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Les Irlandais Dans La Guerre D'espagne : Réactions Insulaires À Une Crise Majeure Des Années 1930 Dans La Construction Identitaire De L'irlande Indépendante

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Les Irlandais Dans La Guerre D'espagne : Réactions Insulaires À Une Crise Majeure Des Années 1930 Dans La Construction Identitaire De L'irlande Indépendante UNIVERSITÉ DE CAEN / E.N.S. DE LYON Département d'Études Anglophones LES IRLANDAIS DANS LA GUERRE D'ESPAGNE : RÉACTIONS INSULAIRES À UNE CRISE MAJEURE DES ANNÉES 1930 DANS LA CONSTRUCTION IDENTITAIRE DE L'IRLANDE INDÉPENDANTE Travail d'Études et de Recherche présenté pour l'obtention du Master 2 par Daniel MEHARG Sous la direction de Christophe GILLISSEN Session de 2016 Monument en mémoire du poète irlandais Charlie Donnelly, tué pendant la bataille de Jarama en février 1937. Est inscrit la mention « A Charlie Donnelly, de Dungannon, Irlanda y a sus camaradas de las Brigadas Internacionales que aquí lucharon y dieron su vida para la libertad de España en febrero de 1937 » ainsi qu'un extrait de son poème « The Tolerance of the Crows ». 2 3 Remerciements D'abord, je souhaiterais remercier mon directeur de mémoire, M. Christophe Gillissen, pour sa disponibilité, ses conseils concis et efficaces, et son soutien. En particulier, il m'a aidé à adhérer à la Société Française d’Études Irlandaises (SOFEIR), qui m'a attribué une bourse de recherche et m'a ainsi permis de rester plus longtemps en Espagne dans un contexte financier difficile. Mes agradecimientos vont ensuite à l'AABI, Asociación de Amigos de las Brigadas Internacionales, qui m'ont aidé et orienté dans mes recherches et conseillé de suivre la piste fascinante de leur ami Bob Doyle. Parallèlement, l'ambassade d'Irlande à Madrid m'a lancé sur la piste de Charles Donnelly en m'offrant (!) sa biographie récemment publiée par leurs soins lorsque je les ai contactés. Une pensée pour mes professeurs d'espagnol de lycée et de classe préparatoire qui ont laissé un grand intérêt pour le monde hispanique et la guerre civile dans cet angliciste, à travers des projets sur la guerre et la Retirada républicaine de 1939. Et last but not least un grand merci à ma famille et à mes amis et colocataires Sarah Orsini, Eugénie, Emmanuelle, Auguste, Matthias, Jesús, Jiayi, Alexandra Elbakyan et Sara Valle Martínez. 4 Sommaire Introduction...............................................................................................................................6 1. UN ENGAGEMENT EN ESPAGNE MARQUÉ DU SCEAU DU CATHOLICISME ?..17 Controverses historiques et informations parcellaires.....................................................18 Un engagement justifié par un héritage historique lointain...................................19 L'échec d'Eoin O'Duffy : discours catholiques, sympathies fascistes....................23 Catholicisme social contre socialisme catholique...........................................................29 Les réticences du Parti travailliste irlandais à soutenir la cause républicaine........29 Le père Michael O'Flanagan et le catholicisme des Irlandais républicains............33 Le catholicisme basque, un élément propagande mais aussi signe de la complexité du conflit................................................................................................................37 Les brigadistes irlandais face au sujet épineux des églises brûlées........................39 L'ambivalence plus nette de l'Irish Times et de la communauté protestante...................41 2. CORRESPONDANCES ENTRE L'ENGAGEMENT POLITIQUE EN IRLANDE ET L'ENGAGEMENT EN ESPAGNE.........................................................................................46 La presse irlandaise: des voix isolées contre un courant majoritaire...............................47 The Irish Independent : une voix stridente pro-Franco et « manichéenne »..........47 The Irish Press: organe et reflet de la politique gouvernementale ?......................49 Ireland Today..........................................................................................................50 Le journalisme local ..............................................................................................51 Témoins directs irlandais.................................................................................................53 Francis McCullagh : un reporter nord-irlandais pro-Franco mais critique............53 Peadar O'Donnell : un témoin républicain irlandais (Republican Congress) devenu proche des anarchistes............................................................................................55 Frank Ryan : un journaliste, chef de la « colonne Connolly » et auteur du « Book of the XV Brigade »...............................................................................................56 Un engagement plus intellectuel et politique que religieux pour les pro-Républicains . 58 L'engagement intellectuel: une guerre de poètes?..................................................59 Le débat historiographique politisé sur le nombre de participants ........................63 En 1936, un parfum de 1921: quel lien entre les camps opposés de la guerre civile irlandaise et de la guerre civile en Espagne ?.........................................................65 Identité nationale et identité de classe au temps des « fronts populaires » .....................67 Jarama, le baptême de feu de toute la XV Brigade Internationale.........................69 L'aide médicale à la République, une coordination plus pan-britannique qu'irlandaise............................................................................................................70 3. HÉRITAGE DIPLOMATIQUE ET MÉMORIEL DE L'ENGAGEMENT IRLANDAIS..72 La mise en place d'une diplomatie irlandaise en Espagne...............................................73 Leopold Kerney en Espagne, un désintérêt rapide pour la République ?..............73 La politique de neutralité du gouvernement discutée.............................................75 5 L'effort diplomatique pour sauver Frank Ryan......................................................82 Un travail de mémoire historique dans l'obscurité..........................................................85 Bob Doyle et le travail de mémoire.......................................................................87 Traces dans la chanson à texte et l'imaginaire populaire .......................................93 Un relatif oubli de la « Bandera » pro-Franco ?.....................................................97 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................101 Bibliographie.........................................................................................................................104 Sources primaires...........................................................................................................104 Sources en Archives.............................................................................................104 Livres....................................................................................................................106 Sources secondaires.......................................................................................................106 Livres....................................................................................................................106 Articles.................................................................................................................107 6 Introduction La guerre d'Espagne fut l'un des événements les plus polémiques de l'histoire européenne. Plus controversée et moins connue que la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle fait l'objet d'interprétations nettement plus clivantes. En effet, contrairement à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le camp des vaincus ne fut pas universellement condamné, et le camp franquiste victorieux dut attendre jusqu'à 1955 pour entrer dans l'Organisation des Nations Unies du fait de ses associations avec le nazisme. C'est une guerre que la classe politique espagnole a longtemps tenté d'effacer à travers des amnisties et une transition politique post-dictature fondée sur l'oubli des crimes du régime franquiste. Il reste de nombreuses plaies mal fermées et une grande amertume en Espagne, sentiment qui était partagé par les quelques vétérans irlandais qui y retournaient régulièrement. Ainsi, alors que les derniers témoins et participants meurent, la guerre d'Espagne est un élément essentiel de l'histoire européenne qui est relativement marginalisé. Le terme même de « guerre d'Espagne » utilisé en français souligne son caractère international, comme si la guerre était un prélude à la guerre mondiale sur le territoire espagnol, du fait des nombreuses participations étrangères. Cette interprétation du terme dissimule néanmoins la complexité des motivations partisanes des participants, et notamment des Irlandais : la période de la guerre d'Espagne est très instructive en ce qui concerne la consolidation des deux principaux partis irlandais, Fianna Fáil et Fine Gael, mais aussi sur les milieux de la gauche travailliste et républicaine. Moins de vingt ans après la guerre civile irlandaise, nombre de ses vétérans sont partis s'engager dans la guerre d'Espagne, et il sera intéressant d'examiner les correspondances le cas échéant entre leurs affiliations à la naissance de l'Irlande indépendante et le camp qu'ils choisirent au moment de partir en Espagne. En 7 effet, les deux principaux organisateurs des camps pro-Républicain et pro-Nationaliste, Frank Ryan et Eoin O'Duffy, ont construit leur réputation politique l'un en opposition frontale avec le nouvel État irlandais et l'autre à la tête de ses services de police. En cela, les positions prises par les figures de la scène politique irlandaise sont riches d'enseignements pour comprendre la mise en place du
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