Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood." Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy.“

Assonance The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines: "How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself." Connotation The associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language, as in these lines: "Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.“

Denotation The dictionary meaning of a word. Writers typically play off a word's denotative meaning against its connotations, or suggested and implied associational implications. In the following lines from Peter Meinke's "Advice to My Son" the references to flowers and fruit, bread and wine denote specific things, but also suggest something beyond the literal, dictionary meanings of the words:

To be specific, between the peony and rose

Plant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes; Beauty is nectar and nectar, in a desert, saves-- ... and always serve bread with your wine. But, son, always serve wine.

Ballad- A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style.

Blank verse

A line of poetry or prose in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's sonnets, Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, and Robert Frost's meditative poems such as "Birches" include many lines of blank verse. Here are the opening blank verse lines of "Birches": When I see birches bend to left and right

Across the lines of straighter darker trees, I like to think some boy's been swinging them. Epic A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Epics typically chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central values. Examples from western literature include Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Milton's Paradise Lost.

Imagery -refers to the pattern of related details in a work. The pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images, in a literary work.

Lyric poem A type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. Most of the poems in this book are lyrics. The anonymous "Western Wind" epitomizes the genre: Western wind, when will thou blow, The small rain down can rain? Christ, if my love were in my arms And I in my bed again!

Metaphor A comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as like or as. An example is "My love is a red, red rose,"

Meter The measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems.

Ode A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject, such as Horace's "Eheu fugaces," but sometimes a more lighthearted work, such as Neruda's "Ode to My Socks." Theme The idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action, and cast in the form of a generalization.

Tone The implied attitude of a writer toward the subject and characters of a work, as, for example, Flannery O'Connor's ironic tone in her "Good Country People."

A stanza of a poem equals to a paragraph of an essay, without the indentation.

The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference Cinquain

A cinquain is a five line poem. (see Microsoft document)

Line 1 One Word (subject or noun)

Line 2 Two Words (adjectives) that describe line 1

Line 3 Three Words (action verbs) that relate to line 1

Line 4 Four Words (feelings or a complete sentence) that relates to line 1

Line 5 One Word (synonym of line 1 or a word that sums it all up) Cinquain

A cinquain is a five line poem. (See Microsoft word document)

triangles pointy edges revolving, rotating, angling Triangles are all different. 180o

Knights Armor ,shields Fighting, charging, slaughtering Worried, delighted, brave, fearsome Crusaders

Haiku

A syllable is a part of a word pronounced as a unit. It is usually made up of a vowel alone or a vowel with one or more consonants. The word "Haiku" has two syllables: Hai-ku; the word "introduction" has four syllables: in-tro-duc-tion. "Haiku" is a traditional form of Japanese poetry. Haiku poems consist of 3 lines. The first and last lines of a Haiku have 5 syllables and the middle line has 7 syllables. The lines rarely rhyme.

Here's a Haiku to help you remember: I am first with five Then seven in the middle -- Five again to end Green and speckled legs, Hop on logs and lily pads Splash in cool water.

In a pouch I grow, On a southern continent -- Strange creatures I know

Spring is in the Air by Kaitlyn Guenther

Spring is in the air Flowers are blooming sky high Children are laughing Sonnet Characteristics A sonnet is simply a poem written in a certain format. You can identify a sonnet if the poem has the following characteristics: 14 lines. All sonnets have 14 lines which can be broken down into four sections called quatrains.

A strict rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB / CDCD / EFEF / GG (note the four distinct sections in the rhyme scheme).

Written in iambic Pentameter. Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, a poetic meter with 10 beats per line made up of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables. A sonnet can be broken down into four sections called quatrains. The first three quatrains contain four lines each and use an alternating rhyme scheme. The final quatrain consists of just two lines which both rhyme. Each quatrain should progress the poem as follows:

First quatrain: This should establish the subject of the sonnet. Number of lines: 4. Rhyme Scheme: ABAB

Second quatrain: This should develop the sonnet’s theme. Number of lines: 4. Rhyme Scheme: CDCD

Third quatrain: This should round off the sonnet’s theme. Number of lines: 4. Rhyme Scheme: EFEF

Fourth quatrain: This should act as a conclusion to the sonnet. Number of lines: 2. Rhyme Scheme: GG O. K., so much for the fancy language. Basically, in a sonnet, you show two related but differing things to the reader in order to communicate something about them. Each of the three major types of sonnets accomplishes this in a somewhat different way. There are, of course, other types of sonnets. English- when what hugs stopping earth than silent is more silent than more than much more is or total sun oceaning than any this tear jumping from each most least eye of star and without was if minus and shall be immeasurable happenless unnow shuts more than open could that every tree or than all his life more death begins to grow end's ending then these dolls of joy and grief these recent memories of future dream these perhaps who have lost their shadows if which did not do the losing spectres mine until out of merely not nothing comes only one snowflake(and we speak our names Italian – And on the porch, across the upturned chair, The boy would spread a dingy counterpane Against the length and majesty of the rain, And on all fours crawl under it like a bear To lick his wounds in secret, in his lair; And afterwards, in the windy yard again, One hand cocked back, release his paper plane Frail as a mayfly to the faithless air. And summer evenings he would whirl around Faster and faster till the drunken ground Rose up to meet him; sometimes he would squat Among the bent weeds of the vacant lot, Waiting for dusk and someone dear to come And whip him down the street, but gently home. Free Verse

Free verse does not have a set pattern of rhyme or rhythm. There are no rules about line length in free verse. You try to keep the words that belong together on the same line, but, sometimes the poet will break these words if he/she wants to create a visual shape to support the poem's message, or feeling that the poet wishes the reader to experience. The poet may wish to put special emphasis on a word he/she has used so he will that word a line to itself, or place it on the next line so the reader notices it or is surprised by the poet's use of the word . Often a poet will end a line because it feels right to him/her to do so. The poet chooses the length of each line and the length of the poem according to the message, or feeling he/she wishes to communicate to his/her reader. When free verse is read aloud the reader can hear the rhythm of the words that the poet has used in his/her poem. Think of it as spoken music. BUTTERFLY I am a Butterfly. I am one of the most beautiful insects of the world. I eat nectar, but I don't harm the flowers. I have many enemies. I wander through the forests playing with all my butterfly friends. Their names are; Hippy, Dippy, Hopi, and Floppy. I can't forget my best friends. Poppy and Moppy. But do you know who really are my best friends? Could you try to guess? I think you might have a good idea. YOU! I like how you like to be you and not somebody who you aren't. descent by Lily Zhang the water is colder than anticipated the inhabitants of the deep vents ghastlier with teeth gleaming and gilded by the screams of victims past scales made for tearing flesh caress the hollows of my cheeks and voices gorged on the seven sins invite me to dance into the underworld

I only want sun and seashells and sand soft between my toes but you are a specter spread across the shore and I eyes closed, keep sinking four atmospheres down my lungs crack open oil floats on water but I swear it is an oil slick of regret and remorse that gushes in clogging up the thoracic cavity even as my head hurtles up, up and breaks the surface to waves of sweat-soaked sheets on land, heart clenched, still drowning so from briny lips I cough for you a kelp-tangled apology 1 A couplet [CUP-let] is the simplest form of poetry. Do you see the word "couple" in couplet? A couple is two of something. A couplet is a poem made of two lines of rhyming poetry that usually have the same meter. There are no rules about length or rhythm. Two words that rhyme can be called a couplet. Do you know what the pioneers ate when they got desperate?

Snake Steak

2 Seriously though, most poems will consist of more than two words. The rule to remember is that each line in a couplet has an end rhyme. We can mark end rhymes alphabetically to keep track of the rhyming pattern. For instance, look at this couplet:

My friend has eyes like mud. He always chews his cud.

3 The words mud and cud are end rhymes. We'll use the letter "A" to mark the rhyme pattern. We can string couplets together to make a longer poem, so now I'll join that couplet with another:

His hair looks like burnt hay. At full moons he will bay Triplet Poem A triplet poem is a 3-lined poem. Just like 3 babies born together are also called triplets! A triplet poem should rhyme or it would be freestyle.

Examples of Triplet poems: 1. My Dog:

I have a dog That sits on a log And hangs out in the fog

2. My Cat:

I have a cat That never wears a hat And sleeps on a mat

A limerick is a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two- line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming. Some people say that the limerick was invented by soldiers returning from France to the Irish town of Limerick in the 1700's.

Limericks are meant to be funny. They often contain hyperbole, onomatopoeia, idioms, puns, and other figurative devices. The last line of a good limerick contains the PUNCH LINE or "heart of the joke." As you work with limericks, remember to have pun, I mean FUN! Say the following limericks out loud and clap to the rhythm.

A flea and a fly in a flue Were caught, so what could they do? Said the fly, "Let us flee." "Let us fly," said the flea. So they flew through a flaw in the flue.

-Anonymous Here is a very famous limerick. Notice both the rhyme and rhythm patterns.

There was an old man from Peru, (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS) who dreamed he was eating his shoe. (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS)

He awoke in the night (B) da DUM da da DUM (2 DUMS)

with a terrible fright, (B) da da DUM da da DUM (2 DUMS)

and found out that it was quite true. (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS) A Clumsy Young Fellow Named Tim

There once was a fellow named Tim (A) whose dad never taught him to swim. (A) He fell off a dock (B) and sunk like a rock. (B) And that was the end of him. (A)