24 Language oriented movement in 1960 and 1972 had complicated the Law and order situation all over the state and took a long time for normalcy to return. In 1972 on the demand of and movement of AASU and at the instance of Assam Government, the University of made Assamese as the medium of instruction in place of English in their colleges. The Bodo students who have passed matriculation through the Bodo medium have been directly obstructed in receiving college education. There arose vehement resentment among the small communities of Assam against the narrow nationalism of the Assamese people.25 Many Bengalis along with other ethnic tribes opposed the medium of instruction. It reinforced the demand for separate state in Cachar. The Cachar Gana Parishad submitted a memorandum to (then Prime Minister of India) on 28th November, 1972.26 Besides, the other ethnic groups such as the Deories, the Karbies, who had been maintaining their cultural identity were not happy to accept the Assamese as a medium of instruction. Even some of them began to plead for either separate or Autonomous state. In this situation, the then Assam Government under held a discussion with other opposition parties in order to settle the problem, proposal was adopted to establish a separate university at Cachar. When ths proposal was adopted, AASU launched a movement in the and opposed this proposal.27 This movement came to an end with by an agreement that from 1982, Assamese would be the medium of instruction in all schools and colleges. In 1972, AASU also involved in transferring the capital of Assam from because under the state recognization Act 1971, was declared as a separate state in 1972. ‘Rajdhani Sangram Samiti’ was formed at the initiative of Digen Goswami, Lalit Borah, Gunin Gayan, Mohit Bora etc. At that time Sarat Chandra Singha was the chief Minister of Assam. At last, in 1973 the capital was transferred from shilling to .28

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1125 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

Assam Movement Among these movements, Assam movement was the most powerful movement launched by the AASU. It demonstrated certain specific features for instance, the issue of foreign nationals’ participation in the electoral process of Assam/India which the movement wanted to stop at any cost. Simultaneously, it also aimed at protecting the very distinct socio-culture, economic and political identity of the Asamiyas. The movement was led by student organization outside the political party structure and organizations. It demonstrated remarkable capacity in mobilizing the masses. Assam movement did not appear all of a sudden from a vacuum. It had a long background. The unabated influx of outsiders made Assam one of the thickly populated states. The situation had assumed such magnitude that the very existence of the indigenous people was threatened. Besides, it also posed a serious threat to economic aspects of the state. The gradual reduction of indigenous population had not escaped the notice of the successive Census Commissioners in charge of Assam like C.S. Mulan (1931), V.Vagaiwala (1951) and Pakyantein (1961). 87% of indigenous people in 1901 were reduced to 61% in 1951 and sided down to 50% in 1971.29 In 1979 voter’s list updating began for Mangaldoi constituency for bye election in March 1979. Out of 600000 voters in the list, complaints were received against 70000. Among them 4500 were detected.30 At that time, Janata Government in India collapsed in July, 1979 and general election was called for in December 1979. AASU and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) demanded to revise the rolls of every constituency before holding election. The leaders of the movement gave a call for 12 hours Assam bandh in June, 1979 and this was the active phase of the movement and protest action.31 From 7th to 10th March, 1979, the 8th annual conference of AASU was held at Sivasagar. In this conference Prafulla Kumar Mahanta was elected as president and Bhrigu Kumar Phukan as general secretary. The students’ union and other associated organizations succeeded in uniting the Assamese people. The AASU through their profound sense of apprehensions regarding the continuing influx of outsiders into Assam and the fear about adverse effects upon the political, social, cultural and economic life of the state. At first the leaders of the movement demanded that the year 1951 should be the cut-off line for detection of foreigners but this was opposed by Indira Gandhi and she proposed that 1971 as cut-off date.32 The Central Government tried all possible means to suppressed it but failed and it turned into a mass movement under the leadership of AASU and AAGSP. All sections of Assamese people had given their support to the movement. Disregarding the demands of the leaders of the movement, the Election Commissioner of India R.K. Trivedi declared the Assam Legislative Assembly Election on 14, 19 & 20 February 1983.33 Numerous unlawful incidents took place between the supporters and non-supporters of the movement. In the Assam Legislative Assembly election, came to power. After the election, the movement also lost its original fire. Dissolution of Assam Assembly also became a primary issue after the election.34 During the tenure of Rajiv Gandhi on 14-15 August, 1985 the was signed and it ended the six years Assam agitation. The year 1966 was accepted as the cut-off date for detecting the foreigners and 1971 was recognized as cut-off date for deporting foreign nationals from India/Assam. Besides some agreement were made for speedy all round development of the state. By this accord, Assam accepted the huge burden of the pre-1971 entrants.35 Though the leaders referred it as a victory but in reality it could not solve the foreign infiltration problem. Even now it is a burning political problem of the state. During the period of the Assam movement, discussions were held between the leaders of the movement and two political parties of Assam i.e. Purbanchanliya Loka Parishad and Assam Jatiyabadi Dal (AJD) in order to form a new regional political party. As aresult, on 14 October, 1985 a new regional political party came into existence namely (AGP). Of course the constitution of AASU forbid its members from joining political parties but there is nothing to prevent individuals from resigning from AASU in order to contest the election. After the accord general body meeting of AASU was held and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and Bhrigu Kumar Phukan resigned from AASU. Kartik and Sasadhar Kakoti became the president and general secretary of AASU respectively.36 Findings The students of Assam have been involving a number of issues which touches the life of every Assamese. Almost in all major issues of importance whether economic cultural, linguistic and political, students from primary to university classes have actively joined and showed a deep sense of patriotism.

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1126 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

At present AASU is protesting against the influx of illegal foreigners, establishment of big dams, upgradation of 1951 NRC of Assam, solution of inter-state boundary dispute, sealing of Indo-Bangla border etc. Now movements are launching by the Assamese people under the leadership of AASU against Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019. It is also proposing 100% reservation for seats local boards, Assembly and parliament for indigenous people, granting of land to the indigenous Assamese people and so on. In 2005 under the auspices of the AASU, Illegal Migration (Determination by Tribunals) IMDT Act was scrapped which safeguard the illegal foreigners and applicable in the state of Assam only. But the activities of AASU are not above criticism. The Official Langusge Act, 1960 which was passed due to the demand of AASU helped in the growth of anti-Assamese feeling among the minds of other tribes living in the plans and hills. The hill tribe became concerned with their oppression in undivided Assam. As a result, Nagaland became a separate state in 1963. The Khasi-Jaintia hills of Assam in 1960 developed a distrust of the Assamese and their objectives .37 The tribal people of the plains organized themselves under the banner of Plain Tribal council of Assam (PTCA) in order to be free from exploitation and injustice. They started the Udayachal Movement in 1967. The aim of the movement was to achieve a separate Union Territory for the plain tribes stretching in the Northern part of the Brahmaputra Valley from Jonai in the East. The PTCA submitted a memorandum to the then President of India Zakir Hussain on 20th May, 1967 demanding full autonomy of the plain tribal areas.38 This act also led to the conflict between the Assamese and the Bengalis. The medium of instruction movement 1972 reinforced the demand for separate state in Cachar.39 All tribes in Assam vehemently opposed it. Some of them began to plead for autonomous state to maintain distinct lingua- cultural identity. The two hill districts submitted a memorandum to the then prime Minister of India and complained that ‘Assamese Junta was determined to impose the Assamese language upon them. The Bodo People Action Committee also complained that the Assamese people and the Assam Government were adopting policy of imposing Assamese language and culture upon the tribes. Most of the ethnic groups of Assam regarded the Assam movement as a desperate attempt to consolidate Assamese supremacy.40 It was also important that during the height of the movement, the AASU leaders demanded an end of the 20% reservation of ST’s and SC’s in educational and government offices. As a result, the All Assam Bodo Students’ Union was formed under the leadership of Upen Brahma. It also gave birth to a new organization called All Assam Minority Students’ Union.41 It is said that three movements not only gave a chauvinist edge to Assamese nationalism but also tended to create an anti-centre if not anti national psyche. Conclusion To sum up it is said that AASU has a great importance as a non-political organization in the state like Assam. From its formation, numerous movements were launched for safeguarding the interest of the indigenous people. North East Students’ Union (NESU) which was formed under the leadership of AASU can strengthen the traditional bond among the people of Noth-east region. It also try to solve the common problem of the region. This is undoubtedly an admirable step of AASU. In recent times, under the banner of AASU, the 26 ethnic youth organizations decided to work in together. It is expected that this step will reducing the growth of narrow nationalism in the state. It is true that the leadership of the AASU is really fortunate in having a student community with sincere work and dedication. There is a little difference between the leaders and workers. Without a group of sincere and selfless workers it will be impossible for the leaders to pursue the organization in a healthy way. From freedom movement to present day, the labour, the unselfish sacrifice of the students have a great contribution in upholding the social, political and economic values of the people of Assam. It is observed that the first principle of its constitution is to organize the students on non-party lines. No doubt the organization is involving in the political interests of the people but without being subordinate to any political party. From this point of view, it can be said that independence from political party affiliation is a good sign and an important factor to keep its strength and solidarity of the organization. Note and References 1. H.K Barpujari, The comprehensive , Vol.V, publication board Assam, Guwahati, 1993, pp. 238-239 2. Monuj Phukan, Students’ Politics in Assam, Anshah publishing House, New Delhi, 2005 p.12 3. Chandana Goswami, Nationalism in Assam, Mittal publication, New Delhi, 2008, p.115

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1127 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

4. Indrani Boruah, Pressure Groups in Assam, Omsons, New Delhi, 1990. p.33 5. Anuradha Dutta, Assam in the Freedom Movement, Darbari Prakashan, Calcutta, 1991, pp. 67-68 6. Indrani Boruah op.cit 7. A.K. Barua, Student Power in Northeast India, Regency, New Delhi, 2002, pp. 1-2 8. Indrani Baruah, op.cit, p.21 9. Parag Kumar Das, “1984 Chanalai Uvati Sau,” in Prantik, pp. 25-26 10. Indrani Baruah, op.cit, pp. 73-74 11. Girin Phukan, Ethnicisation of Politiics in Northeast India, South Asian, New Delhi, 2003 p.162 12. Meeta Deka, Student Politics in Assam, Vikash publishing House, New Delhi, 1996, p.161 13. Shree Histesh Deka, All Assam Student Union and its’ Impact on the Politics of Assam since 1979, unpublished theses, . p.153 14. Ibid, pp. 152-153 15. Ibid, p.169 16. Indrani Barua, op.cit, p.182 17. Ibid, p.161 18. Jayashri, Ghimre (1987), “EK Bishmrita Atit Aru Sadau Nagong Jila Chatra Sangha”, in Sindhura, Smritigrantha of AASU, p.7 19. Indrani Baruah, op.cit, p.167 20. Meeta Deka, op.cit, p.167 21. Ankur Tamuli Phukan, “Who are the Sub-Alterns? Nationalism, Subalterns and the Politics of Subalternity in Assam”, in Gautam Kumar Bora (eds) Ethno-Social Mobility in North East India, Abhijeet publication, New Delhi, 2001. p.117 22. Paramananda Majumdar, “Asomat Jatiyatabadar Utthan aru Sankatar Patabhumi”, in Dilip Bora (eds) Asom Andolan Pratisruti aru Phalasruti, Banalata, Guahati, 2001, p.138 23. Ibid, p.136 24. Niru Hazarika, ‘Sadau Asom Chatra Sangha : Atit aru Bartaman’, in Sindhura, op.cit; pp. 43-44 25. Ankur Tamuli Phukan, op.cit, p.117 26. Basanta kr. Doley, ‘Identity Crisis Among the Tribes of Assam’ in Satish Chandra Choudhury (eds) Voice of Assam, Assam Sahitya Sabha, Jorhat, 2008, p.126 27. Paramanda Majumdar, op.cit, p.141 28. Odip Kumar Phukan, Anya EK Jatra, Banalata, Guwahati, 2006, p.104 29. Monirul Hussain, Assam Movement Class Ideology and Identity, Manak New Delhi, pp.1-2 30. Best of Assam Movement a Pictorial, Dilip Kumar Mahanta, Secretary, publication Board, 1987 31. Pahi Saikia, “Beyoun the Roots : Undocumented Bangladeshi Migrants in Assam and the questions of Ethnic Assamese Identity” in Dipankar Sengupta (eds) Insurgency in Northeast India, The Role of Bangladesh, p.17 32. Niru Hazarika, “Asom Andolanar Aluchonat Abumuki”, in Dilip Bora (eds) Asom Andolan, op.cit, pp. 78- 79 33. Benudhar , Biplavar Bukut Nogong in Sindhura, op.cit, pp. 28-29

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1128 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930

34. ,“Bideshi Bitaran Andolan Byartha Haisil Kio : Atiau Bastab Samadhanar Upai ki? In Dilip Bora (eds) Asom Andolan, op.cit, p. 94 35. Bardaichila, Smritigrantha of AASU, 1985-86, pp. 412-413 36. Trailukya Saikia, Chatra Andolan Aru Asom, in Sindhura, op.cit, p. 89 37. Harekrishna Deka, “The Law an order Situation in Assam and its solution in Satish Ch. Choudhury (eds).Voice of Assam, op.cit, p.152 38. Girin Phukan, op.cit, p.23 39. Basanta Kumar Doley, op.cit, p.126 40. Harekrishna Deka, op.cit, p.156

Volume XI, Issue XII, 2019 Page No: 1129