Folia faunistica Slovaca 21 (1) 2016: 91–98 www.ffs.sk

WINTER OBSERVATION OF WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONOIDEA) ON SCOTS PINES IN BORSKÁ NÍŽINA LOWLAND (SW SLOVAKIA)

1 2 1

1 Milada Holecová , Adrianna Králiková , Katarína Hollá 1 & Miroslava Šebestová Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University,

2Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK – 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia [[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]] Department of Environmentalistics and Zoology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University, A. Hlinku 2, SK – 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia [[email protected]] Abstract: -

During two winter seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), we collect ed from branches of Scots pine trees in the Borská nížina lowland (SW- Slovakia) using beating phyllocola method. A total ofpineti 21 weevilBrachyderes species incanuswere collectedMagdalis at memnoniafive localitiesMagdalis and ten phlegmatica study plots. PinePissodes specialists castaneus were represented by six spe- cies ( , , Anthonomus, phyllocola , Brachonyx pineti Brachyderes, and incanus ). The rest of the win ter fauna were tourist species. Three eudominant pine specialistsBrachyderes ( incanus , , ) exhibited different trends in abundance duringBrachonyx the examined pineti period. The abundance of gradually rose from November until to March. On the otherAnthonomus hand, the higher phyl- locolaabundance of was observed in late autumnal and prevernal months (November and the beginning of March). Adults of hatch in early March and therefore they were not observed during late autumnal and winter months. The highest species diversity and abundance of the hibernating weevil fauna was observed in younger and middle-aged, dense- canopied forest stands. They probably provide a better opportunity to shelter in comparison with forest patches and non-canopied, free-growing trees. It is likely that increased activity of leaf-eating insects in forest canopies in the non- growingKey words: season may be a result of global warmingPinus and sylvestrisclimate change.

winter activity, weevils, Scots pine, , Borská nížina lowland, SW Slovakia, global warming, climatic change. INTRODUCTION - Pinus sylvestris living on needles or occupying a subcortical- niche. While the faunistics of several conifer spe Scots pine ( L.) is one of the most - cies have been investigated to some extent, the as widely distributed conifer species in the world, sociated fauna of pine canopies, particularly in Eu with an extensive natural range stretching from - rope, is rather poorly known. - Spain to Norway and from Scotland to Siberia (Nikolov & Helmisaari 1992). Among numer The first complex studies on arboricolous arthro ous other organisms, it hosts many insects, often pods including phyllophagous and xylophagous Holecová M, Králiková A, Hollá K & Šebestová M, 2016: Winter observation of weevils (Coleop- tera, Curculionoidea) on Scots pines in Borská nížina lowland (SW Slovakia). Folia faunistica Slovaca, 21 (1): 91–98. [in English] Received 5 September 2016 ~ Accepted 27 September 2016 ~ Published 24 October 2016

© Faunima, Bratislava, 2016 e–ISSN 1336–4529 ISSN 1335–7522 92 Holecová M et al.: Winter observation of Curculionoidea in Borská nížina lowland

Pinus sylvestris beetles on were published namely- temperature is 9 °C and annual rainfall about 550- from the western and northern Europe (Ozanne mm (Lapin et al. 2002). Study plots were visited et al. 2000, Thunes et al. 2003, 2004). Weevil as during December 2013–March 2014 and Novem semblages associated with Scots pine canopies in ber 2014–March 2015. Both of these periods of our- northern Poland were studied by Cholewicka- field study were warmer comparing with the long- - Wiśniewska (1994a, 1994b). term average (1971–2000). The average air temper Currently, the most extensive pine stands in Slova ature went up by about 3.18 °C in the first research- kia are situated on the blown sands of the Borská- period (from 2.5 °C in December 2013 to 4.5 °C in- nížina lowland as a part of the original mixed oak- March 2014) and about 2.8 °C (from 3.5 °C in No pine forests. Pine stands of the Záhorie region, re vember 2014 to 2.2 °C in March 2015) in the sec placing the original ecosystems, for the most part,- ond research period. The number of days with the play an important role in soil protection in Borská- nížina lowland. Our knowledge on Scots pine ento mofauna has been poorly published in Slovakia. On ly in the last years, from this territory there were published several faunistic and ecological papers- concerning phyllophagous and xylophagous insects living on Scots pines, namely lepidopteran and saw fly larvae, weevils and bark beetles (e.g. Holecová & Kulfan 2011, Holecová et al. 2016, Kulfan & Holecová 2010, Kulfan et al. 2011, Kupková et al. 2014, Olšovský 2007, Olšovský et al. 2013). - The winter activity of phyllophagous insects asso ciated with pine and other coniferous canopies in- Slovakia is poorly known. There are only a few data about overwintering lepidopteran and sawfly lar vae dwelling on branches of coniferous trees (e.g.- Dvořáčková & Kulfan 2009, Parák et al. 2015,- Šebestová et al. 2015, J. Kulfan et al. 2016, M. Kul fan et al. 2016). The winter activity of weevil bee tles associated with coniferous canopies has not yet been studied. ■ The aims of our study are to: characterize the structure of hibernating weevil ■assemblages associated with Scots pine canopies on the territory of the Borská nížina lowland; ■ analyze the winter weevil fauna in forest stands- Figure 1. - of different age, canopy and fragmentation as well;- find out whether there are differences in spe Study area and position of ten study plots (de cies diversity of weevils between individual for sign: Juraj Holec). ■est stands and in individual months of the winter- aspect; compare qualitative and quantitative representa tion of pine species and tourists during the winter aspect. MATERIAL AND METHODS Area description

The study of weevils was carried out in Scots pine- forests of different age and structure, growing on- the sandy soils in the Borská nížina lowland, south- western Slovakia (Tab. 1, Figs 1 and 2). The ten in vestigated study plots belong to the biotope of man aged pine forests and semi-native pine-oak forests. Figure 2. The area is warm with moderately dry climate and mild winters, whereby the average temperature in Studienka (SP 5) in the winter period 2015 January is usually above -3 °C. The average annual (photo: Katarína Hollá). Folia faunistica Slovaca 21 (1) 2016: 91–98 93

Table 1.

Study plotStudy characteristics. GPS coordinates Altitude Site Study plot characteristics plot [WGS 84] [m]

1 222 Lakšárska N 48° 34' 56,85'' About 25-year old pines free growing on sand dunes that Nová Ves E 17°10' 33.41'' gradually reach the adjacent stand about 100-year old. 2 Lakšárska N 48° 34' 54,46'' About 10-year old pines forming a dense forest stand close 218 - Nová Ves E 17° 10' 34,56'' to a canopied stand. Lakšárska N 48° 34' 51,43'' About 25-year old pines forming a forest stand wall adja 3 218 - Nová Ves E 17° 10' 22,78'' cent to a meadow. Lakšárska N 48° 34' 55,81' A dense forest stand of 15-year old pines, strongly cano 4 218 Nová Ves E 17° 9' 52,23'' pied and without contact with open landscape. N 48° 32' 25,65'' About 100-year old pines forming a stand with grassy Studienka 5 218 E 17° 8' 29,88'' undergrowth and surrounded by a meadow.

N 48° 32' 16,49'' About 15-year old pines growing in irregular clusters with Studienka 6 218 E 17° 8' 15,03'' grassy undergrowth. -

N 4 8 ° 3 2 ' 3 0 , 7 3 ' ' The youngest study plot with 5-year old pine trees, cano Studienka 7 219 E 17° 8' 13,49'' pied and strongly insolated. N 48° 20' 3'' About 60-year old forest with grassy undergrowth and Lozorno 8 166 E 17° 0,00' 56,1'' surrounded by agricultural land. N 4 8 ° 2 3 ' 1 6 , 5 ' ' About 8-year old Scotch pines forming a strongly canopied Pernek 9 203 E 17° 6' 10,7'' forest stand without grassy undergrowth. About 10-year old pines forming a canopied forest stand Moravský N 48° 33' 52,4'' 10 159 wall, on one side surrounded by an forest path and on the Svätý Ján E 16° 59' 54,1'' other side by 80-100-year old forests.

- average temperatures below freezing point was- 1977, Spellerberg & Fedor 2003). All the couples the highest in January 2014 and February 2015 (9- of Shannon-Wiener’s diversity indices were com days). Meteorological data (according to measure pared with a t-test, to see if they are significantly ments of the station Moravský Svätý Ján) were pro different (Poole 1974). The weevil assemblages of vided by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute individual study plots and months of a field study Sampling weevils in Bratislava (Figs 3 and 4). were compared by non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) using computer programs NCLAS- (Podani 1993) and STATISTICA (StatSoft Inc 2001). Weevil adults were sampled monthly by beating The analyses were based on Bray-Curtis dissimilar from Scots pine branches at heights of 1–3 m above ity index (Bray & Curtis 1957, Faith et al. 1987). the ground, using a beating tray with a diameter The diversity of weevil assemblages was computed of 1 m. One sample consisted of weevils that had using the program PAST (Hammer et al. 2001). dropped into the beating tray from a total of 20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION branches which were 1 m long each. In total, ten- Hibernating assemblages samples (200 branches) were taken every month- from each study plot. The weevil beetles were pre served in 70% ethanol and examined in the labo ratory, using a stereomicroscope Stemi 2000. The A total of 441 weevils belonging to 21 species and voucher specimens of all weevil species detected in three families were collected at ten study plots (in- the present study are deposited in the collection of the further text SP 1 – SP 10; Tab. 2). Despite the theData first analysis author. comparatively low average temperature on sev- eral sampling days, i.e. the temperatureBrachyderes did notin- canusrise above Brachonyx0 °C, all weevil pineti adults were active dur The species dominance is characterized by the- ing most of the time (Fig. 4, Tab. 2). scale proposed by Tischler (1949) and completed- and , two eudominantBrach pine- by Heydemann (1955): ED = eudominant, D = domi- yderesspecies, incanus occurred on Scots pine branches during all nant, SD = subdominant, R = recedent, SR = subrece months of the non-growing period. Adults of dent. The indices of Shannon-Wiener (H’, using nat Brachonyx pineti are feeding on pine needles; their ural logarithm of a number), Pielou (e) and Simpson larvae are root-eating. Both the adults and larvae (c) were used as the alpha diversity indices (Odum of live and feed on pine needles 94 Holecová M et al.: Winter observation of Curculionoidea in Borská nížina lowland

Table 2.

The cumulative number of weevil species collected at ten study plots (SP 1 – SP 10) during our field study. % – dominance; CD – category of dominance: ED – eudominant, D – dominant, R – recedent, SR – subrecedent; BIO – bionomic groups: P – pine species, T – tourist species. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Σ % CD BIO Apionidae Catapion pubescens 1 1 Catapion seniculus (Kirby, 1811) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Ceratapion gibbirostre 1 1 (Kirby, 1808) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.68 SR T Oxystoma craccae 1 1 (Gyllenhal, 1813) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Perapion curtirostre (Linnaeus, 1767) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Nanophyidae (Germar, 1817) 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.68 SR T Nanophyes marmoratus 1 1 (Goeze, 1777) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Anthonomus phyllocola 11 Brachonyx pineti 2 1 1 1 121 (Herbst, 1795) 6 18 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 21.77 ED P Brachyderes incanus 1 22 (Paykull, 1792) 17 23 33 31 9 3 27.44 ED P Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus 1 1 (Linnaeus, 1758) 0 9 7 15 13 6 34 46 153 34.69 ED P Dorytomus ictor 1 2 (Marsham, 1802) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 16 26 5.90 D T Dorytomus melanophthalmus 1 1 (Herbst, 1795) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.68 SR T Gymnetron rostellum 2 R (Paykull, 1792) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Gymnetron stimulosum 1 1 2 (Herbst, 1795) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 1.36 T Magdalis memnonia 1 2 (Germar, 1821) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.91 SR T Magdalis phlegmatica 1 2 1 R (Gyllenhal, 1837) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.68 SR P Pissodes castaneus 1 1 (Herbst, 1797) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1.59 P Rhinusa antirrhini 2 R (De Geer, 1775) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR P Rhinusa hispida 1 1 (Paykull, 1800) 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1.36 T Sitona macularius 1 1 2 (Brullé, 1832) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 SR T Sitona suturalis 1 1 (Marsham, 1802) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.45 SR T (Stephens, 1831) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,23 SR T

- (Scherf 1964). According to DieckmannAnthonomus (1980, phyllocola1988), adults of two aforementioned weevils over winter in the forest soil and leaf litter. , the third eudominant pine specialist, was recorded only in early March (at study plots in surroundings of Lakšárska Nová Ves village; SP 1 – Figure 3. SP 4). Its larvae develop in the male flower of Scots - Long-term average monthly temperatures pines, and adults can frequently be found feeding (1971–2000) and average monthly temperatures in exa- on current-year foliage in stands 10 years old and- mined months and years of the research (according to older (Lindelöw & Björkman 2001). According to the measurements of the meteorological station in Mo our observations, this weevil species strongly pre ravský Svätý Ján). ferred middle-aged canopies (SP 3). At the study sites, from 3 to 9 weevil species were- recorded. The highest diversity of overwintering species was observed in 8-years old, strong cano pied Scots pine forest without contact with an open- landscape (SP 9) (Table 3). On the other hand, the highest number of weevil individuals were ob- served in middle-aged, strongly canopied forests Figure 4. - with or without contact with the non-forest envi ronment (SP 2 – SP 4). The number of days with an average tempe rature below freezing point in individual months of our In individual months of the non-growing season field study. from 4 (January) to 14 species (March) were found. Folia faunistica Slovaca 21 (1) 2016: 91–98 95

- The weevil assemblages were the most diversified- March and therefore its adults were not observed in early spring (March). There is a highly signifi duringFaunistic late data autumnal and winter months. cant difference (P < 0.001, t-test) between the di versity of this assemblage (H’ = 1.703, 14 spp.) and the assemblage diversities in the late autumnal and Note: Weevil species living and feeding on Scots pines are highlighted in bold. winter months (Tab. 4). Catapion pubescens The weevil assemblages of individual study plots Apionidae ♂ (Kirby, 1811) and months of our field study were compared by Catapion seniculus SP 2: 5.12.2014, 1 . non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). The- ♂ ♂ (Kirby, 1808) scatter of the study site assemblages based on Bray- Ceratapion gibbirostre SP 2: 21.11.2014, 1 , 5.12.2014, 2 . Curtis dissimilarity showed two groups of commu ♀. nities. The first one is formed by assemblages of (Gyllenhal, 1813) Anthonomus phyllocola Bra- Oxystoma craccae five study sites (SP 1 – SP 5) with a predominance SP 10: 6.3.2014, 1 chonyx pineti ♀ of pine specialists and (Linnaeus, 1767) Perapion curtirostre . The second, different group on the SP 6: 20.11.2014, 1 . diagram consists of assemblages of the rest study ♀ Brachyderes incanus (Germar, 1817) plots (SP 6 – SP 10) with higher abundance of pine SP 6: 20.11.2014, 2 . monophage (Tab. 2, Fig. 5). - Nanophyes marmoratus - Nanophyidae ♀ Non-metric multidimensional scaling also con (Goeze, 1777) firmed the strong difference between weevil as- SP 1: 17.1.2014, 1 . semblages of the late autumn (November), early Anthonomus phyllocola (Herbst, 1795) Curculionidae spring (March), and winter months (December, Jan ♂ ♀ ♂, uary, February) (Fig. 6). ♀ ♂ ♂ ♀ SP 1: 15.3.2014,♀ 2 4 , SP 2: ♂ 15.3.2014,♀ 13 The winter weevil fauna is represented by two 4 , 19.3.2015, 1 , SP 3: 15.3.2014, 33 , 27 , Brachonyx pineti (Paykull, 1792) groups of species – pine specialists and tourists 19.3.2015, 1 , SP 4: 15.3.2014, 4 , 7 . - ♂ ♀ ♀ which find shelter in dense pine canopies. With the ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ exception of early spring (March) the pine special SP 1:♀ 21.11.2014, 2♂ , 6♀ , 5.12.2014, 1 , 15.3.2014,♂ ♀ ists predominated qualitatively and quantitatively 2 , 6 , SP 2: 21.11.2014, 2 , 3 , 5.12.2014, 2 , Anthonomus ♂ ♀ ♂ as well (Tab. 2, Fig. 7). 10 , 15.3.2014, 5 , 1 , SP 3: 21.11.2014, 2 , 2 , phyllocola Brachonyx pineti Brachyderes incanus ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♀ Three eudominant pine specialists ( 15.3.2014,♂ ♀ 23 , 4 , 19.3.2015,♀ 1 , SP 4: 21.11.2014,♂ ♀ 1 , 5 , 15.1.2015, 3 , 9 , 19.2.2015, 1 , 15.3.2014, , , Brachy)- ♀ ♀ 7 , 3 , 19.3.2015, 2 , SP 5: 20.11.2014, 3 , 5 , deresexhibited incanus different trends in abundance during the ♀ ♀ ♂ examined period (Fig. 8). The abundance of 20.3.2015, ♂ 1 , SP 6: 20.11.2014,♀ 1 , 11.3.2014,♂ 2 , SP 7: 20.11.2014, 1 , SP 8: 10.3.2015, 1 , SP 9: Brachonyx graduallypineti rose from November until- Brachyderes incanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 7.3.2014, 1 , 21.3.2015, 1 , SP 10: 18.3.2015, 1 . to March. On the other hand, the higher abundance ♂ ♀ ♂ of Anthonomus was phyllocola observed in late autum ♀ ♀ ♂ nal and prevernal months (November and early SP 2: 20.2.2014, 1 , 3 , 21.11.2014, 1 , 5.12.2014, March). emerges in early 2 , 15.3.2014, 1 , 19.3.2015, 1 , SP 3: 15.3.2014,

Figure 5. Figure 6. - Results of nMDS analysis based on Bray-Curtis Results of nMDS analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance showing dissimilarity of weevil assemblages in in distance showing dissimilarity of weevil assemblages in dividual study plots. Numbers of study plots – see in Table 1. individual months of the non-growing season. 96 Holecová M et al.: Winter observation of Curculionoidea in Borská nížina lowland

Table 3.

Species diversity test and basic coenological characteristics of weevil assemblages at ten study plots during- our field study. Σ spp. – total number of species, Σ ind.– total number of individuals, c – Simpson’s index of dominance, e – Pielou’s index of eq uitability, H′ – Shannon-Wiener ’s index of diversity; Div. comp. – diversity comparison: t-test values are under the diagonal and degrees of freedom are above the diagonal. Significance levels: *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, ns not significant). Numbers of the study plots see in the Table 1. Study 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 plot

Σ spp. 5 7 3 6 5 4 3 7 9 5

Σ ind. 28 59 101 61 14 28 15 20 65 50

c 0.69 0.765 0.778 0.695 0.701 0.531 0.442 0.8 0.659 0.242

e 0.4291.11 1.4880.276 0.8550.476 1.2450.353 1.1280.449 0.7360.635 0.4850.76 1.5570.27 1.4470.343 0.8480.39

H′Div. comp. 1

2 0 49.757 34.532 49.729 25.427 55.567 30.644 43.149 64.34 65.495

1.876ns 0 94.507 119.953 18.454 46.306 21.446 31.527 118.524 92.675

3 1.41ns 5.27*** 0 97.764 15.286 33.443 16.85 23.332 87.861 65.213

4 0.667ns 1.636ns 3.25** 0 18.429 46.263 21.411 31.478 119.441 93.016

5 0.053ns 1.24ns 0.983ns 0.403ns 0 27.455 28.109 27.9 21.881 23.207

6 1.471ns 3.494*** 0.605ns 2.364* 1.186ns 0 33.053 45.242 59.093 61.088

7 2.15* 3.898*** 1.53ns 2.953** 1.791ns 0.836ns 0 32.248 26.446 28.253

8 1.682ns 0.301ns 3.333** 1.369ns 1.269ns 2.972** 3.457** 0 40.229 42.671

9 1.529ns 0.236ns 3.958*** 1.167ns 1.051ns 3.052** 3.532** 0.448ns 0 110.059

10 3.164** 6.002*** 2.903** 4.676*** 2.382* 1.445ns 0.343ns 4.635*** 5.195*** 0

Table 4.

Species diversity test and basic coenological characteristics of weevil assemblages in individual months of- the field study (November – March) at ten study plots together. Σ spp. – total number of species, Σ ind. – total number of individuals, c – Simpson’s index of dominance, e – Pielou’s index of eq uitability, H’ – Shannon-Wiener’s index of diversity; Div. comp. – diversity comparison: t-test values are under the diagonal and degrees of freedom are above the diagonal. Significance levels: *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05, ns not significant. November December January February March

Σ spp. 6 6 4 7 14

Σ ind. 42 37 40 42 276

c 0.6304 0.3616 0.5138 0.6995 0.2378

e 0.82540.3805 0.57341.236 0.82560.5708 0.74190.3 0.39231.703

H′Div. comp. -

November 77.352- 72.691 83.375 51.787

December 1.753ns 73.216- 75.114 50.483

January 0.001ns 2.1478* 69.232- 61.877

February 0.31ns 1.999* 0.359ns 50.173-

March 4.5784*** 2.9383** 6.456*** 4.6342*** Folia faunistica Slovaca 21 (1) 2016: 91–98 97

♀ ♀ ♂ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♂ ♀ 5 , 19.3.2015,♀ 2 , SP 4: 21.11.2014,♂ 1 ♀, 15.3.2014, 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 5.12.2014, 2 ♂, 15.1.2015,♀ 2 , 4 ♀, SP 5: 16.1.2014, 1 ♀, SP 6: 16.1.2014,♀ 1 , 4 , 18.2.2014,♀ 3 , 6 , 11.3.2014,♂ 1 , 5 , 20.2.2015,♀ 2 , SP ♀7: 18.2.2014, 3♂ , ♀ 11.3.2014, 2 , 20.11.2014,♀ 2 , ♂8.12.2014, 1 ♀ , 16.1.2014, 2 , ♂ 20.2.2015,♀ 1 , 20.3.2015,♂ ♀ 1 , 1 , SP♂ 8, 19.1.2014,♀ 2 , 15.2.2014,♂ 1 ♀, 5.3.2014, 3 ♂, SP 9:♀ 28.12.2013, 5 ♂, 2 ♀, 23.1.2014, 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 7.3.2014, 6 , 10♂ , ♀SP 10: 23.1.2014,♂ 1 ,♀ 2 , 6.3.2014, 4♂ , ♂6 , 21.2.2014, 7 , 9 , 7.3.2014, 4 , 5 , 22.1.2015, 3 , 1 , 27.2.2015, 2 , 1 , Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus 18.3.2015, 4 , 3 . ♀ ♂ ♀ ♀ (Marsham,♂ 1802)♀ SP 1: 19.3.2015,♂ 1 , SP 8: 15.2.2014, 1 , 5.3.2014, Figure 7. - 1 , 10.3.2015, 6 , SP 9: 7.3.2014, 6 , 10 , SP 10: Dorytomus ictor 21.2.2014, 1 . Cumulative proportion of pine and tourist spe ♀ ♂ (Herbst, 1795) cies in individual months of the field study based on the Dorytomus melanophthalmus number of species and individuals. SP 8: 10.3.2015, 1 , SP 9: 7.3.2014, 2 . ♂ (Paykull, 1792) Gymnetron rostellum SP 2: 5.12.2014, 1 . ♂ ♂ (Herbst, 1795) Gymnetron stimulosum SP 5: 11.3.2014, 1 , SP 9: 7.3.2014, 1 . ♂ ♂ (Germar, 1821) Magdalis memnonia (Gyllenhal, 1837) SP 8: 5.3.2014, 1 , SP 9: 7.3.2014, 1 . ♀ Magdalis phlegmatica (Herbst, 1797) Figure 8. - SP 9: 19.1.2015, 1 . ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂ ♂ The occurrence of three eudominant pine spe SP 1: 15.3.2014, 2 , 1 , SP 4: 20.2.2014, 1 , SP 5: cies in individual months of the non-growing season. Pissodes castaneus (De Geer, 1775) 11.3.2014, 2 , SP 9: 21.3.2015, 1 . ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂ ♀ to winter climate change. Impacts on individual SP 2: 21.11.2014, 1 , 5.12.2014, 2 , 15.3.2014, 1 , Rhinusa antirrhini species will propagate through ecosystems, and SP 4: 20.2.2014, 1 , 15.3.2014, 1 . ♀ ♀ the role of winter in modifying these interactions (Paykull, 1800) Rhinusa hispida must be considered when predicting the ecological SP 8: 10.3.2015, 2 , SP 9: 7.3.2014, 2 . ♂ impacts of climate change (Wiliams et al. 2015). (Brullé, 1832) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Sitona macularius SP 5: 18.2.2014, 1 . ♀ ♀ - (Marsham, 1802) Sitona suturalis - SP 7: 20.3.2015, 1 , SP 10: 18.3.2015, 1 . This study was published with the financial sup ♂ - (Stephens, 1831) port of VEGA (Scientific Grant Agency of the Minis SP 4: 15.3.2014, 1 . try of Education and the Slovak Academy of Scienc - es), grant number 1/0066/13 and 2/0035/13. We The results of our preliminary study pose several greatly acknowledge Juraj Holec for his help with questions. Is the present stage of knowledge con the map design in ArcGIS application software. cerning the leaf-eating activity in the non-- REFERENCES growing season sufficient in Central Europe? Is the- increasing winter activity of insects a normal phe - nomenon or it is a result of global warming and cli Ecological - BrayMonographs JR & Curtis JT, 1957: An ordination of upland for matic change? Responses to winter conditions are est communities of southern Wisconsin. not isolated from growing-season responses to cli- , 27: 325–349. DOI: 10.2307/1942268. mate. Therefore it is important to investigate the - Cholewicka-Wiśniewska K, 1994a:Fragmenta The structure Faunistica of impacts of winter on performance, fitness and biot- weevil communities (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) of ic interactions in the context of growing-season bi selected Polish pine forests. , ology. We suggest that an opportunity exists to ex 36: 397–438. tend existing long-term studies of growing-season Cholewicka-Wiśniewska K,Fragmenta 1994b: Communities Faunistica of biology to incorporate the effects of winter. At the weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Polish pine population and community levels, inter- and intra- forests of different age. , 36: specific interactions strongly influence responses 442–457. 98 Holecová M et al.: Winter observation of Curculionoidea in Borská nížina lowland

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