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Governing Pluralistic Societies: a Case Study of Pakistan (1988-99)

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PH.D DISSERTATION Governing Pluralistic Societies: A Case Study of Pakistan (1988-99) Submitted by: Supervisor: Lubna Batool Dr.Husnul Amin Reg No.65-SS/PHDPIR/F11 Assistant Professor Department of Politics & IR Faculty of Social Sciences INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD 2018 Governing Pluralistic Societies: A Case Study of Pakistan (1988-99) Lubna Batool Registration No:65-SS/PHDPSIR/F11 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D in Politics and International Relations at the Faculty of Social Sciences International Islamic University, Islamabad Supervisor Dr. Husnul Amin Assistant Professor, International Islamic University, Islamabad. May, 2018 DEDICATION Dedicated To My Motherland ‘Pakistan’ As My All Possessions Belong To It ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Almighty Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful for blessing me with the opportunity of conducting and completing this study. I am highly obliged to my supervisor and teacher Dr. Husnul Amin for his suggestions and consistent guidance during completion of this research project. Apart from academics he taught me so many skills that are going to help me in life, long for the better management of my contributions to my area of study. His initiative, dedication, and work ethics have no match. Besides Dr. Husnul Amin, I pay my special gratitude to Dr. Nabi Bux Jumani, Ex. Dean Faculty of Social Sciences and Professor Dr. Amna Mehmood, In charge of the Department of Politics and International Relations for their thoughtful suggestions and continuous support. They selflessly guided and remained a source of motivation and encouragement for me, Moreover their cooperation in administrative issues during my study in International Islamic University Islamabad cannot be overlooked. I would like to extend my regards to the entire department’s staff in providing assistance whenever I needed it. Table of Contents Abstract.…………….... i List of Abbreviations… ii CHAPTER-1…………… 1-27 Introduction Central Research Question Relevant Research Questions Thesis Arguments Objectives of the Study Research Methodology Theoretical Framework Outline of the Study CHAPTER-2…………. 28-56 Review of the Literature CHAPTER-3………………. 58-91 Formation Of Ethnicity IN POST-COLONIAL PAKISTAN Introduction Historical Colonial Legacies Administrative Colonial Legacies Pre-1971 Pakistan Post-1971 Pakistan Federating Units of Pakistan: Ethno-Lingual Formation of Society Punjab KPK Sindh Baluchistan Conclusion CHAPTER-4…………. 92-144 Current Federalism, Ethnic Diversity And Mobilization In Pakistan Introduction Majoritarian Model: Exclusion of Smaller Ethno-Lingual Communities Lack of Power-Sharing in Federating Structure of Pakistan Distributive Issues Among Provinces National Finance Commission Award (NFC) Water Assets: Kalabagh Dam Issue Ethnic Disputes and Demand of Autonomy Mismanagement of Ethno-Linguistic Diversity: Incompatibility or Less Satisfactory Performance of Majoritarian Model and Exclusion Ethnic Mobilization in Pakhtuns Nationalist Approach from Baluch Ethno-Lingual Mobilization in Sindhi Rise of Muhajir Movement Ethno-Political Movement For Siraikistan Conclusion CHAPTER-5…………. 146-170 The Decade of Sheer Political Instability: Constitutional and Political decay Introduction The federal Constitution of 1973 The Constitutional Deadlock: The 8th Amendment after Zia Regime Conflicting Relationship Between Prime Minster and President: Benazir Bhutto to Nawaz Sharif (1988-99) The Judiciary and the Elected Governments in 1990s Civil-Military Bureaucracy and the Elected Governments Provisions for Provinces and Minority Groups The Impact of the 8th Amendment on Federalism Ethnic Mobilization in Sindh: The Military Operation and MQM Conclusion CHAPTER-6…………. 171-198 The Quality Democracy for Plural Societies: A Model of Four Consociations Introduction A Model of Four Successful Consociations India Malaysia Kenya Belgium Conclusion CHAPTER-7…………. 199-227 Quality Democracy for Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis of Model Consociations and Pakistan Introduction Consociationalism for Developing Consensus in Pakistan Favorable Factors of Consociationalism and Pakistan Comparative Analysis of Favorable Factors in Model Consociations and Pakistan Conclusion CHAPTER-8………….. 228-271 A Critique on the Political Structure Of Pakistan: Findings Of The Data Taken From Electronic And Print Media Of Pakistan Introduction Methodology of the Chapter Electronic Media (Television Talk Shows) Print Media (Newspaper’s Articles) Findings of the Data Conclusion CHAPTER-9…………. 272-284 Conclusion/S BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………..285-309 Abstract Pakistan has a plural society; its governance model is more focused on state-building rather than nation-building. This model is a colonial legacy which is incompatible with its diverse society and hence not mending to needs of diverse polity. The history of Pakistan since existence has thrown up governability issues; its governance model (Majoritarian) tends to provide an effective governance system through majority or one party rule (based on electoral mechanism) rather than representing all important segments of society. The reality lies in the incompatibility of this governance system and the social norms of Pakistan. This system was used by colonial power to exploit the society and resources of sub-continent. Pakistan, after its birth, had to face the major issue of a unanimously accepted and drafted constitution for years. Similarly, factional fissure in the founding political party i.e. the Muslim League and lack of consensus over lingua franca also generated issues. The adopted constitution (1935 Indian Act) was a continuity of the centralized federal and old British exploitative system. This system implanted seeds of many issues including the debacle of East-Pakistan. Pakistan inherited many colonial legacies and practiced them continuously. The most prominent channel of these legacies was constitutions formed and abrogated in different era i.e. Constitutions 1956, 1962 and finally 1973 which also saw many amendments by civilian and military governments. There are contradictions in the constitution and power-sharing mechanism which produced the conflict over distributive management. This thesis aims to raise issue of mainstreaming the marginalized groups into polity through quality democracy. Pakistan is a land of diverse people, cultures and languages. These identities are in constant and direct clash with central government over mismanagement of resources and un-proportional division of jobs in public leading institutions. The hegemony of few ethnic and lingual groups brought about political movements. However, NFC awards were announced many times and provinces agreed upon a shared formula. Same pattern of compromise by political elites can also be traced in political history of Pakistan. The same compromise, accommodation, consensus and positive role of the political elites are the very essence of the Consociationalism. This federal design has a history of development in Europe and growth and application in Asian and African countries, too. This study observes some successful stories of Consociations which has close resemblance to Pakistan in their political and social developments. Scholars inside and outside Pakistan are debating the incompatibility of Majoritarian Model to manage plural society of Pakistan. The print and electronic media of Pakistan is also raising the concern of intelligentsia with the relationship between structures of the federal system of Pakistan with its society. This debate is very important to find out some hypothetical panacea to provide quality democracy, although not aiming to refute another practice. i List of Abbreviations AIML All Pakistan Muslim League APC All Parties Conference AMCJA All Malayan Council for Joint Action BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CIA Central Intelligence Agency CP Central Province COAS Chief of Army Staff COP Combined Oppositional Parties CMLA Chief Martial Law Administrator COD Charter of democracy CLC Communities Liaison Committee FPTP First-Past-The-Post FORD Forum of Restoration of Democracy GDP Gross Domestic Production ICS Indian Civil service IJI Islami Jamhuri Ittihad IDP Internal Displaced Persons JI Jamiat-e-Islami KANU Kenya African National Union KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhaw LDCs Less Developed Countries MQM Muhajir Quami Movement MQM-H Muhajir Quami Movement- Haqiqi MIT Muhajir ittihad Tehrik MRC Muhajir Relation Council MRD Movement of Restoration of Democracy MMA Mutihida Majlis-e-Amal NWFP North West Frontier Provnces MIC Malaysian Indian Congress MNP Malayan Nationalist Party MCP Malayan Communist Party NAP National Awami Party NFC National Finance Award ODM Orange Democratic Movement PML Pakistan Muslim League PML-N Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz PONM Pakistan Oppressed Nations Movement PILDAT Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Democracy PR Proportional Representation PNU Party of National Unity PAT Pakistan Awami Tehrik PTI Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf PUTERA Pusat Tenaga Rakyat QAU Quaid-e-Azam University ii SBPF Sindh Baloch Pakhtun Front UMNO United Malay National Organization UP Uttar Pradesh UDF United Democratic Front WFB World Fact Book iii Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION Depending on the context, ideology, paradigm and culture, the term „pluralistic/plurality‟ within a society can be interpreted in number of ways or in other words, the definition of plurality (also known as diversity or a plural society) is somewhat
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