Lagos Climate Action Plan

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LAGOS CLIMATE ACTION PLAN

Second Five Year Plan 2020 – 2025

i LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT

SECOND FIVE YEAR CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2020 - 2025

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER RESOURCES

SUPPORTED BY :

ii Table of Contents

Governor’s Foreword v Honourable Commissioner’s Foreword vi C40 Executive Director’s Foreword vii Goodwill Message From Civil Society Organisations viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x

CHAPTER 1 | FRAMING CLIMATE ACTION 1

1.1 Lagos Urban Context 2 1.1.1People & Place 3 1.1.1.1 Future Trends 3 1.1.1.2 Federal Climate Change Context 3 1.1.2 Mitigation Component 4 1.1.2.1 Adaptation Component 5 1.1.3 Climate Change in Lagos 6 1.1.3.1 Mitigation Programme 6 1.1.3.2 Adaptation Programme 6 1.1.4 Aims of the CAP 7 1.1.5 Stakeholder engagement 7

CHAPTER 2 | ADAPTING TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 9

2.1 Climate Risk Assessment 10 2.2 Climate hazards 10 2.3 Vulnerability assessment 10 2.4 Adaptation Strategy 12 2.5 Existing policies and plans 12 2.6 Strategy development 13

CHAPTER 3 | REDUCING GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 15

3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions inventory 16 3.2 Lagos’ greenhouse gas emissions profile 17 3.3 Greenhouse gas emissions from stationary energy in Lagos 18 3.4 Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation in Lagos 19 3.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from waste in Lagos 19 3.6 Benchmarking Lagos’ emissions 20 3.7 Projecting emissions and setting reduction targets to 2050 20 3.8 Emission reduction scenarios 22 3.9 Lagos Climate Action Plan 23

CHAPTER 4 | INTERGRATED PLAN OF ACTION 24

4.1 Climate change mitigation 25 Waste Transport Energy iii 4.2 Climate Adaptation & Resilience 25 Prioritised adaptation actions Goal 1: Resilient ecosystem Goal 2: Flood-proof Lagos Goal 3: Political flexibility and responsiveness Goal 4: Social inclusion of vulnerable groups Goal 5: Developing an adaptive and resilient transport network

CHAPTER 5 | CLIMATE GOVERNANCE AND FINANCING IMPLEMENTATION 67

5.1 City Governance Structure 68 5.2 Proposed structure of the State Climate Change Council 68 5.3 Proposed structure of the State Climate Change Forum 68 5.4 Proposed structure of the Secretariat 69 5.5 Gender Mainstreaming 70 5.5.1 Sources of funding and financing for climate action 70 5.5.2 Human resources in leading CAP agencies 73

CHAPTER 6 | MONITORING & EVALUATING IMPACT 76

CHAPTER 7 | OPPORTUNITIES TO GO FURTHER 79

7.1 Acknowledgements 81 7.2 Acronyms 83

iv GOVERNOR’S FOREWORD

limit the global average temperature increase to below 1.50C. The Lagos State CAP, which I am proud to be associated with, has been produced to assist Lagos State in tackling its climate change challenges. This document was produced by Lagos State officials with support from C40 Cities and its team of international consultants, through a rigorous and painstaking research and data gather- ing exercise involving key stakeholders from different levels of government, non-governmental organisations, the private sector, the informal sector and other grass-root organisations. Climate change and its adverse effects form the gravest environmental threat This document reveals that the majority the world is currently facing. As a highly of Lagos’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- vulnerable coastal state with a grow- sions are generated in three key sectors: ing population, Lagos State must act to energy, waste and transport. It defines mitigate the impacts of climate change detailed emissions reduction actions and protect its fragile ecosystems and that, if fully implemented, will lead to a populations in low-lying areas. zero-carbon Lagos by the year 2050.

It is against this background that Lagos The actions and targets presented in State signed up to the C40 Cities this Climate Action Plan are ambitious, Climate Leadership Groups’ Deadline but I have no doubt that by harnessing 2020 programme in 2018. Under this the spirit of Lagos, we can deliver its programme, Lagos joined C40 Cities goals. around the world in committing to the development and implementation of an I therefore wish to use this opportunity inclusive and ambitious Climate Action to call on every Lagosian, all relevant Plan (CAP) in line with the goals of the stakeholders, especially those in the Paris Agreement, that will result in a energy, waste, transport, building, agri- zero-carbon Lagos by year 2050. culture and health sectors and also the informal communities to support this Prior to its current work with C40, Lagos Action Plan in the interest of the sur- had developed a Climate Change Policy vival and prosperity of Lagos State. and Action Plan with support from United Nations Development Program Together we can build the Lagos of our (UNDP). As part of its CAP Programme, dreams! C40 Cities provided significant technical expertise to align the previously Mr. Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu developed Climate Action Plan with the Governor, Lagos State ambitions of the Paris Agreement to v HONOURABLE COMMISSIONER’S FOREWORD

inclusive, ambitious and Paris Agreement- compliant Climate Action Plan (CAP) by 2020. The Lagos CAP was developed through the painstaking efforts of relevant stakeholders and technical experts from C40 Cities. It incor- porates and builds on the National Policy on Climate Change, as well as the State’s Climate Change Policy and Adaptation Strategy. The development of this CAP marks another milestone in the Lagos State Government’s efforts to address climate change vulnerability in a strategic and coherent manner that is unprec- edented in the country.

Through the CAP, the State will advance and accelerate the implementation of its adaptation and mitigation efforts. The Plan will equip Lagos State to take decisive and For the past 10 years, the Lagos State impact-oriented action to address the devel- Government has made tremendous and con- opment challenges it faces in the pursuit of certed efforts to integrate climate change sustainable low-carbon and climate-resilient action into its development agenda. These socio-economic development. efforts were initiated in recognition of the State’s high vulnerability to the impacts of The Action Plan promotes people-centred climate change. development and will ensure that Lagos State’s climate change actions support its develop- Lagos State has further demonstrated its ment goals. Besides the State Climate Change commitment to mainstreaming climate Policy and the National Climate Change Policy change considerations into its development and Response Strategy of 2012, the CAP also planning through its organisation of annual draws on the recommendations of the docu- International Summits on Climate Change ment “Towards a Lagos State Climate Change in seven consecutive years. (2009 -2015) Adaptation Strategy”. This document pres- Each of these Summits has resulted in a ents an integrated and systematic approach communiqué with suggested initiatives and to reducing vulnerabilities to climate change, interventions that need to be developed and promoting sustainability and increasing implemented to reduce the state’s vulnera- the well-being of the people of the State. bility to the impacts of climate change. The State has integrated the recommendations of I wish to use this opportunity to commend our the first five communiqués into a State Plan team of in-house climate change experts, C40 of Action that guided its approach to climate Cities and their consultants, relevant minis- change up until 2020. tries, departments and agencies, civil society groups and the informal sectors for their This plan of action, however, was devel- tireless efforts to ensure the successful developed before the Paris Agreement on Climate opment of this document. I have no doubt in Change came into effect. It thus needed to be my mind that the successful implementation revised and updated to make it compliant with of this action plan will lead to a safer, more the Paris Agreement’s goals. It also lacked resilient, inclusive and carbon neutral Lagos Agreement-compliant action plans, such as by 2050. an emissions inventory, emissions scenarios and a climate risk assessment.To address Tunji Bello this gap, the State Government signed up to Commissioner for the Environment and C40 Cities’ Deadline 2020, committing to the Water Resources development and implementation of an June, 2021. vi C40 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S FOREWORD

The actions prioritized in this plan have been selected through a rigorous stakeholder engagement process, drawing on the best available scientific climate evidence. The actions in the plan have undergone extensive review by C40 global experts and granted unconditional approval attesting to the quality of the process undertaken by the Lagos administration.

I therefore wish to congratulate Lagos for joining the league of leading C40 cities that have published ambitious, inclusive, evidenced-based climate action plans that will lead to more resilient, liv- Lagos is one of the founding C40 Cities able cities for their citizens. in Africa and therefore has a rich history of demonstrating leadership and com- We look forward to continuing to mitment to climate action. The annual work with, and learn from, Lagos as International Climate Change Summit you embark on the journey of imple- which was held for 7 consecutive years menting the actions contained in this between 2009 and 2015 and has now plan. been revived by the Governor Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu led administration, MARK Watts demonstrating renewed energy in the C40 Executive Director city to showcase its commitment to ad- June, 2021 dressing the climate crisis.

vii GOODWILL MESSAGE FROM CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS

The transition to a zero-carbon econ- ensure environmental sustainability. omy requires innovative and adaptive This strategic and holistic Lagos State leadership structures. Nations and cities CAP will help the state to define a green face a range of severe environmental growth pathway. and development challenges that are exacerbated by climate change, includ- The C40 Cities Climate Leadership ing the emergence of zoonotic diseases, Group is a network of the world’s largest unemployment, unsustainable growth cities, which have made ambitious com- patterns, sea level rise, droughts, pol- mitments to addressing climate change lution, biodiversity loss and wetland through Climate Action Plans. C40 degradation. To address these challenges, has provided effective support for the governments must find a balance development of a comprehensive plan between economic and social develop- that will guide Lagos City’s response to ment and environmental protection. climate change. C40’s strategic engagement has allowed cities to collaborate Lagos requires a comprehensive, coher- effectively, share knowledge and drive ent, clear, ambitious and dynamic policy meaningful, measurable and sustain- and legal framework to address cli- able action on climate change that has mate change. This framework must be infused the Africa climate agenda with a geared towards building the resilience new dynamism. and adaptive capacity of all Lagosians, so that they can cope with the effects C40 Cities has collaborated with of climate change. As it has done in the the Lagos State’s Ministry of the past 10 years, Lagos must seek to chart Environment & Water Resources in a a path towards a low-carbon economy progressive partnership to develop a that does not compromise its shortterm Climate Action Plan (CAP) for the state. competitiveness. It should also pursue The CAP aims to enhance Lagos State’s partnership opportunities with diverse resilience and sustainability while stakeholders, including through the addressing its numerous environmen- Policy Advocacy Partnership Project tal and socio-economic challenges, on Climate Change (PAPPCC), which including its high population growth facilitates the co-development of oper- rate which exerts immense pressure on ational tools and frameworks for Lagos both natural resources and infrastruc- State climate change projects. ture. It is recommended that Lagos State continue to use the C40 CAP Economic growth and development in guidelines to drive holistic stakeholder Lagos State are essential to alleviate engagement and define zero-carbon poverty, build livelihoods and improve development goals in various sectors, residents’ quality of life. However, while including agriculture, energy, mobility pursuing growth, the state must also and waste management systems.

viii The Policy Advocacy Partnership Project policymakers, academia, development on Climate Change (PAPPCC) Network practitioners, NGOs and development supports, recognises and appreciates partners to build synergetic collaboration the development of the Lagos State to drive the implementation of this plan. CAP. We appeal and recommend to

Policy Advocacy Partnership Project on Climate Change PAPPCC

ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.1 Context Lagos is one of the major economic neutrality by 2050. The aims of the hubs of West Africa and one of the CAP are aligned with the goals of the fastest growing cities in the world. It is Paris Agreement on Climate Change, situated on a low-lying coastal plane in particular the ambition to limit and over 40% of its area is covered by average global temperature rise to 1.5°C. water bodies and wetlands. More than Besides contributing to climate change half of Lagos’s 21 million residents live mitigation by reducing emissions, the in informal settlements, which ren- CAP also aims to enhance the resilience ders them highly vulnerable to the of Lagos’s population, economy and impacts of climate change. Meanwhile, infrastructure to the impacts of climate the city’s rapid growth has resulted in change. It further seeks to maximise urban sprawl, reclamation of wetlands the co-benefits of climate actions in and other natural areas for settlements, support of the State’s vision to create severe stress on the city’s infrastructure a cleaner, greener, healthier, stable and and basic service provision and growing more prosperous Lagos in the face of a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. changing climate.

In 2008, Lagos State established a The development process of the CAP dedicated climate change unit (now was underpinned by a comprehen- department) within the Ministry of the sive Stakeholder Engagement Plan Environment and Water Resources. This that aimed to raise awareness of cli- department has led the development mate challenges and solutions, collect and implementation of a range of cli- input at various stages of CAP devel- mate change plans and strategies in opment, foster broad ownership of the the State. In 2018, Lagos State signed CAP among stakeholders and ensure up to the C40 Cities Climate Leadership that wider benefits of climate action Group’s Deadline 2020 and committed are distributed equitably. Stakeholders to developing a Climate Action Plan were given the opportunity to contrib- (CAP) aligned with the goals of the ute to the CAP through workshops and Paris Agreement on Climate Change, a broad engagement campaign that with the ultimate goal of achieving included household surveys. The State carbon neutrality by 2050. The Climate is committed to keeping relevant stake- Change Department has led the devel- holders involved throughout the CAP’s opment of this CAP and will also lead its implementation. implementation.

0.2 Goals of the CAP The CAP builds on earlier climate change strategies for Lagos State to deliver a package of measures that, if implemented successfully, will set Lagos on a pathway towards carbon x 0.3 Climate risk assessment

The Lagos State Government under- took a climate risk assessment (CRA) which revealed that Lagos’s population and economy are most at risk of flooding. Flooding can occur as a result of subsidence in coastal areas, extreme precipitation events and/or sea level rise. Other significant climate risks include heatwaves, the urban heat island effect, erosion and thunderstorms.

A vulnerability assessment showed that an estimated 65% of the residents of Lagos are extremely poor and therefore highly vulnerable to climate impacts. It As the figure shows, the highest- further identified close to 7,000 infra- emitting sectors were stationary energy structure assets, buildings and other (energy generation for use in buildings and industry), transport and waste. Within features that are vulnerable to climate those sectors, energy use in manufacturing risk. The majority of these, over 6,500, & industry, energy use in residential build- with a value of more than N73 billion, ings, and on-road and off-road transport were classified as ‘Highly vulnerable’. were the largest sources of emissions. The emissions in the stationary energy sector In addition, the vulnerability assessment are particularly high due to the widespread determined that, besides infrastructure, use of diesel or petrol-powered generators. the economic sectors most at risk of Grid electricity is also a significant source of climate change impacts are tourism, emissions due to the high share of gas and due to its reliance on coastal features; oil-based generation in the national energy and agriculture, due to its sensitivity to mix. Transport emissions are the result pri- changing weather patterns. marily of petrol and diesel use in on-road vehicles. Emissions from waste arise from methane production in landfills and wastewater, and from waste burning. 0.4 Greenhouse gas emissions inventory The Lagos State Government developed 0.5 Emissions reduction a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios inventory for the year 2015, based on the GPC Protocol for Cities. It showed Based on the inventory and extensive that in 2015, Lagos State generated input from stakeholders gathered during emissions of 26,443,656 tCO2e, or 1.3 three workshops, the GHG inventory tCO2e per capita, which is similar to team developed a number of scenarios other large African cities.As the figure to project Lagos’s future emissions given shows, the highest- emitting sectors various levels of climate ambition. Under were stationary Within those sectors, the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, energy use in manufacturing & industry, which assumes continuing population and economic growth and no climate action, energy use in residential buildings, emissions are projected to triple by 2050. xi The diagram to the above shows the CAP Lagos closer to zero carbon by 2050. The scenario, which will reduce emissions conditional extended scenario will require to 45% below BAU by 2050. The State the implementation of actions which also developed a conditional extended go beyond those described in the CAP. scenario that would bring

0.6 Integrated plan of action Guided by the climate change scenarios engagement with input from various and the target of achieving net-zero climate experts. Key selection criteria carbon emissions by 2050, the CAP team included the actions’ potential to identified a series of climate actions reduce emissions quickly, their cost- to reduce emissions, build resilience effectiveness, their potential to provide and enhance the quality of life of all broader benefits for society and the Lagosians. The actions presented below environment and the State’s capacity were selected through a prioritisation and authority for their implementation. process that combined stakeholder

xii 0.7 Mitigation sites: Convert existing open dumps into sanitary landfills and capture methane to produce electricity. 0.7.1 Waste sector Waste sector emissions account for 6. Scale up biodigester use in households 25.3% of the total GHG emissions of and communities: Equip low-income Lagos State and are expected to grow communities with biodigesters to treat significantly due to population growth solid and liquid waste. and changing consumption patterns as residents’ disposable income increases. 7. Install effluent treatment plants for Wastewater emissions are also projected 50% of industrial businesses: Institute to increase as the population grows. incentives to ensure 50% of indus- Several interventions are already under- trial businesses effectively treat their way to improve waste management and wastewater. curb emissions, including the construction of new waste processing facilities, initiatives to promote recycling and the upgrading and expansion of sewers and wastewater treatment plants 0.7.2 Transport sector Transport sector emissions account The following actions are planned: for 19.6% of Lagos State’s total GHG emissions. The development of Lagos 1. Waste infrastructure development State’s public transport infrastructure strategy: Develop and implement a has not kept pace with its population comprehensive strategy to expand growth. As a result, 1 million vehicles and enhance solid waste management travel in the State every day, causing infrastructure. significant congestion and pollution.

2. Implement waste separation at source The State has already undertaken several and promote alternative uses for organ- interventions to improve Lagos’s public ics: Divert organic waste from landfill by transport infrastructure, for the benefit encouraging separation at source and of the population and to reduce emis- introducing composting technologies. sions. Projects include the expansion of the bus rapid transit (BRT) system and 3. Waste management strategies for the planning of a light rail transit (LRT) underserved communities: Implement system. composting, waste-to-energy and other waste recovery initiatives in under- The State also aims to launch new ferry served communities. routes for commuters. In addition, the State has adopted laws and policies to ban 4. Monitor, evaluate and update private certain vehicles from major highways sector participants’ (PSP) waste col- and to promote and develop infra- lection contracts: Evaluate and where structure for non-motorised transport, necessary update waste collection con- among others. tracts to double the collection rate of residential waste (to at least 90%). The following actions are planned:

5. Construct sanitary landfills with land- 8. Expansion of the BRT network in fill gas capture at existing and new Lagos, including construction of four xiii bus terminal gateway hubs: Expand and Deploying decentralised renewable improve the BRT network, including by energy installations can enhance the deploying low-emission buses, and con- reliability and climate resilience of the struct bus gateway terminals to transfer energy supply while reducing emissions. passengers from interstate buses and The National Government and Lagos private vehicles to the BRT at the edge State have adopted several policies and of the city. programmes to accelerate the uptake of renewable energy technologies. 9. Implementation of physical and spa- The following actions are planned: tial development plans that encourage low-emission development: Introduce 13. Campaign to install solar photovol- new requirements for spatial planning to taic (PV) systems at schools, hospitals promote transit-oriented development. and municipal buildings: Install solar PV systems on all schools, hospitals and 10. Adopt and implement the NMTP, municipal buildings. including improvements to ferry safety and services: Develop infrastructure and 14. Develop policies that promote introduce incentives for non-motorised decentralised renewable energy gener- transport, and expand and improve reg- ation, in collaboration with the Federal ulatory oversight of the ferry services. Government, to improve grid stability: Review and improve relevant regulations, 11. Encourage the uptake of low-emis- including the feed-in tariff regula- sion vehicles: Provide incentives and tion, to stimulate the development of invest in infrastructure to promote the the renewable energy market. uptake of ultra-low emission vehicles and impose restrictions on the use of 15. Reduce emissions in the residential high-polluting vehicles. sector by promoting the development of energy storage technologies and incen- 12. Encourage the shift of freight from tivising the deployment of micro-grids road to rail: Establish rail links between in off-grid urban communities: Develop major ports, industrial centres and air- a finance mechanism to promote the ports to allow for freight transportation accelerated uptake of small-scale energy by rail. storage and micro-grid technologies.

0.7.3 Energy sector 0.8 Adaptation Energy sector emissions account A failure to adapt to current and pro- for 55.1% of Lagos State’s total GHG jected future climate risks could have emissions. The national grid does not catastrophic consequences for Lagos’s produce enough electricity to meet the population, economy, infrastructural growing demand, which means that and natural assets, and political stabil- users have to rely on diesel generators ity. The State of Lagos has identified 5 as backup, also during power outages. goals and 26 highpotential actions that A 2013 survey found over 17,000 such together form a comprehensive strat- generators in 13,000 residential, indus- egy to reduce sensitivity, mitigate risks, trial and commercial locations. increase adaptive capacity and build resilience.

xiv Goal 1: Resilient ecosystem: Protect 11. Provide public toilets and bathrooms Lagos State’s natural resources from in each local government and local the impacts of climate change to council development; safeguard agricultural production, food security and biodiversity. 12. Strengthen Lagos’s urban renewal Actions: programme;

1. Integrate green and nature-based 13. Promote de-paving and encourage ecosystem services into hard engineer- the use of permeable surfaces. ing solutions; Goal 3: Political flexibility and respon- 2. Plant more trees to provide shade siveness: Build institutional capacity and cooling in public spaces, in mar- for evidence-based decision making in kets and along streets, and encourage support of community-level adaptation. tree-planting on private property; Actions:

3. Regenerate farm centres and explore 14. Develop institutional frameworks for urban agriculture opportunities to community involvement in developing strengthen food security. climate-resilience guidelines for newcity infrastructure; Goal 2: Flood-proof Lagos: Assess and mitigate flood risk to Lagos’s 15. Conduct a state-wide sea-level rise population, economy and infrastructure, vulnerability assessment; while protecting its water supply. Actions: 16. Engage in community-based participatory flood management; 4. Produce a city-wide flood risk map; 17. Develop coastal-zone management 5. Strengthen the State’s capacity for plans that consider community needs. the collection, analysis and dissemination of data; Goal 4: Social inclusion of vulnerable groups: Build the adaptive capacity of 6. Develop and implement a stormwater vulnerable groups in high-risk zones. drainage master plan; Actions:

7. Improve, expand and maintain the 18. Enhance public awareness of the city-wide drainage network; need for climate adaptation and improve adaptive skills and knowledge of indige- 8. Construct community wastewater nous adaptation methods; treatment plants; 19. Engage communities in planning 9. Develop an integrated waste man- processes related to their settlements agement system; in order to reduce their vulnerability to climate change; 10. Expand and protect water sources to improve Lagos’s water supply; 20. Strengthen emergency response and evacuation systems;

xv 21. Implement the Lagos state health resilience of the transport network. scheme; to prevent service disruptions due to extreme weather events. 22. Upgrade public healthcare facilities; Actions:

23. Increase access to affordable 25. Implement the Lagos State strategic housing; transport plan;

24. Scale up the implementation of 26. Expand the water transport net- the Lagos State Special Peoples Law work with increased private sector participation. Goal 5: Developing an adaptive and resilient transport network: Build the

A summary of all actions, targets and implementation timeframes can be found in the diagram below.

0.9 Climate governance and financing The Lagos State Government, headed by Governor, this commission will consist the Governor, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu, of Honourable Commissioners with is the primary driver of developmental relevant portfolios. It will be responsible change in the State. Climate action in the for overall decision making on climate State will be governed by the following change issues and for recommending three bodies: climate actions for approval by the State Executive Council. •State Climate Change Council: Chaired by His Excellency, the

xvi •State Climate Change Forum: Chaired line ministries, departments and by the Honourable Commissioner of agencies. Quantifiable indicators have the Environment and Water Resources, been proposed for each action in the this consultative forum will gather all CAP and will be adopted and finalised relevant stakeholders to put forward depending on the availability of relevant issues and concerns related to climate data. change impacts on the environment and human wellbeing.

•Climate Change Secretariat: Hosted 0.11 Opportunities to go further by the Office of Environmental Services in the State Ministry of the Environment Though implementation of the actions and Water Resources, the Secretariat in this CAP will significantly reduce will manage the activities of the other Lagos State’s emissions while building bodies and serve as a clearinghouse for its resilience and contributing to the all knowledge and materials relating to wellbeing and prosperity of its pop- climate change in the state. ulation, they are not yet sufficient to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The Further governance and financing conditional extended scenario identifies considerations: further interventions through which the State can achieve this goal: •The State is committed to gender mainstreaming as an integral part of 1. Electrifying industrial operations; all of the planning and execution of its climate change initiatives. •In order to 2. Separating wet and dry waste, with fund CAP implementation, the State will widespread composting or organic commit internal funding as well as seek waste reuse; external financing, including through public-private partnerships (PPPs). 3. Stabilising the electricity grid to completely eliminate diesel generators; •A range of state ministries, departments and agencies will be involved in CAP 4. Powering the grid with grid-con- implementation. The State has clearly nected distributed renewable energy; defined their roles and undertaken an assessment of the additional human 5. Revising energy-efficient building resources required for effective climate codes to drive the adoption of efficient action. appliances and technologies;

6. Reduce deforestation as a result of urban demand for forestry products. 0.10 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting The State of Lagos will base the CAP monitoring, evaluation and reporting framework on Nigeria’s existing system, which comprises an Inter-Ministerial Committee that sources data from government and private sector entities and receives reports from all xvii CHAPTER 1

Framing Climate Action 1.1 Lagos Urban Context

Lagos State is located in the south- Epe (jointly known as IBILE). These five western region of Nigeria (Figure divisions are in turn divided into 20 Local 1). The State is made up of five (5) Government Areas (LGAs) and 37 Local administration divisions – Ikeja, Badagry, Council Development Areas (LCDAs). Ikorodu, Lagos Island and

Figure 1. Boundaries within Lagos State showing 20 LGA

Lagos State has a coastline of 180 km. It than 15 m above sea level. Water bodies is situated on a coastal plain underlain and wetlands cover over 40% of the by sedimentary rocks. The land slopes total land area of the State, with lagoons gently from the interior to the sea and and creeks accounting for 22% of its the terrain is predominantly flat, with an area. An additional 12% of the State is average elevation of less subject to seasonal flooding.

Map obtained from Onilude, O and Vaz, E. Data Analysis of Land Use Change and Urban and Rural Im- 2 pacts in Lagos State, Nigeria. MDPI Spatial Data Science and Digital Earth. product (GDP), but also in increased 1.1.1 People & Place demand for housing, energy and waste management. Meeting the basic needs of Lagos is one of the fastest growing Lagos’s rapidly growing population will cities in the world. In 1960, it was home put enormous pressure on its municipal to fewer than 1 million people, by 1990 systems, which already struggle to serve its population had increased to 4 the city’s current population. million and in 2015 its population was 15 million. Today, the population of Lagos State is estimated at 21 million people, which makes Lagos the 14th 1.1.1.2 Federal Climate most populous urban area in the world. Change Context

Lagos is a thriving city and home to many The Paris Agreement was adopted industries. Many Nigerians consider after the 21st Conference of the Parties Lagos a land of opportunity and hence (COP 21) to the United Nations Frame- the city sees a constant influx of people work Convention on Climate Change in search of greener pastures, from the (UNFCCC) in 2015. The 191 signatory interior parts of the country and even countries to this historic agreement from the neighbouring Republic of have committed to taking action to limit Benin. Lagos’s rapid population growth the global average temperature rise has led to urban sprawl, reclamation of due to climate change to well below 2 wetlands for housing and infrastructure, °C, and preferably below 1.5 °C. In the and growing numbers of slum areas, as lead-up to COP21, more than 160 coun- more than half of the city’s residents live tries submitted Intended Nationally in informal settlements. Determined Contributions (INDCs), setting out each country’s approach to The rapid growth of Lagos has adverse reducing emissions and adapting to a environmental and social impacts, which changing climate. Since COP 21, coun- the State Government is grappling with. tries have been invited to confirm The city faces numerous challenges these intentions by ratifying the Paris related to electronic waste, high traffic Agreement and submitting Nationally density, plastic pollution and increased Determined Contributions (NDCs) to security risks, among others. These the UNFCCC. challenges are exacerbated by low levels of advocacy, political interference, poor Nigeria’s INDC falls under the remit planning and implementation in slums, of the Nigeria Climate Change Policy and low levels of compliance with and Response Strategy (NCCPRS) environmental policies. and focuses on the delivery of direct development benefits and sustainable economic growth whilst reducing GHG emissions and building resilience to cli- 1.1.1.1 Future Trends mate change. Lagos State is an economic hub in Nigeria and West Africa, and its population is expected to continue to grow. The population of Lagos is projected to double by 2050. This growth will likely result in an increase in gross domestic 3 1.1.2 Mitigation Component The table below presents key characteristics of Nigeria’s INDC.

ASPECT DETAIL

Objective Reduction from Business as Usual

Target year 2030

Implementation period 2015 – 2030

Base data period 2010 – 2014

Summary of Economic and social development: grow economy 5% per objective year, improve standard of living, electricity access for all

Mitigation targets 20% unconditional, 45% conditional

Table 1: Conditional and unconditional mitigation targets in Nigeria’s INDC

Nigeria’s latest GHG emissions estimates • Promoting climate-smart agriculture indicate around 2 tonnes of CO2 equiv- and reforestation. alent (tCO2e) per capita, per year and the INDC projects that by 2030, under a The mitigation actions included in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, total INDC to a large extent reflect exist- emissions will grow by 114% to 900 mil- ing policies and strategies. However, lion tCO2e (approximately 3.4 tCO2e additional legislation and regula- per capita). The high-growth scenario tory changes will be required to reach projects 2030 emissions of over 1 bil- Nigeria’s emissions reduction targets. lion tCO2e/year. The conditional INDC Climate-smart cities are mentioned in target for 2030 aims to stabilise emis- the mitigation section of the INDC. It sions at around 2 tCO2e per capita. The states that: ‘Lagos, Kano and Abuja INDC sets out a series of mitigation are among the fastest growing cities goals to be achieved by 2030, including: globally. Keeping them liveable is a major challenge. There is, however, a • Ending gas flaring by 2030; growing movement to improve urban • Deploying 13 GW of off-grid solar PV livelihoods through integrated planning generation capacity; focusing on creating workable com- • Installing efficient gas generators; munities that are affordable to lower • Improving energy efficiency by 2% middle-income families. This requires per year (30% by 2030); innovative financial products catering to • Achieving a shift in transport use families underserved by banks. Lagos in from private cars to buses; particular is already strongly impacted • Improving the electricity grid; by flooding. The government is invest- ing to make the city more resilient to climate change. 4 governments, among other actors. The key sectors for adaptation presented in 1.1.2.1 Adpatation the INDC are: Component • Agriculture (crops and livestock) • Forests Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate • Energy change. The 2014 World Climate Change • Transportation and communications Vulnerability Index classifies Nigeria as • Industry and commerce one of the ten most vulnerable coun- The department of climate change has tries in the world. The NDC highlights recently finalised the Sectoral Action the following sectors that are projected Plans (SAPs) for the implementation of the to be affected by climate change: INDC in the following key priority sectors: • Economy: If no adaptation action is • Energy taken, 2-11% of Nigeria’s GDP could • Oil & Gas be lost by 2020. • Agriculture & Land use • Food security: Agricultural produc- • Power tivity could decline 10-25% • Transport per cent by 2080. • Water stress: A considerable share of the population is at risk; less than 40% of the population has direct access to potable water. • Flood risk: The 2012 floods were estimated to have caused N1.48 tril lion (US$9.5 billion) in damages, about 2% of the rebased GDP. • Soil erosion: Recent increases in the incidence of landslides are likely to be exacerbated. • Sea-level rise: An increase of 0.5-1 m by 2100 would result in the loss of 35-75% of the Niger Delta. • Energy: Demand for cooling is likely to increase, exacerbating shortages in the energy supply. • Ecosystems and tourism: Impacted by altered weather patterns, flooding, droughts.

The INDC refers to the National It is increasingly recognised that climate Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action action by sub-national and non-state for Climate Change Nigeria (NASPA- actors, including regional and local CNN; see below) as the key document governments and businesses, is key on adaptation. This plan includes 13 to enhancing ambitions. There is sig- sector-specific strategies, policies, pro- nificant potential for these actors to grammes and measures. Its stated address climate change and a variety of objective is to reduce the impacts of practical and cost-effective options for climate change through adaptation action exist. measures to be undertaken by the federal, state, and local 5 sector, the State Government has 1.1.3 Climate Change undertaken actions to expand public transport infrastructure, primarily In Lagos through the construction of additional Climate change has been recognised as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems and the a critical development issue since the rail mass transit system. The construc- early 1990’s, due to its predicted impacts tion of the State’s first sanitary landfill is on biodiversity, livelihoods and national expected to be completed by January and global economies. Studies have 2021. The State has also introduced a shown that poor countries and people programme to install solar panels at will disproportionately suffer from the schools and hospitals and has begun effects of climate change due to their rolling out solar lighting in low-income lack of institutional, financial and tech- neighbourhoods. nological capacity for adaptation and mitigation. 1.1.3.2 Adaptation Programme The unique features of Lagos State, including its large and rapidly growing Several studies have been undertaken population and its topography, marked to assess the potential for the State by extensive low-lying and coastal areas to adapt to the impacts of climate and a high water table, further increase its change, including the Building Nigeria’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. Response to Climate Change (BNRCC) Project; the development of climate In 2008, the State established a unit change scenarios, the projection of sea (now a fully-fledged department) level rise impacts and the design of within the Ministry of the Environment adaptation strategies for Lagos State and Water Resources to coordinate its sponsored by United Nations Industrial climate change response strategies. Development Organization (UNIDO); [2] The State has taken proactive steps and the Lagos State Climate Risk to address climate change impacts Assessment supported by the United because it recognised that temperature Nations Development Program (UNDP). increases, sea level rise and increased The State has also launched an annual flooding are likely to severely affect tree planting campaign as the principal all parts of its economy and society, vehicle for cushioning the urban heat and jeopardise its development. This island effect and increasing the capacity unit developed mitigation and adapta- for carbon sequestration, with around tion programmes, which are described 7 million trees planted since 2008. below. Furthermore, the State has undertaken a programme to improve landscaping of open spaces, road verges and laybys. This CAP also builds on the Lagos State Adaptation Strategy. 1.1.3.1 Mitigation Programme The State Government has taken several ambitious actions to reduce its GHG emissions and mitigate climate change. Some of these actions are in the planning stages, others are underway or have been completed. In the transport 6 1.1.4 Aims of the CAP 1.1.5 Stakeholder This Climate Action Plan (CAP) for Engagement Lagos presents a package of climate actions that will set the State on a devel- To deliver the CAP’s ambitious and opment pathway aligned with the goals transformative mitigation objectives in of the Paris Agreement, particularly the line with the Paris Agreement, the State ambition of limiting the average global Government must build and maintain temperature increase to below 1.5°C. constructive and sustainable relation- The CAP supports this aim by: ships with stakeholders that will be impacted by climate change and CAP 1. Presenting a pathway to deliver a actions.The development of the CAP zero-carbon city by 2050 at the latest was underpinned by a comprehensive and setting ambitious interim targets. Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), 2. Demonstrating how the city will adapt that had been designed to improve and enhance its resilience to climate decision making, create understanding hazards that may impact it now and of and build support for the CAP among under future climate change scenarios. those it seeks to serve: the State’s res- 3. Outlining the social, environmental idents, government agencies, local and economic benefits expected communities, private sector stakehold- from implementing the plan, and ers, civil society and other interested improving the accessibility of these parties. benefits to the city’s population. 4. Detailing the city’s governance, The key objectives of the SEP can be powers and the partners who need summarised as follows: to be engaged to accelerate the • To raise awareness of climate change delivery of its mitigation targets and and of concrete strategies to address resilience goals. it within Lagos State; The CAP has been developed through • To provide opportunities for input at a programme of research, analysis and various stages of the CAP develop- stakeholder engagement. It addresses ment process; adaptation and mitigation in an • To foster ownership of the CAP integrated way, identifying interdepen- amongst various stakeholders; and dencies to maximise efficiencies and • To ensure that wider benefits of minimise investment risk. It provides an climate action are distributed as evidence-based, inclusive and deliver- equitably as possible. able plan for achieving transformational The key stakeholder groups identified mitigation and adaptation, centred on for participation in the development of an understanding of the City’s power, the Lagos CAP include federal agencies, influence and wider context. Finally, the Lagos State agencies, development CAP establishes a transparent process partners, private sector and trade unions, to monitor delivery, communicate prog- academia and civil society/non-govern- ress, and update climate action planning mental organisations (NGOs). in line with existing governance and reporting systems.

7 Figure 2: Key stakeholder groups involved in the development of the Lagos CAP

These stakeholders were engaged with a wider engagement campaign, through a series of workshops, which which included household surveys focused on different aspects of CAP (conducted with the support of Geo- development, such as scenario planning, Solutions and JEI grants), to ensure action prioritisation and implementation. the inclusivity of the proposed climate These workshops were supplemented actions.

8 CHAPTER 2

Adapting To The Impacts Of Climate Change The global commitment to limiting the growing. This manifests in the urban average temperature increase to 1.5 °C heat island effect, which affects dif- will not stop climate change altogether; ferent parts of the state to a varying the climate will continue to change extent. Local Government Areas at sig- even if ambitious mitigation actions are nificant risk of heat stress are Lagos undertaken. Like other cities around the Island, Lagos Mainland, Agege, Kosofe world, Lagos must prepare to address and Oshodi-isolo. A total of nine haz- current and future impacts of climate ards have been identified as relevant to change. To allow Lagos to live up to its Lagos State, all of which will be exacer- reputation as a Centre of Excellence bated by further climate change: and a state of aquatic splendour, appropriate measures will need to be taken 1. Heat waves, as a result of increases to protect its citizens, its economy, its in maximum, average and minimum infrastructure and its ecosystems. surface temperatures 2. Inland flooding, as a consequence of changes in precipitation intensity, duration and frequency 2.1 Climate risk assessment 3. River flooding Due to its situation on the coast, 4. Flash flooding low-lying topography and high water 5. Erosion table, Lagos is particularly vulnera- 6. Thunderstorms ble to climate hazards. The climate risk 7. Coastal and lagoon flooding (due to assessment (CRA) conducted for Lagos sea-level rise) State describes the physical and climatic 8. Tropical storms features of the region; elevation ranges 9. The urban heat island effect from 38 metres below to 78 meters above sea level, while its topography favours water retention inland. Water 2.3 Vulnerability bodies cover a large part of the State; however, recent land-use changes have Assessment led to a slight decrease in water bodies Lagos State has developed a vulnerabil- as they have made way for settlements. ity analysis and risk profile to identify the As a result of these characteristics, most high-risk, high-vulnerability zones. Lagos’s population is highly vulnerable Assets located in or along flood plains, to extreme weather events and other riverbanks and the Atlantic coastal climate hazards. region are among the most vulnerable to the growing risk of flooding and sea- level rise. The analysis identified 6,983 assets within the state, including infra- 2.2 Climate Hazards structure, buildings and other features, The highest-priority risk to Lagos State is as vulnerable to, and to varying extents that of flooding, which is closely related exposed to, climate risk. to coastal subsidence. An increase in subsidence will lead to an increase in The demographic composition of the area at risk of inundation and related Lagos State’s population also has sig- impacts. The second priority risk identi- nificant implications for its vulnerability. fied is heat stress; the total area at risk Of the projected 2020 of experiencing extreme heat is

10 population, approximately 13 million vulnerability to climate impacts as it of 22 million inhabitants, or just under will increase the number of people and 65%, are expected to be vulnerable the value of assets exposed to those to climate impacts. A large percent- impacts. Agricultural activities are intrin- age of Lagos’s residents is considered sically vulnerable to climate change and extremely poor, which drastically reduces its impacts. Rising temperatures and the population’s adaptive capacity. In extreme heat events form significant addition, rapid population growth forms risks for farmers, while storm surges, a significant stressor across all sectors, coastal inundation and subsidence will both public and private. also threaten the fishing industry. The analysis also identified three economic sectors that are particularly Climate change impacts on agriculture vulnerable to climate impacts: tourism, will not only negatively impact the local agriculture and infrastructure. Lagos’s economy and food security, but may also tourism industry is highly reliant on lead to loss of life in communities that coastal features, which are under sig- rely on subsistence farming. Although nificant threat from inundation and sea impact projections contain large uncer- level rise. These hazards have already tainties, significant land-use change is led to the loss of Alfa beach, a once expected in the next century and sub- vibrant tourist attraction. sidence and inundation are highly likely Furthermore, a number of residents to occur. This will exacerbate agricultural of coastal communities have lost their vulnerability and exposure. A statistical homes to storm surges. Climate change analysis was conducted to assess the will exacerbate the vulnerability of vulnerability of infrastructure assets to coastal communities, threatening tour- flood risk (Table 2). Infrastructure within ism and the local economy. Promotion the Local Government Area of Kosofe of the tourism industry to create eco- was found to be the most vulnerable. nomic and social prosperity is one of the The total estimated value of vulner- strategic goals of the Lagos Resilience able infrastructure assets in this area Strategy. It must be acknowledged that is N34,735,930,000 (US$91,230,282). an increase in coastal tourism, and sub- The analysis indicates the vast major- sequently in economic activity in coastal ity of infrastructure assets are highly areas, will result in increased vulnerable.

VULNERABILITY NUMBER OF ESTIMATED CLASSIFICATION ASSETS VALUE (N)

Highly vulnerable 6,563 73,267,056,008 infrastructure assets

Moderately vulnerable 339 4,991,800,000 infrastructure assets

Least vulnerable 81 6,276,000,000 infrastructure assets

Total vulnerable 6,983 84,534,856,008 infrastructure assets

Table 2: Summary of infrastructure flood vulnerability analysis for Lagos State 11 (Source: Lagos CRA, 2021) 2.4 Adaptation strategy 2.5 Existing Policies and How is the city targeting success? Plans Lagos has acknowledged its unique In 2020, Nigeria demonstrated its vulnerabilities and stresses that will commitment to mainstreaming adapta- be exacerbated by climate change tion by publishing the Nigeria National and which, without adequate adapta- Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework, tion action, will have severe impacts on supported by the NAP Global Network, social, institutional, economic and envi- which sets out a path for managing ronmental systems. In response, the medium- and long-term adaptation State has identified and will implement needs. The NAP Framework does not adaptation strategies to mitigate phys- currently include specific actions; how- ical and economic risk and achieve its ever, these will be developed as the next vision of an innovative, inclusive and step in the process. prosperous Lagos. By harnessing adap- It is also important to highlight the tation and sustainable growth, Lagos continued involvement of the Green aims to create a cleaner, greener, health- Climate Fund (GCF) in adaptation ier, more stable and more prosperous efforts at the national level. The GCF State in the face of the changing climate. supports sustainable development These goals are aligned with Nigeria’s and climate adaptation projects in national vision of improving resilience Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and and reducing vulnerabilities, while lever- beyond. The following GCF programmes aging new opportunities that arise as a are currently active in Nigeria: consequence of climate change. • Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund (Adaptation) Through engagement with key stake- • Transforming Financial Systems for holders, Lagos defined a set of prioritised Climate (Adaptation and mitigation) goals and objectives within the parame- • Programme for Integrated ters of State power and capacity. These Development and Adaptation to are aligned with the Lagos Resilience Climate Change in the Niger Basin Strategy, which outlines existing initia- (Adaptation and mitigation) tives and actions aimed at increasing The mechanisms and programmes the physical, economic and social resil- managed by the GCF funnel investment ience of Lagos in the face of significant towards vulnerable assets and commu- shocks and stressors. The support of nities. They support beneficiaries in both every Lagosian is key to facilitate suc- the public and private sectors and rang- cessful implementation and the State ing from the micro to the macro scale. Government will mobilise stakeholders The climate action priorities presented across all sectors and scales, includ- in this CAP are closely aligned with the ing Federal, State and local governing Lagos Resilience Strategy (2020). This bodies or agencies, private sector actors, is the State’s strategic outline of actions NGOs, Community Development Areas, to develop urban resilience and reduce and community-based organisations, to vulnerability. Based on a strategic vision deliver prioritised actions. and a mapping of potential

12 acute shocks and chronic stresses, the indirect implications for sensitivity, State developed 3 pillars, 10 goals and exposure and adaptive capacity, and 31 initiatives to achieve an innovative, were considered during the prioritisation inclusive and prosperous Lagos. The process for adaptation actions. identified initiatives will have direct or

STRATEGY SCALE BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Nigeria National Adaptation Plan National framework to plan National and manage medium- and Framework long-term adaptation needs

Green Climate Fund Programmes International Financial programmes based on international development goals targeted to regional LDCs which have a focus on climate action.

Lagos Resilience Strategy Sub-National State-developed action plan which identifies shocks, stresses and vulnerabilities, and outlines initiatives that seek to develop the resilience of assets and communities in response to these risks.

Table 3: Summary of currently active adaptation strategies in Nigeria

2.6 Strategy Development The State developed two key knowl- the State presented the find- edge products to serve as a foundation ings of the updated climate risk for the CAP and the adaptation strategy. assessment to a group of key The first is the climate risk assessment stakeholders, including representatives (CRA), which includes a risk map based of state and federal government de- on an assessment of hazards, impacts partments, academics and private sec- and vulnerabilities , and which has helped tor actors. The stakeholders then pro- to focus adaptation actions on key sec- vided their input for the prioritisation of tors and communities. The second is strategic goals, objectives adaptation the output of a deep-dive workshop on actions, within the parameters of State adaptation organised in Lagos in part- power and capacity (Table 4). nership with C40. During this session,

13 Table 4: Output from adaptation action prioritisation workshop (Source: CRA, 2021) 14 CHAPTER 3

Reducing Green House Emissions 3.1 Greenhouse gas 3.1.2 Transport emissions inventory Emissions resulting from fuel combus- Strategies to achieve carbon neutrality tion to generate energy for transport, by 2050, as is required to meet the tar- including liquid fuels (scope 1) as well as gets of the Paris Agreement, must be grid-supplied energy for electric vehi- built on reliable climate evidence. Lagos cles (scope 2). has developed an emissions inventory to allow it to identify the areas and sectors with the highest potential for GHG 3.1.3 Waste emissions reduction, select transformative climate actions and accelerate the Emissions resulting from the treatment transition to a zero-carbon economy. of solid waste (e.g. waste disposed of in open landfills, dumping, burning) and The first city-level GHG inventory for wastewater (e.g. wastewater pre-treated Lagos was published in 2018, using in septic systems, sewage treatment data for the year 2015. In 2019, the GHG plants and septage handling facilities) inventory was updated with improved within the city boundaries (scope 1) 2015 data. The inventory was developed as well as waste generated in the city based on the GPC Protocol for Cities,[ but treated outside the city boundaries GPC Protocol: https://ghgprotocol.org/ (scope 3). greenhouse-gas-protocol-accounting-reporting-standard-cities] which These three sectors are typically meets IPCC standards but provides a the largest emitters in urban areas. methodology tailored to urban contexts. Reporting on emissions from other The GPC standard requires that cities, at sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, a minimum, report on their emissions in industrial processes and product use, is the following sectors: recommended but not required under the GPC standard.

Emissions were calculated using existing data, which was entered into an excel- 3.1.1 Stationary energy based tool, the City Inventory Reporting Emissions resulting from fuel com- and Information System (CIRIS), to pro- bustion to generate energy for use in duce a BASIC reporting format. buildings (residential, commercial and industrial), including solid and liquid fuels (scope 1) as well as electricity supplied to buildings by the grid (scope 2).

GPC Protocol: https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol-accounting-reporting-standard-cities 16 3.2 Lagos’ greenhouse gas emissions profile As Lagos is the economic centre of population, rapid urbanisation and Nigeria, Lagos State’s GHG emissions industrialisation result in high GHG account for a large share of national emissions primarily from energy emissions. Lagos’s large and growing consumption, transport and waste.

Figure 3. Emissions results per sector in Lagos (2015 inventory year)

Figure 3. Emissions per sector in Lagos (2015 inventory)

According to the 2015 GHG inventory, was unavailable, the inventory team Lagos generated GHG emissions of benchmarked against other cities, 26,443,656 tCO2e in that year. The downscaled national data and/or used majority of emissions (55%) were international estimates in accordance generated by the stationary energy with best practice. Assumptions are sector, followed by the waste (25%) transparently documented with pro- and transport (20%) sectors. However, posed improvements in the Greenhouse these results contain some uncertainty Gas Emissions report and the City as data was not available for all relevant Inventory Reporting and Information activities. When data System (CIRIS). 17 largest emissions sources, respectively, caused by gas emissions from landfill sites, open burning of waste and wastewater emissions.

3.3 Greenhouse gas emissions from stationary energy in Lagos In the stationary energy sector, petrol and diesel for generators account for the largest share of emissions (Figure 5). Grid electricity also accounts for a significant share of stationary energy Figure 4: Emissions results by sector and sub-sector in Lagos (2015 inventory year) emissions due to the high share of gas and oil-based generation in the national The generation of stationary energy grid. The largest emitter among the for consumption in manufacturing and stationary energy subsectors is the resi- construction and for use in residential dential building sector, which uses a mix buildings are the two largest sources of different fuels, followed by industry, of emissions. This is primarily due to manufacturing and construction, which the use of generators for electricity generate a larger share of emissions. generation. On-road transport is the third-largest source of emissions, due In 2015, the use of energy in build- mainly to petrol and diesel consump- ings and industry in Lagos, including tion in passenger vehicles and busses. grid electricity, generated emissions Emissions from solid waste and waste- of 14,563,211 tCO2e (55% of the total ). water are the fourth and fifth

Figure 5: Stationary energy emissions by user group and fuel type 18 3.4 Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation in Lagos The majority of transport emissions, in aviation contributes the remaining which accounted for 20% of total 18% of transport emissions. A very small emissions, are generated through petrol proportion of transportation emissions and diesel use in on-road transporta- (0.15%) was generated by waterborne tion (Figure 4). The consumption of jet transport. kerosene

Figure 4: Transport emissions in Lagos by end user and fuel type (2015)

3.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from waste in Lagos

Emissions from waste arise from the but 1 tonne of CH4 has a global decomposition of organic matter under warming impact equivalent to 28 tonnes anaerobic conditions, resulting in the of CO2. Source: IPCC.] The burning of generation and release of methane into waste by households and on open dump- the atmosphere. Methane has a higher sites also generates GHG emissions and global warming potential (GWP) than air pollution. Waste currently accounts CO2, but remains in the atmosphere for for 25% of Lagos’s emissions, roughly a shorter period.[ CO2 (carbon diox- half of which results from wastewa- ide) stays in the atmosphere for up to ter and the other half from solid waste 200 years. CH4 (methane) stays in the (illegal dumping and open landfill). atmosphere for approximately 12 years,

19 CO2 (carbon dioxide) stays in the atmosphere for up to 200 years. CH4 (methane) stays in the atmosphere for approximately 12 years, but 1 tonne of CH4 has a global warming impact equivalent to 28 tonnes of CO2. Source: IPCC. to the BAU scenario. Achieving the proposed emissions reduction targets will 3.6 Benchmarking Lagos’ require ambitious action in all sectors, emissions including by other actors than the Lagos State Government (LSG), in particular A comparison of Lagos’s emissions pro- the national government. file to national emissions reveals several trends and specific opportunities. In 2015, Lagos was responsible for approximately 29% of national waste emissions, 8% of residential energy-related emissions and 13% of national transport emissions. This suggests that the transition to a low-emissions economy in Lagos will be critical for the national government to achieve its climate mitigation goals.In comparison to those of major cities in OECD countries, such as Copenhagen (2.5 tCO2e), London (3.9 tCO2e) and Washington DC (11 tCO2e); Lagos’s per capita emissions (1.3 tCO2e) are relatively low, however they are com- parable to those of other major cities in Africa, such as Accra (1.2 tCO2e), Dar Es Salaam (1.4 tCO2e) and Addis Ababa (1.6 tCO2e).

3.7 Projecting emissions and setting reduction targets to 2050 Based on the 2015 baseline inventory, in combination with population and economic growth forecasts, the inventory team developed an emissions growth projection to 2050. This emissions pathway was termed the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Modelling was undertaken using the Pathways Scenario Planning Tool.

The BAU scenario indicates that if no climate actions are undertaken, Lagos’s emissions will triple by 2050. Table 5 presents Lagos’s total emissions in 2015 and projected emissions in 2025, 2035 and 2050. It also presents Lagos’s targets for emissions reduction relative 20 YEAR PROJECTED EMISSIONS REDUC- TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS EMISSIONS WITHOUT TION TARGETS IF TARGETS ARE INTERVENTION (% EMISSIONS RE- ACHIEVED (TONNES (BAU) (TONNES DUCED BELOW BAU) CO2E/YEAR) CO2E/YEAR)

2015 26 349 728 Current emissions level Current emissions level

2025 34 194 060 20% 27 355 248

2035 45 300 683 45% 24 915 376

2050 72 806 531 100% 0

Table 5: Lagos’s BAU GHG emissions projections and mitigation targets

Lagos’s targeted emissions reduction based on a review of national, regional pathway is shown in Figure 7. The State and city-level policies and plans related aims to reduce emissions to 20% below to climate and development. The State’s the BAU projection by 2025, to 45% 2050 target goes beyond the national below BAU by 2035 and to eliminate climate change targets, but national GHG emissions completely by 2050. targets were used as a guideline for These mitigation targets were set setting interim targets.

20% 45% 100% below below below BAU BAU BAU

Figure 7: Summary of Lagos’s emissions reduction targets by 2035, 2045 and 2050 21 3.8 Emission reduction scenarios The inventory team developed several • The level of ambition of the CAP sce- emissions reduction scenarios to sup- nario was reviewed by the Climate port Lagos State with the identification Change & Environmental Planning of key strategies for reducing emissions Department of the Lagos State in line with the objectives of the Paris Government in February 2020. Agreement. Stakeholder engagement • The modelling of all scenarios was formed a critical part of the development completed by March 2020 and the process of these scenarios: CAP scenario was approved by the • During the first workshop (23- 25 July Permanent Secretary in mid-2020. 2018) with Lagos State, the existing • As the CAP scenario is not forecast to and planned actions scenario was lead to net-zero emissions by 2050, developed and stakeholders received an Extended Scenario was devel- training on scenario development. oped in October 2020, which reflects • During the second workshop (25 the additional measures required November 2019) with Lagos State, to meet the objectives of the Paris stakeholders developed a scenario Agreement on Climate Change. for Lagos which included a package • A final workshop, focussing on the of ambitious climate actions. implementation of priority actions, • Following the second workshop, was held in November 2020. stakeholders agreed on an outline for the CAP scenario, reflecting the The following graph shows the emissions actions identified and prioritised by reductions to be achieved in key sectors the stakeholders. The CAP scenario is under the CAP scenario relative to BAU: contingent on the growth and stabi- • 2025: 18% below BAU lisation of Lagos’s electricity grid, as • 2035: 32% below BAU this will enable a wide range of ambi- • 2050: 45% below BAU tious climate actions.

22 Figure 8: CAP Scenario emissions reductions by 2050

3.9 Lagos Climate Action Plan The CAP defines a series of actions the targets under the CAP scenario. through which Lagos aims to achieve

23 CHAPTER 4

Integrated Plan Of Action The following chapter presents a • Level of State control – the extent to series of climate actions that have been which Lagos State has the capacity identified to help Lagos embark on to implement the action and oversee its course towards achieving net-zero operations; carbon emissions by 2050. These • Alignment with policies & plans – the actions target a number of areas and extent to which the action is aligned will aim to change the way Lagosians with existing plans and policies; generate energy, dispose of waste and • Key performance indicators – a sum- travel. They were identified through mary of the indicators that will be a process of prioritisation, combining used to track the performance of stakeholder engagement, as described the action following implementation; in Chapter 1, and insights and recom- • Co-benefits – the broader benefits mendations from climate specialists at for society and the environment that C40, Ricardo Energy & Environment and may result from the implementation Sustainable Energy Africa. Actions were of the action; selected based on key criteria includ- • Sub-actions – the interim steps ing their potential to reduce emissions required to achieve implementation quickly, the State’s capacity to imple- of the action. ment them, their cost-effectiveness and The mitigation actions fall under three their potential to produce broader bene- broad categories: waste & wastewa- fits for society and the environment. The ter; transport; and energy, buildings & actions identified address both mitiga- industry. For each category, a description in current and future high-emitting tion of current adaptation and mitigation sectors, and adaptation and resilience activities is provided, including exist- building to tackle projected vulnera- ing policies and plans. A summary of bilities to climate change. Many of the emissions reduction targets is then actions build on existing plans and pol- presented, followed by the individual icies and all reflect the capacity of the mitigation actions. A summary of the Lagos State Government for effective actions relating to adaptation, reflect- implementation. ing the findings of the climate risk assessment (see Chapter 2), are listed under ‘Climate change adaptation and resilience’. 4.1 Climate change mitigation

For each of the mitigation actions a summary of the key components and impacts is provided, including: 4.2 Waste • Lead agency – the key organisation How is the city targeting success? responsible for implementation; • Collaborating agency/ies or stake- Lagos’s 2015 GHG inventory showed holder/s – supporting organisations that the waste sector represented the that will contribute to the implemen- second largest source of emissions in tation of the action; the city, at 25.3% of total GHG emissions. • Timeline – the estimated timeframe [ C40 GHG Emissions interactive dash- for preparation and implementation board, GHG Inventory 2015 (https:// of the action; www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/ • Resourcing plan (funding & financ- C40-cities-greenhouse-gas-emissions- ing) – an outline of the expected interactive-dashboard?language=en_ funding routes for the action; US)]. 25 Emissionsfrom the waste sector are projected to grow significantly until 4.2.1 Existing policies and plans 2050, due to the city’s rapidly growing population and residents’ rising dispos- Solid Waste Management able income and consumption. Despite The State has initiated several sustain- the projected growth in waste pro- able waste management programmes duction, the State aims to significantly in collaboration with the private sector. reduce emissions in the sector. The larg- The State has also harmonized all est share of the waste produced by the environmental laws under the Lagos city consists of food waste (45%), fol- State Environmental Management lowed by plastics (15%), paper (10%), and Protection Law 2007. This ini- putrescible materials (8%), fine-grade tiative was designed to address and materials (8%), glass (5%), metals (5%) enforce mitigation of solid waste man- and textiles (4%).[ Lagos development agement challenges in the State, while plan 2012-2025 pg. 109.] Solid waste protecting the environment, public management is the responsibility of the health and residents’ living conditions. Lagos Waste Management Authority Lagos State is committed to improving (LAWMA), a parastatal institution that is its waste management infrastructure part of the Ministry of the Environment. and machinery to meet the highest inter- The State has identified a number of key national standards. Transfer Loading areas of improvement for solid waste Stations (TLS) are being constructed management, including infrastructure, which will act as a midpoint to temporar- recycling, public awareness and moni- ily store waste, before being transferred toring and enforcement. The growth of to larger trucks and sent in bulk to land- wastewater management emissions is fills for final processing and disposal. The also linked to urban population growth. State aims to have 20 Transfer Loading The 2015 city-wide GHG inventory indi- Stations by 2030 to improve waste cated that wastewater treatment in collection and recycling capacities. Lagos accounted for 48.5% of the total Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) will emissions of the waste sector.2 It is also be constructed as they play a pivotal estimated that Lagos State generates role in improving the solid waste sector. 1.5 million cubic metres of wastewa- These facilities ensure that valuable and ter per day.[ Lagos development plan recyclable items are sorted and sepa- 2012-2015 pg. 6] The widespread use of rated from waste before final disposal. septic tanks can result in groundwater To achieve this, LAWMA will seek pri- pollution, especially in low-lying areas, vate sector investments through Public which leads to health problems. Lagos Private Partnerships PPP. The State is also State has initiated the refurbishment of planning to reposition its waste collec- several existing wastewater treatment tion programme by procuring about 100 plants and proposed to construct new new waste trucks before the end of 2021 ones through public-private partner- EarthCare Nigeria Limited provides ships (PPPs). Through these and other the only other composting facility in activities, the State will seek to enhance the State, located within a farm settle- its centralised and decentralised waste- ment at Odogunyan. At full capacity, water collection systems, to reduce EarthCare can produce 200,000 metric emissions and improve public and envi- tons of Grade “A” organic fertiliser per ronmental health. year, which is sold under the brand name CompostPLUS. The facility was closed

C40 GHG Emissions interactive dashboard, GHG Inventory 2015 (https://www.c40knowledgehub.org 26 /s/article/C40-cities-greenhouse-gas-emissions-interactive-dashboard?language=en_US) Lagos development plan 2012-2025 pg. 109. Lagos development plan 2012-2015 pg. 6 Nigeria NDC 2014 pg.11 as the demand for the compost was and construct 5,250 kilometres of poor and its operation was deemed sewers. Funding for the project was to economically unfeasible. However, in a be sourced through a combination of bid to reduce emission from the dump- budgetary provisions and PPPs. sites caused by decomposition of the The 5-Year Plan expired in 2015 but the organic fraction of the waste, the State objectives were not fully achieved due commenced overhauling of the compost to the following: plant in 2021 with a structure in place • Lack of a Wastewater Infrastructural to facilitate off-takers for the products. Development Plan (WIDP); Additionally, a briquette plant will be com- • Lack of a Septage Management Plan; missioned in 2021 for the production of • Inadequate public awareness on biomass briquettes using 100% organic dangers of wastewater mis- man- waste from sawmill and plant markets. agement practices by Lagosians The revised Strategic Plan of LSWMO IS In order to meet its target to divert up to tagged “5 – Year (2021 – 2025) Lagos 40% of residual waste from landfill, the State Wastewater Management State is currently preparing the Lagos Development Plan – LSWMDP”. This Recycling Initiative, which will ensure new Plan is aimed at providing a road every home has access to separate map for appropriate and sustainable bins for general and food waste. Other, Wastewater Management in Lagos smaller initiatives include a nylon buy- State. It is geared towards the promotion back programme, which aims to reduce of a culture of appropriate wastewater the volume of plastic waste in water- management in Lagos State and ensur- ways, and a project to use sawdust from ing that wastewater management in the timber industry for briquette pro- Lagos State achieves the aspirations of duction. The State also plans to improve both the T.H.E.M.E.S Agenda and the enforcement of waste management Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). policies and strategies, and to promote waste re-use and recycling in households and businesses. This will reduce the volume of waste taken to landfills as 4.2.3 Opportunities to go well as the volume of waste that remains further uncollected. The actions discussed in this section aim to transform Lagos’s waste and wastewater management systems to reduce 4.2.2 Wastewater GHG emissions and improve sanitation in the city. LAWMA’s goals are to go The Lagos State Wastewater beyond just creating an efficient waste Management Office (LSWMO) is the collection system, to developing a authority in charge of wastewater man- system that can effectively recycle and agement in Lagos State. The Office manage waste to reduce GHG emissions developed a 5-year Strategic and and environmental impact. Key waste Investment Plan for sewage manage- and wastewater targets that will con- ment for 2010 to 2015. This strategic plan tribute to emissions reductions under comprised eight goals and 20 objec- the CAP include: tives. It aimed to construct ten new • Divert 50% of organic waste to com- wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) posting sites by 2050; across the state; complete the upgrade • Reduce open dumping and burning of three existing WWTPs of organic waste by 50% by 2050;

Lagos Strategic CAP Appraisal Report 27 Lagos development plan 2012-2025. • Achieve landfill gas capture rates of • Decrease direct discharge of waste- 20% by 2050; water from 85.4% in 2015 to 0% in • Increase anaerobic treatment of 2050; wastewater by 30% by 2050 and • Decrease use of latrines from implement biogas capture; 25.5% in 2015 to 0% in 2050. • Increase wastewater infrastructural outlay from 10% to 100% by 2050;

The targets related to waste management will deliver the emissions reductions, in comparison with the BAU scenario, outlined in Table 3. The targets related to waste management will deliver the emissions reductions, in comparison with the BAU scenario, outlined in Table 3.

GHG REDUCTIONS PER SECTOR STRATEGY YEAR (TCO2E) 2030 2040 2050

Waste and Expansions Wastewater of wastewater 833,869 563,939 2,745,091 treatment facilities

Recycling 313,260 536,160 1,478,43

Increased composting 255,910 1,170,790 3,745,260 capacity

Table 3. Projected emissions reductions for the waste sector in 2030, 2040 & 2050

4.2.4 Waste actions This section presents the mitigation A detailed list of sub-actions can be actions to be implemented in the waste found in the Action Detailing Report. sector in Lagos. Stakeholders at the ‘Ready for Implementation Workshop’, Action 1 held in November 2020, identified these actions as offering the greatest potential for implementation in the 4.2.5 Waste infrastructure State. A Blueprint is presented for each action, including an indication of the development strategy lead agency and key collaborators, an Under this action, Lagos State will estimated timeframe for implementa- undertake an evaluation of the cur- tion, alignment with existing policies, rent status of waste management co-benefits and indicators. All actions and develop a Waste Infrastructure listed in this chapter have been factored Development Strategy by 2022. The into the projected emissions reductions. evaluation will be based on data on tons 28 of waste collected, waste composition operational cost estimates, environ- and volumes processed by MRF and mental and social impact assessments, composting facilities. The strategy will and analysis of required land use for aim to increase the capacity of Lagos’s wastewater infrastructure provision for waste transfer, material recovery, bio- existing and projected population of the digester and composting facilities. It State, in line with Regional Masterplan will mandate the construction of new of the State. The WIDP will further waste infrastructure, including transfer determine project implementation and loading stations, starting in Iberekodo, phasing plan, set timelines and process Agunlejika and Odogunyan. The strat- to be followed for project procurement egy will build on the progress the State (either through government funding or has made so far in establishing waste through private sector participation), transfer stations and expanding the while the OBC study will specifically waste vehicle fleet. The new facilities provide a well-developed and compre- will need to have the capacity to absorb hensive suite of project documents that the expected increase in the volume of will be made available to private inves- recyclables diverted from landfill due tors during the procurement process. to the launch of the Lagos Recycling This is a useful tool that will bring all Initiative. Implementation of the strat- the elements of the project together, so egy is expected to require State funding that any conflicts between factors can and cooperation with the private sector be resolved before approaching the pri- through PPPs. The State could institute vate sector. This document will be used a levy on waste disposal to support to form the basis on which the project infrastructure investments. A number will be assessed and approved for com- of previous projects were abandoned mencement of the procurement phase. because their operation was deemed It will also have served as an investment unfeasible; demand must be confirmed document to engender the interest of in the planning phase and consideration investors and facilitate the implemen- must be given to how these projects tation of wastewater treatment projects can be made sustainable in the long through public private partnerships term. For wastewater management, the (PPP) procurement routes. In addition State Government intends to develop an to this, all existing wastewater treat- Outline Business Case (OBC) study and ment infrastructure in the State will be WIDP for the sector. The OBC study/ upgraded and expanded to cover more WIDP will cover the preparation of catchment areas, these include Alausa detailed engineering designs, drawings wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and specifications, construction and Abesan WWTP, Oke-Afa WWTP and Iponri WWTP.

ACTION TITLE WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Lead agency LAWMA, LSWMO

Collaborating MOEWR, Lagos Wastewater Agency, Ministry of Works, Ministry agency(s) or of Science and Technology, Ministry of Physical Planning and stakeholder(s) Urban Development, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance

Timeframe 5 years 29 ACTION TITLE WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025; Lagos Recycling Ini- Policies & Plans tiative; SDGs

Key Waste production (tons/year); Recycling rates (tons per type/year); performance Volume of waste dumped and burned (tons/year) Wastewater collected (tons/year) Wastewater safely treated (tons/year) indicators

Reduced pollution (e.g. leachate from open dumps and air pollution Co-benefits from uncontrolled burning); Improved public health (e.g. due to less waste dumped in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination) Job creation and economic development (e.g. through new employment opportunities around collection and management); Lower crime rates due to job creation.

Table 3: Action blueprint – Waste Infrastructure Development Strategy

Action 2

4.2.6 Implement waste separation at source and promote alternative uses for organics This aim of this action is to divert establishment of a monitoring team to organic waste from landfill. It includes ensure compliance with the new systems. an education campaign to promote The action will build upon the recently waste separation by households and announced Lagos Recycling Initiative, businesses, along with the introduc- which will provide bins for households tion of technologies to assist with waste for wet and dry waste. Implementation composting. The action will also feature may be achieved through LAWMA fran- community advocacy campaigns, the chising the Private Sector Participants production and distribution of colour- (PSP) model for recycling. coded bags and sorting bins, and the

ACTION TITLE IMPLEMENT WASTE SEPARATION AT SOURCE AND PROMOTE ALTERNATIVE USES FOR ORGANICS

Lead agency LAWMA

Collaborating Ministry of Education; Private sector; Lagos State House of agency(s) or Assembly; Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency stakeholder(s) (LASEPA); LSG

Timeframe 2 – 5 years 30 ACTION TITLE IMPLEMENT WASTE SEPARATION AT SOURCE AND PROMOTE ALTERNATIVE USES FOR ORGANICS

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025; Lagos Recycling Initiative; Policies & Plans SDGs Key Waste production (tons/year); Recycling rates (tons by type/ performance year); Composting rates (tons/year organic waste treated); indicators Contamination rates (%) Reduced pollution (e.g. leachate from open dumps and air Co-benefits pollution from uncontrolled burning); Improved public health (e.g. due to less waste dumped in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination); Job creation and economic development (e.g. through new employment opportunities around collection and management of organic waste); Upstream AFOLU sector GHG reductions (e.g. through the utilisation of compost for urban agriculture or in place of synthetic fertilisers, reducing food miles and production/use of chemical inputs).

Table 4: Action blueprint – Implement waste separation at source and promote alternative uses for organics

Action 3

4.2.7 Community waste strategies for underserved communities

This action will promote waste recovery has been established. Waste champi- projects in underserved communities, ons will be appointed in each commu- such as composting and small-scale nity to assist with engagement and to waste-to-energy initiatives, and facil- identify investment opportunities. This itate the collection of reusables and action will further facilitate the improve- recycling. The action will require an ini- ment of wastewater management at the tial investment in capacity building and community level. LSWMO has identi- behaviour change campaigns and to fied the implementation of decentral- facilitate the allocation or purchasing ized (Cluster) wastewater management of land. However, the aim is for the ini- strategy to extend wastewater services tiative to become self-sustaining after a to underserved communities. period, once a market

ACTION TITLE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES

Lead agency LAWMA

31 ACTION TITLE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES

Collaborating LASEPA; MPPUD; Ministry of Works and Infrastructure; MEPB agency(s) or stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025; Lagos State Resilient Policies & Plans Strategy , Lagos Recycling Initiative

Key Composting rates (tons/year organic waste treated); Amount performance energy generated (kw/tons); Recycling rates (tons by type/ indicators year)

Clean electricity generation for use or to sell (profit); Reduced Co-benefits pollution (e.g. leachate from open dumps and air pollution from uncontrolled burning); Improved public health (e.g. due to less waste dumped in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination); Job creation and economic development (e.g. through new employment opportunities around collection and management of organic waste); Environmental behavioural spillover (increased environmental awareness can catalyse other pro-environmental behaviours).

Table 5: Action blueprint – Community waste strategies for underserved communities

Action 4

4.2.8 Monitor, evaluate and update PSP waste collection contracts Effective collection of waste and loop needs to be established to review wastewater from both residential and them. The goal is to facilitate collection commercial properties is key to effective of 90-95% of residential waste. LAWMA waste management and to prevent- is responsible for reviewing and issu- ing uncontrolled dumping and disposal. ing contracts. However, performance The current set of PSP waste collection monitoring will be undertaken jointly contracts has achieved a coverage and by LAWMA and the local authorities, collection rate of 40-45% of residen- as the latter are closer to residents and tial waste. The aim of this action is to communities. Other key stakeholders evaluate and update the contracts to involved in this action will be the PSP increase coverage and monitor them to operators and the community organ- ensure that higher collection rates are isations that provide monitoring and achieved. If monitoring reveals that con- feedback on the effectiveness of the tracts are ineffective, a feedback current contracts. 32 ACTION TITLE MONITOR, EVALUATE AND UPDATE PSP WASTE COLLECTION CONTRACTS

Lead agency LAWMA

Collaborating Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources; PSP agency(s) or operators; Recycling Association; Local authorities stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025 Policies & Plans

Key Residential waste collection rate (%); Waste production (tons/ performance year); Recycling rates (tons per type/year); Volume of waste indicators dumped and burned (tons/year)

Reduced pollution (e.g. leachate from open dumps and air Co-benefits pollution from uncontrolled burning); Improved public health (e.g. due to less waste dumped in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination); Job creation and economic development (e.g. through new employment opportunities around waste collection and management).

Table 6: Action blueprint – Monitor, evaluate and update PSP waste collection contracts

Action 5

4.2.9 Construct sanitary landfills with landfill gas capture at existing and new sites The aim of this action is to convert exist- the utility, technical institutions and pri- ing open dumps in Lagos into sanitary vate sector development partners. The landfills and to improve methane man- key steps to implementing this action agement. Methane capture systems will include the completion of a feasibility also be constructed at all new disposal study, the development of a financ- sites. The captured gas can be used ing package, updates to the regulatory to generate electricity for local use. framework to allow the sites to supply LAWMA and MoE&WR will be respon- power to the local grid and construction. sible for the implementation of this LAWMA will aim to employ a public/pri- scheme. However, collaboration will be vate investment model using a blend of required with various other stakehold- government and donor funds, private ers, including the Ministry of Energy and investment and revenue from energy Mineral Resources (MEMR), generation. 33 ACTION TITLE CONSTRUCT SANITARY LANDFILLS WITH LANDFILL GAS CAPTURE AT EXISTING AND NEW SITES

Lead agency LAWMA

Collaborating MEWR; MoW; MoE; MEMR agency(s) or stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 5 years

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025 Policies & Plans

Key Methane capture (m3 per ton); Methane captured converted performance to electricity indicators

Energy production; Reduced pollution (reduction in smoke/air Co-benefits pollution, bad odours and leachate groundwater penetration)

Table 7: Action blueprint – Construct sanitary landfills with landfill gas capture at existing and new sites

Action 6

4.2.10 Scale-up biodigester use for households and communities

The objective of this action is to increase Community groups and NGOs will also the use of biodigesters in low-income play a central role in implementing the communities. The action will equip scheme, along with donor partners. The buildings in these communities with tech- biodigesters will be financed through a nology to treat solid and liquid waste. combination of state funding (grants), Pilots have already been conducted funding from community savings groups in several low-income communities and donor funds (e.g. Urban Poor Fund across Lagos. MEWR will be the agency International; UPFI). It is anticipated responsible for promoting this scheme, that this scheme will form part of a working through LSWMO and the Lagos larger programme to improve wastewa- State Urban Renewal Agency (LASURA). ter management systems across Lagos.

34 ACTION TITLE SCALE-UP BIODIGESTER USE FOR HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES

Lead agency MEWR

Collaborating MEWR; Lagos Wastewater Agency; LAWMA agency(s) or stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with State Development Plan 2012-2025 Policies & Plans Key Access to biofill toilets and biodigesters (% of people); Volume performance of sewage collected (m3/year); Volume of wastewater treated indicators (m3/year); No. vacuum trucks (number operational/year); No. of households connected to sewage network (households/ year)

Improved public health and sanitation (e.g. less waste dumped Co-benefits in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination); Job creation and economic development (e.g. through new employment opportunities around collection and management).

Table 8: Action blueprint – Scale up biodigester use for households and communities

Action 7

4.2.11 Install industrial effluent treatment plants for 50% of businesses This action reflects the objective set out awards for the best treatment plants. in the Lagos State Development Plan The action will also initiate monitoring 2012 – 2050 (p. 197) to ensure that 50% of progress and the effectiveness of of industrial businesses install effective installations, and awareness and advo- and efficient effluent treatment plants. cacy campaigns. The private sector The policy underpinning this action is will be expected to finance the installa- already in place and significant stake- tion of the plants, but the Government holder engagement has been undertaken. will fund incentives and a ‘Green Bond’ The State is considering instituting scheme could be considered to gener- incentives, including tax incentives and ate additional investment.

35 ACTION TITLE INSTALL INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS FOR 50% OF BUSINESSES

Lead agency LASEPA

Collaborating MEWR; Lagos Wastewater Agency; MoW agency(s) or stakeholder(s) Timeframe 5 years Alignment with Cleaner Lagos Initiative; State Development Plan 2012-2025 Policies & Plans

Key Volume of wastewater treated (m3/year); Number of vacuum performance trucks (number operational/reduced/year); Number of indicators businesses connected to sewage network (businesses/year)

Reduced pollution (e.g. leachate from open dumps); Increased Co-benefits public health (e.g. less waste dumped in communities leading to reduced vermin, disease, soil/water contamination).

Table 9: Action blueprint – Install effluent treatment plants for 50% of industrial businesses

4.2.12 Implementation timeline The following table presents the expected timelines for implementing actions related to waste and wastewater.

ACTIONS <2 years 2 – 5 years >5 years

1. WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2. IMPLEMENT WASTE SEPARATION AT SOURCE AND PROMOTE ALTERNATIVE USES FOR ORGANICS

3. COMMUNITY WASTE STRATEGIES FOR UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES

4. MONITOR, EVALUATE AND UPDATE PSP WASTE COLLECTION CONTRACTS

5. CONSTRUCT SANITARY LANDFILLS WITH LANDFILL GAS CAPTURE AT EXISTING AND NEW SITES

6. SCALE-UP BIODIGESTER USE FOR HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES 7. INSTALL INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS FOR 50% OF BUSINESSES Table 10. Timeline for implementation of waste actions 36 transport systems, procurement and operation of public transport vehicles 4.3 Transport fall under the remit of the Ministry of Transport. Spatial development is the How is the city targeting success? responsibility of the Ministry of Physical Lagos is one of the fastest growing Planning and Urban Development. The cities in the world. However, the develop- State Government has the authority ment of its transport infrastructure has to implement transit-orientated devel- not kept pace with population growth opment interventions that help to and the attendant urban sprawl.. The address climate change, such as the public transport network is inadequate development of mass transit, walking for the size of the city, despite recent and cycling infrastructure. Commercial improvements to the bus network. Forty freight systems are largely owned percent of all fuel consumed in Nigeria and operated by the private sector. is used in Lagos, and the approximately In order to promote the adoption of 1 million vehicles travelling in the State low-emission vehicles in the com- each day cause significant air pollu- mercial sector, the State Government tion. Pollution is exacerbated by the would need to amend legislation. prevalence of old and poorly main- The two main transport projects in tained vehicles, and two-stroke engine Lagos State are the BRT system and motorcycles. Congestion is a large and the rail mass transit system. The BRT growing problem in the city due to system first opened with a 22 km line in increasing private vehicle ownership. 2008, and the network has since been The 2015 GHG inventory showed that extended with several additional routes Lagos’s transport sector was the and stations. The BRT system serves third-largest emitter, accounting for over 180,000 daily users and the plan is 19.6% of total GHG emissions. Majority to introduce 5,000 new buses. In addi- of these emissions are generated by tion, 820 low emission buses have been on-road transport, which accounts procured and 13 new terminals and 300 for 18%, or 5.2 MtCO2e per year. new bus stops were completed in 2018. To tackle these challenges, the city Lagos State is currently constructing aims to promote a modal shift to mass 2 out of the planned 7 planned lines transit by developing the light rail of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system mass transit, expanding the BRT net- that will come into passenger oper- work, and implementing physical and ation in December 2022. The Lagos spatial development plans, includ- Metropolitan Area Transport Authority ing a non-motorised transport policy. (LAMATA) manages this project in collaboration with the State Government. Lagos State has recently adopted several policies that will reduce transport 4.3.1 Existing policies and sector emissions, including: plans The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure is responsible for transport infrastructure in Lagos, while LAMATA is saddled with the responsibility of developing transport infrastructure on the Declared Road Network (DRN), mainly bus transport routes of about 623 kilometres. The

Lagos Non-Motorised Transport Policy pg. 15 37 4.3.1.1 Lagos State Transport 4.3.1.3 Bus Reform Sector Reform Law 2018 Initiative 2019 The transport sector law governs the The initiative supports the State’s operation of commercial buses, motor- ambition of delivering a world-class cycles and tricycles on Lagos roads. It transportation system. Lagos is however prohibits the use of motor- currently pursuing an integrated, afford- cycles and tricycles with an engine able, multi-modal transport system that capacity of 200cc on major highways will allow citizens to reach their desti- within Lagos State. Failure to comply nations in the shortest possible time. with the above can be punished upon The aim of this initiative is to relieve conviction by a competent court with the burden on the 5600 buses that cur- imprisonment for a term of three years. rently services the 13.65 km route. It will provide 14 bus stations, 11 pedestrian bridges across the corridor, 1 bus depot and 3 bus terminals at Oshodi, Iyana 4.3.1.2 Non-Motorized Ipaja and Abule Egba. The Bus Reform Transport Policy (NMTP), 2018 Programme is expected to result in significant job creation in local communities. The NMTP was developed by the LAMATA on behalf of the Lagos State Government. The policy aims to guide the development of transport systems 4.3.1.4 Lagos Urban Transport that prioritise the needs of pedestrians Project (LUTP) and cyclists. The NMTP improves basic mobility, the affordability of transport, Phase one of the Lagos State access to public transport and also pro- Government’s transport sector policy vides health and recreational benefits. and strategy is the Lagos Urban Improving the convenience, comfort and Transport Project (LUTP). The project safety of walking and cycling reduces has five main components: Capacity the demand for personal motorised Building, Road Network Efficiency, Bus vehicle travel and can help to alleviate Services Enhancement, Water Transport the critical traffic challenges the State Promotion and Preparation of Future faces. Increased investment in NMT Phases, including a Transport Master will complement existing efforts by the Plan for the city Lagos State Government to expand public transport services through initiatives such as the BRT system. This policy has been developed following extensive 4.3.1.5 Lagos State Water consultations, including stakeholder Transport Programme meetings and capacity building workshops. Successful implementation of The physical environment of Lagos is the policy will require the joint efforts of well-suited for water transport, as about relevant stakeholders to develop a safe, 17% of Lagos’s total area is covered by accessible transport system for all road lagoons and waterways. The Lagos users. Strategic Masterplan for Transportation calls for the launch of 17 proposed passenger ferry routes, with services to 38 target commuters. Water transportation is a vital mode of transport, especially for moving containers and other cargo to and from Lagos’s ports.

4.3.2 Opportunities to go further

The transport and urban planning • Reduce share of private car travel from actions discussed in this section aim 11.5% of all trips (2015) to 2% by 2050; to achieve substantial and sustained • Promote 50% modal shift from reductions in GHG emissions in Lagos, motorcycles to bicycles by 2050; while delivering an improved transport • Promote 80% modal shift from pri- system for the benefit of the community. vate cars to BRT by 2050; These actions focus on modal shifts, fuel • 52% of buses (standard & BRT) to be switching, and enhanced fuel efficiency. electric by 2050; • 20% of motorcycles to be electric by Key transport mitigation targets 2050; included in the CAP projections include: • 8% of taxis to be electric by 2050; • Increased use of biodiesel in freight vehicles.

These goals and targets are expected to deliver the emissions reductions presented in the following table.

SECTOR STRATEGY GHG REDUCTIONS PER YEAR (TCO2E) 2030 2040 2050

Mode shift – Transport 406,056 966,571 1,622,949 walk/bike

Mode shift - 1,608,120 2,601,868 4,449,665 transit

Passenger vehicle – fuel/ 121,859 379,191 340,274 efficiency

Transit vehicle – fuel switch/ 282,075 652,449 1,536,911 efficiency

Table 11: Projected emission reductions for the transport sector in 2030, 2040 & 2050 39 4.3.3 Transport actions This section presents the mitigation indication of the lead agency and key actions to be implemented in the trans- collaborators, an estimated timeframe port sector. Stakeholders at the ‘Ready for implementation, alignment with for Implementation Workshop’, held existing policies, co-benefits and indi- in November 2020, identified these cators. All actions listed in this chapter actions as offering the greatest poten- have been factored into the projected tial for successful implementation in the emissions reductions. A detailed list of Lagos transport sector. A Blueprint is sub-actions can be found in the Action presented for each action, including an Detailing Report.

Action 8

4.3.4 Expansion of the BRT network in Lagos, including construction of five bus terminal gateway hubs This action will expand the BRT network the BRT and the promotion of car shar- from the current three lines to a total of ing. The five interstate bus gateway 14 lines. It will also make improvements terminals will allow interstate buses to to the network, including higher-fre- terminate at the edge of the city and quency services, better design of lanes their passengers to transfer onto BRT and stops, development of informa- or other urban public transport modes. tion systems to manage the system and This action will remove the large number deployment of low-emissions buses of interstate buses from Lagos inner (biogas and/or electric). The action will city roads. These gateway sites will also include an integrated system that will help be used to support car sharing and P&R passengers to decide when and where schemes for interstate car journeys, to to make journeys. The action is linked to further reduce congestion on Lagos broader transport schemes, including roads. In addition, the State will con- the construction of park and ride (P&R) sider offering electric vehicle charging stations, green corridors to enable. points at the gateway terminals. better walking and cycling access to

40 ACTION TITLE EXPANSION OF THE BRT NETWORK IN LAGOS, INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION OF FOUR BUS TERMINAL GATEWAY HUBS

Lead agency MoT, LAMATA

Collaborating agency(s) or LAMATA; Ministry of Works & Infrastructure (MoWI); Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 5 years

Alignment with Transport Master Plan; Bus Reform Policy; Lagos State Policies & Plans Transport Sector Reform Law 2018; Strategic Transport Plan

Key Personal motor vehicle (PMV) use (Vehicle Km Travelled – performance VKT/year); BRT use (no. of passengers/year; average journey indicators length)

Community benefit (improved public transport); Environment Co-benefits (e.g. air quality improvements – reduction in pollutant concentrations); Mobility & accessibility (e.g. reduction in journey times, improved connectivity)

Table 11: Action blueprint – Expansion of the BRT network in Lagos, including construction of four bus terminal gateway hubs

Action 9

4.3.5 Implementation of physical and spatial development plans that encourage low emission development This action will involve the prepara- and waste management systems. The tion of updated physical and spatial updated plans will be aligned with the development plans that include the updated Strategic Transport Master goal to reduce GHG emissions as a Plan (STMP), which is currently under core consideration. The new plans development and will outline the State’s will introduce requirements for devel- transport strategy to 2040. The action opers to incorporate low-emission will also involve a review of obsolete technologies in proposed develop- plans, the establishment of masterplan ment plans and introduce new spatial champions to oversee implementa- planning requirements that promote tion across ministries, departments and transit-oriented development, closely agencies (MDAs) and improvements aligned with public transport networks, to the planning regulatory system. walking and cycling infrastructure 41 ACTION TITLE IMPLEMENTATION OF PHYSICAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS THAT ENCOURAGE LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT

Lead agency MPPUD, MOT

Collaborating MoWI agency(s) or stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan Policies & Plans

Key New developments meeting improved standards; Modal share performance walking (%); Modal share cycling (%) indicators Road safety (e.g. reduced number of accidents due to reduced Co-benefits car use and improved safety measures for pedestrians and cyclists); Environment (e.g. air quality improvements – reduction in pollutant concentrations); Improved infrastructure and amenities (e.g. footpath improvements and reclaimed public space); Mobility & accessibility (e.g. reduction in journey times, improved connectivity)

Table 12: Action blueprint – Implementation of physical and spatial development plans that encourage low emission development

Action 10

4.3.6 Adopt and implement the Non-motorised transport policy, including improvements to ferry safety and services This action will build upon the recently LAMATA and the Transformative developed Non-Motorised Transport Urban Mobility Initiative (TUMI). Policy (NMTP). It will aim to enhance This action also includes improvements to the safety of pedestrians and cyclists the ferry service, to ensure the provision across Lagos, through a combination of a multi-modal transport network in of advocacy campaigns, development Lagos. Lagos’s ferries serve an estimated of infrastructure and introduction of 2 million passengers per month, but the incentives for bicycle use. The action service could be expanded to further will be implemented by LAMATA, with relieve pressure on the congested road support from the MoT and the Lagos networks. This action will expand and State Waterways Authority (LASWA) improve regulation of the ferry network, and will build upon the pilot scheme for which has grown to 20 ferries in 2021, and improved walkability in Lagos, which is assess the potential for the introduction currently under implementation by of low and zero-emission ferries. 42 ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT THE NON-MOTORIZED ACTION TITLE TRANSPORT POLICY (NMTP), INCLUDING IMPROVEMENTS TO THE FERRY SAFETY AND SERVICES

Lead agency LASWA, MOT, LAMATA

Collaborating agency(s) or LAMATA; MoWI; LAWMA; NIMASA; NIWA; Safety commission Ministry of Waterfront and infrastructure; MOEWR stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years Alignment with Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan; Lagos State Transport Policies & Plans Sector Reform Law 2018; Non-Motorised Transport Policy.

Key Mode share walking (%); Mode share cycling (%); Mode share performance of ferry passengers (%) indicators Community benefit (improved public transport); Environment Co-benefits (e.g. air quality improvements – reduction in pollutant concentrations); Mobility & accessibility (e.g. reduction in journey times, improved connectivity); Reduction in road congestions (e.g. improved city living, reduction in car accidents)

Table 13: Action blueprint – Adopt and implement the NMTP, including improvements to ferry safety and services

Action 11

4.3.7 Encourage the uptake of low emission vehicles This action will introduce a package achieve improvements in local air qual- of measures to increase the number ity and reductions in GHG emissions. Its of ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs, activities will be supported through the including electric/hybrid/hydrogen employment of traffic officers and an cars, motorcycles and freight vehicles). administrative team to manage imple- The package of measures will combine mentation and the collection of fines. incentives and grants for the uptake of The steps to implement the action will ULEVs, investment for infrastructure to include the completion of an assessment support ULEVs, the introduction and of low-emission transport measures to enforcement of priority bus lanes and identify a preferred package of options, greater restrictions on the use of high the establishment of vehicle testing polluting vehicles. The action will build centres and the introduction of improve- upon a feasibility study for electric vehi- ments in relevant systems to facilitate cle charging infrastructure currently enforcement of the changes, with the ongoing in Lagos. The action will aim to participation of PPPs.

43 ACTION TITLE ENCOURAGE THE UPTAKE OF LOW EMISSION VEHICLES

Lead agency MoT, LAMATA

Collaborating agency(s) or LAMATA; MoWI; LAWMA; MoEWR stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with Transport Master Plan; Lagos State Transport Sector Reform Policies & Plans Law 2018; NMTP Key No. of low emission vehicles (% of hybrid / electric / hydrogen performance vehicles); Uptake of ULEVs grants (No. of grant applications); indicators Sales of petrol /diesel fuel (liters/ gallons of fuel in a time period); Sales of catalytic converters

Environment (e.g. air quality improvements – reduction Co-benefits in pollutant concentrations); Mobility & accessibility (e.g. reduction in journey times, improved connectivity); Reduction in road congestions (e.g. improved city living, reduction in car accidents); Job creation in new sectors and technologies associated with low emission cars

Table 14: Action blueprint – Encourage the uptake of low emission vehicles

Action 12

4.3.8 Encourage the shift of freight from road to rail Freight is an often-overlooked area in major ports, industrial centres and transport policy, as it is viewed as a pri- airports to allow for freight transpor- vate sector activity. However, it is likely tation by rail. This action will build to be a significant contributor to trans- upon recently introduced freight pol- port emissions and has wider social icies in Lagos, including operational and safety impacts. Shifting freight to restrictions in central areas and the rail will remove lorries from the roads, introduction of truck parks. It is also which will reduce both emissions and expected to be supported by the devel- congestion. This action will invest in opment of a new Freight Masterplan. establishing rail links between the State’s

The Master Plan Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria 44 C40 GHG Emissions interactive dashboard, GHG Inventory 2015 (https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/C40-cities-greenhouse -gas-emissions-interactive-dashboard?language=en_US) Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP) ACTION TITLE ENCOURAGE THE SHIFT OF FREIGHT FROM ROAD TO RAIL

Lead agency MOT

Collaborating agency(s) or LAMATA; MoT stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 5 years

Alignment with Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan; Lagos State Transport Policies & Plans Sector Reform Law 2018; Non-Motorised Transport Policy

Key No. of freight vehicles on the road (% of vehicles); Expansion of performance rail networks (km of railway lines, no. of rail ports, connections) indicators Environment (e.g. air quality improvements – reduction Co-benefits in pollutant concentrations); Mobility & accessibility (e.g. reduction in journey times, improved connectivity); Reduction in road congestions (e.g. improved city living, reduction in car accidents)

Table 15: Action blueprint – Encourage the move from freight to rail

4.3.9 Implementation timeline The following table presents the expected timelines for implementing actions related to transport.

ACTIONS <2 years 2 – 5 years >5 years

8. EXPANSION OF THE BRT NETWORK IN LAGOS, INCLUDING IMPLEMENTATION OF FOUR BUS TERMINAL GATEWAY HUBS

9. IMPLEMENTATION OF PHYSICAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS THAT ENCOURAGE LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT

10. ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT THE NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT POLICY (NMTP), INCLUDING IMPROVEMENTS TO THE FERRY SAFETY AND SERVICES

11. ENCOURAGE THE UPTAKE OF LOW EMISSION VEHICLES

12. ENCOURAGE THE MOVE FROM FREIGHT TO RAIL

Table 16: Timeline for implementation of transport actions 45 off-grid energy. In support of energy 4.4 Energy sector transformation, the city facilitates the uptake of small-scale renewables How is the city targeting success? and energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings and encour- Lagos State has the highest electricity ages decentralised renewable energy demand of any State in Nigeria, con- generation. suming over 800 MW of the 4,000 MW produced nationally.[ The Master Plan The State Government is respon- Study for Utilization of Solar Energy in sible for energy supply to some the Federal Republic of Nigeria] The government-owned buildings, through 2015 GHG inventory indicates that the five independent LPG-fuelled power energy sector is responsible for approx- facilities operated by PPPs. The State imately 55.1% of total emissions. Energy Government has the authority to install use in residential buildings generates renewable energy generation capacity 5.9 MtCO2eq per year (41% of the in all government facilities, including overall stationary energy emissions), housing estates and public utilities. energy use in manufacturing industries However, beyond government facil- generates 5.6 MtCO2eq per year (38%) ities, the State has limited capacity to and energy use in commercial build- effect change. The Ministry of Housing ings generates 2.95 MtCO2eq per year is responsible for the implementation (20%).[C40 GHG Emissions interactive of energy efficiency measures in gov- dashboard, GHG Inventory 2015 (https:// ernment projects and for advocating www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/ for the application of similar schemes C40-cities-greenhouse-gas-emissions-inter- in private developments. The Ministry active-dashboard?language=en_US)] of Energy and Mineral Resources manages energy efficiency in exist- Electricity accounts for the majority ing city-owned, government-owned of energy consumed in buildings in and privately owned buildings. The Lagos, however, significant emissions State Government has the authority to also result from the use of fossil fuels impose higher energy efficiency stan- (such as LPG, kerosene, diesel and other dards for new and existing buildings. liquid fuels) and biomass. Commercial institutions and industries also often use backup (diesel) generators during 4.4.1 Existing policies and plans power outages. Kerosene and LPG are commonly used for cooking in residen- Nigeria’s NDC sets a target of generat- tial and commercial premises and heavy ing 30% of electricity using renewable fuel oil is typically used in the manufac- energy technology by 2030.[ Lagos turing sector. Strategic CAP Appraisal Report ] However, electricity demand in Nigeria Improving the resilience of the energy is expected to double in the next sector to climate change impacts decade due to population growth. As a requires transforming the energy mix. result, more consumers will depend on This can be achieved by diversifying firewood, kerosene, petrol and diesel energy sources to include hydropower to supplement their power needs. In and other renewable energy, in addi- response to these growing needs, the tion to implementing energy efficiency National Government developed the measures and increasing access to Electric Power Sector Reform Act of

46 Lagos Strategic CAP Appraisal Report 2005 and a National Energy Master The Lagos State House of Assembly Plan (NEMP), which culminated in recently passed the Lagos State Electric an Electricity Master Plan in 2008. Power Sector Reform Law, 2018. The Subsequently, in 2015, the Government Law aims to boost electricity supply in adopted the National Renewable Energy Lagos State through the establishment and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP). of a power scheme and the creation of This is a vital policy for Lagos State, offences for energy theft. It aims to gen- as it aims to reduce reliance on small- erate and distribute approximately 3,000 scale diesel generators for electricity MW for public use in the State using production. The policy aims to accel- off-grid energy generation installations. erate the uptake of renewable energy This is a special initiative comprising off- technologies, including hydro, wind and street lighting, community electrification solar PV. It sets production targets for and embedded power programmes. some renewable energy technologies; for example, it aims for 3% solar energy in the energy mix by 2020 and 6% by 2030. Other policy and strategy inter- 4.4.2 Opportunities to go ventions include: further Some of the key mitigation targets • The establishment of the Rural related to the energy sector factored Electrification Agency (REA), which into the CAP projections include: undertakes feasibility studies on the • 49% of grid electricity to be gener- potential for using renewable elec- ated by renewables in 2050; tricity generation technologies in • 80% of newly built commercial remote and off-grid areas; properties to use solar water heating • The development of building energy by 2035; efficiency codes to ensure buildings • 100% of residential properties to are designed to take advantage of transition to solar water heating by climatic conditions in order to reduce 2050; energy consumption; • 100% of cook stoves to be electric • Mandating the deployment of ener- by 2050; gy-saving light fixtures in federal • 95% of existing buildings to use LED government offices and facilities; lighting by 2035. • The provision of grants to communities to aid the adoption of community-based renewable energy generation.

Under the NREEEP, two further products have been developed: (a) the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) and (b) the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP). These action plans articulated the objectives, policies and strategies set out in the NREEEP and formed the foundation for the Revised National Policy on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.

47 These goals and targets will deliver the emissions reductions presented in Table 17.

SECTOR EMISSION GHG REDUCTIONS PER SOURCE YEAR (TCO2E) 2025 2035 2050

Off-grid re- Electricity 844,508 2,180,625 4,192,497 Generation newables

Self-generation 184,824 585,454 2,578,439

Grid decarbonization 457,598 379,191 1,224,741

Building New construction – 259,381 1,665,418 5,446,168 energy efficiency Retrofit – building 40,778 136,899 208,298 envelopes Space cooling – efficiency 28,662 91,612 132,526

Water heating – efficiency/fuel 105,555 456,205 859,571 switch

Cooking – fuel switch 38,717 -12,287 59,203

Lighting – 405,410 1,283,797 1,351,365 efficiency

Equipment - 73,273 256,455 403,000 efficiency

Table 18: Projected emissions reductions in the energy sector in 2030, 2040 & 2050 48 4.4.3 Energy actions This section presents the mitigation collaborators, an estimated timeframe actions to be implemented in the energy for implementation, alignment with sector. Stakeholders at the ‘Ready for existing policies, co-benefits and indi- Implementation Workshop’, held in cators. All actions listed in this chapter November 2020, identified these actions have been factored into the projected as offering the greatest potential for emissions reductions. A detailed list of implementation in Lagos. A Blueprint is sub-actions can be found in the Action presented for each action, including an Detailing Report. indication of the lead agency and key

Action 13

4.4.4 Campaign to install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems at schools, hospitals and municipal buildings This action will build upon the progress have been installed in areas where made so far in installing solar PV sys- energy supply is limited. The next steps tems at schools and hospitals across will be to develop a roadmap for rolling Lagos. The action will look to expand out new installations at all remaining the installation programme to cover all buildings and to identify investors and schools, hospitals and municipal build- funding organisations for these instal- ings, whilst also raising public awareness lations. A regulatory framework for of the benefits of solar PV systems, attracting funding is currently under stimulating investment in the sector development with the support of the and supporting local economies. This UK Government. The campaign has action will be managed by the MEMR, benefited from effective public engage- the Lagos State Electricity Board and ment, including the introduction of an the Ministries of Health and Education. education programme for participating Key stakeholders that will be engaged schools, and from positive media cov- include NGOs, PPPs, student organi- erage. It will be important to build on sations and members of the public. At this awareness to gain buy-in from local present, many solar PV installations are communities and investors. used to provide backup power, or

49 ACTION TITLE CAMPAIGN TO INSTALL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS AT SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS AND MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS

Lead agency MEMR

Collaborating agency(s) or LSEB; MoH; MoE&WR; LGAs & LCDAs; MoIS; Private Sectors Ministry of Education stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with Lagos State Electric Power Sector Reform Law; Nigeria’s Policies & Plans Renewable Energy Master Plan; Nigerian Energy Support Programme; Renewable Energy Strategy for Lagos State

Key Solar PV installations (% buildings with technology installed; performance number of new units installed/year); No. of employment indicators opportunities created in the sector

Co-benefits Community benefits (e.g. cost savings from lower consumption of diesel/grid electricity; increased comfort); Environmental (e.g. improved air quality from reduced use of diesel, kerosene and other fuels; lower energy demands reducing generation needs)

Table 19: Action blueprint – Campaign to install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems at schools, hospitals and municipal buildings

Action 14

4.4.5 Develop policies that promote decentralised renewable energy generation, in collaboration with the Federal Government, to improve grid stability

This action will promote the uptake of include a review of the current regula- small-scale renewables through a pack- tion with the aims of giving Lagos State age of measures, including improvements more control over the energy system to the feed-in tariff regulation. Under within the city and of evaluating the this regulation, Distribution Companies potential for introducing more attractive (DisCos) are obliged to source 50% tariffs. Support measures may include of their electricity from renewables. educational information campaigns Further promotion and support of this for suppliers and energy consumers. policy will help to increase the uptake The improved feed-in tariff will provide of renewables in Lagos and across the a clear signal to the market to boost wider region. The action will also investment in renewable energy 50 technologies, stimulate the market and There are plans to reform the existing increase the share of renewables in the power generation system in Nigeria. energy mix. It will also be important The Federal Government has con- for Lagos State to lead by example, by tracted Siemens to develop a strategy generating renewable energy on munic- for increasing generation and improving ipal land or buildings where feasible. transmission. There is a precedent for This action will benefit from improve- successful Federal-State collaboration ments to planning and permitting in support of grid expansion (a part- processes, including the introduction nership that distributed invertors). The of requirements for renewables in new Federal Government would be responsi- developments, and from the develop- ble for the implementation of this action, ment of a renewables roadmap for the with input from State Governments and State, as recommended by the recently private organisations. In areas where published Renewable Energy Strategy it is not possible to expand the grid, for Lagos State. This action also aims it will be important to prioritise the to improve the reliability of the grid deployment of off-grid renewables and electricity supply (generation and trans- battery systems. This action will be criti- mission), by influencing the Federal cal to ensuring these off-grid areas have Government, Lagos State Government adequate access to modern energy and and MEMR to engage with DisCos, to supporting the State’s ambitions of Generation Companies (GenCos) and achieving net-zero emissions. the transmission company.

DEVELOP POLICIES THAT PROMOTE DECENTRALISED ACTION TITLE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, TO IMPROVE GRID STABILITY

Lead agency Federal Government & LSG Collaborating agency(s) or MEMR; Discos; GenCos; National Transmission Company; MoF; MoIS; LSEB; MEBP stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 2 – 5 years

Alignment with Lagos State Electric Power Sector Reform Law; Nigeria’s Re- newable Energy Master Plan; Nigerian Energy Support Pro- Policies & Plans gramme; Renewable Energy Strategy for Lagos State

Key Solar PV installations (% buildings with technology installed; performance number of new units installed/year); No. of employment/ indicators upskilling opportunities created in the sector; Coverage of grid connections (total area (ha); expansion of new connection areas in ha/year); Access to electricity (% of households connected to the grid, access to off-grid renewables); Energy mix (%renewable energy); Grid stability (baseline data on grid efficiency); Uptake of renewable technologies (supply and demand in the market and decrease or increase of unit cost); Uptake of feed-in tariff (amount of excess energy generated and sold back to the grid)

51 DEVELOP POLICIES THAT PROMOTE DECENTRALISED ACTION TITLE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, TO IMPROVE GRID STABILITY

Co-benefits Economic (e.g. extra power can be exported; cost savings for households); Environmental (e.g. indoor and outdoor air quality improvements from reduced combustion of fossil fuels; reduced noise pollution from generators); Social and inclusivity (e.g. increased access to electricity ensuring more equitable access to opportunities, including education, more free time for women); Security (reduced levels of crime, safer communities due to street lighting); Education (increase in school grades as children are able to study after school hours)

Table 20: Action blueprint – Develop policies that promote decentralised renewable energy generation, in collaboration with the Federal Government, to improve grid stability

Action 15

4.4.6 Reduce emissions in the residential sector by promoting the development of energy storage technologies and incentivising the deployment of micro-grids in off-grid urban communities

This action pursues improvements in sector, as they can ensure that the the residential housing sector in Lagos, energy generated is fully utilised. Lagos including by developing a finance mech- is in the process of introducing batter- anism and subsidies to support the ies to support street lighting systems uptake of renewables. The action will in some parts of the State. This action build on the successes of the Eko Gas will focus on individual and local-scale Project and the Lagos Solar Project. It storage technologies such as battery will be managed jointly by the Ministry storage, rather than large-scale stor- of Energy & Mineral Resources and the age to support the grid. The action will Lagos State Electricity Board, with sup- also support local businesses involved port from the Ministry of Environment in the production of renewable energy & Water Resources and the Ministry of and associated technologies. Measures Physical Planning & Urban Development. to increase the supply of clean, reli- The action will also include the introduc- able and affordable energy will include tion of new building standards, which a market study and strategy develop- set requirements for energy efficiency ment, the development of an affordable and the adoption of renewables in new financing model and the implementa- developments. tion of PPPs between Lagos State and the private sector for the deployment The use of energy storage technologies of micro-grids. The action will target will be crucial to the success of decen- off-grid communities by developing a tralised renewables in the residential market for small-scale renewables. 52 REDUCE EMISSIONS IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR BY ACTION TITLE PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND INCENTIVISING THE DEPLOYMENT OF MICRO-GRIDS IN OFF-GRID URBAN COMMUNITIES

Lead agency MEMR; LSEB

Collaborating agency(s) or MEWR; MPPUD stakeholder(s)

Timeframe 5 years

Alignment with Lagos Solar Project; National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy; Lagos State Electric Power Sector Reform Policies & Plans Law; Nigeria’s Renewable Energy Master Plan; Nigerian Ener- gy Support Programme; Renewable Energy Strategy for La- gos State

Key Solar PV installations (% buildings with technology installed; performance number of new units installed/year); Coverage of grid connections (total area (ha); expansion of new connection areas in indicators ha/year); Access to electricity (% of households connected to the grid, access to off-grid renewable electricity); Energy mix (%renewable energy); Uptake of battery storage (% of storage units; day and night tariffs and usage)

Economic (e.g. extra power can be exported; cost savings Co-benefits for households); Environmental (e.g. indoor and outdoor air quality improvements from reduced combustion of fossil fuels; reduced noise pollution from generators); Social and inclusivity (e.g. increased access to electricity ensuring more equitable access to opportunities, including education, more free time for women); Security (reduced levels of crime, safer communities due to street lighting)

Table 21: Action blueprint – Reduce emissions in the residential sector by promoting the development of energy storage technologies and incentivising the deployment of micro-grids in off-grid urban communities

4.4.7 Implementation timeline The following table presents the expected timelines for implementing actions related to energy.

ACTIONS <2 years 2 – 5 years >5 years

13. CAMPAIGN TO INSTALL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS AT SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS AND MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS

53 ACTIONS <2 years 2 – 5 years >5 years

14. DEVELOP POLICIES THAT PROMOTE THE USE OF DECENTRALIZED RENEWABLE ENERGY IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO IMPROVE GRID STABILITY

15. SHIFT TO LOW CARBON RESIDENTIAL SECTOR BY PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND INCENTIVISE MICRO-GRIDS FOR OFF-GRID URBAN COMMUNITIES

Table 22: Timeline for implementation of energy actions

4.5 Climate Adaptation & Resilience Prioritized Adaptation Actions It is known that extreme events will combat climate impacts, risks and haz- continue to occur as a consequence of ards. They outline a comprehensive climate change. Due to identified topo- strategy that seeks to reduce sensitiv- graphic and geographic characteristics, ity, mitigate impact, increase adaptive Lagos State is exposed to significant cli- capacity and create resilience. The mate risk. Flooding events, coastal ero- goals and objectives have been devel- sion, inundation, subsidence, extreme oped through a process of stakeholder storms and extreme heat impacts are engagement, within context to state priority hazards of concern to the pop- capacity and power, and reflect the vision ulation; many of whom are known to be of creating a cleaner, greener, healthier, extremely vulnerable. Three sectors have stable and more prosperous Lagos in a also been characterised as extremely changing climate. The development pro- vulnerable, due to their unique sensi- cess also took into consideration state tivity and exposure to climate hazards resources, power and capacity to imple- – tourism, agriculture and infrastructure. ment initiatives, which has ensured the Failing to adapt to certain climate risks goals and objectives are achievable and could have catastrophic consequences realistic within the context of Lagos. on Lagos’ population, economy, infra- The identified initiatives are a combina- structural and natural assets, and po- tion of existing and proposed policies litical stability. These prioritised goals, or actions that will operationalize the objectives and initiatives have been de- objectives of the State’s CAP in the face termined through their ability to of significant risk.

54 Goal 1 significant impact on natural resources. 4.5.1 Resilient Ecosystem The strength and health of ecosystems directly correlates to agricultural pro- Lagos State will experience an increase duction, food security and biodiversity. in annual average temperatures, ex To reduce the vulnerability of these treme heat events, sea level rise, erosion areas the following actions have been and inundation. All of which will have identified.

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Integrate Ministry of >5 years Area of land Improve ecosystem health; green and Agriculture used for the Increase adaptive capacity purpose of nature-based of infrastructure; Reduced LASPARK green and environmental impact of ecosystem nature-based hard-engineering solutions; services ecosystems; Reduced emissions from full into hard increase life-cycle of solutions; engineering in species number and solutions type; funding allocated to green and nature-based ecosystem services

Plant more Ministry of >5 years Number of trees Improve ecosystem health; trees for Agriculture planted in public Increase adaptive capacity more shade and private of city spaces to heat related LASPARK spaces, funding impacts; Improve air quality, and cooling allocated to tree soil quality, soil stability, in public planting water quality; Promote spaces, greening and beautifying markets, of urban spaces; Increase along natural carbon-capture capacity streets, and encourage tree-planting on private property

Regenerate Ministry of >5 years Collaborations Meets basic needs; Supports farm centres Agriculture with farming livelihood and employment; centres; Protects natural and man- and explore Establishment made assets; Empowers a urban of urban broad range of stakeholders; agriculture agriculture Fosters economic prosperity opportunities opportunities; to strengthen Food pricing; Average food security distance of ‘farm to fork’ food provision Table 26: Actions supporting a resilient ecosystem 55 These actions will reduce ecosystem The State’s geographical and topo- sensitivity to climate impacts by improv- graphical characteristics create intrinsic ing ecosystem health, increase adaptive sensitivity to flooding, while poor infra- capacity of urban areas to extreme heat structure and waste management and the urban heat island effect, and have degraded drainage systems and increase the resilience of food systems increased the incidences of flash flood- and agriculture. ing events. Primary impacts include loss of life, infrastructure damage, disrupted operations, environmental damage, pollution of water sources, salination, Goal 2 inundation and displacement. Second- ary impacts consist of health risks such as disease from polluted water sources, 4.5.2 Flood-Proof Lagos social unrest from disrupted operations and services, and economic downturn The most certain and significant risks following extreme events. The following to the State of Lagos are impacts from initiatives and actions have been pro- flood events and sea level rise. posed:

Target Flood Risk

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Produce a Ministry of the 2 – 5 years Identification Increase institutional capaci- city-wide Environment of flood risk ty to plan for, respond to and areas; Provision flood risk and Water recover from flood risk; In- Resources of public crease community capacity map information on to understand local flood risk; flood risk data Increase evidence-based and guidance decision-making; Increase public trust in institutional capacity to manage climate risk; Improve ability to em- bed climate risk into urban planning and development; Prevent maladaptation by understanding spatial and temporal flood risk

Strengthen Lagos State 2 – 5 years Available of Improves capacity for evi- the State’s Residents access to stake- dence-based decision-mak- capacity for Registration holders and ing; Improves institution- Agency public; Estab- al capacity for climate risk the collection, lishment of data analysis; Improves institu- analysis and Lagos State owners; Agree- tional capacity for vulnera- dissemination Ministry of ment on data bility analysis; Improves city of data Budget and owners and a capacity for adaptation; En- Planning (La- system for col- gages stakeholders and fos- gos Bureau of lection and ters trust between the public statistics) maintenance and institutions

56 ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Develop and MoEWR >5 years Allocation Reduced sensitivity of city to implement a of funding flooding hazards; Reduced to support storm water potential of flash flooding development; events; Mitigates impact to drainage Development health and sanitation from master plan of Masterplan; flooding events; Mitigates Agreement on displacement and loss of priority actions life; Mitigates damage to infrastructure and property; Mitigates impact to natural capital (i.e. degradation of soil quality, soil stability, water quality, water availability)

Improve, MoEWR >5 years Allocation Reduces sensitivity of city expand and of funding to flooding hazards; Reduc- maintain the for draining es potential of flash flooding improvements; events; Mitigates impact to city-wide Completion health and sanitation from drainage of impact flooding events; Mitigates network assessments; displacement and loss of Commissioning life; Mitigates damage to in- of private frastructure and property; sector; Mitigates impact to natural Percentage capital (i.e. degradation of of city with soil quality, soil stability, wa- adequate ter quality, water availability) drainage coverage

Table 27: Actions supporting reduced flood risk

Reduce Waste and Improve Water Quality

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Construct Lagos State >5 years Identification of Reduced sensitivity of city to community Wastewater priority areas flooding hazards; Reduced for wastewater wastewater Management potential of flash flooding Office treatment plants; events; Reduced pollution treatment Allocation of in community spaces; Re- plants funding for duced incidence of water treatment plants; borne disease; Reduced pol- Completion lution and improves health of impact of ecosystems; Reduced vul- assessments; nerability of communities to Commissioning disease and cascading im- of private sector; pacts of flooding; Increased Percentage of water quality, soil quality households with and stability. access to adequate sanitation

57 ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Develop Lagos Waste >5 years Securing Reduced sensitivity of city to integrated Management investments flooding hazards; Reduced potential for flash flooding waste Authority for waste management events; Reduced pollution in management system; community spaces; Reduced system Improved incidence of water-borne disease; Reduced pollution relations with and improved ecosystem PSPs; Increased health; Reduced vulnerability waste collection of communities to disease and treatment and cascading impacts of rates flooding; Increased water quality, soil quality and stability

Risk of maladaptation: Potential to cause maladaptation through implementation of waste-to- energy projects which will increase pollution, decrease air quality, contribute to emissions and decrease environmental or human health

Expand and Ministry >5 years Identification of Increases adaptive capacity protect water of the priority areas of city to drought and heat Environment for protection; related impacts; Reduces sources to vulnerability of social, natural and Water Areas of land improve and economic capital; Promotes designated Lagos’ water Resources soil quality, soil stability, for protection; supply nutrient abundance; Sustains Establishment agricultural productivity; of team Promotes biodiversity and responsible ecosystem health; Promotes for enforcing and sustains land suitable for protections agriculture, infrastructure and settlements; Increases food security; Aids GDP growth; Promotes community health

Provide public Ministry >5 years Identification of Decreases waste pollution in toilets and of the priority areas public spaces; Reduces impact Environment for toilets / from disease; Promotes health; bathrooms Reduces strain on health and Water bathrooms; in strategic service; Protects ecosystem Allocation locations in each Resources and environmental health within of funding; urban spaces local government Commissioning and local council of private development sector; Local areas. Provide authorities with public toilets access to public and bathrooms toilets and strategic bathrooms locations in each local government and local council development Areas

Table 28: Actions supporting reduced water consumption and improved water quality 58 Promote Natural Solutions

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Strengthen Lagos State >5 years Agreement on Promotes resilience of urban Lagos urban Urban priority areas; spaces to climate change; Allocation Decreases the Urban Heat renewal Renewal Agency of funding; Island Effect; Promotes programme Stakeholder greening of urban spaces, MPP&UD engagement leading to improved air quality and reduced impact from respiratory diseases and reduced stress on health services; Improves environmental health

Promote de- Lagos State >5 years Agreement on Decreases the Urban Heat paving and Urban priority areas; Island Effect; Improves Allocation encourage Renewal natural drainage; Decreases Agency of funding; impact from flood hazards; the use of Completion of Increases water table height; permeable MPP&UD designs and Increases availability of surfaces supporting natural water resources; assessments; Increases soil health, quality Stakeholder and stability; Improves land engagement; suitability for infrastructural Commissioning and housing development; the private Improves ecosystem health; sector Improves biodiversity health

Table 29: Actions to promote natural solutions

Improving flood risk management will sensitivity to flood risk by improving increase adaptive capacity by increasing drainage systems and will mitigate risk ability to monitor, plan for and create from secondary impacts on human and knowledge around flood and sea level ecosystem health. Promoting natural rise impacts. Improving and expanding solutions, such as increasing permeable water sources will also increase adaptive surface area, will not only reduce capacity while ensuring clean and safe sensitivity to flood risk by improving water sources are maintained, creating natural drainage, but will also reduce knock on benefits for agriculture and food sensitivity to the urban heat island security. Decreasing waste will reduce effect by reducing the heat-retention of infrastructure.

59 Goal 3

4.5.3 Political Flexibility and Responsiveness The ability to adapt and create commu- capacity will allow Lagos to assess nity level change is paramount to reduce changes or impacts and implement impacts by reducing exposure, reduc- adaptation in the face of substantial and ing sensitivity and increasing adaptive continual climate hazards and slow-on- capacity. This ability relies heavily on set changes. To increase institutional institutional capacity, including the util- capacity and promote evidence-based isation of tools, resources, power and decision-making, the following initia- knowledge. High institutional tives and actions have been proposed.

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Develop Ministry of >5 years Development Increases institutional and institutional Physical of framework; community capacity to Establishment frameworks Planning adapt to climate change; and Urban of draft Promotes public trust in ac- for community Development guidelines; tions and development; Em- involvement Community beds vulnerability into de- in developing MoEWR engagement velopment plans climate resilience guidelines for new city infrastructure.

Conduct a Ministry of 2 – 5 years Allocation Increases capacity to state-wide Environment of funding; make evidence-based de- sea level rise and Water Completion of cision-making; Improves assessment; vulnerability Resources; knowledge of current and Stakeholder future risk from sea level assessment engagement rise; Improves ability to plan for, respond to and recover from impacts from sea level rise; Promotes consideration of sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure across the city

60 ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Community Ministry of 2 – 5 years Identification of Increases capacity to make participatory Agriculture priority areas; evidence-based decision- Community flood making; Increase institutional engagement; capacity to plan for, respond management Improvements to and recover from flood in community risk; Increase community protection from capacity to understand local flooding flood risk; Increase evidence- based decision-making

Develop Ministry of >5 years Identification of Increases capacity to coastal-zone Environment priority areas; make evidence-based de- management and Water Community cision-making; Increase engagement; plans for Resources community capacity to Improvements understand local flood community in community risk; Reduces impact from needs protection from coastal hazards to local flooding communities; Encourages stakeholder participation in decision-making; Promotes conservation of coastal ecosystems; Protects coastal livelihoods; Prevents displacement; Protects tourism interests and assets

Table 30: Actions to encourage political flexibility and responsiveness

By engaging community level stake- level by improving public and institutional holders in adaptation planning, and knowledge, harnessing public support, promoting initiatives that target com- and avoiding mal-adaptation, leading to munity vulnerabilities, this will improve better evidence-based decision-making. the adaptive capacity at the community level and institutional

61 Goal 4

4.5.4 Social Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups

Identifying vulnerabilities within the being excluded from adaptation actions. population will streamline adaptation The following actions and initiatives aim action and highlight high-risk zones. to reduce sensitivity of highly sensitive To prevent loss of life due to climate groups, increase population resilience impacts, it is vital highly sensitive groups and improve adaptive capacity through are supported and that their sensitivi- strategic preparation. ties are not exacerbated by

Participation

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Enhance Ministry of >5 years Development Improves institutional and public Environment of engagement community knowledge; Pri- campaign; awareness and Water oritises health of ecosys- Resources Identification tems and biodiversity; Pro- and improve of priority motes inclusion of minority adaptive communities; groups; Promotes public skills and Stakeholder support for adaptive actions knowledge engagement and policies; Promotes cli- of indigenous mate justice; Supports SDGs to promote and protect in- adaptation digenous rights methods

Engage Ministry of >5 years Development Increases adaptive capacity communities Physical of engagement of communities; Increases in the Planning and campaign; resilience of settlements; Identification Improves knowledge of participatory Urban Development of priority community vulnerability; planning communities; Improves public support for of their Stakeholder climate actions and policies settlements engagement in order to reduce their vulnerability to climate change

Table 31: Actions to facilitate participation 62 Emergency Response & Disaster Preparation

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Strengthen Lagos State 2 – 5 years Review Increases institutional ca- emergency Emergency opportunities for pacity to plan for, respond improvement; response and Management to and recover from disaster Agency Development events; Reduces impact of evacuation of improvement extreme events on commu- systems plan; Engagement nities; Prevents loss of life with emergency services; Implementation of recommendations

Implement Ministry <2 years Establish Increases institutional capac- one health of Health, implementation ity to manage stressors on strategy in MoE&WR, plan; Secure the health service; Improves funding; Agree the Lagos NGOs community health; Reduces milestones; community sensitivity to cli- State Health Engagement mate change; Reduces vul- Scheme with nerability to climate change; stakeholders Reduces impact from chronic climate-related disease; Reduces potential for shocks to health service from disease outbreak; Prevents loss of life; Promotes productivity within the economy and industries; Promotes GDP growth

Upgrade Ministry of >5 years Funding Increases institutional ca- public health- Health secured; pacity to manage stressors care facilities Plan for and shocks on the health improvements service; Improves commu- established; nity health; Reduces com- Number of munity sensitivity to climate healthcare change; Reduces vulnerabil- facilities ity to climate change; Re- upgraded duces impact from chronic climate-related disease; Pre- vents loss of life

Table 32: Actions to improve emergency response and disaster preparation

63 Protecting the Most Vulnerable

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Increase Ministry of >5 years Identification Decreases vulnerability of access to Housing of priority communities to climate housing areas; affordable change; Promotes cleanli- Allocation ness and health within ur- housing of funding; ban spaces; Increases so- Percentage cial, physical and economic of affordable resilience of communities; houses Decreases instances of informal settlements; Decreases poverty; Prevents loss of life; Promotes livelihood sustainability; Promotes community health

Scale up the Lagos State 2 – 5 years Areas covered Decreases vulnerability of implementation Office for by law; disabled peoples; Decreas- of the Lagos Disability Communities es vulnerability of the com- benefitting State Special Affairs munity; Promotes inclusivi- from law ty within the city; Promotes Peoples Law community health; Increases social capital; Mitigates loss of life

Table 33: Actions to help protect the most vulnerable

Increasing the participation of minority withstand impact from extreme events. and sensitive groups in adaptation plan- Early warning and evacuation systems ning while communicating climate risks will reduce loss of life through preven- and actions to the public will improve tion, and a strengthened health care adaptive capacity through increased system will better manage emergency awareness of the skills, knowledge medical care to impacted communities. and behaviours needed to adapt to The secondary benefit is reduced sen- potential climate impacts. Improving sitivity to climate impacts by improving emergency response and disaster the overall health of the population. preparation, including direct action on This is synonymous with protecting the health infrastructure, will create primary most vulnerable; by increasing access to and secondary benefits for Lagos State. affordable housing, the State can reduce The primary benefit is increased adap- the exposure of highly sensitive groups. tive capacity to 64 Goal 5

4.5.5 Developing an Adaptive and Resilient Transport Network Lagos State’s transport sector is the permanence of these impacts. exposed to high-impact hazards. Severe Transport is not only a highly valuable flooding events will lead to disruption of asset, but also vital to economic and services, reduced mobility and isolation social activity. The following actions of communities, while sea level rise and have been identified to reduce climate inundation may increase impacts within the transport sector.

ADAPTATION LEAD TIMELINE KEY CO-BENEFITS ACTION AGENCY PERFOMANCE INDICATORS

Implement Lagos >5 years Identification of Increases institutional ca- Lagos state Metropol- priority areas; pacity to adapt to climate Allocation strategic itan Area change; Improves mobility, Transport of funding; and therefore adaptive ca- transport Authority Improvements pacity of communities; Re- plan (LAMATA) in congestion; duces contribution of trans- Reduced air port sector to Urban Heat MOT pollutant Island Effect; Reduces pol- concentrations; lution; Improves air quality; Improved public Improves community health; health Reduces impact from chronic disease; Reduces stress on health service

Expand Lagos State 2 – 5 years Identification of Improves capacity to adapt the water Waterways priority routes; to flood and sea level rise transportation Authority Identification related hazards; Operation- of investors; network with alises natural assets to im- Increased ferry prove mobility; Reduces increased fleet; Increased impact from Urban Heat Is- private sector passenger num- land Effect Maladaptation: participation bers Increase in fossil fuel based water transportation will increase contribution to emissions and therefore climate change; Will impact coastal ecosystems, water quality and biodiversity; Potential to decrease productivity of fisheries, and impact coastal livelihoods

65 Improving public transport systems will However, there must be careful consid- increase adaptive capacity to flooding eration of the changing sensitivities and events and storms by strengthening exposure as a result of development public infrastructure. This will also reduce within the transport sector. Vulnerability, sensitivity to extreme heat by reducing impact and risk analysis must be traffic which is a compounding factor considered during planning and in the urban heat island effect. It is also implementation. important to identify opportunities that arise from climate impacts; improved water transport will increase adaptive capacity to flooding events and sea 4.5.6 Summary of Actions level rise by utilising Lagos State’s natural assets to mitigate the risk to The following diagram provides a services or operations, urban mobility summary of the actions presented in and community access. this CAP and illustrates how these relate to the vision for Lagos in 2050.

Figure 9: Summary of Lagos climate actions 66 CHAPTER 5

Climate Governance and Financing Implementation Education, Agriculture, Health, Physical 5.1 City Governance Planning & Urban Development, Special Duties, Women Affairs & Poverty Structure Alleviation, and Science & Technology. The Council shall be responsible for over- The Lagos State Government is the pri- all decision making on climate change mary driver for developmental change issues. It will recommend adaptation and in the State. Headed by the Governor, mitigation measures to be implemented Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu, it develops in the State, subject to final approval by policy, leads the planning, direction and the State Executive Council. management of development strategies, and oversees the implementation of most developmental works and services. It also operates social, economic and environmental infrastructure. ser- 5.3 Proposed structure vice delivery to citizens to support living in the State. of the State Climate Change Forum The proposed governance structure for the Climate Action Plan will support The Forum shall be chaired by the Lagos State’s goals by: Honourable Commissioner of Environ- ment & Water Resources and act as a • Setting and reviewing policy direc- consultative forum. It will comprise tion and monitoring progress; all stakeholders involved with climate • Ensuring accountability for realising change issues in the state, including the vision of the Plan; but not limited to representatives of • Ensuring adequate technical and all line ministries, MDAs, LGAs, LCDAs, professional guidance; NGOs, inter-governmental organisa- • Providing oversight to ensure tions (IGOs), civil society organisations resources are used efficiently; (CSOs), the media, academia and Envi- • Promoting synergies among relevant ronment Ambassadors. stakeholders in line with their man- dates; and The forum will have the mandate to • Facilitating resource mobilisation. bring to fore issues and concerns related to the impact of climate change on human wellbeing and the environment.

5.2 Proposed structure of the State Climate Change Council

The Council shall be chaired by His Ex- cellency, The Governor. Its members will include The Honourable Commissioners of Environment & Water Resources, En- ergy & Mineral Resources, Finance, Eco- nomic Planning & Budget, Waterfront & Infrastructure Development, Transpor- tation, Justice, 68 5.4 Proposed structure of the Secretariat The Secretariat will have the responsibility of the three governance entities (The of coordinating all implementation State Climate Change Council, State activities by various MDAs. It will be Technical Committee and State Climate hosted by the Office of Environmental Change Forum). The Secretariat will also Services in the State Ministry of the serve as a clearinghouse for all knowl- Environment and Water Resources. The edge and materials relating to climate Secretariat will be staffed by a Director, change in the state, including documents, who will be responsible for managing data, agreements and instruments. the activities

PROPOSED GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

69 • Undertake gender impact assess- 5.5 Gender Mainstreaming ments to assess the implications of any intervention in the area of climate The Lagos State Government is com- change for men, women and vulner- mitted to gender mainstreaming as an able groups; integral part of the planning and execu- • Carry out specific needs assessments tion of all its climate change initiatives. for women prior to the introduction This will ensure that it takes into account of climate change technologies in the implications of any intervention for strategic areas that affect women, both men and women. such as water use, lighting, cooking and heating, food preservation, grain In order to mainstream gender consid- milling, small/micro enterprises for erations into climate action, Lagos State income generation and agriculture. will:

• Where possible, design climate change initiatives in the State based on gender-disaggregated data; 5.5.1 Sources of funding and • Provide capacity building for climate change policymakers, decisionmak- financing for climate action ers, planners, project implementation A common barrier to the implemen- staff and project managers to develop tation of climate actions is a lack of attitudes, tools and methodologies finance. State budgets are limited and for gender-sensitive policies; certain climate change projects require • Achieve a balance in the repre- budgeting and financing mechanisms sentation of women and men in that differ from those used for tra- decision-making bodies on climate ditional projects. For this reason, an change by increasing the number effective Climate Action Plan requires a of women in influential positions detailed plan for financing each action. through awareness raising and Lagos State can explore various sources capacity building; of finance. The potential funding routes available to support the Lagos CAP are presented in the following table.

FUNDING TYPE OF FUNDING ROUTE

Internal -State Government Budget -State Government with support of PPP -State Government loans and grants in collaboration with PPP -Community saving groups -Finance raised through taxes -User fees -Transfers and bonds within the municipality and through other spheres of government 70 FUNDING TYPE OF FUNDING ROUTE

External -International sources such as bilateral and multilateral donors -Concessional finance and funds -Co-financing through public-private partnerships -Market-based approaches -Private sector investments

The State Government will aim to source The Office of the Governor is responsible funding within its own budgets and to for the effective coordination of all achieve budgetary mainstreaming, i.e., Government activities, including finance. to align the goals and targets of the The Climate Change & Environmental CAP with the State budget. The process Planning Department of the Ministry of of budgetary mainstreaming should be the Environment and Water Resources considered a priority for the State as it will put forward approved climate will both ensure financial support for change actions for budget allocation CAP actions and reduce the likelihood by the Ministry of Economic Planning of carbon lock-in and maladaptation as and Budget (MEPB). This funding a result of poor investment strategies. must subsequently be approved by the Lagos State House of Assembly. The State Government is the primary driver of developmental change in the The following table outlines potential State; it provides overall direction, leads funding mechanisms available to Lagos strategic planning and establishes the State and indicates the financing entity, economic infrastructure required to source, mechanism, funding cycle and support policy implementation. The projects to which these funding routes State Government is headed by the apply. Governor, who acts as the policymaker.

71 FINANCING SOURCE FINANCE FUNDING PROJECT ENTITY TYPE MECHANISM CYCLE

State Domestic Annual For CAP • Waste Reduction and Government budget actions that Management are budgeted • Enhancement of for in the Sewage/Wastewater Lagos State Treatment Systems Goverment • Improvements to annual energy efficiency (and budget, the uptake of small-scale Parastatal renewables) in Existing Monitoring Buildings Office and the • Enhancing Fuel LSG Auditor’s Efficiency via Switch to Office monitor Hybrid/Electric Vehicles the budget • Enhancing Fuel allocations. Efficiency via Switch to Biofuels • Enhancing Vehicle Efficiency through Emissions Standards • Promoting a Modal Shift to Mass Transit • Promoting a Modal Shift to Non-Motorised Transit (NMT)

Private International & Grant / Loan Funding • Construction of sanitary Sector Domestic agreed under landfill in Epe by USA - Foreign direct contract with Visionscope investment private organi- - Private sation investments PPPs / joint ventures

International aid International Grant / Loan Varies • Grant - Development of & bilateral depending on Renewable Energy - World Bank donor • Grant - Expansion of - GCF organization Green Energy and - Climate Biofuels (GEB) Bio- Investment refinery project Fund (CIF) • Loan/Grant - Energy - African efficiency and mass Development transit urban transport Bank (AfDB) • Grant - Promoting clean - Global energy investment Environment through Ministry of Facility (GEF) Power and five states - German • Multilateral Grant - Bus- Ministry of based mass transport Cooperation & support through the Development Nigeria Urban Transport - Canadian Project Government • Private sector loans for European electricity generation Development Fund Table 2: Lagos State funding mechanisms 72 5.5.2 Human resources in leading CAP agencies To successfully deliver climate action, powers relevant to climate action the Lagos State Government’s minis- delivery are mapped in this section of tries, departments and agencies require the report. The following diagram out- the appropriate structures, functions lines the governance structure of the and powers to control or influence Lagos State Office of Environmental assets and services. To help identify Services, part of the State Ministry of opportunities for accelerating efficient the Environment and Water Resources. and effective delivery, the governance The CAP falls under the responsibility and administrative (e.g. civil service/ of the Climate Change & Environmental city agencies) structures and functions Planning Department as shown in the of the city and the city’s figure below.

OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ORGANOGRAM

Figure 1: Office of Environmental Services Organogram

As mentioned previously, the State environmental management and has Government is the primary driver of the mandate to propose climate change development in the State, however mitigation and adaptation actions. Ministry of the Environment & Water Depending on their focus, climate Resources (MoE & WR), is one of the actions may be undertaken by sev- most distinct contributor as she is eral State Government Ministries and responsible for the planning and imple- Agencies, including the Ministry of mentation of state polices on 73 Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry implementing the CAP and outlines their of Housing (MoH), LAWMA, Lagos State roles. The table also compares the cur- Parks & Gardens Agency (LASPARK), rent staff levels within each organisation LAMATA and Lagos State Environmental as well as the estimated staff numbers Protection Agency LASEPA. The follow- required to implement the actions in the ing table confirms the key organisations CAP. responsible for

LEAD TOTAL TARGET ROLE IN CAP AGENCY NUMBER STAFF TO IMPLEMENTATION OF STAFF ACHIEVE CAP OBJECTIVES

Lagos State 37 50 The State Government has the power Goverment to directly implement measures related to climate change mitigation and adaptation in government-owned buildings and housing, public transport, solid waste management, wastewater, disaster management, agriculture and ecological sites.

Lagos State 7 10 The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Ministry Resources is responsible for ensuring of Energy energy efficiency in the city, gov- and Mineral ernment and private sector-owned existing buildings. Resources (MEMR)

Lagos Waste 3 5 The Lagos Waste Management Management Authority is a regulator. It seeks to improve solid waste management Authority through waste reduction by com- (LASWMA) posting, landfill management and gas capture, and to enhance the resilience of water and sanitation systems.

Lagos State 2 5 The MoT will aim to improve transpor- Ministry of tation systems through: • BRT development Transport • Expansion of LRT (MoT) • Construction of infrastructure and improvements, regulation and awareness campaigns to promote walking and cycling • Infrastructure for electric vehicles

74 LEAD TOTAL TARGET ROLE IN CAP AGENCY NUMBER STAFF TO IMPLEMENTATION OF STAFF ACHIEVE CAP OBJECTIVES

Lagos State 12 15 The Ministry of the Environment Ministry of the &Water Resources is responsible Environment for managing and enhancing nat- and Water ural ecosystems in the city and can enact approaches that enable Resources adaptation to the risks and impacts (MoE&WR) of climate change. Monitoring of relevant systems is undertaken by the Conservation and Ecology Unit.

Lagos State 4 5 The Ministry of Housing is respon- Ministry of sible for the implementation of Housing energy efficiency measures in gov- (MoH) ernment projects and will advocate for the adoption of similar schemes in private developments.

Lagos State 4 5 Spatial development is the respon- Ministry of sibility of the Ministry of Physical Physical Planning and Urban Development. Planning and Urban Development (MPPUD)

Ministry of 3 5 The Ministry of Works and Works and Infrastructure is responsible for Infrastructure transport infrastructure in Lagos. (MoWI)

Ministry of 2 5 The Ministry of Agriculture is respon- Agriculture sible for controlling and promoting (MoA) agricultural production in the city and has the authority to promote measures which support farmers to help address climate change-related food security issues.

Table 2: Human resources available to deliver Lagos CAP 75 CHAPTER 6

Monitoring & Evaluating Impact Lagos State can use Nigeria’s existing MRV system in collaboration with the monitoring, reporting and verification other Federal Ministries, through the (MRV) system and capacities as a basis line MDAs and State Government rep- for the development of a CAP moni- resentatives on the Inter-Ministerial toring, evaluation and reporting (MER) Committee. The institutional framework framework. The Federal Ministry of for Nigeria’s MRV is depicted in Figure 2. Environment manages the national

Figure 2: Institutional framework for Nigeria’s MRV system

The Inter-Ministerial Committee pro- received. Lagos State will consider vides a central coordination platform opportunities to use the existing national to harness the many relevant climate MRV framework to support the MER datasets that are available in different system for the CAP. It will need to be government departments and in private supplemented with State-specific data organisations. The committee meet to provide a more detailed understand- regularly to receive reports from all ing of the impacts of the CAP actions. line ministries, departments and agencies. The role of the Inter-Ministerial Suggested indicators are presented in Committee will be to collate and inte- the action tables in this report. These grate information on implementation of will need to be approved and finalised, the various climate conventions from based on the availability of existing all concerned stakeholders, including data. All monitoring indicators should on emissions, mitigation and support be quantifiable, and where possible, needed and historical timeseries data should be 77 used to provide a baseline prior to the • Who collects the data: The name implementation of actions. Monitoring and nature of the organisation that indicators are to be collated in a data collects the data (e.g. the specific collection exercise, and will be accom- institution, department, company, or panied by the following: external organisation). • Start date: The year the data was • Data source: The nature of the data first collected or published (e.g. data collected (e.g. Transport modal share collected since 2003). to determine % trips by walking). • Period: Frequency with which the • Data collection method: How the data is published or reported (e.g. data is collected (e.g. report, sta- annually, quarterly). tistics table, company data, email • Cost of data: Whether there is any contact or survey return). cost associated with obtaining the data for the purposes of the CAP.

78 CHAPTER 7

Opportunities To Go Further The Lagos CAP Scenario exceeds Although it is challenging to further Deadline 2020 targets in the interim reduce these emissions, volumes of milestone years of 2025 and 2035, but waste sent to landfills should be reduced is not sufficiently ambitious to meet as much as possible, ideally to zero. the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Large amounts of methane are created The Lagos State Government’s Climate by organic waste in landfills. Methane Change & Environmental Planning production can further be reduced Department has developed a condi- by separating wet and dry waste and tional Extended Scenario, which would implementing widespread composting. enable Lagos to achieve this goal. To • Waterborne transport emissions develop the Extended Scenario, the city along with wastewater emissions team conducted a review of the remain- remain high in 2050. These can ing emissions in the CAP scenario. In be addressed through electrifying summary: waterborne transport and modernis- ing Lagos’s wastewater treatment • Stationary energy consumption by facilities. the industrial sector is the largest The Extended Scenario presents strat- contributor to remaining emissions egies and targets that will achieve 83% under the CAP Scenario. The indus- reductions below BAU in 2050 – meeting trial sector relies on diesel to generate D2020 targets. It should be noted that electricity and heavy fuel oil to gen- the Extended Scenario will not achieve erate heat. Both fuels are carbon 100% emission reductions by 2050, intensive. Therefore, adding actions however it is expected the remaining for an industrial fuel switch to cleaner emissions gap can be removed through fuels (such as electricity, natural gas improvements in existing, and the intro- or LPG) and/or industrial energy duction of new, green technologies, not efficiency would reduce remaining discussed in this report. Figure 12 illus- emissions significantly. trates the forecast emissions reductions • The second-largest source of remain- under the Extended Scenario. ing emissions is solid waste.

Figure 12: Extended scenario emissions reduction by strategy 80 The Extended Scenario is based on five key strategies, that will enable the State 7.1 Acknowledgements to increase its ambition beyond the CAP scenario, to achieve carbon neutrality in “Feeling gratitude and not express- 2050: ing it is like wrapping a gift without giving it”- William Arthur Ward. 1. Electrifying industrial operations; 2. Separating wet and dry waste, with The Lagos State Government under the widespread composting or organic able leadership of Mr. Babajide Olusola waste reuse; Sanwo-Olu is immensely grateful to the 3. Stabilising the electricity grid to com- C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group pletely eliminate diesel generators; for the technical support that has posi- 4. Powering the grid with grid-con- tioned Lagos State amongst other great nected distributed renewable energy; cities of the world to develop a Paris 5. Revising energy-efficient building Agreement-compliant Climate Action codes to drive the adoption of effi- Plan which highlights sector-specific cient appliances and technologies. climate actions to deliver a zero-carbon Lagos by 2050. The State will remain agile to adopt new technologies throughout the life of the The C40 team of experts are duly CAP, as these become available. The low appreciated viz; City Advisor for carbon technology landscape is antic- Lagos, Maximus Ugwuoke; former ipated to evolve rapidly in the coming Technical Adviser for West Africa, Lia decades, with particular areas of interest Nicholson; Senior Manager Climate including carbon capture and storage, Action Planning, Stephen Otieno; Head hydrogen technologies and effective of Climate Action Planning Africa, Paul offsetting schemes. The climate action Jorgensen; Regional Director for Africa plan will be periodically reviewed and and Managing Director for Mayoral updated, with the aim of closing the Engagement, Hastings Chikoko; and ambition gap through new mitigation Deputy Regional Director for Africa, methods and technologies, aiming to Gifti Nadi. We are grateful for their achieve net zero emissions in 2050. expertise and in-depth review of the process that ensured the completion of Lagos State Government will also this document. explore collaborating with the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria to reduce We would like to thank Ricardo Energy the rates at which forests and trees are & Environment and Sustainable Energy lost to deforestation and degradation Africa for their technical support for the as a result of urban demand for forestry scenario planning and modelling, which products. Supporting reforestation helped us determine the most suitable efforts would positively impact Lagos’s net zero pathway. net emissions profile. The contributions of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to the facilitation of the Climate Risk Assessment Project that enriched the adaptation section of the document is duly recognised and commended.

81 Our appreciation also goes to officials Action Planning Workshops. of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the lead city officials; The State also appreciates members Bankole Michael, Azeezat Afinowi -Subair, of private sectors associations like the Yewande Seriki, Abbas Mohammed, Manufacturing Association of Nigeria, and diligent thematic network officers Association of Waste Managers of Nigeria, from the Ministries of Energy & Mineral Lagos Urban Development Initiative, Resources, Transportation, Physical Policy Advocacy Project Partnership on Planning & Urban Development, Climate Change and other civil society Economic Planning & Budget, Finance, organisations too numerous to mention. and Agriculture. Furthermore, we are grateful to officers from the Lagos Finally, special thanks to the numerous Metropolitan Area Transport Authority individuals not mentioned from the (LAMATA), Lagos Waste Management government, private sector and com- Authority (LAWMA), Lagos State munity interest groups that contributed Wastewater Management Office knowledge and insights through the (LSWMO), Lagos State Electricity workshops and consultations over the Board and a host of others for their past four years of the climate action active participation in the Climate planning process.

82 7.2 Acronyms

BAU Business as usual BNRCC Building Nigeria’s Response to Climate Change Project BRT Bus Rapid Transit BUR Biennial Update Report CAP Climate Action Plan CBO Community-based organisation COP Conference of Parties (to the UNFCCC) CRA Climate risk assessment CSO Civil society organisation GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas GPC Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories IBILE Ikeja, Badagry, Ikorodu, Lagos Island and Epe IGO Intergovernmental organisation INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution LAMATA Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority LASEPA Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency LASPARK Lagos State Parks & Gardens Agency LASURA Lagos State Urban Renewal Agency LASWA Lagos State Waterways Authority LAWMA Lagos State Waste Management Agency LDC Least-developed country LGA Local Government Authority LCDA Local Council Development Area LRT Light Rail Transit LSEB Lagos State Electricity Board LSWAMO Lagos State Wastewater Management Office MDA Ministry, Department & Agency MEMR Ministry Of Energy And Mineral Resources MER Monitoring, evaluation & reporting MoE&WR Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources MoH Ministry of Housing MoT Ministry of Transportation MPP&UD Ministry of Physical Planning & Urban Development MRV Monitoring, reporting and verification MRF Material Recovery Facility NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-governmental organisation NMTP Non-Motorised Transport Policy NREEEP National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PPP Public-private partnership PSP Private Sector Participants PV Photovoltaic SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan ULEV Ultra-low emission vehicle UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change