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Christmas Tree Pest Manual

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Christmas Tree Pest Manual Christmas Tree Pest Manual United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Michigan State Univrsity Extension Bulletin E-2676 Table of Contents Order Your Own Hardcopy Acknowledgments First Edition: This manual was originally developed as part of a Forest Service technology transfer designed to get research findings off the shelf and into the hands of people who need them. A team of scientists and pest specialists worked with a writer/editor to summarize and compile more than 10 years of research on Christmas tree pests and their control. Much of this research was conducted at the North Central Forest Experiment Station, headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota. The first edition of this manual was published in 1983. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/index.htm (1 of 2)12/6/2004 3:18:38 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual Contributors to the first edition from the station were: Thomas H. Nicholls, Principal Plant Pathologist; Louis F. Wilson, Principal Insect Ecologist; Darroll D. Skilling, Principal Plant Pathologist; and Marguerita A. Palmer, Associate Plant Pathologist. Contributors from Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry were: M. Kathryn Robbins, Plant Pathologist; and Peter A. Rush, Entomologist. Advisors to the Working Group included: Roger W. Leonard, Assistant Director for Research Planning and Application, North Central Forest Experiment Station; Robert D. Wray, Leader, Information Services, North Central Forest Experiment Station; James B. Hanson, State and Private Forestry Field Representative, Forest Pest Management; and Harold G. Marx, Technology Application Specialist, Washington Office, State and Private Forestry. Janine M. Benyus edited the first edition. The following people reviewed the first edition: Michael R. Carroll, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Gordon R. Cunningham, University of Wisconsin; Patricia E. Gowen, Missouri Department of Conservation; Melvin R. Koelling, Michigan State University; William Merrill, Jr., Pennsylvania State University; Daniel G. Mosher, Michigan Department of Natural Resources; David J. Shetlar, Pennsylvania State University; Gary A. Simmons, Michigan State University; and the following members of the Minnesota Christmas Tree Growers Association: Charles O. Bork, Roger W. Conklin, John W. Donelson, Kenneth E. Goserud, Brad L.R. Johnson, and Thomas Wolcyn. Second Edition: In 1997 and 1998, the manual was intensively reviewed by entomologists and pathologists at Michigan State University, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the North Central Forest Experiment Station. New information acquired from recent research was added. Minor changes in the format were made to make it easier for readers to use the manual. One important change is that pesticide products have not been included in the new edition. Product registrations vary among states and change frequently, and new products become available each year. Readers are encouraged to consult county Extension offices, regulatory agencies, and regional or state Extension publications for up-to-date pesticide information. Contributors to the second edition are: Deborah McCullough, Michigan State University; Steven Katovich, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry; Mike Ostry, North Central Forest Experiment Station; Jane Cummings-Carlson, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Glenn Dudderar, Michigan State University; Paula Kleintjes, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire; Mike Albers and Jana Albers, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; and Frank Sapio, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The assistance provided by Alice Kenady, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, is gratefully acknowledged. Funding and support to revise and print the second edition was provided through the cooperation of Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, the North Central Forest Experiment Station, and Michigan State University. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/index.htm (2 of 2)12/6/2004 3:18:38 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual - Table of Contents Front Cover Index A Index B How To Use This Manual/Introduction What is a Pest? A Pest Management Primer Symptoms and Signs of Tree Injury Where to Get Help How to Submit Materials for Identification How to Identify and Control Pests: Needle Discoloration Air Pollution Inury Balsam Fir Needle Rust Balsam Gall Midge Balsam Twig Aphid Brown Spot Needle Blight Cyclaneusma Needlecast Dothistroma Needle Blight Drought Injury Eriophyid Mites Fall Needle Drop Herbicide Injury Lirula Needlecast Lophodermium Needlecast Naemacyclus Needlecast (see Cyclaneusma Needlecast) Pine Needle Rust Pine Needle Scale Pine Thrips Rhabdocline Needlecast Rhizosphaera Needle Blight of Firs Rhizosphaera Needlecast of Spruce Salt Injury Spruce Needle Rusts Spruce Spider Mite Swiss Needlecast Winter Injury http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/tbl_contents.html (1 of 10)12/6/2004 3:18:40 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual - Table of Contents Needle Feeding Bagworm European Pine Sawfly Grasshoppers Gypsy Moth Introduced Pine Sawfly Jack Pine Budworm Pine Chafer (Anomala Beetle) Pine Needle Midge Pine Tube Moth Pine Tussock Moth Redheaded Pine Sawfly Spruce Budworm Spruce Needleminers Webworms Shoot/Branch Injury Adana Tip Moth Aphids Broom Rust of Fir Cytospora Canker (see Leucostoma Canker) Deer Diplodia Shoot Blight and Canker (see Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight) Eastern Pine Shoot Borer European Pine Shoot Moth Frost Injury Gremmeniella Canker (see Scleroderris Canker) Jack Pine Tip Beetle Leucostoma Canker Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Northern Pine Weevil Pales Weevil Pine Grosbeak Pine Root Tip Weevil Pine Shoot Beetle Pine Spittlebug Pine Tortoise Scale Porcupine Saratoga Spittlebug Scleroderris Canker Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight and Canker http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/tbl_contents.html (2 of 10)12/6/2004 3:18:40 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual - Table of Contents Spruce Bud Scale White Pine Blister Rust White Pine Weevil Shoot/Branch Galls Cedar-Apple Rust Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Gall Rusts Northern Pitch Twig Moth Dead Tree and Stem/Root Injury Allegheny Mound Ant Armillaria Root Rot Gopher (See Pocket Gopher or Thirteen-Lines Ground Squirrel) Meadow Vole and Pine Vole Mouse (see Meadow Vole) Phytophthora Root Rot Pine Bark Adelgid Pine Root Collar Weevil Pine Wood Nematode Pocket Gopher Rabbit and Hare Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel White Grubs Wood Borers and Bark Beetles Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker Zimmerman Pine Moth Pesticide Use What You Should Know About Pesticides Types Names Formulations Labeling Toxicity Exposure Entry Routes http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/tbl_contents.html (3 of 10)12/6/2004 3:18:40 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual - Table of Contents Guidelines for Safe Use of Pesticides Selecting Pesticides Planning Keeping Pesticides Out of Groundwater Protect Nontarget Organisms Pesticide Emergency Transporting Pesticides Storing Pesticides Handling and Mixing Pesticides Appying Pesticides Handling and Disposing of Pesticide Containers Cleaning Pesticide Application Equipment Unused and Unwanted Pesticides Spills Worker Protection Standard Keeping Records Endangered Species Act 134 SARA Title III Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act Pesticide Poisoning Poisoning Symptoms Emergency Action First Aid Poison Control Centers References General Technical Common Name Scientific Name http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/xmastree/tbl_contents.html (4 of 10)12/6/2004 3:18:40 AM Christmas Tree Pest Manual - Table of Contents Pests Adana tip moth Rhyacionia adana Heinrich Allegheny mound ant Formica exsectoides Forel aphids (also see spotted pine aphid; Cinara spp. xx white pine aphid) Anomala beetle-see pine chafer Armillaria spp. Armillaria root rot Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) bagworm Uredinopsis spp. and Milesina spp. balsam fir needle rust Paradiplosis tumifex Gagne balsam gall midge Mindarus abietinus Koch balsam twig aphid Melampsorella caryophyllacearum J. Schrot broom rust of fir Mycosphaerella dearnessii M.E. Barr brown spot needle blight Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae xxSchwein cedar-apple rust Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) Cooley spruce gall adelgid Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, xxPeredoand Cyclaneusma needlecast (=Naemacyclus) Minter Cytospora canker (=Valsa canker) - see Odocoileus virginianus Miller xxLeucostoma canker deer Diplodia shoot blight and canker-see Mycosphaerella pini Rostr. xxSphaeropsis shoot blight Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex. Shirai, Dothistroma needle blight Eucosma gloriola Heinrich eastern gall rust Adelges abietis L. Setoptus spp. eastern pine shoot borer Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) eastern spruce gall adelgid Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermuller) eriophyid mites Melanoplus spp. European pine sawfly Epinotia nanana (Treitschke) European pine shoot moth grasshoppers Lymantria dispar L. green spruce needleminer Lepus americanus Erxleben Gremmeniella canker-see Scleroderris canker Diprion similis (Hartig) gypsy moth Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman hare, snowshoe Conopthorus banksianae McPherson introduced pine sawfly Dichomeris marginella (Fabricius) jack pine budworm Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.:Fr.) Munk jack pine tip beetle Lirula nervata (Darker) Darker juniper webworm Lirula mirabilis (Darker) Darker Leucostoma canker
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