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Situation Analysis on Inland Navigation 0 +" 0 +" !) =*9 )9 !0 79 %!* #9 #!1 "0!)0 +! )! 0!" # "!"9>)% !! ) <(/ 0 )! >9!! # )! *!9/ 0 *> )! !5>9! # > 7)!+!9 )! >9 # %%!9" )! !" # %9/ !999/ 0*9/ 9 %%!9" )! 0!* # #9!9 9 <09!8 )! +!7 !5>9!!0 ) ><% 9! )9W >!9 +!7 0 0 !%!9 9!a!% )! # 8 ) +! >>9!0 < )! !9 #9 9>! ##9 0 !9 >!9/ )! !)!908 A<)!0 <1 !" #`%!B "0!) 9 #`%!B 0 9 #`%!B 0/ 7C!90 >9")1 + 3.-3 / !9 #9 !9+ # 9! 0 9 !9%! !>90% # ) ><% #9 !0% 9 )!9 %**!9% >9>! )9C!0 7) >99 79! >!9* #9* )! %>9") )0!9 >9+0!0 )! 9%! # %(7!0"!08 !>90% # ) ><% #9 9!! 9 )!9 %**!9% >9>! >9)<!0 7) >99 79! >!9* # )! %>9") )0!98 1 )9/ 8 =8 0 / 8 8 E3.-3F / %!* #9 #!1 "0!)0 +!/ / !9 #9 !9+ # 9!8 A9G!% !*1 !) A"9!/ 9( + 0!9 (/ )9 )/ =C*00 )*!0 09 0!"1 A90> ) > !0"1 A9> A0! +!9 A) <1 <0 H* +!9 0!" <1 )!() 0CC* 0 8 I8 8 J<09 )* +<! #9*1 E!9 #9 !9+ # 9!F !" #`%!/ "(( "0!) 9 #`%!/ )( 0 9 #`%!/ !7 !) 7778%89": 4 0#$!# Bangladesh and India share three major river systems: the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna. Along with their tributaries, these rivers drain about 1.75 million sq km of land, with an average runoff of 1,200 cu km. The GBM system also supports over 620 million people. Thus, the need for cooperation on trans-boundary waters is crucial to the future well-being of these millions. That is precisely the motivation for the Ecosystems for Life: A Bangladesh- India Initiative (Dialogue for Sustainable Management of Trans-boundary Water Regimes in South Asia) project. IUCN wishes to promote a better understanding of trans-boundary ecosystems between Bangladesh and India, by involving civil society in both counries and by providing a platform to discuss issues common and germane to the region. The overall goal is an improved, integrated management of trans- boundary water regimes in South Asia. This four-and-a-half year initiative is supported by the Minister for European Affairs and International Cooperation, the Netherlands. Ecosystems for Life will develop, through dialogue and research, longer-term relationships between various stakeholder groups within and between the countries. It will develop a common understanding to generate policy options on how to develop and manage natural resources sustainably such that livelihoods and water and food security improve. Inter-disciplinary research 123"'#15'** #!-,"3!2#" 7 0',%',%2-%#2&#0#6.#021$0-+40'-31L'#*"1$0-+ -2&!-3,20'#11- that relevant issues are holistically grasped. &#','2'2'4#!#,20#10-3,"L'4# 0-"2&#+2'!0#1S $--"1#!30'27Q52#0.0-"3!2'4'27,".-4#027R '+.!21-$!*'+2#!&,%#R ',*,",4'%2'-,R #,4'0-,+#,2*1#!30'27R," '-"'4#01'27!-,1#042'-,T &#L'012.&1#-$2&#.0(2#"-,!0^7_#T $71'11#2'"#,2'L'#"!-0VV&V Bangladesh geographic focus, research gaps and needs and, ultimately, priority areas for joint research. Studies were taken up in the later part of 2010 and early 2011. Authors discussed their points-of- (6#0!'1#R2&#71&0#"2&#'00#1#0!&T&##,13',%+2#0'*51$302&#0!'0!3*2#" among multiple stakeholders in both countries. All outcomes of this dialogic process are ',!-0.-02SX71#10#*2#"2-2&#L'4#2&#+2'!0#10#,-5 complete and ready for publication. We will also do summary briefs, based on these studies. The ','2'2'4)#, '%12#.R,-5Q2&#%#,"$(#1#0!&'1!*#0T IUCN hopes these publications will be useful to academics, researchers and practitioners in the GBM region. !-1712#+1$-0'$#,*,"4'%2'-,'232'-,,*71'1 3 &#,%V0&+.320V#%&,0#%'-, '4#0 ,% 0&+.320 #%&, Length1 (km) 2,510 2,900 210 Catchment2 (sq km) 10,87,300 5,52,000 82,000 Total area of GBM region: 17,21,300 sq km -30!#SS/4#0%#Q 1#"-,4T;<4=#1 4 ,*,"4'%2'-,'232'-,,*71'1!-1712#+1$-0'$# -,2#,21 4'%2',%!0-11V -3,"070'4#01S,,"'.#01.#!2'4# 7 – Dinesh Kumar Mishra -50"1,%*"#1&V,"'','2'2'4# 27 – Syed Monowar Hussain !-1712#+1$-0'$#,*,"4'%2'-,'232'-,,*71'1 5 6 ,*,"4'%2'-,'232'-,,*71'1!-1712#+1$-0'$# Navigating cross-boundary rivers: an India perspective Dinesh Kumar Mishra autilya (4th Century BC) in his Arthashastra wrote extensively about navigation, boat sizes, port charges, ferry regulation laws, expeditions, the duties of the state and the workforce K,"20"#,"262'-,',2&#"71-$2&#?,$#T<4#0',#20$L'!51"-+',,2', 2&#?&*.#0'-"R4'* *#0#!-0"113%%#1220"# #25##,/,"@%+',F*T?8Q Varanasi, Patna and Munger were important ports from where smaller vessels could ship their goods on the bigger ones. The East India Company made Calcutta (now Kolkata) an important destination and indigo, cotton, silk and grains were traded to many places in the world. The deplorable conditions of roads added to the importance of river navigation. &_!-*-,'*03*#01L'0+*7L'6#"-,2&#0#4#,3#2&#'0',4#12+#,21!-3*"%#,#02#T@#71 ,"2&#+..',%-$,230*0#1-30!#1 7O0,!'1F,";<#,,#*5#0#(.0#*3"#2- that exercise. The 1857 Mutiny compelled the British to strengthen road and rail communication, to get the army moving at a very short notice. Dominance of speed over eco-friendly transport was 2&# #%',,',%-$/',4#12+#,2',Q,"%0-52&-$Q,4'%2'-,T&2'-,51,-2&#0L'#*" 220!2',%',4#12-01',F$-02&#^-"3!2'4_1!&#+#1%4#&,"1-+#0#230,1T/*0%#1#!2'-, of the British elite, however, wanted to put in most of the resources in the railways, for this mode of transportation was very popular in Britain. The traders there wanted their goods to reach the interiors of India and be sold there. Government was also committed to promote the rail companies and guarantee interest on investment. The East India Company and the crown were subjected to continuous Parliamentary pressure to extend and multiply the railway line in India, even at a loss. There were two pressure groups working in Britain, though, that were not very enthusiastic -32 0'*57 #6.,1'-,T &# L'012 51 *#" 7 @ / =-,Q 5&- &" "-,# #6#+.*07 5-0) in irrigation in the Cauvery and Godavari river basins in south India. He was a staunch advocate -$ ,4'%2'-, !,*1T X +',2',#" 2&2 ^&2 & 5,21 '1 52#0 !00'%#RTTT2&# 0'*571 &4# !-+.*#2#*7$'*#"R2&#7!,,-2!007%--"122&#.0'!#0/#"R2&#7!,,-2!0072&#/," they cost the country three millions a year, and increasing, to support them...steamboat canals would ,-2&4#!-12+-0#2&,-,##'%&2&-$2&#0'*571R5-3*"!007,7/2,-+',*.0'!#1," 2,71.##"R5-3*"0/#,-13..-02$0-+2&#20#1307R,"5-3*" #!-+ ',#"5'2&'00'%2'-,T_ !-1712#+1$-0'$#,*,"4'%2'-,'232'-,,*71'1 7 Cotton wanted development of irrigation, the canals so constructed as to also be navigable. The second faction opposed to the railways believed its expansion in India would become a permanent liability to the government and would have to be very heavily subsidised. This faction doubted very much whether people would use the rail services at all, instead of bullock carts. They doubted sadhus, beggars, labourers and the like who did not have a paisa to spare would ever spare money on rail travel. They did not know the worth of time. But railway expansion continued. Also, through experiences actually gained, it was realized that except for a few isolated cases, the combination of irrigation and navigation canals could not be successful. The principle factor which militated against the use of irrigation canals for navigation was that the best alignment of a canal, from the point of view of irrigation command area, need not #13'2 *#$-020$L'!Q$-02&#!,*+'%&2,-2 #*-!2#",75&#0#!*-1#2-20"#!#,20#T& transport, say by bullock cart, was found cheaper than water transport, especially in the agricultural off-season. The maximum permissible velocity of a navigation canal is usually lower than the critical velocity of an irrigation canal, upsetting the regime of the canal. Consequently, in the later irrigation projects, no provision was made for navigation works and the two functions of a waterway, irrigation and navigation, were separated. Cotton did not realize, for instance, foodgrains could not be moved all over India by canals in times of famine. Sir George Campbell, who became Member of the Parliament after retiring from F*Q&"-,!#!-++#,2#"-,@/=-,S^#511-+#2032&',2&#17',%0#%0"',%&'+Q 2&2&#&"52#0-,&'1 0',T_YYF-30Q&-5#4#0Q1'"2&2&#"'",-2 #*'#4#1',%*# 5-0)&#&"#6#!32#"&"#4#0 ##,$'*30#T^@/=-,51+,-$+'%&27%#,'31R&#51 +,5&-&""-,#+3!&-02&#.#-.*#R&#&" ##,%0#2 #,#$!2-02-&,"&'1,+#5-3*" %-"-5,2-.-12#0'271-,#5&-&""-,#%0#22&',%1$-02&2!-3,207T_ The railways in Great Britain were marketing themselves aggressively, as evident from a letter of April 11, 1897, written by the commissioner of Bhagalpur to the secretary, department of revenue, %-4#0,+#,2-$F*S^U0'*5732&-0'27)##.131',2&#),"..#012-4-'"31,"5# suspect them of intentions that can only be called sinister and the proceedings of the company in [5&'!&&&4#1##,13..-022&'14'#5R2&2'1Q2&#70#!0#*#11-$#4#07!-,1'"#02'-, 322&# L',,!'*0#13*21-$2&#.0-+-2_T Thus, development of navigation through rivers and canals suffered immensely. Navigation 51*#$22-2&##,2#0.0'1#-$.0'42#-5,#01-$L*##21T&#122#"'",-2&4#+3!&-$0-*#2-.*7T \0'2#1<-+#1&]^U$*'1&+#,&",-2..0#!'2#"2&#.#!3*'0,##"1-$&$-0!&#.#0 transit as well as for irrigation.
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