Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
HANGZHOU MUNICIPAL NO.2 REFUSE LANDFILL
Public Disclosure Authorized E740 v.2 March 2003
Evaluation Report
On
Environmental Influence Public Disclosure Authorized
of
Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Refuse Landfill
(For approval) Public Disclosure Authorized
ZBEJIANG PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SCIENCE & DESIGN INSTITUTE National EIA Certificate NO. 2003 (Level I) March 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 12 ir~~~~~lF L Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Responsibility Paper
Compiled Unit: ZHEJIANG PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SCEENCE & DESIGN INSTITUTE
Appraisal Certificate: National EIA Certificate No.2003 ( Level I) President of Institute: Zhang Chen (senior engineer)
Director of Environmental Appraisal Center: Chen Dequan (senior engineer)
Person in Charge of Project: Chen Changchun (senior engineer at professor level, No.A20030050) Contributors:
Name Professional titlen Specialty Certificate No. Job division Work unit Senior Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Chen engineer at Environmental Project design, Protection Science & Design Changchun professor engineering integration Institute level Edit Chapters Zhejiang Hu .Environmental To be issued Provincial Environmental Q.angqang .Engineer .. 2,4,5, 6, Protection Science & Design Qiangqiang engineering after test 9.11 nttt 9.11.12_ Institute Senior Hangzhou Municipal Han engineer at Chemical B2004001 Edit Chapters Environmental Protection Science Weiming professor engineefing 3.7. Institute level Institute Environmental Hangzhou Municipal Wen Jianbin Engineer engineerntng B20040016 Edit Chapters Environmental Protection Science Institute ZholExamination Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Zhou Senior Chemical ProecionScenet&Deig Anguo Engineer engineering A20030053 and venfication Institute Senior. enir Zhejiang Provincial Environmental engincer at Environmental ExaTm]ne and Su Yusheng e A20030052 Protection Science & Design professor engineenng approve Institute level
Cooperative unit: Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Protection Science Institute
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 13 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Translation: Haiwen Translation Center Hangzhou China
Contents
1. G e n e ral P ro v is io n s ...... 1.1 P r o j e c t B a c k g r o u n d ...... 1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 1.3 Basis Of Environmental Impact Assessment . . 2 1.3.1 Laws, Regulations And Standards Relevant To Environmental Protection ...2 1.3.2. Documents Relevant To The Project ...... 3 1.4 Contents And Focuses Of Evaluation ...... 3 1 .4. 1 Contents ...... 3 1 .4.2 Focuses Of Evaluation ...... 4 1.5 Scope And Standards, Class Of Evaluation And Environmental Protection Aim...... 4 1 .5. I Scope Of Evaluation ...... 5 1.5.2 Standards Of Evaluation ...... 5 1 .5.3 Evaluation Class ...... 8 1 .5.4 Period Of Evaluation ...... - ... 8 1.5.5 Objectives Of Environmental Protection ...... 8...8 1.6 Principles And Methods Of Evaluation ...... 9 1.7 Brief Introduction To The Evaluation Organization ...... 9 1 .7.1 Organizational Structure Of The Project ...... 9...9 1 .7.2 Synopsis To The Chief Editors ...... 10 2 . Survey O f Proj e c t ...... 12 2.1 The Cause Of The Project .. ... 12 2.2 Present Situation And Reviewed Investigation Of The No. I Landfill ... 12 2.2. 1 A Survey Of The Project ...... 12 2.2.2 Main Controlling Measures Of Pollution And Review Investigation Of Pollutant I n f I u e n c e .. 1 4 2.3 General Description Of The Engincering Design For The No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste L a n d f i I I ...... 2 5
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 14 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.3.1 Estimate Of The Refuse Volume To Be Filled And Their Composition In Hangzhou C i t y ...... 2 5
2.3.2 Construction Scale And Investmcnt ...... 29 2.3.3 Construction Items ...... 29 2 . 3 .4 P u b I i c W o r k s ...... 3 1 2 .3 .5 L a n d f i 11 Te c h n o l o g y ...... 3 2 2.3.6 Design For The Main Structures Of The Refuse Landfill ...... 34 2.3.7 Percolation-Preventive Measures ...... 36 2.3.8 Removal And Resettlement ...... 39 2.4 Analysis Of Pollution Sources Of The Landfill Project ...... 45 2.4. I Rcfuse L eachate ...... 45 2.4.2 Wa s t e G a s ...... 50 2.4.3 Source Intensity Of Waster Gas ...... 50 2.4.3 Noise ...... 5 1 2.4.4 Ecological Impact Factor ...... 5 1 3 Survey Of Influence On Surrounding Environment By Project ...... 53 3. I Sur Of Naturalvey Environment ...... 53 3.1. I Geographic Location ...... 53 3.1.2 Geography And Geologic Features ...... 53 3.1.3 The Hydro-Geological Conditions ...... 57 3.1.4 The Climate And W eather ...... 61 3.1.5 Surface Hydrology ...... 63 3.2 General Survey Of Social Environment ...... 63 3.2.1 Urban Orientations ...... 63 3.2.2 Introduction To Hangzhou's General Project ...... 64 3.2.3 Economic And Social Development ...... 64 3.2.4 Situation And Project Of The Collection. Transportation, And Treatment Of Living Refuse In Hangzhou ...... 64 3.2.5 The Situation And Project Of Dangerous Refuse Treatment ...... 65 3.2.6 Situation And Project Of Sewage Treatment System In Hangzhou ...... 66 3.2.7 Situation Of Surrounding Areas And Some Sensitive Areas ...... 67 3.3 Present Survey Of Environmental Quality ...... 67 3.3.1 Surface Water . . .67 3.3.2 Ground Water ... .69
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 15 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
3.3.3 Environmental Air ...... 73 3.4 Ecological Environment Overview ...... 83 3.4.1 Present Ecological Environment Of The Landfill Site ...... 83 3.4.2 Present Ecological Environment Of The Soil Sources . . 84 4 Effects On Environment And Redeeming Measures During Operating Period 87 4.1 Effects On Surface Water Environment And Redeeming Measures ...... 87 4.1.1 Analysis Of Effects On The Environment Of Yanshan River .. 87 4.1.2 Effects On The Running Of Hangzhou Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant ...... 87 4.1.3 Redeeming Measures For Leachate Pollution ...... 88 4.1.3.1 Control The Production Of Leachate ...... 88 4.1.3.2 Sewage Disposal Measures ...... 88 4.1.4 Retarding Measures For Living Sewage And Production Sewage ...... 95 4.1.5 Retarding Measures For Sludge Pollution In Sewage Treatment Station... 96 4.2 Prediction And Evaluation Of Groundwater Environment . . 96 4.2. 1 Main Effect Factors ...... 96 4.2.2 Retarding Measures . . . 97 4.3 Filled Exhaust Gas's Effects On Environment And Retarding Measures ...... 98 4.3. I Predicating Mode ...... 98 4.3.2 Analysis Of Pollution Weather Characteristics ...... 98 4.3.3 Pervasion Parameters ...... 105 4.3.4 Forecast Results ...... 105 4.3.5 Sanitation Preventive Distance . . . 106 4.3.6 R et ardingM easures ...... I1 0 4.4 Noise's Effects On Environment And Retarding Measures .. ... 110 4.4. I Background Noise ...... II 0 4.4.2 Effects Forecast And Retarding Measures . . .I...l...l...... 4.5 Ecological Effects And Retarding Measures ...... I...l...l... 4.5. I Ecological Effccts Of Exhaust Gas . . .1...1...1......
4.5.2 Ecological Effects Of Dust And Noise' ...... Ill 4.5.3 Ecological Effects Of Leachate . . .I...l...l...... 4.5.4 Ecological Effects In Earth Source Area . . .1...... I12
4.5.5 Landfill Area's Comprehensive Effects On Ecology ...... 1...1...3...... I 13 5 Environmental Influence During The Period Of Construction And Completion. And Its Reducing M e a s u r e s ...... I ...... I 1 5
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 16 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
5. 1 Environmental Influence From The Re-Settlers' Resettlement ...... 115 5.1.1 Re-Settlers' Settlement Institution ...... 115 5.1.2 Re-Settlers Resettlement Program ...... 116 5.1.3 Environmental Influence From Re-Settlers' Resettlement Program And Its Reducing Measures ...... 118 5.2 The Project'S Influence Upon The Environment And The Air ...... 119 5.2.1 Causes Of The Project'S Influence Upon The Environment And The Air 119 5.2.2 Reducing Measures ...... 11 9 5.3 Construction Noise Pollution And Its Reducing Measures . ... 120 5.3.1 Analysis To The Construction Noise Influence ...... 120 5.3.2 Reducing Measures For Construction Noise Pollution . . 121 5.4 Ecological Influence From The Construction And Its Reducing Measures 121 5.4.1 Ecological Influence From The Construction...... 121 5.4.2 Reducing Measures ...... 122 5.5 Environmental Influence After The Closing Of The Landfill ...... 123 5.5. I Environmental Influence After The Closing Of The Landfill And Its Reducing M easures ...... 1 23 5.5.2 Thc Restoring Of The Ecology For The Second Landfill ...... 124 6 Potential Project Risk And Precaution Measures ...... 125 6.1 Environmental Risk Of Flooding And Over Brimming Untreated Sewage 125 6.2 Analysis Of Pollution Risk Of Leachate Drainage Towards Groundwater In The First L a n d f i ll ...... I...... 1 2 5 6.3 The Risk Of No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Polluting The Groundwater ...... 126 6.4 Risk Analysis Of Rubbish Body Sinking Or Moving ...... 126 6. 5 Risk Analysis Of Landfilling Waster Gas ...... 127 7 Substitute Scenario ...... 129 7.1 Comparison Of Anti-Seeping Measures ...... 129 7.2 Comparison Of Disposal Approaches ...... 130 7.2.11Present Situation In Applying Burning Technology ...... 130 7.2.2 Comparison Of Landfilling And Burning ...... 132 8 Analysis To The Environment Society And Economic Benefits ...... 134 8.1 Aim For Hangzhou City ...... 134 8.2 Project Construction Environment And Its Social Benefits ...... 135 8.3 Economic Benefits ...... 137
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I1l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 17 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
8.3.1 Pro ject Investment And Fund Raising ...... 137 8.3.2 Refuse Processing Cost ...... 139 8.3.3 Present Refuse Fee And Its Charging Plan ...... 139 8.3.4 Analysis To The Eco nomBenefits ic ...... 141 8.3.5 Conclusion Of The Economic Benefits Analysis ...... 141 8.4 Environment Protection Measures And Its Cost Analysis . . 142 8.4.1 Environment Protection Measures And Its Cost Analysis ...... 142 8.4.2 A n a I y s i s To T h e E n v i r o n m e n t a I B e n e f i t s Of Environm e n t Protection Measures ...... 1 43 8.5 Measures To Guarantee The Benefits Generation Of The Project .. 144 9. Environmental Management And Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 147 9. I Environmental Management Mechanism ...... 147 9.1.1 Environmental Management Mechanism And Its Responsibilities And Obligations During Preparation And
C o n s t r u c t i o n O f T h e P r o j e c t ...... 1 4 7
9.1.2 Environmental Administrative Organs And Their Duties ...... 148 9.2 Measures To Release The Environmental Impact . . . 148
9.3 Plan Of Environmental Monitor ...... 150
9.3.I Necessary Environmental Monitor ...... 150
9.3.2Monitoring Instruments And Equipment .. . . 151
9.4 Personnel Training And Training Plan ...... 153
9.4.1 Overall Requirements...... 153
9.4.2 Basic Requirements On Personnel Quality ...... 153
10 Public Participation ...... 154 10.I Purpose ...... 1 54
10.2 Participation Pattern And Process Details ...... 154 10.2.1 Participation Pattern ...... 154
10.2.2 Process Details ...... 154 10.3 Comment Analysis ...... 155
10.3.1 Comment Analysis From The First Survey . . 155 10.3.2 Comment Analysis From The Second Survey ...... 158
10.4 Conclusions From Public Participation ...... 160 10.4.1 Conclusion From The First Survey .. 160
10.4.2 Conclusions From The Second Survey ...... 161
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I 1l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 18 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
I I Total Quantity Control Of Pollutant Discharge And Analysis ...... 163 11.1 P o I i c i e s Of And R e q u i r e m e n t s On T o t a I Q u a n t i t y C o n t r o I Of Pollutant Discharge ...... 1 63 1.2 Control Alternative Of Total Quantity Of Pollutant Discharge And Proposed Target Val ue ...... 1 6 3 12 Conclusions And Suggestions ...... - ... 165 12.1 Conclusion Of Overall Evaluation ...... 165 12.1. I Conclusion Of Retrospective Evaluation On NO. I Municipal Solid Waste Landfill ...... 1 65 12.1.2 Conclusions Of Overall Evaluation On No.2 Municipal Solid Waste L a n d f i I I ...... 1 6 6 12.2 The Evaluation Conclusions Of The Rationality And Feasibility Of The Project's Site .. ... 1 69 1 2.3 Main Suggestions ...... 1 70
Appendix I "Reply From State Planning Committee To Recommendation On Zhejiang Province's Urban Construction For Environmental Protection With Loan From World Bank". State Planning Committee H.J.T.Z.No. [2002] 138 Appendix 2 Letter On Examination Outline Of Environmental Influence Appraisal Of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau Z.H.K.J.No.[1999]150 Attached Fig. I Aeroview Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.2 Regional Geographic Location Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.3 Regional Constructional Figure Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.4 Fault Distribution Figure Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.5 Surface Water Monitoring Station Geographic Figure Attached Fig.6 Monitoring Figure Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.7 Borrow Area Figure Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Attached Fig.8 General Plane Figure Of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 19 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 1. General Provisions 1.1 Project Background Situated in Southeast China on the southern side of the Yangtze River Delta, Hangzhou is a state-level scenic tourist city and a historically and culturally famous city in China. It is a major central city in the Yangtze River Delta and the center of politics, economy, science and education, and culture of Zhejiang Province. It has also been listed among China's model cities in environmental protection. The city's future strategic objective is: Build Hangzhou into a modern international scenic tourist city, as the long-range striving objective. It is planned that, by 2010, modernization should be realized and the city's major indexes of economic and social development should measure up to those in moderately developed countries. In recent years, with the continuous development of its urban construction, the uninterrupted expanding of its city scale, and the constant growth of its urban population, the annual waste amount generated in Hangzhou is increasing rapidly. According to the statistics, from 1991 to 2000, the annual waste growth rate was 6.84%. In 2000, the waste amount reached 847.1 thousand tons and the domestic waste generated per day in the city approached 2,300 tons. By design, the service life of Hangzhou Tianziling Waste Treatment General Plant (hereinafter referred to as "Hangzhou No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill") will end in 2003. By the end of 2002, its remaining landfill storage capacity was about one million cubic meters. To prevent the passive situation that urban domestic waste has no outlets, to further step up urban infrastructure construction and to consolidate the achievement of creating national environmental protection model city, the municipal government of Hangzhou plans to use the loan provided by World Bank to build the Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. The construction of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill will help Hangzhou to maintain its leading position and higher level in harmless waste treatment on the country, to continuously ensure the realization of harmless waste treatment in Hangzhou, to improve the public life quality, the environmental quality of Hangzhou, the environment for investment and the international image, and to promote the sustainable economic and social development of Hangzhou. The total investment of the project is RMB 339,320,000 Yuan, among which 9.3 million US dollars will be loaned from the World Bank; the municipal financial department will raise others.
1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 20 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
In the light of Order No. 253 by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, "Administrative Provisions on Environmental Protection of Construction Projects", "Notices on Strengthening Administration of Environmental impact Assessment of Intemnational Financial Organization Loan Projects" (Document No. 324) and "Environmental Assessment Operating Policies (OP4.01)" by World Bank and entrusted by the project owner, Environmental Science Research and Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, playing the leading role, along with Environmental Protection Science Research Institute, the participating party, undertook the commission to compile the report on the environmental impact of the project. Through on-the-spot survey and the investigation and analysis of social conditions, meteorological conditions, hydrological data of the surface water and the underground water of the site and its surroundings, as well as the collection of the related information of Hangzhou No. 1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and other landfill sites at home and abroad, we identified the project characteristics and potential environmental impact factors on the basis of the analysis on the pollutant sources in project constructions. According to the principles of determining the classification of environmental impact assessment in "Notice on Strengthening Administration of Environmental Impact Assessment of Intemational Financial Organization Loan Projects" by the State Environmental Protection Administration and World Bank's OP4.01, the classification of the environmental impact assessment of the project is determined as Class A.
1.3 Basis of Environmental Impact Assessment 1.3.1 Laws, regulations and standards relevant to environmental protection (1)"Law on Environmental Protection of the P. R. China", Dec. 26, 1989.
(2)"Law on Water Pollution Prevention of the P. R. China", revised on May 15, 1996.
(3)"Enforcement Regulations of Law of Water Pollution Prevention of P. R. China", No.284 Order of the state council of the P.R. China, March 20, 2003;
(4)"Law on Air pollution prevention of the P.R. China", April 29, 2000.
(5)"Law on Noise Pollution Environmental prevention of the P.R. China", Oct. 29, 1996.
(6)"Law on Solid Refuse Pollution Environmental Prevention of the P.R. China", Oct. 30, 1995;
(7)"Law on Environmental Influence Appraisal of the P.R. China", June 29, 2002
(8)"Management Regulation for Environmental Protection of Constructive Projects", No.253
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 21 Report on Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Order of the State Council of the P.R. China, Nov. 29, 1998;
(9)"Policy on Living Refuse Treatment and Pollution Prevention Technology of Urban Area", Construction Ministry J. C. No. [200] 120, May 29,2000
(10)"Notice on Strengthening Administration of Environmental Influence Appraisal of Construction Project with Loan from International Financial Organization". State Administration for Environmental Protection H.J.No.[1993] 324;
(11)"Guidelines to Appraisal Technology of Environmental Influence" (HJ/T2. 1 -2.3-93);
(12)"Guidelines to Appraisal Technology of Environmental Influence-Non-pollution Ecological Impact" (HJ/T 19-1997);
(13)"Operating Policy on Environmental Appraisal of World Bank (OP4.01);
(14)Technological criteria on Hygiene Landfill of Urban Living Refuse" (CJJ17-88);
(15)Pollution Control Criteria for Living Refuse Landfill (GB16889-1997).
1.3.2. Documents relevant to the Project (1)"Outline of Urban General Plan of Hangzhou" (1996-2010); (2)"Reply on Construction of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill", Hangzhou Municipal Planning Committee H.J.T.Z.No.[2001]182 & Hangzhou Municipal Construction Committee H.J.J. No.[2001]47, March 16, 2001. (3)"Reply on Availability Report of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Project", Hangzhou Municipal Planning Committee H.J.T.Z.No.[2002]86, Jan 15,2002. (4)"Availability Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Beijing Nonferrous Metal Metallurgical Design General Institute, etc, July 2001. (5)"Geological Prospecting Report of Hydrogeological Project of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill", Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Prospecting Institute, Dec. 2000. (6)"Reply from State Planning Committee to Recommendation on Zhejiang Province's Urban Construction for Environmental Protection with Loan from World Bank", State Planning Committee H.J.T.Z.No.[2002]138, Feb 2002. (7)"Plan of Environmental Hygiene Facilities of Hangzhou City", Hangzhou Municipal Environmental and Hygiene Institute, April 2000 (8)Letter on Examination Outline of Environmental Influence Appraisal of Hangzhou
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 22 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau Z.H.K.J. No.[1999]150, Dec.14, 1999.
1.4 Contents and Focuses of Evaluation 1.4.1 Contents (1)To investigate into and monitor the kinds and intensity of pollution sources in Hangzhou No.1 municipal solid Waste landfill, and to find out the total discharge of pollutants from it. (2)To collect information on, and monitor the environmental quality in the area under the influence of the project, and to make a retrospective evaluation on the environmental influences that the No. I municipal Solid Waste landfill has exerted; (3)To investigate into and analyze problems existing in the design and operation of N. 1 Municipal solid Waste Landfill and measures to deal with them; (4)To analyze and evaluate the project in discussion and find out pollution sources and the total discharge of pollutants; and to analyze the feasibility of the project location and construction from the angle of environmental protection; (5)To predict and analyze the good and bad influences on the surface water, underground water, air, ecology, sonic environment and environmental sanitation in the construction, operation periods and after enclosure of the project; (6)To put forward pollution control proposals about prevention of bad influences and the investment budget, in consideration of the objectives of environmental quality control for the influenced region, the requirements on environmental administration and the identified potential pollution factors; (7)To analyze the environmental risks occurring in the construction and operating stages of this project and put forward relevant prevention measures; (8)To collect public opinions on the operation of Hangzhou No.1 municipal solid Waste landfill and the construction of Hangzhou No.2 municipal solid Waste landfill; (9)To analyze the environmental and economic losses and benefits, focusing on the functions of this project and the annex projects in the control of pollutant discharge; and (1O)To formulate plans in environmental administration, monitoring and training.
1.4.2 Focuses of Evaluation The positive benefits that the construction and operation of No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill shall bring to the improvement of urban environmental sanitation and life
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. PR. China 23 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill quality. Retrospective evaluation on social, environmental and economic benefits brought by No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, and analysis of potential bad effects to be brought by the construction and operation of No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, focusing on the pollution caused by garbage leachate to water and underground water source, and bad effects on air quality and environmental sanitation caused in the operation of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, putting forward the relevant preventive measures.
1.5 Scope and Standards, Class of Evaluation and Environmental Protection Aim
1.5.1 Scope of Evaluation (I)Evaluation on underground water is limited to the underground water in the refuse landfill and the downstream underground water. (2)Evaluation on surface water is limited to the section 50m up and lkm down from the pollutants discharge spot on the Yanshan River, which takes in the treated leachate from the No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill; (3)Evaluation on air and noise limited to the area within lkm from the boundary of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, properly extending to some sensitive spots, such as the rural residential quarters in the vicinity; (4)Ecological evaluation is limited to the area where the Municipal Solid Landfill is located, and the borrow area.
1.5.2 Standards of Evaluation 1.5.2.1 Environmental Quality Standards (1 )Groundwater According to the environmental requirements for protection of groundwater, the Groundwater quality Standards (GB/T14848-93) Category III (applicable to drinking water resource for concentrative living purpose) shall be implemented. See Table 1-1 for index values. Table 1-1 Groundwater Quality Standards (GB/Tl4848-93) Category III Items Standard values Items Standard values(mg/l) Chrominance 15 NH3 -N -0.2 Smell and taste No TP A0.1 pH 6.5-8.5 Total colibacillus S3.0
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 24 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Group (per L) Permanganate <30 Total number of •100 index (mg/L) bacteria (per ml)
(2)Surface Water After being collected and treated, the rain in the flood-interception ditch and the yard area in No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill are guided through a pipeline into Yanshan River (originally called the general drainage-way of Hangzhou Steel Plant), and then comes into the Grand Canal after traveling 4.5km. The Yanshan River now mainly serves as a source of industrial water and entertainment water not to be touched directly with human body. Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB3838-2002) Category IV shall be implemented. Please see Table 1-2 for standard values.
Table 1-2 Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB3838-2002) Category IV Items Standard values Items Standard values pH 6-9 BOD5(mg/L) • 6 CODM, (mg/L) A 10 CODCr •30
NH3-N (mg/L) • 1.5 TP(mg/L) •0.3 CODcr (mg/L) •0.05 Total Pb (mg/L) •0.1 Coliform Bacteria •20000 TiotALAs (mg/L) •0.05 group (mg/L)
(3)Air The nearest residential quarter is at least lkm away from the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. According to the functional division of air environment of Hangzhou, it is decided that the Air Quality Standards (GB3095-1999) Category II shall be implemented for the evaluation of particles in the air.
As to evaluation of stenchy pollutants such as NH3. NH2, the maximum limits of concentration value of harmful substances in the atmosphere of residential quarters is adopted. which is specified in the Sanitation Standards for Industrial Design (TJ36-79). Please see Table 1-3 for standard values.
Table 1-3 Standards for Air Quality Evaluation
Items Standard values (mg/Nm3 ) Items Standard values 3 ______) ______I ~~(m g/N M TSP Annual average 0.20 NH ont 0.20 3 amount
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 25 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Daily average 0.30 H S | n | 0.0l 2 amount
(4)Noise According to the stipulation on division of applicable zones of environmental noise standard of Hangzhou, the area concerned belongs to Category II, thus the boundary noise shall subject to Environmental Noise Standards for urban Area (GB3096-93) Category II. Please see Table 1-4 for standard values. Table 1-4 Environmental Noise Standards for urban Area (GB3096-93) Category II | ~Category During the day At night II 60 dB 50 dB
1.5.2.2 Standards for Pollutant Discharge (1)Wastewater The wastewater from the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is mainly the house wastewater and treated refuse leachate, which shall be taken into the urban sewage network and discharged after uniform disposal. The Standard Class III for discharge limit of house refuse leachate shall be adopted, which is stipulated in "Pollution control Standard for house Refuse Landfill" (GB 16889-1997). Please see Table 1-5 for standard values.
Table 1-5 Pollution control Standard for house Refuse Landfill (GB16889-1997) Standard Class III Unit: mg/L (except colibacillus) Indexes Class I Class II Class III SS 70 200 400 CODcr 100 300 1000
BOD5 30 150 600 NH3 -N 15 25 Colibacillus 10-1_10-2 10-1_10-2 (2) Waste gas
The waste gas discharged into the air is mainly stenchy NH3 and H2S, and the concentration limits within the boundary of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill shall subject to "Discharge Standards for stenchy pollutants"(GB14554-93) Class II. The concentration limit of discharged particles within the boundary of Municipal Solid Waste
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 26 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Landfill shall subject to "Pollution control Standard for house Refuse Landfill" (GB16889-1997). Please see Table 1-6 for standard values. Table 1-6 Standards for Boundary Discharge of waste gas
Control Unit Newly-built, Present Applied standard items expanded, reconstructed 3 NH3 mg/Nm 1.5 2.0 GB14554-93 Class II 3 H2S mg/Nm 0.06 0.10 mg/Nm3 1.0 1.0 GB16889-1997
(3)Noise As to the boundary noise, the "Boundary Noise Standards for Industrial Enterprises" (GB 12348-90) Class II shall be implemented. Please see Table 1-7 for standard values.
Table 1-7 Boundary Noise Standards for Industrial Enterprises (GB12348-90) Class II Category During the day At night II 60dB 50 dB
1.5.2.3 Professional Standards The landfill operation shall comply with "Technical Standards for Hygienic Landfill of Urban House Refuse" (CJJ17-89) and "Pollution Control Standards for House Refuse Landfill" (GB 16889-1997).
1.5.3 Evaluation Class The Class of this project is granted after the evaluation according to the stipulation on environmental evaluation classification in "Technical Guides to Environmental Influence evaluation". (1) Water Environmental Evaluation Grade This wastewater discharged by this project is estimated to be 1594 tons per day, including 1500 tons leachate and 94 tons house wastewater. The treated leachate and house wastewater shall be taken into the urban sewage pipeline network. So its main influence to water environment involves the groundwater sources. And according to the Analysis of the existing refuse landfill, the influence is low. Therefore, it is evaluated to be Class II.
(2) Air Environmental Evaluation Class
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 27 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
This project's main gas pollutant is landfill gas, which mainly consists of CO2, CH4 (amounting to 99.7% of the total) and a little stenchy gas such as NB3, H2S and methyl mercaptane. The project's environmental influence to air is evaluated to be Class III. (3) Noise Evaluation Grade Since the landfill is located in the valley and is 2100m far away from the residential quarters, the noise was nearly on the same level before and after the completion of the project. So the project is evaluated to be Class III of noise influence.
1.5.4 Period of Evaluation Construction period: from starting to completion of construction; Operation period: from when the project is put into use to its enclosure (The yard reach its capacity); After the enclosure: From the enclosure of the yard until the refuse dump comes steady.
1.5.5 Objectives of Environmental Protection The environmental protection aim of this project is to prevent the surface water and groundwater in the surrounding area of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill from being polluted by the wastewater discharged from the landfill; to ensure the residential quarters in its vicinity free form the trouble of any offensive odor and noise generated by the landfill; and to protect the ecological environment free from any damage caused by the construction and operation of the landfill.
1.6 Principles and Methods of Evaluation (I)To satisfy the environmental protection requirements for construction projects stipulated by environmental protection departments at all levels and professional competent departments, and to comply with the "Notice on Strengthening Environmental Influence Administration of construction Projects Funded by Loans from International Financial Organizations" and the requirements on environmental evaluation requested by the World Bank; (2)To make identified major environmental elements and pollution factors as the objects for evaluation, according to the characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, and focusing on the analysis and evaluation of objects that need special protection;
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 28 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(3)To make full use of all the precious data collected in the design and operation of No.1 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill and to adopt such means as analogy investigation, data analyzing and on-spot monitoring; to collect public opinions through informal discussions, direct inquiry, questionnaire, etc; (4)To persist in the principle of controlling the total pollutant discharge, and when formulating pollution prevention and treatment policies, to give top priority to sanitary production in accordance with the principle of pollution prevention. (5)To decide from the angle of environmental protection whether the construction project is feasible, the location reasonable or the technology reliable, and the conclusion of the environmental evaluation shall be operative and verifiable, so as to provide reference for departments in charge of project examination and approval, and designers and constructors in their decision-making, design, construction, operation and environmental management.
1.7 Brief introduction to the evaluation organization 1.7.1 organizational structure of the project By using WB loan, the environmental influence report of the project of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is responsibly edited by Scientific Design Institute of Zhejiang Provincial EP, participated by Hangzhou Municipal EP Institute. For their detailed respective duties, see the table 1-8. Table 1-8 Work division for evaluating environmental influence Editing units Undertaken work Environmental Science Research & Design In charge of environmental appraisal, uniting Institute of Zhejiang Province the scripts (GH.P.Z.: J.Zi.No.2003) Compiling chapters 1,2,3,,4.5,6,9,11,12 Environmental Science & Design Station of Hangzhou City Compiling chapters 3,7,8,10 (GH.P.Z.: Y.Zi.No.2003)
1.7.2 Synopsis to the chief editors Zhejiang Provincial EP scientific design institute is the unique provincial comprehensive special design and research unit of EP, established in 1977. with workers over 200, including the various
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111 Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 29 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill special technicians occupying over 90%, 53 workers having qualification certificates of EA, 2 Doctors, 15 masters, 3 professor and advanced engineers engaging In EA, 14 advanced engineers and 34 engineers. The Environmental Evaluation center of the Institute has begun to undertake appraisal work of environmental influence since 1985, which is an old unit, engages in Environmental Evaluation in the country. It passed the check of State Administration for EP. It has possessed passed Class A qualification certificate of environmental influence appraisal of constructive projects (G.H.P.Z.J.No.2003), with the authorized business scope as follows: surface water, groundwater, sea water, gas, sound, solid garbage, ecology, soil preservation, social economy, people health ...... light industry, textile, chemical fiber; architecture, municipal public projects; chemistry, architecture, municipal public projects, chemical industry, petroleum chemical and medicine; sea and coastline projects, regional development; transportation; machinery, electronics; water conservancy and hydro electricity. With complete Environmental Evaluation specialties, it is one of 4 units with the highest Environmental Evaluation industrial qualifications among the national Environmental Evaluation institutes. Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Evaluation Scientific Design Institute ever sponsored large- and middle-scale projects, such as petroleum chemical project, expressway, airport, port, big bridge, railway, urban garbage landfill, urban sewage treatment project, urban comprehensive renovation, and sea line comprehensive treatment, etc. Also some WB and Asian Bank loan projects, i.e. Canal (Hangzhou section) pollution-stopping treatment, Xiehe Petroleum chemical project, renovation of Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, Wenzhou urban water supply, Hu-Hang-Yong Expressway, Ningbo economical and technological development zone, Wenzhou Sanxi water conservancy knob, Qige sewage treatment plant, Hangzhou Tianziling Garbage Landfill and Shaoxing new zone land development zone, and undertook most part of environmental influence appraisal works for infrastructure construction and main industrial construction projects in Zhejiang Province, making great contributions to the economic development and environmental management of Zhejiang Province and honorably conferred as the "advanced unit for environmental influence appraisal of national constructive projects" by national EA Bureau General. 2 Survey of project
Environmental Science Research & Design InstiLute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 30 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.1 The cause of the project As a model city in environmental protection of China, Hangzhou has been paying attention to the environmental protection work, especially, its municipal domestic waste sanitary landfill industry is in the lead of the whole country. The first domestic waste sanitary landfill of Hangzhou City (No.t Landfill) was set up at the end of 1990, and has been operating normally till now, it has undertaken all the consumer waste disposal of Hangzhou City, more than 5,000,000 tons of garbage have been treated to ensure that the rate of domestic waste disposal of Hangzhou City has been keeping at a high level of 100%, so both better social benefits and environmental results have been obtained. This is an import contribution to good surroundings and working environment for Hangzhou City's people as well as investment environment for attracting investments from overseas. According to the engineering design of the No.1 Landfill, the landfill's service life will end the end of 2003, and this landfill will be closed on that date. In order to find outlets for the disposal and piling of increasing domestic waste, Hangzhou City Govemment began to plan to build the waste No.2 Landfill in 1996. During this time, the related departments were organized to carry out sufficient investigation of 9 sites like the peripheral area of No.1 Landfill, Dishuiwu of Banshan, Shanyangwu of Jianggan District, Xiasha Farm of Hangzhou Steel Works, and Zhiwu of Zhuantang Town, a pre-feasibility study was carried out for selected sites. After many times of investigation, argument and comparison among the schemes, a final decision was made to build the waste No.2 Landfill based on the existing waste No.1 Landfill (western side). In the light of the plan of Hangzhou City, after 2004, tactics of integrated refuse treatment, that the Landfill, incineration and recycle of municipal domestic waste will be operated synchronously, will be put into practice. The disposal object of Hangzhou waste No.2 Landfill is restricted to domestic waste only, not including industrial wastes, medical wastes and other poisonous and harmful discards. Because the waste No. 2 Landfill is adjacent to the waste No. 1 Landfill, its adopted landfill technology and factors that cause pollution are as same as those of No.1, the project of the waste No.2 Landfill can be regarded as a continuation and perfection of the waste No.1 Landfill.
2.2 Present situation and reviewed investigation of the waste No. 1 Landfill 2.2.1 A survey of the project
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 31 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(1) General survey Hangzhou No.1 Solid waste Landfill is the first large scale waste landfill of valley type in China, it is located at 18km northward from Hangzhou downtown area. The landfill site, Qinglongwu, is surrounded by hills on three sides, the valley with an opening in NWW direction is about 2km long and 70-400m wide. There are many strips of land between hills, the lowest one with an elevation of 167.7m. The pollutant interception dam is located at 1.5 km upward from the ditch opening, and covers an area of 48 hectares, the landfill effective volume is 5,400,000 m 3 , the designed service life is 13 years. The project was brought into official operation in June 1991, and more than 5,400,000 tons of garbage have been buried, the landfill will be filled up now. Cooperating with Canada, the No.1 Landfill gas power station was set up in 1994 in China's inland, the investment of first stage was US$ 3,500,000, there were 2 sets of 970 kW generating unit, this could prevent from secondary pollution of landfill gas and remove a hidden peril. Till now, the operation of the waste No. 1 Landfill has ensured that Hangzhou's municipal domestic waste can be treated by 100% harmless disposal, and has made substantial contribution to sustained development of society. (2) Landfill technology Slope operation is adopted in the waste No. I Landfill, garbage is filled by unit and layering, leveled in divisions, compacted, earthed up and disinfected. Landfill of garbage begins at a level of 50m from the bottom of storehouse, when filling to a level of 65m of the top of garbage dam, the garbage is filled and uprisen layer by layer in back area of storehouse according to a certain slope, when the waste landfill ends up, the end of storehouse will be filled to a level of 165m. (3) Main structures In the waste No. 1 Landfill there are garbage dam, leachate collecting system (percolation eliminating and gas conducting system), pollutant interception dam, flood interception system, control and storage tank and sewage treatment plant. The level of garbage dam's top is 65.0 m high, the designed final landfill level is 165 m high, the current piling level is about 127 m high. Flood interception ditches are set up along equal height line, 4 flood interception ditches are set up at the levels of 90 m, 115 m, 140 m, 165 m respectively, each flood interception ditch having double divisions, sewage is diverted from clear water, and clear water is drained into natural river course of downstream, and sewage is drained into the control and storage tank. The leachate collecting and treating area includes pollutant interception dam, control
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11., Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 32 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill and storage tank and sewage treatment plant. To prevent seepage, a grouted curtain 3 covers the pollutant interception dam forming a reservoir of 23,400 m for collecting leachate of storehouse area. Activated sludge method of two-section type in biological treatment is used for sewage treatment technology, all two-section aeration tanks are conventional aeration tanks of plug-flow (PF), they operate continuously every day, on the average 300 tons of sewage can be treated a day, the treated sewage will be drained into municipal trunk soil pipe. Before March, 2001, because the volume of control and storage tank was on the low side, during flood period more than 300 tons / day of sewage were drained into municipal trunk soil pipe through two pipes of DN400 and DN300; in normal season sewage flowed automatically to sewage treatment plant to be handled and drained. The management and living area is situated in the opening of Qinglongwu, there are environmental monitoring station, office building, machine repair shop, staff and 2 workers' dining room, material storehouse etc., they cover a floorage of 1600m , and guarantee the effective operation of the landfill. In the landfill zone, there are three main roads for production and transportation, among them there is not only a road for entering the landfill but also a special road for the transportation inside the landfill, so the demand of production and management of the No.1 Landfill can be satisfied. The special road for garbage transportation can reach dumping platforms that are set up at places of level of 65m, 77.5m, 90m, 102.5m, 127.5m, 140m, 152.5m and 165m of the No.1 Landfill respectively. (4) Environmental monitoring Special environmental monitoring station is set up in the landfill for monitoring dynamic pollution of underground water, earth's surface water, and air environment in vicinity during the operation of the landfill, meanwhile quality of water passing in and out from sewage treatment plant are controlled and monitored to regulate and control the treatment effect of sewage treatment plant. Flies density monitoring of landfill area and surroundings is carried out in April to October every year to guide the work of wiping out flies and guarantee environmental hygiene.
2.2.2 Main controlling measures of pollution and review investigation of pollutant influence 2.2.2.1 Main controlling measures of pollution The Main controlling measures of pollution of Hangzhou waste No. 1 Landfill are:
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 33 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(l)Curtain grouting leak-proof system is used for pollutant interception dam to prevent leachate polluting underground water, and a sewage treatment plant is set up, 2-section activated sludge method is used for bio-treating leachate then the treated liquid will be drained into sewage pipe network. (2)Operative unit of earthling and landfill day by day is strictly carried out in waste landfill operation to control effectively the proliferation of malodorous substances. (3)Complete exhaust and seepage conduit system is set up in the landfill to make use of gas of landfill as resources, a generating plant using landfill gas is set up in the landfill to reduce the amount of landfill gas entering into atmosphere. 2.2.2.2 Controlling measures of pollution and review investigation of pollutant influence (1) Treatment facilities for leachate Leachate is the major pollutant source of municipal waste landfill, its occurrence amount depends on many factors such as water content in garbage, hydrologic, geologic and climatic conditions of site as well as landfill method. According to the years' operation records of the No. 1 Landfill, the occurrence amount of leachate of the landfill is 389,100 m 3/year, a mean of 1066 m3 per day. The components in refuse leachate are very complex, and along with the increment of landfill time, there will be larger range and dynamic changes of density of various pollutant factors. According to the years' routine monitoring results of leachate of the No. 1 Landfill, the main water quality indexes of leachate passing in sewage treatment station as shown in table 2-1. Main water quality indexes of leachate of waste No. 1 Landfill Unit: mg/I
Item pH CODc, BOD5 SS TN TP Density 6.7 - 8.2 240- 30300 28.9- 8390 4 - 660 55-1493 0.37-20.32 range Average 7.7 3059 1217 260 1180 6.84 value A leachate treatment station with a capacity of 300m3 /day is set up in the No. 1 Landfill, 2-section bio-treatment technology is adopted, and the flow diagram as shown in figure 2-1
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 34 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
F'3iA3 ffi-
Fig 2-1 Flow diagram of treatment technology for refuse leachate in the No. 1 Landfill Equipment is respectively from the left of the above Fig2-1 to the right that sewage control and storage reservoir, No. 1 sediment tank, No.1 aeration tank, No.2 sediment tank, No. 2 aeration tank, No. 3 sediment tank, sludge tank, sterilizing tank Because the components of leachate are complex, and the density of pollutant is high, it is difficult to treat them. According to tracking monitoring the operation effect of sewage treatment station on April 11-12, 2000, the conditions of quality of water passing in and out from the sewage treatment station as shown in table 2-2. Table 2-2 Quality of water passing in and out from the refuse leachate treatment station and statistical results
Total number
Sequence number pH CODcmr SMS NHmN3 of colibacillus (mg/I)(mg/I) (mg/I) (number/1) 1 Passing in water 7.98 3300 120 1150 )23800 Passing out water 7.22 1370 84 664 23800 2 Passing in water 8.08 3390 220 1110 )23800 Passing out water 7.42 1360 68 425 23800 3 Passing in water 8.01 3450 160 1170 >23800 Passing out water 7.59 1340 57 415 2300 4 Passing in water 8.05 2050 440 1260 )23800
_ Passing out water 7.89 1290 185 481 23800 Passing in water 8.03 2070 390 1210 > 23800 Passing out water 7.90 1360 165 476 23800 6 Passing in water 8.05 2030 260 1200 )23800 Passing out water 8.03 1240 110 481 2300 Average Passing in water 8.03 2715 265 1183.3 1 23800
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 35 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
water Passing out water 7.22 1370 84 664 23800 quality ______Average dislodged rate (9%) / 49.54 68.3 43.9 / GB16889-1997 grade 2 / 300 / 25 *10-1_10-2 GB16889-1997 grade 3 / 1000 / I / *Controlled index of GB 16889 - 1997 grade 2 is colibacillus
As shown in the table, the treatment effect of the existing sewage treatment station is not good, the treated passing out water can not meet the requirements of corresponding effluent standard, these practical tested results are in conformity with the daily monitored results of the No. 1 Landfill, this indicates that the reform and perfection for the sewage treatment station have become an important problem that has to be settled urgently. In addition, according to daily statistics, because the sewage treatment station's capacity is on the low side, in the total amount of 389,100 m3 of leachate that occurs in the whole year, only 110,000 m3 have been treated, there are about 279,100 m3 of untreated leachate to be discharged directly (before March, 2001, discharged directly to river along hills, after March, 2001, discharged into municipal sewage pipe network). To state briefly, the occurrence, treatment and drainage intensity of source of leachate of the existing No. 1 Landfill as shown in table 2-3. Table 2-3 The occurrence, treatment and drainage intensity of source of leachate of the existing No. 1 Landfill Water amount CODcr BOD5 SS NH3-N Item (10,000m3/a) (Ua) (t/a) (t/a) (t/a) Occurrence amount 38.91 1190.3 473.5 101.2 459.1 Reduced amount in 11 193.0 126.2 19.4 57.2 treatment Effluent amount 38.91 997.3 347.2 81.8 401.9
(2) The seepage draining system and seepage-proof measure of curtain grouting of the landfill . In order to prevent leachate having pollutant influence on underground water in the landfill area, the seepage draining system (gas conduit) and seepage-proof facilities of curtain grouting are adopted in the design of the No. 1 Landfill. Among them the seepage draining system (gas conduit) has 2 main French drains that are transversely laid at the bottom of storehouse area and a drainage well that is composed of drain-pipes, French
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 36 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill drains, seepage drainage and gas conduit well in vertical direction, in addition, at the height of every 25m in vertical direction, French drains in horizontal direction are added to connect with drain-pipes outside the dam for guaranteeing the leachate that produced in garbage layer can be drained smoothly into sewage control and storage tank, to reduce the holdup time of leachate in storehouse area as possible and avoid to have harmful influence on underground water. Besides, a vertical seepage-proof system has been set up in the No. 1 Landfill, i.e. a curtain grouting system is set up for pollutant interception dam that is located in downstream of storehouse area to prevent leachate having harmful influence on underground water in downstream of storehouse area. Two underground water routine monitoring wells of #1 and #2 are set up at the downstream places of 20m and 60m from the pollutant interception dam of the No.1 Landfill, According to the observations of these 10 years, there was no evident pollutant influence on groundwater. (3) Collecting and treating system for landfill gas In buried garbage, large amount of landfill gas are produced by perishable components of animal and plant and anaerobic degradation of microorganism, the main components of the gas are CH4 and CO2, and including little amount of malodorous substances of H2S, NH3 etc.. But the components of landfill gas in various waste landfills are quite different from each other owing to factors such as components of garbage, environmental humidity, landfill time, volume of landfill site etc.. Because the emission of landfill gases will cause many environmental problems, for instance, among them CH4 gas is not only a risk source of explosion (when mixing with air, its explosive limitation is within the range of 5 - 15%) but also a hothouse gas that causes the global warming; and among them H2S, NH3 are malodorous substances, their emission into air will make the surroundings become bad and be harmful to human health. In order to control landfill gas' harmful influence on environment, and recycle maximum resources, the studies on utilization of landfill gas is carried out by the operation between Canada Environmental Technology and the landfill of No. 1. On the basis of on-spot test results, the maximum volume of waste gases generated in No. 1 3 Solid Waste Landfill is 125.6 m / t, thereinto, the content of CH4 and CO2 reaches 99.5-99.9 percentage of the total volume, others like H2 S and NI- 3, occupying 0.2-0.4 %. See the Table 2-4. Table 2-4 The components of waste gases in No.1 Landfill
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 37 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Components CH4 | CO2 H2S NH3 | Volume (%) 63 36.7 0.1 0.1 <0.1
In October 1998, the waste gas power generation plant was put into operation under the cooperation with Canada. The plant installed 2 low-heat gas generator groups G3516LE made by American Kartopolieo Company, each having rated power 970kw, the waste gas passes the 29 eyes of gas well dug in the filling area platform. Then the gas is delivered to generator through DN300HPDE pipe. Under the practical operation evaluation, the not good seal of the sacrificial covering earth of the existing landfill caused part of garbage to form aerobic environment added with soaking and dissolving of rain water, large amount of organic substance was flowed away with the leachate made the practical produced gas of the landfill was a bit less. According to the practically test, presently, the produced gas in No.1 Landfill reaches to 33,000 tons/day (1350-1400 mi3 ), about 70% gas can be used by the power generation system. The volumes of generated waste gas, treated gas and discharged gas in No.1 Landfill are listed in Table 2-5. Table 2-5 Volumes of generated waste gas, treated gas and discharged gas in No. 1 Landfill are listed 3 3 3 Item CH4 ( m /d) H2S (m /d) NH3 (m /d) Generated volume 20790 33 33 Treated volume 14553 23.1 23.1 Discharged volume 6237 9.9 9.9
Stenchy pollutant and TSP quality monitoring stations were set up in living area and operation area to observe and evaluate the influence to the surrounding air exerted by the filling and burying operation in Landfill. Air monitoring data during 1992-2000 show that the densities of NH3 and H2S in operation area and living area were relatively high before 1994, but decreased annually from 1994 to 2000 and didn't exceed the harmful-matter maximum permissible scope for original Soviet residential quarters; the TSP density was generally controlled at a same level, but exceeded Grade II standard of "Environmental Air Quality Standard" (GB3095-1996) and was 2-3 times as big as the standard scope. The densities of H2S, NH3 and TSP are comparatively stable in recent years and their each-year's monitoring values are within respective standard scopes stipulated in "Household Refuse Landfill Control Standard". (I)Review of Influence on ecological environment
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 38 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(D Influence on vegetation Since the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill was built and put into operation in 1991, the filling process has been carried out on a step-by-step basis. In this way, the original vegetation was saved to the maximum. Meanwhile, the internal/external soil sources for the site have been allocated and utilized according to the operation condition and the facility planning to postpone the time to clear off the vegetation. While protecting and preserving the original vegetation, the ecological vegetation restoration after earth-refilling onto the buried rubbish piles has also been carried out effectively. That's why the present overall ecological environment is good. The ecological vegetation in the valley, except areas occupied by engineering purposes, filling operation and the roads, is growing well. The hillsides unoccupied are all covered by dense plants. At the southern slope of the Qinglongwu is the Nanshan forest farm where the China fir and mingled forest are planted, presenting a beautiful scenery; on the hillsides to the southeast, east and north of the filling site are planted the bushes and small arbors mixed with mingled forest. It is discovered through the investigation that the plants grown around the peripheral slopes are diversified, covering at least 30 species of arbors/bushes and dozens of herbaceous plants of different species under some 20 categories. It can be seen that the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill hasn't caused any adverse impact on the ecological environment of the plants grown in the peripheral non-operational areas. As a matter of fact, birds singing in the forest indicate that the stench gases produced in the filling process have just no or very little influence on the behavior of the animals. The main kinds of vegetation were listed in table 4-27, and other scores of plants that has low content include maso pine, fir, magnoliaceae, Rhus succedanea, white backed leaf, xun-hemp, Platycarya strobilacea, Tiger acanthi, Mao oak, Glochidion puberum, Grosbeak-nest family, grain sorghum vesicle, thistle family, wild rose, Cherokee rose etc. So, we can think that the landfill operation in Tianziling Municipal solid Waste Landfill has had no obvious influence o the surrounding non-operation area. The chirm of birds were frequently heard, which indicated that the odor and gas pollution haven't influenced the animals' behavior obviously. Table2-6 The present main plants resource surrounding the refuse landfill Plant species Name of plants Plant species Name of plants Chinaroot Microchinaroot Rhamnaceae Maoru, rhamnus dahurica grenbroer greenbrier, earth greenbrier family pachymapcyaccs cocos,
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 39 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
chinaroot greenbrier
Theaceae Lin tree Wild jasmine Wild jasmine family Short shank vesicle, Labiatae Astragalus root Cupule family stonesoak stone oak Leguminosae East-china magnolia Hamamelidaacea Chinese alangium e Rubus corchorifolius, Rosaceae grain sorghum vesicle, Benzoin family Chinan Penglai Solanaceae Climbing nightshade Anacardiaceae Rhus chinensis Shanji family White sauders, Shichuan Papilionaceous Huzhizi S______shanjifamily.. .fHuzhiz __hanj Verbenaceae Azure pigment Fagaceae Ma oak Camphor Shanji capsorubin, Shengguyou Yeyachun family Xiangzhang family Small broussonetia Cuculidae Mayin flower Moraceae papyrifera
( Influence on Water Loss and soil Erosion In the course of the infrastructure construction and the refuse landfill process, the original natural vegetation, artificial fruit tree and the occupation and covered of the agricultural earth, the ecological condition in the refuse landfilling area varied completely. The refuse pile replaced the original ecological system based on the yellow and yellow and yellow sand soil. After earth covering of the refuse pile, its water loss and soil erosion is obvious, which not only threats the stability of the refuse pile, but also results in nutriments losses of the covered earth and hinders the recovery of ecological system (see Table 2-7). The quantitative test, which collects the slurry water with a water tank provided at the bottom of a slope, shows that planting on the covered earth may eliminate the water loss and soil erosion from slopes (see table 2-8). Table2-7: Nutrient analysis of water lost and soil erosion
Item Effective phosphorus NHI-N N0 3-N Date \ Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil 97.11.7 0.032 8.19 4.03 3.21 1.75 1.014 97.11.17 0.011 13.2 2.92 2.18 1.52 0.76
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 40 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
98.1.1 0.065 I 1.36 I 1.90 / 98.3.3 0.04 / 1.34 I 1.74 /
Table2-8: statistic table of water loss and soil erosion under different vegetation No Open-planted Close-planted Lawn Item vegetation bamboo bamboo covered reference 1.2mX 1.5m lmX Im Collected water 4622.3 2690.4 822.1 896.1 (kg) Increase relative 41.8 -82.2 -80.6 to the reference% Collected soil 17.58 7.83 4.49 3.25 (kg) Increase relative toIthcrease relative -55.46 -74.46 -81.51 to the reference %
The nutrient analysis of water loss and soil erosion also shows tat, to a given extent, the phosphor and nitrogen nutriments necessary for the plants also lose together with the water loss and soil erosion, as shown in table 4-29. it not only impaired the ecological recovery after refuse pile's covering of earth, but also enriches the nutrition of the downstream water body, increases the river deposits, impacts the environmental quality of downstream water body, and weakens its flood relief and prevention capacity.
( The ecological adaptation of the earth-covered refuse pile With the construction of facilities in the yard and the progress of refuse landfilling, the original ecological system varied completely. The soil condition after the earth covering of the refuse pile was sharply different from the original yellow soil and yellows and soil, thus the ecological adaptability and the stability after re-reclamation all have decreased obviously. The earth-covered refuse pile at platform of 6.5m, 77.5m and 90m elevations were recovered with vegetation. The practice shows tat various kinds of vegetation have different adaptation for the covered earth. Generally, after covering of earth the ecological adaptation is rather poor and germination capacity and the survival rate on the covered earth are not high due to the impact such as the harmful gases generated by the decomposition of the filled refuses and the change in the crop-producing power after recovered earth. Various plants differ in their adaptation to the new ecological conditions.
Environmcntal Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 41 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
The experiments show that the ecological adaptation order on the recovered earth is lawn >flowers >bamboo. The indoor analog experiments show that the germination capacity of flowers in higher than the survival rate by cuttage. Though the flowers grow rapidly by cuttage. Though the flowers grow rapidly by cuttage of bud and a much root system will grow in a short period, it means that the seed has a better adaptation than the vegetal body, as shown in table 2-9. Table2-9: the relationship between the treatment of refuse and the growth of flowers Flower Germination capacity of seed Survival rate of bud, % Canna 87.4 58.7 Tawny daylily 91.6 73.4 China pink 93.5 67.8
The analog and field experiment of lawn planting all show that they all adapt the earth-covered refuse pile, especially taphrad grass grows very well. The site experiment also shows that the survival rate of the taphrad grass is nearly 100% and it grows very well, so, we can consider it as the pioneer plant of the refuse pile ecological system.
The bamboo-planting experiment Tianziling shows that the survival rate of bamboo is not high, which differs with varieties, as shown in table 4-32. the 65m platform was covered with 20-40cm thick soil, on the soil 336 pieces of bamboo are normally panted and fertilized in 1996 and then soil was covered again to a 50cm thick course in 1998. the survival rate of bamboo is merely 30.4%, and that of phyllostachys prominens is 45.8%. the death rate of phyllostachys incamata plated on slopes was obviously increased under the impact of great amount of methane and sewage due to 1200 cubic meters of earth collapse resulted by the heavy storm on 30 June 1996, and the survival rate was nearly zero, which reflected that the bamboo group plants have low adaptability to the ecological condition after the earth covering of the refuse pile. Table2-10: The relationship between the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and the survival rate and growth of bamboo Survival Death Survival Bamboo Growth status (PCs.) (PCs.) rate (%)
Phyllostachysgl abrata 51 47 52.04 Grows well, germinates _____I___ early and quick
Phyllostachys praecox 5 23 17.85 Grows poorly, germinates Phyllostachys______praecox____ 23______17.85______lately
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 42 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(A) Impact on the ecological system of the valley where the yard sites 10 years' running of the No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill from its putting into operation shows that stone mining for building dams and cutting earth for covering the refuse pile damaged the vegetation in the valley and seriously impair the local ecology. The construction of special refuse-transportation roads also reduced the green coverage and increased water loss and soil erosion. However, after finish of the project, active consolidation measures were taken. Though the vegetation area was obviously reduced within the (Qinglongwu) valley, the conditions of the vegetation still kept at good conditions, except the filling area, earth resource area and the construction area, which means that the impact of construction and operation of the refuse Landfill on the quality of the entire plant ecological system in the valley is not obvious. The slope in Qinglongwu and the unoccupied valley have vegetation that grow very heavy, and have a great variety. In genera, the whole ecological environment is still in good condition, and the present green-coverage in the whole Qinglongwu over 70%. This shows that the construction and operation of the Landfill didn't affect obviously the whole ecological system in the valley. In the refuse filling area, since the deterioration of sanitary condition and the influence of waste gas, operating noise etc, the animal population structure in the refuse filling area varied obviously, and the activity of mosquitoes, flies and mice increased obviously, with which pesticide must use to restrain their breeding and proliferation. The surrounding insects and birds have avoidance effect, which usually appear in forestry and shrubs. Moreover, the large-scale pesticides and mouse medicine have had poisonous effects on some animals. To a certain extent, water loss and soil erosion on the surface of the refuse pile have had negative effect on Brooklet and the ecological environment of small river basin in Qinglongwu. P21 In addition, since the special fault geological condition and the severe rock decency on the ground surface, large amount of rain water percolated into the refuse pile, increased the amount of the leachate greatly and influenced the normal operation of the sewage disposal plant
(®) Impact on the integral ecological system of Hangzhou Though the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill has a negative impact on the surrounding ecological environment of the yard. it plays appositive role in the integral atmospheric environment of Hangzhou City. Since the operation of No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, over 5 million tons urban refuse were slaked. If these refuse didn't been treated, it should had severe pollution on the municipal water and gas environment and had destroy the municipal ecological environment, which not only restrain the municipal tourism development and destroy the investment environment of Hangzhou, but also have severe threat to people's health and restrain the economic and social development of " paradise" Hangzhou. Every day 2300 tons of domestic refuses are generated in Hangzhou City and the refuse output will increase with the population. If these refuse are not subjected a sanitary land filing
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. IIl, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 43 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill treatment, they will harm the environment and people's health, impair the image of the city, and hinder the sustainable development of the tounrst economy and the entire national economy. The refuse landfill disposal can avoid all of pollution problem that originate from the urban refuse, alleviate the municipal water and gas pollution load and avoid disease breeding and transmission, moreover, the completion of LFG power plant make LFG become an kind of resource. In present econornic condition and taking the composition of the refuse into consideration, the refuse landfilling can realize the proper development in ecological environment. (©) Inpact on global ecological system Large amount of methane gas will be generated during the operation of the refuse landfill. Excessive methane in the refuse pile would result in explosion, while discharge of this gas into atmosphere would result in increase of methane concentration in atmosphere. Methane is one of the green-house gasses and increase of green-house gas concentration would in turn make the global climate warm and result infrequent calamitous climate and impair the stability of the entire biosphere as well as the living and health of both the human and the creatures. However, since the landfill gas was collected and used for power generation in 1998, the concentration of methane in atmosphere of the yard area has been greatly reduced within the safe production range and the odor been remarkably eliminated. Ammonia is the ingredients of the odorous pollutants and to some extent, can restrain the formation of acidic rain, in local range. (1) After operation of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, the yard area and the surrounding environment would be seriously worsened, water and soil obviously loses from the recovered earth in the surface of the refuse pile, and the ecological suitability of reclamation is very poor. But planting on the recovered area the will greatly refuse loss of water and soil and improve the stability of pile of refuses. The influence of the construction and operation of Tianziling municipal Solid Waste Landfill on the ecological system Qinglongwu area is mainly fous on the pollution threat to the underground water in the yard area and the pollution and ecological problem produced by water loss and soil erosion in the surface of the refuse pile. No obvious ecosystem'functional deterioration was resulted and on the whole, the present regional ecological environment is well, which has high vegetation-coverage and abundant creatural variety. Also the worse atmospheric environment in the yard area also generates avoidance effect on the animals, but the effect was not obvious.
2.3 General Description of the Engineering Design for the No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste landfill 2.3.1 Estimate of the Refuse Volume to be Filled and their Composition in
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 44 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Hangzhou city According to the layout, Hangzhou will adopt the disposal policies of landfilling, recycling and recycling of the urban house refuse after 2004. the service range of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill includes six district in Hangzhou except Xiaoshan and Yuhan area. Its disposal target only limited to house refuse, not includes industrial solid, medical and architectural solid waste and other ones, which is poisonous, harmful and been polluted, in order to prevent this kind of waste solid come into the refuse area, strict check should exert to the garbage truck when it comes into the landfill area and unloading the refuse. Against industrial solid, medical and architectural solid waste and other ones, which is poisonous, harmful and been polluted, Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau make the special disposal and administrative way-"Interim Measure on Administration of Harmful Solid Waste in Hangzhou City", which supervised and carried out by Hangzhou Municipal Supervisory Department. It is estimated that the total refuse volume, which shall be treated in the No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, during 2004-2026 (The yard's designed service life, 23 years) will reach 21.87 million tons. The putrescible matters percentage in refuse increased annually by 4.2% during 1991 to 1995, and reduced to -0.08% of the yearly increment during 1996 to 2000, meanwhile, the content of coal cinder in refuse reduced greatly, and the recoverable matters increased largely. According to the whole change trend, we can estimate that the percentage of putrescible matter in refuse will reach about 48%, and that of the recoverable and coal cinder will respectively reach 35% and 17%. The volume components of the refuse are shown in Table 2-11, and Table 2-12.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 45 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 2-11 Estimation of the volume of generated refuse and buried refuse
(Don't include Xiaoshan and Yuhang Districts)
Accumulated Auunal refuse Per capita Daily Recovered Actual Actual Actual Capacity population refuse landfill needed from Year (10000) volume refuse produced amount of landfill nvol landfill 2004 Remarks (IlO(00t/a) refuse(t/d) refuse(t/d) volume(t/d) volume(1000 d) IlOOOOt/a) Otla) (lOOOOm 3/a)
2004 263.9 99.86 1.04 2736 287 1949 71 71 65.2 Daily
2005 274.8 104.06 1.04 2851 299 2052 75 146 133.8 incineration
2006 274.8 107.70 1.07 2951 310 2141 78 224 205.6 volume in
2007 280.2 111.47 1.09 3054 321 2233 82 306 280.2 these years is 500t, and that
2008 285.7 115.37 1.11 3161 332 2329 85 391 358.1 of recovered is 30-35%
2009 291.2 119.41 1.12 3272 344 1881 69 460 421.0 Daily
2010 296.7 123.59 1.14 3386 508 1978 72 532 487.2 incineration 2011 302.3 127.30 1.15 3488 523 2065 75 607 556.3 volume in these years is 900t, and 2012 307.9 131.11 1.17 3592 539 2153 79 685 628.3 recoveredis
15 %
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I I1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 46 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Auunal refuse Per capita Daily Recovered Actual landfill Accumulated Capacity population Actual landftill Actual landfill needed from Year (10000) volume refuse produced amount of voldt/d) volume vol 2004 Remarks ( l 00OOt/a) voluume(kg/p.d refuse(t/d) refuse(t/d) volue(td) OOt/a) t/a) (lOOOOm3/a) 2013 314.6 135.05 1.18 3700 555 2245 82 767 703.5 2014 320.2 139.10 1.19 3811 572 2339 85 853 781.7 2015 326.9 143.27 1.20 3925 589 2436 89 942 863.2 2016 332.7 147.57 1.22 4043 606 2537 93 1034 948.1 2017 339.4 152.00 1.23 4164 625 2640 96 1131 1036.4 2018 346.3 156.56 1.24 4289 643 2746 100 1231 1128.3 2019 353.1 161.25 1.25 4418 663 2855 104 1335 1223.8 Daily 2020 360.0 166.09 1.26 4550 683 2968 108 1443 1323.1 incineration volumne in 2021 366.9 171.07 1.28 4687 703 3084 113 1556 1426.3 these years is 2022 373.9 176.21 1.29 4828 724 3204 117 1673 1533.5 900t, and 2023 380.9 181.49 1.31 4972 746 3326 121 1794 1644.8 recovered is 2024 388.9 186.94 1.32 5122 768 3453 126 1920 1760.3 15%. 2025 396.0 192.55 1.33 5275 791 3584 131 2051 1880.3 2026 404.1 198.32 1.34 5433 815 3718 136 2187 2004.7 2027 411.3 204.27 1.36 5596 839 3857 141 2328 2133.7 2028 419.5 210.40 1.37 5764 865 4000 146 2474 2267.5 2029 426.7 216.71 1.39 5937 891 4147 151 2625 2406.3 2030 435.0 223.21 1.41 6115 917 4298 157 2782 2550.1
Environtnental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 47 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table2-12: Composition of Urban House Refuse in Hangzhou
Perishable refuse (%) Coal cinder Wastes (%)
Year Cinder Animal Plants Total Ash Total Paper Cloth Plastic Metal Glass Bamboo Total gr-avel
1991 0.98 46.11 47.09 1.08 44.36 45.44 1.51 1.18 14.54 0.9 1.4 0.94 20.47
1992 1.57 49.58 51.15 1.24 39.5 40.74 1.71 1.17 1.68 0.62 1.87 0.94 7.99
1993 1.67 50.2 51.87 2.28 36.48 38.76 1.8 1.63 2.5 0.84 1.87 0.95 9.59
1994 1.67 50.2 51.87 2.28 36.48 38.76 1.8 1.63 2.5 0.84 1.87 0.95 9.59
1995 1.91 50.53 52.44 1.73 36.02 37.75 1.74 1.15 3.14 0.83 1.94 0.95 9.75
1996 2 53.28 55.28 2.56 30.61 33.17 1.8 1.5 5.02 1.12 1.42 0.39 11.25
1997 2.99 55.21 58.2 1.52 22.48 24 3.68 2.23 6.62 0.98 1.42 l 15.93
1998 4.83 50.94 55.77 6.35 7.42 13.77 13.6 0.97 12.74 0.84 _ 1.27 30.45
1999 4.44 48.53 52.97 10.97 9.37 20.34 12.7 1.01 10.04 0.9 1.03 0.98 26.69
2000 2.17 49.77 51.94 9.85 8.47 18.32 12.3 0.98 13.79 0.78 1.06 0.82 29.74
2.3.2 Construction scale and investment In consideration of the population development and the estimated refuse volume of Hangzhou, Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is designed to have a landfill capacity of 1949t/d in intial stage and 3718t/d in terrninal stage, with a total capacity of disposing house refuse of 21,870,000.00t. Its service life is 23 years from 2004 to 2026. The total investment of the project reaches RMB 339,320,000.00 Yuan (including the supplementary investment of RMB 43,250,000.00 Yuan), including USD 9300000.00 to be provided by the World Bank.
2.3.3 Construction items The construction items of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill are shown in Table 2-13, the main landfill facilities afe listed in Table 2-14 and the Generel Plane is illustrated in Fig. 8. The administrative station is located at the entrance to Qinglongwu. The No. 2 Landfill shall expand westward on the base of the No. 1 Landfill, with the refuse dam still fixed at the original Weage Treatment Plant that shall be demolished. And a new Sweage Treatment Plant shall be built at the slope 250m far away westward of the Firedamp Power Station. The swege regulating resouvior shall be located downstream 150m apart from the refuse dam.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 53 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 2-13 Main construction items of the No.2 Landfill Project Items Construction It consists of refuse dam, leachate and gas discharging system, flood-stop Landfill ditch, sewage-stop dam, with the final cubage of 17.93 million m3 1.5 km of road shal] be renovated and 2.1km of special passages shall be Road system built additionally. Sewage regulating It has a cubage of 150,000 m3 , being designed according to the standard reservoir of century-encounted flood Sewage treatment 3 plant Treating capacity 1500 m /d 7 groundwater monitoring wells will be set in the peripheral area of the Monitoring well ______Landfill 800 m in area, equipped with automatic induction car-washing device, Flushing station ______water-clean, and drainage facilities Landfill Gas Power 12MW generating set shall be installed in initial stage, and at most 7MW Station generating set may be installed according to the landfill gas volume. Administrative Located at entrance of Qianglongwu, consists of Lab Building, Canteen station Room. Bathroom, garage, Maintenance Workshop and the warehouse.
Table 2-14 Main Machines and Tools for filling and burying in No.2 Landfill
No. Name of Model and Unit Amount Made in Use equipment specification original added Total Refuse Pressing refuse I pressing BG67ORB one 1 2 3 Germany and machine covering-earth Pulling-type 2 pressing one 0 1 1 China machine Distribute and 3 Bulldozer Shantui 220 one 8 4 12 China move refuse ______and earth 4 Pedrail grab 320BL one 2 1 3 USA Excavation, and Katepile loading 5 Loading car ZL40 one 2 1 3 China Loading Large-size Dongfeng 6 closing tip one 6 7 13 China Tarti EQ3141 earth car 7 Ring grad CAT938G one 0 1 1 USA Excavation, and ____ Katepi le loading 8 Tank car one I 1 2 China 9 Sewage one I 1 2 China drawing car _
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. t I1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 54 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.3.4 Public Works 2.3.4.1 Water Supply and Drainage Water supply: The water necessary for this landfill field is fed to the administrative area through the water supply pipe of Hangzhou Municipal Waterworks. The water supply system of the buildings in the administrative area supplies water by directly using the hydraulic pressure of urban water supply network. As for water of productive use and fire control purpose, a boost pump is built in the administrative area to pump the water to the high water pond and the fire-fighting water pond, which are set at the mountaintop of this landfill field. According to the project's feasibility study report, the estimated water demand is 180m3/d, including 131m 3/d production water supply, 19m3/d domestic water and 30 m3/d as reserve water. And all the water should be fresh water. The demands for each purpose are show in table 2-15. In consideration of further demand of the landfill field, the designed water supply capacity for the project is 250 m3/d. Table 2-15: Estimated water demands for No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Unit: (m3/d) Fresh Fresh Fresh water Fresh No. Water supplied water of water No Water of water to productive for supplied to productive for use living use living I Administrative vehicle-washi area ng 2 Control Road laboratory _ sprinkling 3 Sewage Vi rescence treatment plant Maintenance 4 . Reserve water station
Drainage: The engineering drainage involves the treated refuse leachate, the productive sewage and the domestic sewage. The leachate is separately treated up so as to fulfill the discharge standard before being taken into urban sewage network. The domestic sewage is first treated by the digestion tank, and then is discharged together with the pre-treated productive sewage (the water from the control lab, the sewage treatment Plant, the maintenance station and the vehicle washing water) to urban sewage network.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 55 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.3.4.2 Fire Control In order to ensure safe and normal operation of the landfill field, two 200m3 fire-control water ponds are built each at elevation of 165m and 140m, which are equipped with high-pressure pumps, high-pressure water torches and fire hoses.
2.3.4.3 Power Supply The power for Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is supplied by Transformer Substation of Yuhang Power Supply Bureau through 10 kV aerial lines, which is extended outside of its boundary wall, with protective fuse and lightning rod on its terminal. The 10 kV cable is fixed underground in the landfill field to the distribution room. In the power distribution room of the comprehensive building, there are a 400kV dry transformer, a high-voltage ring network and a low-voltage distribution panel. The apparent power of the entire field is 450.3 kVA, and its annual power consumption is about 1479.3K-kWh. In the sewage treatment plant a 200kW diesel generator is installed as an emergency power supply. Except that the blowing machine of the sewage treatment plan adopts Grade II load, the other electrical facilities adopt Grade III load.
2.3.4.4 Communication Eight additional telephones are provided to meet the demand of No. 2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. A 15W base station is installed in the comparhensive building. And 5W wireless handsets are equipped to bulldozers, grabs and compacting machines.
2.3.5 Landfill Technology The technical process for the Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is basically similar to that of the No.1, as shown in Fig.2-2. The refuse are firstly dispatched to different working units, and one unit is disposed per day. The landfill operation includes the site preparation, transportion, unloading, spreading, compacting, pesticide spraying, and earth covering. The refuses are spread in layers, each of 1-2m thick, and then compacted for the density not below 0.95t/m3. When 3 to 4 layers of thus spread, and total refuse layer reach 7-8m thick, they are covered with a 0.2-0.3 m thick earth layer. When the region within the refuse dam is fully filled, the refuse is landfilled upwards. After that time the filling is undertaken outwards from the filled refuse within-dam region at a given slope until reaching the final 165m elevation. When the landfilled body heightens by 12.5m, correspondingly
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 56 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill its side slope retracts by 8m inward the landfill area so as to leave space for the passage.
Site preparation
Determination | * Laying the leachate and gas of region discharge system
0
Refuse Landfill
| ~~~~~Spreading |-° .
I 1I
|Earth excavation Transportation |- redin Compacting
Planting on the side slope and the final pile top |
Fig.2-2: Technical process of the refuse landfill
In order to keep the filling side slope and the filling site stable, a dam monitoring instrument will be installed on the servicing platform at a elevation of 102.5m to observe the displacement, settlement indices and saturation line of the rubbish piles. When the filling is at a height of 80m, the prospecting of the filling site shall be carried outto obtain the needed physical/mechanical indices and water level in the pile, and an overall analysis on the stability of the filling site shall also be made so as to decide whether the repairing measures are to be taken. The exposed outside slope and the top of the final refuse pile are covered with
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 57 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
O.Im thick farm earth. After the earth being compacted, planting will be carried out. During the entire landfill operation, timely sweep and sprinkle the inside roads, spray pesticide to kill the flies, and collect and treat the leachate, so as to keep a clean and hygiene field and fulfill standards of sanitary landfill. The main agentia used to kill flies is tetramethrin synthetic reagent, which applies to mechanic spray method, and does no harm to human being and animals. For the unit landfill operation, downward push-type slope process is mainly applied. According to the design requirement, the unloading platforms are set every 6.25m. The unloaded refuses are pushed downward by bulldozers, whose pushing distance and lateral operating width are controlled respectively within 5Om and 30m. The slope is filled till a given thickness and then uniformly compacted by compactors. Sequentially, the second layer starts to fill in a similar way until completion of the entire unit. The finished unit is finally covered with a 0.2-0.3m thick earth layer. At that time a l0m wide and 50m long temporary road and a 30m*30m temporary platform are built. Thus, the workers can continue to landfill the neighbor units forward, leftward or rightward, until the entire plane is completely filled. From then, filling of a new layer begins again. During forward landfilled in units, refuse settlement and some other factors should be carefully considered to form a slope towards the inside drainage shaft to facilitate drainage of the leachate.
2.3.6 Design for the main Structures of the Refuse Landfill Administration station: On basis of the layout system determined in the NO.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, the management station shall still be arranged in the mouth of Qinglongwu, in which the office building, laboratory, dinning room, bathroom, garage, repair shop and warehouse shall be built. According to the demands, recently a new office building and a repair shop shall be built within the existing yard region and also some temporary structures removed. Hence the management station shall be re-planned on this basis, and comprehensive building, a park for production vehicles, a basketball court, a badminton field shall add to build. The green belt is increased to cover 50% of the total area. The re-built administrarion station shall eastwards extend 80m and need additional 5.60Gm 2 land. This new management station shall need each 5600 m3 of cutting volume and fill volume, and also existing structures of a total floorage of 850 M2 shall be removed. Sewage treatment plant: The existing sewage station shall be removed, and a new sewage treatment plant with an area of 1.04 square meters shall be built, which is 250m away westward of the Firedamp Power Generation, 50m apart eastward of the sewage regulating reservoir and on the west of the maintenance workshop of the
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 58 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill administrative station. A main gate, a wall with a length of 360m and 480 square meters of road, are additionally built, and the earthwork and excavated volume reaches 95,000.00 cubic meters. Sewage regulating reservoir: This reservoir shall be located downstream 150m apart from the refuse dam, with an area of 4.0 km2. It has a capacity of 150,000.00 cubic meters, with a maximum elevation of 29.Om and a minimum elevation of 16m. It is designed on the basis of century-encountered flood so as to guarantee the sewage reservoir's ability of regulating rain and sewage during the heavy rain time. Landfill field: The No.2 Solid Waste Landfill shall be extended westward 440m from the boundary of the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill and raised to a 165m elevation to form a capacity of 19730000.00 m3 . Refuse dam: This dam shall be designed as an infiltration rock-fill dam, which is 25m in height, with the base elevation of 30m, top elevation of 27.5m, axis length of 179m and the crest width of 5m. Upstream the dam a filtering-permeable broken stone and gravel cushion shall be provided. The dry stone pitching shall protect the outside slopes upstream and downstream of the dam.A 2m-wide platform shall be built on the rubbish dam upper stream side slope 1:2.0 at a level of 40m, which shall be used for laying /anchoring the storage area anti-seepage foams. On the rubbish dam down stream side slope 1:2.5; another 2m-wide platform will be built at a level of 40m, which shall be used for servicing the dam body. Leachate and gas discharge system: The leachate and gas discharge system consist of two main blind ditches laid along the bed chute, drainage well-drainage pipes, several sub-blind ditches and vertical leachate and gas discharge wells. In addition, the vertical refuse layer shall be provided with horizontal blind ditches every 25m vertical elevation to connect with the drains of the outside-dam slope. The leachate collected by the both sets of facilities all discharge into the sewage reservoir and finally to the sewage disposal plant. The leachate of the No. 1 Landfill is led to the original regulating resorvior through 5 outlets. The original regulating resouvior shall be covered by the lOOm-high rubbish pile of the No. 2 Landfill. In order to keep the pile of the No. 2 Landfill stable, block stones shall be used to fill the regulating resouvior of the No. 1 Landfill to form a concealed linking well, so that the leatchate from the above 5 outlets can be led to the linking well and then directed to the downstream regulating resouvior of the refuse dam of the No. 2 Landfill through 2 HDPE pipes ( 4 450 x 40. 9). The gases produced in Landfill shall be collected by a combination of a perpendicular stone coop well and a horizontal gas-leading crushed stone blind gully. Two main pipes, one laid in south and one in north of the filling area, will be used to
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhcjiang Province No. 11, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 59 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill collect the gases. The main pipe (cD315HDPE) will extend upward along the rising filling piles. The gas-leading branch pipe ((D 16OHDPE), laid at the filling operation level, will connect to the main pipe. The main pipes in south and north will collect and then send the gases to the power plant through a gas transferring pipeline. According to the estimated volume of the gases, a generator of 2WM will be installed at the first stage of the Landfill. Flood-interception ditch: Its bailing ability should meet the requirement of flood protection standards in order to avoid the immersion of rainwater into the refuse pile. The flood-interception ditch system is designed according to "fifty-year encountered flood, and checked with a century". The total collection area of the refuse Landfill is 0.85km2 . The flood-interception ditches shall be built at the 90m, 115m, 140m and 165m elevation at both dikes of the yard and connect with the interception chutes built at both dikes of the piled dam. The total length of the flood-interception ditch shall reach 7250m, and maximum catching area reach 0.581 kM2, all of which have a grouted block structure. A settling joint is set every 15m with waterstop facilities. Road system: The road system for the No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill shall be expanded by extension or branching of the existing roads in accordance with the technical requirements of the No. 2 Landfill. From elevation 52.5m to 165m, a main platform shall be set up every 12.5m elevation. The 52.5 elevation platform at primary crest is connected with No.1 highway. In order to convenience landfill operation, every 6.25m elevation between the main platforms, a secondary platform is built, which are connected with the branch of special road. For convenient refuse transportation inside the dam, two gravel-covered simple roads, which is respectively 150m in length and 8m in width, shall be built at the terminal of No.1 and No.3 road to connect these two roads. The gravel-covered No.1 road shall be paved with concrete, and its length and width are extended to 1.5 Km and 8m. and this upgraded road reach 1.5km long and 8m wide. Inside the field, main roads and special roads shall be additionally built, which shall be total 2.1km in length and 8m in width. The concrete pavement and its subgrade is respectively 8m and 9.5m in width. The branch roads shall be designed as a temporary road of classification IV and the width of its dual-lane pavement and its subgrade is respectively 8m and 9.5m in width.
2.3.7 Percolation-preventive Measures The results of the stratum percolation ability test conducted by Provincial Reconnaissance Bureau show that the stratum in this yard has well percolation ability. The percolating coefficient are between 10-3 to 10-5 cmi/s in the scope of 100m deep, which is beyond the limit (10G7 cm/s) for natural water resisting layer. After experts'
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 60 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill discussion, the scheme integrating the horizontal percolation and vertical percolation was adopted. ( 1 ) Seal of slope of the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill Since the outside slope of the pilled refuse body of the first refuse landfill yard is part of the bottom of No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill, the design on seal of this slope should meet the seepage-proof requirements of No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill bottom and prevent rainfall from entering the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill yard to minimize the generated leachate. The structure for seal of the slope of the No. I Solid Waste Landfill yard shall be as follows: 1. Covering at least 450mm thick compacted clay layer over the refuse slope and the grading and leveling the covered slope; 2. Laying dual-fired geo-textile (400g/m2) 3.HDPE film (2.0mm) ; 4. Arable soil layer (400mm) 5. Surface vegetation. The repair platform every 12.5m along the slope is provided with an anchorage chute, which is connected with the temporary side drain ditch of the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill yard and may be used as storm water drain and disposal ditch until the refuse filled body of the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill yard reaches the platform elevation. When the seepage-proof facilities for the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill are laid to this elevation, the fillers shall be removed from the ditch and this ditch will be used as the anchorage chute. (2) Design of structure of seepage-proof layer of yard bottom Since the cover layer in the yard site is rather thick and after excavation and clearance it is basically a soil foundation, after ground clearing and leveling the seepage-proof system may be directly laid. Furthermore, F2 fracture penetrates the entire yard site in a west-east trend and it impacts to a rather wide range, for improving the safety of the entire seepage-proof system, dual-layer seepage-proof facilities shall be laid over the yard bottom, with the structure (from top to bottom) as follows: 1. Composite GCL bentonite cushion bed (6mm thick bentonite and 1mm underlying HDPE film) 2. HDPE film (2.0mm) 3. Geo-textile (300g/m 2 ) 4. Clay protection course (30cm) 5. Geo-textile (200g/m2 ) 6. Broken-stone water-transmitting course (40cm, particle size 32-64mm)
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 61 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
In order to avoid shear rupture in the junction between the sealed slope of No. I Solid Waste Landfill yard and the bottom of the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill yard, geotechnical reinforcing materials should be laid around the said junction between elevation 45m and 65mm, over which the seepage-proof structural course should be covered again. (3) Design of the structure of side-slope seepage-proof course For the side slopes at north and southern end of the yard, after cutting and clearing the soil one may be directly laid with seepage-proof structure, and the exposed rock one shall be protected with cement mortar and then laid with seepage-proof structure. For enhancing the anti-slip stability of HDPE film-laid side slopes, an additional bentonite cushion bed is covered, which is also used as the protection course for base of the said HDPE film. The seepage-proof structural course is as follows: 1. Bentonite bed course (6mm) 2. HDPE film (2.0mm) ; 3. Black geo-textile (In the place of a predicted elevation above 60m, the geo-textile of 600g/m2 should be used and in other places geo-textile of 400g/m2) 4. Bagged soil protection course Every 12.5m elevation the side slope shall be provided with a 4.Om wide anchorage platform to prevent HDPE film from sliding down and the platforms are built with seepage-proof material anchorage ditch (1 .Om X 1.Om) (also for water pilot), which, before building of seepage-proof system, is used as storm water disposal ditch, and after building of seepage-proof system, used for pilot the diffusate from the refuse piled body to the platform. For enhancing the stability of side slope of the seepage-proof materials, every 6.25m a simple temporary anchorage ditch (0.5mX 0.5m) shall be cut with progress of laying of the seepage-proof materials, which should be back-filled after completion of the laying. (4) Seepage-proof with vertical cement curtain Since this curtain is merely for enhancing seepage-proof measures of the No. I Solid Waste Landfill seepage-proof and about 480m seepage path from the curtain of the No. I Solid Waste Landfill yard to the curtain the s No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill yard will generate a rather strong self-penetration effect, under the refuse dam of the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill yard a single row of grouting holes at an interval of 1.5m shall be built. The grouting length along the dam axis is 117, that extended from northern abutment 26m, that extended from southern abutment 54m, and the grouting about 197m. The vertical curtain seepage-proof structure is as follow: T Broken stone-clay stratum: It is 4-8m thick and grouted with clay-cement mortar through a high pressure jet grouting method. (©Rock stratuzm: It is grouted with cement mortar through a pressure jet grouting method and
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, PR. China 62 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
the grouted depth is controlled at Sm below the slight-weathered rock strata, which within the F2 fracture and F2 secondary fracture is 60m and in other locations is about 30-40m. (5 ) Seepage-proof for the leachate regulating pond According to the geological and hydrological conditions, the diffusate regulation pond should be prevented from seepage with man-made materials. Since this pond is filled with highly concentrated diffusate and is highly required on seepage-proof, no leakage or seepage shall occur. The seepage-proof structure of the pond bottom (from top to bottom) shall be as follows: 1. Foundation leveling course 2. 250g/m 2geo-textile 3. I.Omm thick HDPE film 4. GCL bentonite bed course 5. 2.0mm thick HDPE film 6. 800 g/m2 geo-textile 7. C15 concrete protection course, 15cm thick The seepage-proof structure of side slopes of the pond (from top to bottom) shall be as follows: 1. Leveling course 2. 400 g/m 2 geo-textile 3. 2.0mm thick HDPE film 4. 250g/m2 geo-textile 5. WYC-150 bagged concrete protection course In order to prevent the seepage-proof film from rupture by jacking force of ground water, the seepage-proof structural course at the pond bottom should be provided with a fish bone-shaped blind disposal ditch system, which is divided into two main blind ditches and several auxiliary blind ditches. The main blind ditches run at a slope 1.2% from the east to the west and is laid with broken stones and CD 400 (HDPE) through-pipes. The network-shaped auxiliary blind disposal ditches are arranged at an interval of 50m and is laid with broken stones and ct 200 (HDPE) through-pipes. The main blind ditches are connected with auxiliary blind ditches and the ground water is led to the downstream drain channel from the base of dam through the main pipelines.
2.3.8 Removal and resettlement from March to June 2003, the No. 1 Solid Waste Landfill project preparation department shall individually survey the impacted population, houses, ancillary facilities, land, and special facilities, with the major physical indicators shown in Table 2-16. Table 2-16: List of the major physical indicators impacted by Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project County Town population statistics Area of I Area hereinto:
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 63 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
(District) Population involved Population involved Agricultural housing of land cultivate in removal in land requisition population demolis requisi d land populati Popula- to be hed tioned (mu) Hodseh on Househo tion resettled (m2) (mu) (person) . (person) (peron)
Banshan 0 0 315 1134 227 1508.8 907.54 105.75 Gongshu Town District Shitang 0 0 315 1134 227 1508.8 907.54 105.75 I Village _I_ I__ Enterprises 12 33 0 0 0 4009.47 68.50 10.02 &institutions Total 12 33 315 1134 227 5518.27 976.04 115.77
(1 ) Permanent land requisition for the project For this project total acquisition land shall be 976.04 mu, including 68.05 mu of state-land (7.02% of the total) and 907.54 mu of rural collective land (92.98% of the total). Among the acquired lands, the cultivable land is 115.77 mu (11.86%), vegetable land 6.68 mu (0.68%), garden land 44.89 mu (4.60%), forestry land 714.42 mu (73.20%) and construction land 94.28 mu (9.66%), with the quantity of each type of land and the survey achievements shown in 2-17. Table 2-17 List of land requistioned for Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project land Land nature Collective State-o Banshan Town Town wned Total Shitang Total Administrative village Total land Town Total 907.54 907.54 907.54 68.50 976.04 Subtotal 105.75 105.75 105.75 10.02 115.77 Cultivable land Paddy field 30.95 30.95 30.95 0 30.95 Dry land 74.80 74.80 74.80 10.02 84.82 Vegetable yard 5.50 5.50 5.50 1.18 6.68 [aeSubtotal 41.79 41.79 41.79 3.10 44.89 lande Tea plantation 21.68 21.68 21.68 3.10 24.78 Pear Garden 20.11 20.11 20.11 0 20.11
Environmental Science Research & Dcsign Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 64 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Continue Table 2-17 Land nature Collective land State-o Town Banshan Town wned Total
Administrative village Total Shitang Total land Town Subtotal 672.50 672.50 672.50 41.92 714.42 Commercial WoodiandCorera 664.92 664.92 664.92 31.10 696.02 Woodland forest Bamboo forest 2.59 2.59 2.59 10.82 13.41 seeding nursery 4.99 4.99 4.99 0 4.99 Subtotal 82.00 82.00 82.00 12.28 94.28 House site 0.82 0.82 0.82 0 0.82 Land used Industrial land 73.62 73.62 73.62 8.01 81.63 for building Road 2.06 2.06 2.06 3.65 5.71 Irrgation canals Irrgationddic s 5.5 5.5 5.5 0.62 6.12 ______and ditches
(2) Project-impacted population For this project totally 327 households and 1167 people (535 agricultural residents, 45.8%, and 632 non-agricultural dwellers, 54.2%) are impacted, who all are of Han nationality. No minority nationalities are impacted. Among them, 315 households and 1134 people (including 535 agricultural residents) are involved in land requisition without resettlement, and 12 households and 33 people are involved in resettlement without land requisition. All the people involved in resettlement are non-agricultural dwellers. The details of people impacted by this project are shown in Table 2-18. Table 2-18 List of Population involved in Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project Population involved in the project Land Removed Administ Total requisitioned without land Removed and land Agriculiual Town rative without removed requisitioned requsitioned population to village Hous populati Hou populati Hous populatio (person) House population ehol on seho on ehold n (esn holds (person) ds (person) Ids (person) s (person)
Banshan Viage 315 1134 315 1134 0 0 0 0 227 Town Vilg Subtotal 315 1134 315 1134 0 0 0 0 0 Nanshan ree farrn 12 33 0 0 12 33 0 0 0
Total 327 1167 315 1134 12 33 0 0 227
(3) Removal of houses and ancillary facilities
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 65 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
For this project, totally 5518.27m2 of various types of houses shall be removed, including 559.52m2 of private houses and 4958.75m 2 of houses of collective enterprises. Among them, the houses of the brick-concrete structure are 2149.52m2 (38.2%), houses of brick-wood structure 1499.95m 2(27.2%) and simple houses 1908.8m2 (34.6%). The private and collective houses and ancillary facilities to be removed for this project are shown respectively in Table 2-19 and 2-20. Table 2-19: Statistics of private houses and ancillary facilities to be removed for Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project Town Banshan Town Nanshan Administrative village Subtotal Shitang Village Tree Farm Total Subtotal 0 0 599.52 599.52 Housing brick-concrete structure 0 0 599.52 599.52 (u2i bick-wood structure 0 0 0 0 Soil-wood structure 0 0 0 0 Simple house 0 0 0 0 Pigpen (m2) 0 0 534.6 534.6 Brick Wall (m2 ) 0 0 79.2 79.2 Appurtenant Concrete threshing establish- ground (m ) ment air-conditioner (sets) 0 0 12 12 CATV (household) 0 0 12 12 Telephone (set) 0 0 12 12 Table 2-20: Statistics of collective houses and ancillary facilities to be removed for Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project
Shitang Nanshan Tianziling Refuse Owner hitag Tree Disposing Total Farm General Plant Subtotal 1508.0 1899.95 1550 4958.75 Frame structure 0 0 0 0 Housing 2 brick-concrete structure 0 0 1550 1550 (in 2 ) brick-wood structure 568 931.95 0 1499.95 Simple house 940.8 968 0 1908.8 Brick wall (m2 ) 0 1000 0 1000 Well I 0 0 air-conditioner (set) 0 0 4 4 Ancillary CATV (household) 0 4 0 4 facilities Telephone (set) 1 4 4 9 Gas pipe(household) 0 0 0 0 Storage pond 0 2 0 2 Toilet 0 I 1 2
(4) Individual industrial and commercial business household
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I ll, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 66 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
In this project merely one individual business household is impacted, as shown in Table 2-21. Table 2-21: Sheet of individual business household impacted by Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project Administrative village Owner Operating area (i 2 ) Business scope Nanshan Sugar, cigarettes, wines Lou Guoping 15 Tree Farm and commodity
(5) Odd trees and graves For this project, totally 14949 odd aged-trees should be cut off, including 945 fruit trees and 14004 trees of other types. According to primary survey, totally 150 graves should be resettled. The statistics sheet of the odd trees to be cut off and graves to be resettled for this project are shown in Table 2-22. (6) Special facilities The special facilities impacted by this project mainly include the power lines, telecom lines, telecom optical cables and classification highways, which shall be protected or shifted during the construction or restored after completion of the project. The main special facilities impacted by this project are shown in Table 2-23. Table 2-22: The statistics of the odd trees to be cut off and graves to be resettled Administrative Mature trees to be cut off (trunk) graves to Admninistrative Town Fruit tree Other be village Total Subtotal Fructify Unfructify tree resettled Banshan Subtotal 10048 945 315 630 9103 150 Town Shitang Village 10048 945 315 630 9103 150 Nanshan Tree Farm 4901 0 0 0 4901 0 Total 14949 945 315 630 14004 150
Table 2-23: Statistics of special facilities impacted by Hangzhou No.2 Solid
Waste Landfill Project Items Unit Influenced amount 1.Telecom line 1. aerial cable m 2400 2. Telecom optical fiber cable m 550 11. Power cable 1. 10KV Power cable m 4850 2. 220V/380V Power cable m 3100 111. Ranking Highway m 550 (7) Impacted enterprises
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 67 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
In this project mainly Nanshan State-run Forestry Farm would be impacted, which has 300 regular workers and staff, covers an area of 5500 mu, and owns fixed assets of RMB 5.05 million yuan. It mainly engages in bamboo and timbers and in year 2001it created total output value of RMB 2.5 million yuan and profits and tax of RMB 120000 yuan. Under the impact of this project, the office building in headquarter, worker-dormitories, and ancillary facilities shall be removed or removed. (8) Budget of compensation for land acquisition, removal and resettlement The budget of total investment and compensation for land requisition, removal and resettlement for Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project is RMB 104,017,800.00 yuan, including RMB 32,661,600.00 yuan for compensation of the land-acquisition (31.40%), RMB 2,536,700.00 yuan (2.44%) for compensation of houses and ancillary facilities, RMB 816,300.00 yuan (0.78%) for removal or reconstruction of the special facilities, RMB 29,423,600.00 yuan (28.29%) of other expenses, and RMB 31,664,400.00 yuan (30.33%) or related taxes, as shown in Table 2-24. Table 2-24: Lists of the budget of the investment and compensation for land requisition, removal and resettlement for Hangzhou No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project Amount Item (ten thousand Proportion RMB Yuan) ( I.compensation fee for land requisitioned 3266.16 31.40 1.1 compensation fee for land requisitioned permanently 3266.16 1.2 compensation fee for land requisitioned temporarily 0.00 2. compensation fee for housing and ancillary facilities 253.67 2.44 2.1 Compensation fee for private housing and ancillary facilities 46.44 2.2 Compensation fee for collective housing and ancillary 207.23 facilities ______3.. Temporary subsidy and Compensation fee for transportation 13.71 0.13 4. Compensation fee for odd trees 15.90 0.15 5. Compensation fee for resettlement of graves 4.05 0.05 6. Compensation fee for loss of closure of individual business 0.10 0.00 7.. Compensation fee for removal and rebuilding of special 81.63 0.78 facilities 8.. other expenses 2942.36 28.29 9. Basic reserve fund 657.76 6.32 10..Taxes 3166.44 30.44 11l Total investment 10401.78 100 2.4 Analysis of pollution sources of the landfill project
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 68 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.4.1 Refuse leachate 2.4.1. IProperties of the refuse leachate The refuse leachate of the landfill yard is a mixture liquid formed after enzyme decomposition of the refuses and external water (including atmospheric precipitation, surface runoff water and in-flowed ground water), and contains high-concentration suspended substances, and high-concentration organic and inorganic substances,, which, if entering the surface water or groundwater system, would result in serious contamination. The leaked refuse diffusate is one of the most serious pollution resources in urban refuse landfill yard and safe collection and disposal of it one of the key issues mostly interested by the global designers and managers of landfill yards. The refuse diffusate is mainly from the in-filtrated peripheral precipitation and from the release of the initial-borne water due to refuse' lowered water bearing capacity because of reduction in solid content and organic substances' converting to inorganic substances under the compression and decomposition of the refuses. 2.4.1.2 Volume of generated refuse diffusate The volume of refuse diffusate generated in a refuse landfill yard is related with several factors such as the moisture content of the refuse itself, the geological and hydrological conditions of the yard, the climate and the landfill mode and the rainfall is the direct factor. Hence, the volume of generated refuse diffusate varies greatly with seasons. During the rainy season, the volume of generated refuse diffusate is also high, while during the precipitation-free period, merely a few quantity of refuse diffusate generates, which is mainly the released water previously borne in the refuse. According to the feasibility study report of the project, the volume of generated diffusate may be calculated from the following water-equilibrium: Volume of leachate = Net infiltration volume + water volume absorbed by the refuse + liquid volume penetrated to the landfill yard Where, Net infiltration volume = Precipitation volume - (runoff volume + loss of evaporation and vaporization from the field) Water volume absorbed by the refuse=Total absorbing capacity of the refuse - previous moisture content in the refuse According to the engineering geological survey report, this refuse landfill yard is an independent hydrological and hydrological unit and the liquid entering this refuse landfill yard is mainly the spring combined with the direct precipitation of the landfill area and the precipitation from the peripheral catching area. In Hangzhou the annual mean precipitation is 1454.1mm and the mean evaporation is 1309.6mm. The total catching area of the second landfill yard (including the existing first landfill yard) is
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 69 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill ca. 0.85km2 , calculated on basis of mean runoff coefficient 0.20 and field evaporation capacity 40% of that water surface, which would daily generate 1486.3t of leachate. According to the Germany statistics for several refuse landfill yards, the volume of leachate is about 25%-58% of the precipitation volume. Estimated on basis of the mean value 42%, the volume of generated diffusate is 1418.3t/d. Determined with the above two estimate methods, after putting into operation Hangzhou Second Refuse Landfill Yard (including the existing first landfill yard) will daily and annually generate 1500 tons and 547500 tons of refuse diffusate respectively. 2.4.1.3 Quality of the refuse leachate The refuse leachate is very complex in its compositions and usually contains high-concentration soluble organic substances and inorganic ions, including great amount of NH3 -N, various cations in soluble state, as well as heavy metals, phenols, tannin, soluble fatty acids, and other organic pollutant, with the organics and NH3 -N being at the higher concentration. The compositions of the refuse diffusate vary greatly and are mainly dependent on the age of the landfill yard, the filled depth, the microorganism environment and the ingredients of the filled refuses, of which the age of the landfill yard is the most important factor to impact the quality of the refuse diffusate of refuse diffusate. At initial period of landfill, the refuse leachate contains high-concentration organics, great amount of biological degradable volatile fatty acids (e.g. acetic acid, propyl acid and butyl acid) and the BOD5/CODcr is almost above 0.6. However with increase in the age, the landfill yard is gradually stabilized, the concentration of organics in the refuse leachate lowers, and CODCr and BOD5 respectively keeps at 5000mg/L and below 1000mg/L respectively. The concentration will be kept at this low level without any violent variation. Meanwhile, content of heavy metals and substances such as free acids and pH increases and the biological degradability decreases. The analysis of the annual routine monitor data system of the first landfill yard shows that the concentration of pollution factors dynamically varies with the land-filled age, with the variation of CODC, being the greatest, from lowest 240mg/1 to the highest 30300mg/I. The variation range of BOD5 is from 28.9mg/I to 8390mg/I, that of SS from 4mg/I to 660mg/I, that of ratio BOD5/CODcr from initial 0.543 to current 0.37, and that of total nitrogen (mainly in form of ammonia-nitrogen) from 145mg/I to 5256mg/I. The biological degradability of the wastewater gradually reduces, and the concentration of total phosphor varies from 0.378mg/l to 20.32mg/I, whose variation is great but observes no rules. pH obviously varies from a lower value (slight-acidic) to a higher value (slight-alkaline) and total nitrogen
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 70 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill concentration also varies from a lower value to a higher value. According to the statistics of annual monitor data of the quality of the diffusate from the first landfill yard, the major indicators of the diffusate entering the sewage treatment plant are shown in Table 2-25. After termination use of the yard, the concentration of each pollution factor of the refuse diffusate will gradually reduce till basically generation of no contamination. The refuse diffusate quality data of domestic similar landfill yards acquired from our survey are shown in Table 2-26. Table 2-25: Main Indexes of Leachate Quality from No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Unit: mg/L
Item name pH CODcr BOD5 SS TN TP Concentration range 6.7-8.2 240-30300 28.9-8390 4-660 55-1493 0.37-20.32 Average value 7.7 3059 1217 260 1180 6.84
Table 2-26: Quality of refuse Leachate of partial domestic landfill yards Unit: mg/L Item Shanghai Guangzhou Shengzhen A City in Taiwan CODCr 1500-8000 1400-5000 50000-80000 4000-37000
BOD5 200-4000 400-2000 20000-35000 600-28000 TN 100-700 150-900 400-2600 200-2000 SS 30-500 200-600 2000-7000 500-2000 NH4-- N 60-450 160-500 500-2400 100-1000 pH 5-6.5 6.5-7.8 6.2-6.6 5.6-7.5
For an independent unit, BOD5 value of the diffusate will in 6 months to one year reach the peak (tens thousand of mg/I), the gradually reduces, and in 6 to 15 years reduces to a relative stable value (tens to hundreds of mg/I). CODCr varies in a manner similar to that of BOD5, but it lowers from its peak rather slowly. For the second refuse landfill yard, a progressive operation procedure shall be adopted and finally it together with the first refuse landfill yard becomes an integral. The age of refuses in each layer of the vertical unit is different, hence the quality of the refuse diffusate will not vary as obviously as an independent unit, which, during the operation period, would basically keep within a relative steady range. According to the estimate, the compositions of refuse in Hangzhou City before year 2000 will have a great variation. With constant improvement of people's life the content of organics in the refuse will gradually increase and that of inorganic substances gradually decrease. After year 2005, the compositions tend to be stable and no great variation of each composition will occur. Due to increase in content of organics in the refuse and enhancing of the biological degradability, the
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 71 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill concentration of each pollution factor in diffusate will be higher than the current one. On basis of the mean concentration in diffusate from Hangzhou First Refuse Landfill Yard Diffusate, the typical concentration of diffusate of partial domestic refuse landfill yards diffusate and the variation trend of compositions of future refuses of Hangzhou City, the predicted concentration of major pollution factors in the refuse diffusate are shown in Table 2-27. Table 2-27 Estimated Indexes of Leachate Quality of No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Unit: (pH excluded) mg/l Item L pH_ CODcr BODs SS NH-N Estimated value of 6-9 16000 00 400 1600 Concentration (mg/I) 60
2.4.1.4 Process technology of refuse leachate According to the experience of the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill, the sewage buffer pond functions not only as a regulator of the sewage in terms of storage and quality, but also as a place where the sewage is precipitated and the anaerobic acidization/hydrolysis is activiated. After going out of the buffer pond, the leachate contents of CODcr BOD5 can be reduced to just half. Therefore, a buffer pond with a capacity of 150,000 cubic meters has been designed where the primary treatment of the seeping liquid will be carried out. In addition, the information about the rubbish leachate shows that the concentration of organic pollutants and ammonia nitrogen is high, and the biochemical activity tends to drop in the later stage of the filling. So, based on the various influencing factors as well as the existing experiences of the rubbish seeping liquid treatment, the biochemical plus the comprehensive physicochemical treatment method is proposed to treat the liquid.In the biochemical section, the UASB process is adopted where a high-efficiency anaerobic reactor is used to make most of the big-molecule organic substances in the sewage degraded and denitrided; In the comprehensive physicochemical section, the decomposition of organic pollutants is accelerated by the cavitation effect (produced by the ultrasonic/magnetic field device) and the action of the active oxygen atoms. The results obtained from a simulation test on the feasibility study show that the above-mentioned process can ensure the sewage discharge up to the Grade 3 limit prescribed in the K(Pollutants Control Standards for House Refuse Landfill )) (GB16889-1997) The discharge will go to the Hangzhou 3rd Sewage Treatment system through the Kangqiao branch pipeline, and then reach the Sibao sewage treatment plant where it will be treated together with the living sewage from the whole city. Eventually, it will be drained to Qiantang River after it reaching the Grade I discharge standard. The designed indices of the water coming in and going out of the sewage treatment plant are
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 72 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
shown in Table 2-28. Table2-28 Designed index of the water coming in and going out of the sewage treatment plant Unit: (pH Excluded) mg/l
Item pH COD BOD5 NH 3-N SS Quality of water coming in 6.7-8.2 8000 3000 1000 400 Quality of water going out 6-9 S 1000 600 / /
2.4.1.5 Source intensity of wastewater In the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, there is a leachate treatment station with a daily treatment capacity of 300 tons, which adopts the process technology of aeration, sedimentation and oxidation. Owing to the process technology, the quality index on average of the treated water are PH 7.22, CODcr 1370mg/1, BOD5 70mg/l, SS 84mg/l, NH 3-N 660mg/l, which exceed the discharge limit stipulated by the State. Because of its small disposing scale, about 279,100 tons leachate is directly discharged into the urban sewage net (into Yanshan River before March 2001) without being treated. After No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is built, the existing sewage treatment station shall be demolished and rebuilt. The sewage out of the new treatment station shall meet the grade III discharge limits specified in the "Pollution Control Standards for House Refuse Landfill" (GB 16889-1997) before being discharged into a secondary sewage treatment plant. Besides leachate, there are other sources of sewage in the landfill yard, including domestic sewage, laboratory sewage and garage sewage, which amount to 94 tons per day. All the sewage shall be treated in the leachate treatment station to meet the limit of grade III before being discharged into the municipal sewage pipeline network. The volume of the sewage arising, treated and discharged before and after the construction of project ate listed in Table 2-29. Table2-29 the sewage arising, treated and discharged before and after the construction
No.1 Solid waste Landfill AfterLAf NdfilfinisheNo.2 Solid waste Item Landfill finished Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume Volume arising treated discharged arising treated discharged volume (ten tholusan ton) 38.91 / 38.91 54.75 / 54.75 thousand ton ) CODCr (Wty) 1190.3 193 997.3 8760 8212.5 547.5 BOD5 (Wty) 473.5 126.3 347.2 3285 2956.5 328.5 SS (tWy) 101.2 19.4 81.8 219 109.5 109.5
NH 3-N (t/y) 459.1 57.2 401.9 876 / / 2.4.2 Waste Gas
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 73 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
2.4.2.1 Nature of landfill gas
Landfill gas is a mixture of gases produced by organic wastes through anaerobic degradation in the process of landfill operation. The generation and diffusion of landfill gas could bring about a great deal of environmental problems. They are explosive sources as well as one of the causes of green room effect and are harmful to human health. Studies show that refuse gas consists of CH4, Co2, H2, N2 and 02, and some other trace gases such as H2S, NH3, heptane, octane, nonane, hexane, n-butane, isobutene, acetone, benzene, ethylmercaptan, chlorobenzene, and chloroethene, etc. The analysis of landfill refuse gas from the No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill shows that CL 4 and CO, account for 95-99% of the total, such stenchy gases as H2S and NH3 account for 0.2-1.4%. 2.4.2.2 Landfill gas and utility At present, the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill of Hangzhou has treated more than five million tons of urban refuse, which produces about 30000 m3 of landfill gas per day. To control the pollution source and to make full use of landfill gas, a landfill gas power station was established in August 1998 in cooperation with Canada, with a generation capacity of 2MW. In the first phase, two low-heat-value gas engine generation sets is installed, which are made by USA Carte Belly Co, with a normal rated power of 970KW. 29 gas wells have been drilled to collect gas and sent them to the power station through DN300HPDE conduit. By this technology, 70% of the refuse gas can be collected. After No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is finished construction, it has a storage capacity of 17.93 million m3 . The feasibility study shows that it begins to generate gas from 2004 and will be at its peak of gas generation in 2025, with the gas generation capacity of 400,000.00 m3/d. And accordingly the power generation sets will be installed.
2.4.3 Source Intensity of waster gas Based on the analysis on pollution sources, the stenchy pollutants such as NH3 and
H2S are chosen as factors for waste gas evaluation. According to data in the feasibility report, the landfill is at its peak of gas generation in 2025, and discharge 120,000.00 m3 of LFG into the air per day. The Source Intensity of waster gas in 2025 is shown in Table 2-30. Table 2-30 Discharge Amount and Intensity of Landfill Gas Pollutants in 2025 Pollutants CH4 H2S NH3 Discharge speed (mg/s) 6.24X 105 2108.1 1052.1 Discharge amount(kg/d) 5.40X 104 182.1 91.1 2.4.4 Noise
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 74 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
The main noise sources of No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill are caused by the Vehicles that transport the refuse in and out of the landfill yard, and the machines in the landfill and the sewage treatment station. The noise intensity of the Vehicles and machinery are shown in Table 2-31. Table 2-31: The noise intensity of Vehicle and machines of landfill No. Vehicle and machines Sound level (dB) Distance (in) 1 Compacting machine 76 10 2 Excavator 79 15 3 Loading machine 84 15 4 Dump truck 70 15 5 Compressor 92 15
2.4.5 Ecological impact factor The general ecologic influence evaluation of construction project should analyze and evaluate the influence on the regional ecologic system during the different stage, which include reconnaissance, construction, operation and end conclusion. On the other hand, the influence of the main, assorted, aided and temporary service project construction on the ecologic environment and organism shall be included. The refuse landfill engineering belongs to the public welfare engineering and its main ecologic influence involves the construction of each project during the construction period and the wastewater and waste gas generated during the refuse landfill period. (1) Ecological impact factor of Construction Period The construction will destroy the primary ecological system, alter the course of flood discharging, reduce the green land and weaken the ecological functions. The floating dust and noise caused by the construction will also exert bad effects on animals and plants in the region. Meanwhile, a lot of stones will be needed for the construction of dams and earth will be needed for covering the refuse in the yard. Except waste materials from other projects and specific building products, the stones and earth are to be quarried and transported from nearby, which will destroy the original ecological system in the quarry and cause a series of ecological consequences. (2) Ecological impact factor of Operation Period The Municipal Solid Waste landfill will adopt the operation method of gradual advance. With the dumping of refuse, the ecological condition changes. On one hand, the local soil and vegetation are covered by refuse and the earth is transported from elsewhere to cover the refuse, which becomes the surface soil. In this way the ecological condition undergoes a complete change. On the other hand, with the green land decreasing, the ecological adjustment function in the region weakens gradually
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 75 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
until the ecological recovery. Because the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is located on fault zones, there's potential danger that the leachate will contaminate the groundwater in the area. Excavation of earth in the earth resource spots for the refuse landfilling shall destruct the original ecologic environment; to some degree, all kinds of stenchy pollutants and pollution gas and the operation noise all have influence on the regional ecologic environment. Besides, the large number of flies, maggots, mice and other pests threatens the health of human and animals in that area. (3) Ecological impact factor after the Enclosure of Landfill After enclosure of the landfilling, the leachate and odorous pollutants generated will continue to influence the ecologic environmental quality, since the decomposition of the refuse takes a long time. In addition, the overall greening after enclosure shall improve the regional ecologic environment gradually.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I 1,I Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 76 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
3 Survey of Influence On Surrounding Environment By Project 3.1 Survey of Natural Environment 3.1.1 Geographic Location Hangzhou city, situated in the Northwest of Zhejiang Province, is between Northern
Latitude 290 11 - 30 034 and Eastern Longitude 118020 - 120°37 . The geographical coordination of city proper is: Northern Latitude 30 016 and Eastern Longitude 120012 . The city shapes a diamond-like form whose long diagonal direction extends from Southwest toward Northeast. The maximal distance is about 250km between the city's eastern and western extremity, and 130km between southern and northern extremity. The No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is sited at Qinglongwu, between Shitang Village of Banshan Town in Gongshu District (in north suburb of Hangzhou City) and Shuihongmiao Village of Chongxian Town in Yuhang District. The No.2 Landfill site, is located in the lower reaches of No.1 Solid Waste Landfill, and 480m away from it lies to the east of Gaoting Mountain (the dominant peak of Banshan Mountain), to the west of Yanshan River, a branch stream of the Great Canal, to the northwest of Tianziling, to the south of Yuanbao Mountain and Huanghe Mountain. The refuse-stop Dam of the No.2 Landfill is 900m away from 320 National Highway, and is only 17km away from the city proper.
3.1.2 Geography and Geologic Features (I )Geologic Features Most parts of Hangzhou belong to Western Zhejiang medium-low mountains and hills, and small parts belong to Northern Zhejiang Plain. The topography of the west part is higher than that of the east. The mountains and hills can be divided into two kinds: medium-low mountain consisting of clay shale, clasolite and volcanic rock, and Karst medium-low mountain of carbonates. The hills consist of the deposits such as sandstone, shale and limestone, etc, and extend from northeast towards southwest. The hills mostly located in the southwest of the city proper including high hills and low hills. The high hills consist of feldspar-quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and quartz gravel of Silurian Period and Devonian period. The low hills are mostly located in the axis of synclinal structure. Many faults occur in the limestone of the Carboniferous Period and the Permian Period, surface water and ground water activate violently, Karst develops everywhere such as Karrenfeld, sotches, lapis and caverns, so there are many scenic spots
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 53 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Lanndfill
in the area. Hangzhou City Plain is located mostly near or inside of Qiantang River and Puyang River, valley plains are distributed along both sides of each river. Geotexture of the city belongs to Qiantang Folded Zone of Yangtze Quasi-platform. The city proper includes three main Folded Zones: Westlake Multiple Syncline, Shilong Mountain Folded Zone of Banshan, and Aoting Folded Zone, where the project is sited. Banshan Mountain where the project will be sited is the northeast-extended part of the branch Range of Tianmu Mountain with line of strike of 40° - 45 ° and hillside gradient of 10 ° - 40 °. The landform of the area belongs to low hills. On the ridge, some small-scale lateral direction gullies develop. Qinglongwu is one of these gullies. The yard area lies to the east of Gaoting Mountain, the main peak of Banshan Mountains, with a 361 m above sea level and a rather steep gradient of 32 0. the mountain bodies distribute in a long belt from northeast towards southwest with the general peak height of 150-200m. Qinglongwu, surrounded by mountains in three sides, is a valley-shaped small basin with open toward northeast-southwest and the length of 2km, the width of 70-400 m. The minimum height mark of the valley is about llm. The peak at the northern side of the yard area has a height mark of 195m with relative elevation difference of 120 m and the slope gradient of 26 . The peak at the southern side has an elevation of 156m with the height difference of 91m and the slope rate of 28°. Except for southern Mountain Tree Farm, the regions are bared valleys. On the surface of mountain bodies, residual overburden layer with the small thickness of 0.5-3.Om is mainly composed of detritus-bearing clay soil and clay-bearing detritus, but on the intermont and piedmont, detritus-bearing sandy clay and lay-bearing detritus, derived from deluvial layer with the thickness of 5-lOm are distributed. The plant cover flourishes in the region and the surrounding hillsides are mainly planted with shrub and young Masson's pine. (2) Geography Tianziling lies in the southeast wing of Fenghuang Mountain Syncline, exposed limestone of Carboniferous System Middle Series constitutes axis of the syncline, mudstone. sandstone and sand conglornerate of Carboniferous System Later Senes constitute two wings. Quartz sandstone and mudstone of Devonian System Early Series developed by tension and tension-shear faults are mainly exposed in the gully. Quaternary System strata overlaps the ground surface, and the thickness of overlying strata in the gully is below lOm, however, outside the gully the strata belongs to the fluvial and lake deposits of Hangjiahu Plain. As a whole, there is a natural dividing ridge mountainous land in the east, the north
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 54 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill and the south of this yard area, a gentle slope valley in the middle and a narrow chute in the west. The exposed strata mainly includes a set of stratum of Palaeozoic era and strata of Quaternary System Middle serials and Holocene serials; these stratas are rated in order of precedence relationship as followings:
(O Quaternary System Holocene serials slope and pluvial layer (dl-plQ 4 ): brown yellow, dense or middle dense; contains broken stone, block stone, sand and clay soil.
iD Quaternary System Pleistocene serials (dl-plQ2 ): brown red, hard-plastic reduced stone-bearing salitic clay. (M)Carboniferous System Middle Series Huanglong Group (C2h): light gray, thick layered-massive dolomitic limestone.
O Carboniferous System Later Series Yejiatang Group (C1 ,): grayish-white, middle-thin layered carbon shale-bearing quartz sand-gravel stone. (©) Devonian System Early Series Zhucangwu Group (D3z): violate-red, thin-middle layered silty shale, salty sandy mudstone, locally containing quartz sandstone. (©) Devonian System Early Series Xihu Group(D3x): grayish-white-heaven gray, middle-thick layered quartz sandstone locally containing yellowish-green thin layered muddy siltstone. The group is parallel-discordantly contacted with the underlying Tangjiawu Group (S3t). (©) Silurian System Early Series Tangjiawu Group (S3t): according to rock character, the group can be divided into three segments. grayish-yellow middle-thin layered silt sandy mudstone containing thin-layered quartz siltstone, distributes in the downstream of the second refuse-stop dam near the 320 National Highway. The middle segment, yellowish-green thick-layered debris quartz grit stone or cautious thick-layered felid spastic quartz fine sandstone, distributes in the second refuse-stop dam and its downstream. The top segment, violate-red middle-thick layered debris quartz grit containing violate-red siltstone, distributes in the yard area of the No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and the refuse-stop dam of Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill. (3) Geographic Feature of This Region The yard area is located in the northwestward inclination part of Qingtang giant complex fold, so the structures are affected by Jiangshan-Shaoxing major dislocation. Major structure grillwork of the yard area is Cathaysian structure formed by northeast syncline, a series of northeast compression, compress-shear faults and northwest tension, tension-shear faults (shown in Attached Fig.3) The yard area is located in Gaotingshan syncline whose axes of NE45° -50° extends along Banshan-Gaoting Mountain-Furiwu and plunges toward the northeast. Axial region
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 55 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
of the syncline plunges toward the southeast. The southeast wing, whose strata slope angle is 70°, is steeper than the northwest wing of 30° -50°. The nucleus region of the syncline is composed of limestone of Carboniferous system Middle Series Huanglong Group (C2h), and in the nucleus region a longitudinal fault parallel to the axes develops, the fault's two wings consist of strata of Devonian system and Silunran System. (4) Fault Influenced by regional structure. northeast, northwest faults and joint belts in the yard area develop. Two (Fl, F2) of 13 faults found during the detailed geological exploration are major faults that have a decisive action on the hydrogeology conditions. These faults are described in detail as following: Fl fault: The fault whose trend consistent with axis line distributes in the axes of the Gaotingshan syncline. Its trend is NE 60 °, inclination SE, slope angle 80°. Emergence length and crush belt width of the fault is respectively about 1.4km and 5-15km. Cleavages in the crush belt exist. Fracture plane of the fault seems to be a gentle undulance-shape, the fault belongs to compression, compression-shear fault. In its lower plate, limestone of Huanglong Group is crushed and broken and the karst exists. The
fault extends across the southeast of the yard area and is cut off by F,, F5 fault. F2 fault: The fault, which controls the growth direction of Qinglongwu gully, is the major fault of the yard area. F2 fault with the length of 1.5km is mostly overlapped by
Quatemary system stratum. Its feature: trend 300 0, slope angle 70 °-80°. The fault extends the whole Landfill, the false thickness of the fault and its associated crush belt is 2.2-12.70m. In addition, the crush belt of 55-65km has a prominent character of lower electrical impedance. F2 belongs to tension, tension-shear fault. F3 fault: the fault, whose length and width are respectively 500m and 3-6m, lies in the upstream of the first refuse-stop dam, its feature: trend 100 -20 , NW inclination, slope angle 65 0. F3 belongs to compression fault. F4 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 500m and 5-9m, lies in the east of Fl fault. Its feature: trend 40°, inclination SE, slope angle 70 °. F4 belongs to compression reverse fault. F5 fault: The fault exposes in the northeast corner of the Landfill, whose length and width are respectively 200 m and 5-7m. Its feature: trend 70 0, NW inclination, slope angle 75 '. F4 belongs to tension, tension-shear fault. F6 fault: The length and width of the fault distributed in the Huaglongwu gully outside the No.2 Landfill is respectively 650m and 5-tOm. Its feature: trend 3350, SW inclination, slope angle 850. Based on the physical prospecting data. the fault extends to the power plant and its influence belt is as
Environmental Science Rescarch & Design Instliute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 56 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
wide as 28m, in addition it can be seen that there are scratches on the fracture plane. The fault belongs to tension, tension-shear fault.
F7 fault: The fault with the length of 400m and the width of 3m lies in the downstream left bank of the No.2 Landfill. Its feature: trend 600, NW inclination, slope angle 820. This fault belongs to a compression fault and extends to the refuse power plant. F8 fault: The fault with the extended length of 750m and the width of 3-15m emerges in the second Refuse-stop Dam. Its trend and inclination is respectively NNW, and NEE, and slope angle is lager than 35°. It can be seen from the creep wall of I# Highway that there are scratches represented by broken rocks on the fracture plane. The fault belongs to compression reverse fault. F9 fault: It emerges in the axial region of the syncline. Its extended length exceeds
400m, and the width of the fault belt is 10-30m. The occurrence of the fault is 305 0 z 390, however, the occurrence of strata beside the fault changes obviously. Breccia-sand-statedbroken rocks and loose structure are the characters of the fault zone. The fault belongs to compression reverse fault and appears definite water perrmeability. F10 fault: The fault lies between initial planning #1 and #2 auxiliary dams (according to detailed geological exploration data, there are some such as solution cavities and fracture belts in the northeast of the initial Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, so the ultimate filling height decreases from 195m level to 165m level and the two initial planning auxiliary dams are cancelled in order to avoid lateral leakage of refuse leachate after the No.2 Landfill begin to work). Extended length of the fault reaches 280m. Its trend and inclination is respectively 35°, and NWW, and slope angle is about 570. The compression-shear shift fault parallels to F9 fault. F1l fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectiveiy 250m and 5-10m, exposes in the east of the initial planning auxiliary dam. Its occurrence is 2800 <540. Dense joints corresponding to joint ratio of 12/m are distributed in the fault zone of the compression-shear shift fault. F12 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 750m and 7-12m, lies in the east of Fl fault. Its occurrence is 1300 <800. Rocks in the fault zone of the compression-shear fault are broken.
F13 fault: The fault, whose length and width are respectively 120m and 5-18m, lies in the northwest of the initial planning #1 auxiliary dam. Its occurrence is 1900 <63g. Rocks in the fault zone of the tension-shear fault are relatively broken.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhcjiang Provincc No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 57 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Strata in the two wings of Fl and F9 fault exposed in the axes of the syncline are composed of quartz sandstone (D3 ,), silty shale (D3 ,) and dolomitic limestone (D2h), the syncline plunges toward the northeast, and limestone of Huanglong Group in the southwest region valishes. The width larger than 40m of fault zone is common character of Fl and F9 faults. Breccia-san-stated rocks in the fault zone are quite broken.
3.1.3 The Hydro-geological Conditions (1) Regional Hydro-geological Features It can be seen as a whole that most of the ground water distributes in every low valleys. The atmospheric precipitation penetrating into the under ground stores in crevasse, crack and pore of various rocks to form groundwater flow, which runs from high level (supply area) to the lower area of gullies and forms storage valleys of different degree of water-enrichment. The analysis of topographic conditions and geological structure shows that the obvious supply, flow and discharge passage exists in the ground water. Hence, each transverse gully basically forms an integral and independent hydrological unit, however, their common hydrological features are irrelevant. It has been ascertained that there are three groundwater sources: Qinglongwu, Nanwu and Furiwu. 0 Qinglongwu water source lies near the gully mouth of the downstream of the Landfill. The aquifer is composed of debris quartz gravel rock of Devonian System Middle and Later Series Tangjiawu Gang (DI-2tn). In this aquifer, water head exceeds 0.34-3.00 m above the ground with unit output capacity q=0.018-0.04 l/s-m. The precipitation depth of the largest-output well is 35.47m, and 98.6 m3/d water can be output from the well. t Nanwu water source lies in southeastern valley of Miaowencun Village. 1.5km away from the south side of Qinglongwu. The aquifer is similar to that of Qinglongwu. Water head exceeds 4-9m above the ground with unit output capacity q=0.14-0.18 1/s m. A single well with the precipitation depth of 16-25m can be mined water of 250-300m '/day. (® Furiwu water source lies in the northeastern Furiwu valley, 2.5km away from Qinglongwu. The water bearing strata is limestone and quartz rock of Carboniferous System Middle Series Huanglong Group(CZh) and Yejiatang Group (Cly), which belongs to fracture water in limestone solution cavity. Unit output capacity of the aquifer is 0.48 1/ s m with groundwater level of 0.09-2.25 m and the altitude of 8-1Om.
The groundwater of the above water sources is HCO3 -Ca type water of lower hardness and mineralized degree.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institutc Of Zhejianp Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hanazhou. P.R. China 58 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
The analysis of both the regional geological structure and topographic conditions shows that there is no hydraulic relationship and groundwater passage among the water sources and the following factors may be involved: (DA regional dividing ridge along the core of Bansh-Gaotingshan-Furiwu syncline topographically is formed. The longitudinal compression fault traversing the entire region acts as water barrier without any permeability and thus forms the dividing ridge of surface water and ground water at water sources of the east and west wings. ©These transverse gullies controlled by the corresponding transverse fault block form the topographical dividing ridge between surface water and groundwater. O)The exposure altitudes of groundwater coming from each water source are remarkably different, and their rules have not been found. (2) Hydrological Features of the Yard area Detailed geological exploration report on hydrological and engineering geological conditions measured by Zhejiang Engineering Physical Prospecting & Survey Institute shows that the aquifers of the yard area can be basically summarized into the following types according to different water bearing mediators, hydro-chemical features and supply, flow, drainage conditions of groundwater: (Core water bearing layer: Water bearing media are living refuse, silty clay and clay-bearing detritus of Quaternary System Holocene serials, and detritus-bearing clay and clay-bearing detritus of Quaternary System Pleistocene serials. Water-holding properties of the weak aquifer correlate with strata thick, distributing position and clay content in the strata. ©Bedrock pore-crack water bearing layer: Water bearing media is composed of fully-strong weathered sandstone and mudstone of Devonian system and Silurian System. The brecciated media strongly affected by weather action is distributed in the whole yard area with the thickness of 10-20m. The aquifer belongs to weak water bearing layer. (Bedrock crack water bearing layer: The uniform water-holding bodies are formed in the groundwater stored in weathered cracks, interstratified cracks, tectonic cracks of Paleozoic fragmental rock and crush belts of faults. The groundwater commonly lies in 20m below the surface; water content depends on the developmental degree and mechanical propertied of cracks. The aquifer belongs to weak water bearing layer. In the shallow region of mountainous area, and in the belts of gullies spring, single-well output capacity commonly respectively smaller than 0.1 I/s and 100 m3 /d due to local pressured formed by sedimentary deposit of Quatemary System. QKarts crack water-bearing layer: Water bearing media is composed of dolomitic
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 59 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
limestone of Hunglong Group. Middle-weathered limestone karts are developed fully in the layer, so water permeability depends on the developmental and connected extent of karts. A single-well output capacity is 300-10OOm3 /d according to the related data of c tD adjacent region. Tectonic crack water bearing layer: Water bearing media is composed of crush belts of Fl and F2 faults. Tectonic crack water of relative enrichment lies in the 40-65m-wide crush belts. The other compression and compression-shear faults have a relatively wide influencing range and basically belong to impervious faults. The yard area surrounded in three directions by mountains and monocline strata basically constitute an independent hydrological unit. The aquifers of shallow pore water and bedrock pore-crack water are supplied by atmospheric precipitation. The atmospheric precipitation vertically permeates to supply bedrock crack groundwater, and flow out the surface in the form of spring with the flow of 0.005-0.03 I/s from high to low evaluation. Enrichment, storage and flow of bedrock crack- groundwater in the yard area is rigidly controlled by structures. Many faults develop in the east of the yard area due to the
presence of syncline core. Although the compression Fl, F3 and F4 faults are of weak permeability because of extrusion action, bnrttleness of rocks and presence of cracks in the fault belts are favorable to the storage and flow of groundwater. However, the tension, tension-shear F2, F5 and F6 faults cutting the above compression faults are of good permeability coefficient in the crush belts of F2 fault is an increases an order of magnitudes comparing with that of the surrounding confining rock, which suggests good 3 water enrichment of F2 fault; In addition, water output 86.4m /d (precipitation depth of 9.34m) of a present-operating well in the yard area suggests good water enrichment of F2 fault. Deep strata become relative water-resisting layer due to their integralities and close-tendency cracks. Under natural conditions, surface dividing ridges of the yard area approximately consist with the underground ridge. The total trend of groundwater flow is to afflux from dividing ridges to the center of the yard area, groundwater flow status are shown in Table 3-1 according to geological data from detailed geological exploration. Table 3-1 Analysis sheet of groundwater flow Content Refuse Mean Water level Horizontal \ ~~~~~heaps Hydraulic Water flow water difference distance from water level grade direction level (m) (m) refuse heap(m) Position \ (m)
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhcjiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 60 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
480 ~~~~Left bank Left bank 150 90 60 480 0.125 -center
Right bank 120 90 30 400 0.075 Right bank -center
East side 165 90 75 500 015 East side center
(3) Permeability coefficient of strata in the Landfill site Permeability tests have been performed by Zhejiang Engineering Physical Prospecting & Survey Institute during the detailed geological exploration. Results suggest that the yard area has a good permeability and the permeability coefficient of strata within the range of 100 m. except few spots are higher than 1.0 X 10-7cm/s, which draws a more rigid demand for anti-seepage work. The permeability coefficients of strata, where major buildings lie, are introduced as following: No.2 Landfill Yard Site: The permeability coefficient of strata is small in the two banks of the refuse-stop damn where the rocks are intact and its cracks have been filled by silica-iron material. However, in the other sectors within the depth of 40m the permeability coefficient K is larger than 1.0 X 10-7 cm/s. No.2 Landfill refuse-stop dam: The strata in bilateral dam abutment is relatively intact with K<1.OX0l 7 cm/s below 40m in depth, K value decreases with the increasing depth; there is no strata of K<1.OX10-7 cm/s within the depth of 100m in the dam area, and K value in or near the crush belts obviously is higher than that of surrounding strata. Regulating reservoir: No faults are found in the reservoir where rocks are intact and integral, which makes a low demand for anti-intrusion work.
3.1.4 The Climate and Weather The yard site belongs to Taihu drainage area north to Qiantangjiang River, and eastwards faces the ocean. Under the impact of ocean warm-humid monsoon the precipitation there is very high, especially the concentrated precipitation of the spring rain and plum rains from late spring to early summer. This region belongs to a tropical mountainous monsoon climate region, which has the unique feature of mountainous minor climate, four distinctive seasons, and a warm and humid climate. The prevailing wind direction is southwest by south and the yearly mean wind speed is 2.6m/s. The data of Hangzhou Meteorology Station shows that the yearly mean temperature of Hangzhou
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I 11,Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 61 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill is 18°C, extreme highest temperature 37.9°C, and extreme lowest temperature -9. 6°C. The yearly mean precipitation is 1454.1mm. Thunderstorm is the main kind of precipitation, which accounts for 1/3 of the yearly precipitation. During July to September, it is subjected to the impact of typhoon with a maximum strength of the central passing wind of classification 12 and a basic wind pressure of 0.35kN/m2, which is likely accompanied by heavy precipitation and results in flood. The historic yearly evaporation is 1309.6mm, especially during August; the evaporation is higher than the precipitation and would result in drought. There, winter is a cold season. According the related information, the valley wind of Tianziling features that it runs northwestwards by west from the valley mouth to the valley bottom and then runs northeastwards from the southwest side in a shape of bent valley. Since the wind is of a single trend and the air basically runs at each direction along the valley, the wind is in a direction either by west or by east, but the variation in wind speed is not high. The wind speed at Tianziling valley is higher than that in downtown area. The mean wind speed of each month at Tianziling valley bottom is shown in table 3-2 Table 3-2: Monthly mean wind speed of the valley bottom of Tianziling (unit: m/s) Month I!2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I1 12 Yearly Wind speed at bottom 4.6 3.9 4.7 5.4 4.4 3.8 3.6 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.5 4.0 valiey (m/s)
Frequency distribution and yearly variation of atmospheric stability at Banshan area is listed in Table 3-3. This list shows the yearly and monthly frequency of each atmospheric diffusion class at Banshan area. Over one year, the frequency of class D (neutral category) is the highest (59.7%), sum of class AB, B, BC, and C (unstable category) follows, occupying 29.9% and that of class E and F (stable category) the lowest (24.5%). The air diffusion capacity in Banshan area of Hangzhou City reaches to middle level on the basis of the about 50% of occurrence ratio of class D. This is in accordance with the geographic location and climate conditions. From this table, we also can see that the share of three stable statuses in various months is that the "neutral" is the most significant, then the "unstable", and the "stable" is the least. At each month, the occurrence frequency of "neutral" is generally 50-70% with a maximum and minimum of 82.1% and 35.4%; that of "stable", generally 20-30% with a maximum and minimum of 50.8% and 8.8% and that of "unstable", generally 15-25%. They vary greatly with the climatic conditions of each month and season. If in a month there are many cloudy days and the wind speed is high, the occurrence frequency of "neutral" obviously increases. If in most daytime it is sunny and thinly cloudy with a low-speed wind, the occurrence
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I i 1.Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 62 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
frequency of "unstable" increases; and if it is generally fine at night or partly cloudy with a low wind speed, the occurrence frequency of "stable" increases. Table 3-3: Frequency distribution of various classes of diffusion (1981-1985) \Grade Unstable Neutral Stable
Monthl AB B BC C CD E D E F _ 1 2.2 5.2 7.4 63.5 17.3 11.8 29.1 2 4.6 12.4 5.2 25.8 66.2 9.2 6.9 16.1 3 1.4 4.3 6.4 5.2 2.2 21.2 70.5 11.0 6.4 17.4 4 0.5 3.2 16.2 6.8 4.8 35.2 65.3 9.8 9.3 19.1 5 1.0 4.2 25.9 5.3 8.0 47.8 57.9 12.7 10.8 23.5 6 2.6 4.3 18.0 8.3 9.8 35.3 64.8 11.5 5.7 17.2 7 0.7 6.9 20.0 8.9 4.0 47.5 51.9 14.8 9.3 24.1 8 3.0 3.4 20.2 7.7 8.7 43.0 53.1 14.0 14.8 28.8 9 1.1 6.0 12.5 5.7 10.6 31.3 57.2 12.3 12.0 24.3 10 1.1 5.8 15.6 6.5 6.0 34.0 61.9 9.2 11.1 20.3 11 1.3 4.5 5.8 8.2 4.8 18.5 51.3 19.3 14.7 34.0 12 1.0 2.9 6.9 9.8 52.5 18.2 19.3 37.5 Yearly 1.1 1.4 12.8 6.7 4.9 29.9 59.7 13.5 11.0 24.5 In general, 60% of diffusion class (capacity) of the lower layer of atmosphere in Banshan area of Hangzhou City belongs to "neutral" over one year and thus its overall diffusion capacity is medium. The "stable" diffusion and the "unstable" mostly occur at autumn and spring respectively. In one day, the "unstable" diffusion happens mainly at daytime, "stable", in the evening and morning, and "neutral", any time.
3.1.5 Surface Hydrology Yanshan River, which is 3Km far away from the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill, is a river way used to discharge the treated wastewater by refuse leachate of the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill (the waste water was discharged into Yanshan River before March 2001, after which, it was discharged into Hangzhou Municipal Sewage Pipeline Network). This river originates from Tangqi River network and connects with Jinghang Grand Cannel in Kangqiao Town, with a width of about 30m, water flows slowly with a mean rate of merely 0.035m/s. It also has several functions such as irrigation, flood protection, and navigation. The segment in Qinlongwu is formed by the conflux of groundwater, with a total length of 0.84 km and a mean slope of 5%. It has water over a whole year. However, after the NO.1 Solid Waste Landfill was put into operation, the volume of flow is decreasing apparently. And the volume of water drawn out in the original pump house or from deep wells in the lower reaches of Qinglongwu is apparently decreasing, so rather
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 63 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landtill much equipment has been removed and not been used any longer. The distribution of surface hydrology is listed in attached Fig.5.
3.2 General Survey of Social Environment 3.2.1 Urban Orientations On the basis of the "Hangzhou Municipal Urban General Planning"(2001-2020), Hangzhou is the center of politics, economy, science, education and culture of Zhejiang Province, an important central city in the Yangtze Delta, as well as an international tourist city of history and culture. Development goal: Hangzhou, after twenty years of development, is to approach or attain the living standard of developed countries in its principal indexes of economy and society. With Shanghai as the leader of the Yangtze Delta, Hangzhou is playing a driving role as one of the important cities in the region. Moreover, Hangzhou, as the center of politics, economy, finance, science, education, culture and personnel resources in Zhejiang province, will strengthen its role in scientific and technical renovation and supply of synthetic service. In this way, Hangzhou is surely growing into a supplementary center in the Yangtze Delta and an international tourist city with prosperous economy, developed science and technology, rich culture, stable social situation, beautiful environment, civilized social morale and high living standard.
3.2.2 Introduction To Hangzhou's General Project The orientation of Hangzhou development: Hangzhou is expanding its city proper eastward, cultivate tourism resources westward and developing along both banks of Qiantang River. Under the guidance of this principle, Hangzhou will gradually move its administrative center to its east, explore the rich tourism resources in the west, pioneer into the two banks of Qiantang River and seek adjustment in the north. Urban Layout: the present circular layout with Wulinmen at the core will be broklen into a network-shaped pattern with Qiantang River as the axle. From the axle radiates several areas with necessary green space opening to other region. A structural layout is thus formulated with one center, three sub-centers, two axles, six areas and six biological belts. The six biological belts are: West Lake-Linlong, Jinshan-Xixi, Chaoshan-Banshan, Gaoshan-Penbu, Shiniushan-Xianghu, Qinghuashan-Hangwushan-Xinjie and eastern wetland along the Qiantang River.
3.2.3 Economic and social development
Environmcntal Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 64 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
In 2002 witnessed a rapid development in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Hangzhou. The quality of economic operation has been improved with more vitality and momentum. The total GDP income in that year totaled RMB 178 billion Yuan, an increase of 13.2% compared to that in 2001 considering comparable price. The GDP per capita amounted to RMB 28,000 Yuan. The gross financial income stood at RMB 25.714 billion Yuan, an increase of 28.2% compared to that in 2001. According to a sample investigation of the income of urban and rural inhabitants in 2002, the budgetary income per capital in urban areas was RMB 11,778 Yuan, an increase of 8.1% compared with that in the previous year. The annual net income per capital in rural areas was RMB 5,242 Yuan, an increase of 7.1% compared with that in the previous year. By the end of 2002, the total deposits in both rural and urban areas exceeded RMB 100 billion Yuan to stand at RMB 118.34 billion Yuan, an increase of 25.6% compared to the same period the year before.
3.2.4 Situation And Project Of The Collection, Transportation, And TreatmentOf Living Refuse In Hangzhou (1) Situation of the collection and transportation of living refuse At present, the collection and transportation of living refuse in Hangzhou are conducted in sealed trucks and are therefore harmless to residents. The popularization rate of the collection of refuse in bags is 90.5%. All refuse are collected in time in residential quarters and then transported to refuse transfer stations, which then make compression and finally send the refuse to the No. 1 Landfill by carriers. Hangzhou now has 57 refuse transfer stations which dispose 70%-75% of refuse by machines. From 2001, Hangzhou formnally begins to collect classified refuse, which will occupy 50% of all the refuse in 2005, 95% in 2010 and 100% in 2015. The refuse treatmentat that time will cost less labor and some of them can be turned into cultivatable resources. After the classification of refuse , the rate of recovery can be improved to 35% and will be promoted further to 50% in 2010. All refuse transfer stations will be reasonably confined to certain areas with modern machines doing compression and the like. The pollution in the process of collection and transportation will be strictly forbidden. In 2005, machines will dispose 90% of refuse and in 2010 100% of the refuse. (2) The situation and project of refuse disposal 100% of the living refuse in Hangzhou are filled under the ground. The refuse from old city center, Yuhang and Linpin districts, weighing about 2300 tons each day are all carried to the No. 1 Landfill. Since its operation in June 20th 1991, this landfill has
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, PR. China 65 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
buried more than 5 million tons of refuse with the good operation statement. The refuse from Chengxiang Town in Xiaoshan District is carried to the Jiangbian Landfill. In Cangqian Town in Linping District, a burning factory of refuse, which is built by Zhejiang University with vulcanization technology, can daily dispose 150 tons of refuse, including part of living refuse from Xihu District, The Qiaosi Refuse Burning and Power Plant, with daily treatment capacity of 800 tons, has also been established in April, 2002, presently is treating the living refuse from old city proper. According to city project, after 2004, the living refuse will be mainly treated with by way of burying, supplemented burning and retrieval. The current No. 1 Landfill in Tianzilingg will be expanded to be No. 2 Landfill, and in years a living refuse burning landfill will be set up in Tianzilingg, by both burying and burning methods. Another refuse burning factory is designed to come into operation in June, 2003. It is located in Zihongling in Binjiang district with projected daily treatment capacity of 450 tons. The first phase covers an area of 3.23 hectares with daily treatment capacity of 1050 tons, thereinto the first stage is to be treated with the daily capacity of 450 tons, as well as another refuse burning factory will be completed by 2010 in Xiashan with an area of 3.33 hectares and with daily treatment capacity of 450 tons. By 2015, there will accordingly erect a refuse -burning factory in city proper
3.2.5 The Situation And Project Of Dangerous Refuse Treatment From 1998, Hangzhou began to concentrate on the management and treatment of its industrial refuse. Following the principle of carrying out a project step by step, Hangzhou will build several industrial refuse treatment zones within six years. The project will cost RMB one billion Yuan with an area of 1500 mu. Upon completion, it can dispose 2.6 million tons of industrial refuse annually, among which about 600,000 tons are dangerous. Its first phase project in Qiaosi costs RMMB 120 million Yuan with annual treatment capacity of 70,000 tons. Parts of its production lines of burning, materializing, sewage treatment are nearly completed. Besides, the safe landfill for industrial refuse, a subsidiary project of Hangzhou industrial solid waste treatment project, is to be built in Xiwushan of Nanshan forestry land in Chongxian town of Yuhang district. It covers an area of 240 mu, which is divided into landfill for dangerous refuse and burying land for dangerous refuse . The former is designed to have a capacity of 650,000 m3. The latter is designed to treat industrial refuse of 100 tons daily, medical refuse of 24 tons dally and retrieve organic solvent of 6 tons daily. The whole project will be designed for once but be built step by step. Its first phase
Environmental Science Research & Desiun Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 66 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill industrial refuse landfill, with a capacity of 100,000 m , covers a space of 105 mu with an investment of RMB 48 million Yuan. To match it, it has a stabilization room, a temporary storage room and living facilities. Hangzhou Municipal Solid Waste Management Center is responsible for its building and Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd is responsible for its operation. The first phase, whose feasibility report is now under evaluation, is to be completed at the end of 2003. Dangerous refuse landfill and incineration factory, upon the completion, will be the first intact refuse treatment zone in Hangzhou or even Zhejiang province. It will guarantee the complete and harmless treatment of dangerous industrial refuse .
3.2.6 Situation And Project Of Sewage Treatment System In Hangzhou Now Hangzhou has Sibao Sewage Treatment Factory and the first phase of Qige Sewage Treatment Factory with treatment capacity of 600,000 m3 per day and 300,000 m3 per day respectively. The former accepts sewage from the No. I sewage system (250,000 m3 per day) and No. 2 sewage system (350,000 m3 per day). It then discharges the polluted water into the middle of Qiantang River at the fifth fortress. The latter mainly accepts sewage from the No. 3 sewage system (350,000 m' per day), Xiasha sewage system and Linping sewage system and then discharges it into L19 part of Qiantang River. The second phase of Qige sewage Treatment Factory, upon completion, can dispose sewage of I million m 3per day from the No. 3 sewage system, Xiashan sewage system and Linpin sewage system. The sewage, after deep treatment, can be used in some industries with low requirement for use of water. Another sewage treatment system (50,000 m 3 per day) is to be built in Jiangcun in western of Hangzhou. Its sewage, after deep treatment, can be ushered into Yuhangtang River for scenic use. The Gouzhuang sewage system (50,000 m3 per day) in northem Hangzhou collects sewage from Gouzhuang and then discharges it into the Grand Canal after deep treatment. The Jiangnan (Xiaoshan and Binjiang districts) sewage system (450,000 m3 per day), now under design, will send sewage to Xiaoshan Sewage Treatment Factory for concentrative disposal. After second-level treatment, it is discharged through the No. 9 Dam on Qiantang River.
3.2.7 Situation Of Surrounding Areas And Some Sensitive Areas Around the Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill are four natural villages i.e. Shenjiabang, Shuihongmiao, Shitang, and Liuwen with a population of 3400 and water field land of
Environmental Science Rcsearch & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 67 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill more than 2000 mu. Several enterprises have been established along the 320 national highway which is under the administration range of the four villages. Eight kilometers from the south of 320 highway is the factory site of Hangzhou Steel Works Co., Ltd. Apart from the villages along the 320 national highway, there are no other sensitive areas. Please see the list of sensitive areas for basic information. 3-4. Refer to attached diagram 7 for surrounding areas. Table 3-4 Informnation of sensitive areas around the Landfill Distance from Name Population or scale Bearing the burying area
Shen jiabang 850 East 2000m Shuihongmiao Village 660 Northeast 3000m Shitang Village 1134 Southwest 3000m Liuwen Village 790 Southwest 4000m
Produce 1.08 million tones of Hangzhou Steel Workes iron and 1.76 million tons of steel Southwest 8000m Group Co., LTD in 2000
3.3 Present Survey of Environmental Quality 3.3.1 Surface water Before March 2001, the wasted water of Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill is discharged into Yanshan River, and the outlet for discharging is at Ducheng Village Bridge. After March 2001. the wasted water was discharged into the Hangzhou Municipal Sewage Pipeline Network. In the light of "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard", the evaluation for surface water will be carried out according to two results of perennial monitoring and recent monitoring. (l)Perennial Monitoring Result In order to learn the water status of Yanshan River timely, the environmental monitoring station of this Landfill makes a continuous routine monitoring over the river near the outlet for discharging. Distribution of the perennial monitoring points for surface water: No.1 and No.2 monitoring points are set respectively at the 50m upper reaches of Yanshan River (Ducheng Village Bridge) and the 150m lower reaches of Yanshan River (Tielu Bridge) (see in attached Fig.5) Table 3-5: The statistical result of the No.1 monitoring point from 1992 to 2002 in the
Environmental Science Research & Destgn Institute OfZhejiang Province No. I1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. PR. China 68 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
upper reaches of Yanshan River (unit: mg/l) Ye ar 199 Salado 1992 3 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 S VI kind
pH 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.87 7.6 6.6 6-9 SS 51.9 43.6 42.8 54.3 78.8 87.5 / / / TN 10.8 8.7 11.7 12.4 12.8 17.9 20.0 17.7 25.23 36.84 13.25 1.5 TP 1.70 0.75 0.95 0.65 0.50 0.83 1.15 0.54 0.47 0.44 0.32 0.3 CODCr 56.7 51.9 67.6 83.9 88.5 48.2 70.2 52.2 87.5 75.19 60.45 30 BOD5 15.1 12.8 22.1 23.7 28.1 17.1 38.3 22.04 23.98 11.96 9.28 6
Table 3-6: The statistical result of No.2 monitoring point in the downstream of Yanshan River from 1992-2001(unit: mg/I)
YearX _f| Standard 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 o002of VI I tern ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kind pH 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 6.83 7.6 7.4 6-9 SS 42.8 37.0 42.9 60.3 82.7 93.13 / I / TN 10.7 10.3 12.3 12.1 13.6 25.9 20.33 25.17 24.17 27.88 13.85 1.5 TP 1.52 0.74 1.02 0.95 0.49 1.10 1.11 0.53 0.46 0.46 0.34 0.3 CODCr 51.9 65.2 72.4 103.7 112.8 78.14 81.34 62.85 64.33 105.57 61.13 30
BOD5 15.9 19.7 28.8 33.1 40.5 32.9 44.08 28.73 18.78 8.30 10.22 6
The water quality has got some improvement, but still remains at the level of Grade V or Worse. which shows that this river is seriously polluted by the surrounding industry, agriculture and daily life. So sewage can't be discharged into this river any longer, and a comprehensive measure should be taken. (2)Recent monitoring statement Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Station obtained samples respectively on Yanshan River No.1 monitoring point (Ducheng Village Bridge) and No.2 (Tielu Bridge), No.3 (Kangqiao Town), and analyzed these samples. The distribution of monitoring points is shown in Fig.5, and the monitoring results are in Table 3-7.
Environmental Science Research & Dcsign Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China '69 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 3-7 Recent Monitoring Statistic Results of water quality in Yanshan River Unit: mg/I Total Moni- Total coliform Tt Colou-r Total bacteria toring pH C No-r3-N COD,, Total As Cr6+ Pb Bacteria actent ity Pb amrount points group(per ) (per ml)
No.01 7.84 45 13.3 13.3 <0.007 <0.004 6.0 D24000 203500
No.02 7.82 45 13.5 11.6 <0.007 <0.004 5.8 B24000 150000
No.03 7.81 45 13.7 11.8 <0.007 <0.004 10.4 B24000 293500
Jrade IV 6s9 I 1.5 10 0.1 0.05 0.05 20000 I standard
The monitored data is compared with Grade IV standard of "surface water environmental quality standard" (GB3838-2002) and found that the NH3 N and total Pb contents and etc. of Yanshan River exceed greatly the standard, the index number of permanganic acid and coliform bacteria group overstep slightly the standard, total As and Cr6+ reach the standard. It shows that the water of the Yanshan River is in the state of serious pollution, it's located in the Pollution Level V.
3.3.2 Ground water The evaluation for the groundwater is divided into regular yearly monitoring and recent yearly monitoring statements. The regular yearly monitoring adopts the monitored results in 1991-2000 tests by Hangzhou Municipal Sanitary Epidemic Prevention Station, and the recent yearly monitoring statement shows the monitoring result in the project on April 23, 2001. The ground water is evaluated under Grade III of " Groundwater Quality Standard" (GB/ T 14848-93). (I)The regular yearly monitoring statement Here are two groundwater routine monitoring wells #1 and #2 duged 20 meters and 60 meters respectively from the lower reaches of Sewage Stop Dam of Tianziling No.1 Solid
Environmental Science Rescarch & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Provincc No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 70 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Waste Landfill, Please see Figure 6. The results of groundwater monitoring wells in the years 1991-2001 and each month in the year 2000 are listed in Table 3-8 and 3-9. The years change statement on the CODImn index number of groundwater is listed in Figure 3-2. 250
200 - +BaD5
I 150 -- 'CD Th
100 -3-s
50 - * * L-oh 0
No. I moniton'n Doint
300 250
2100 - =CCDCr
150 = _ = . -_o_
50 O
C." 4 IIFe .
No. 2 monitoring point Fig.3-1 Yearly variation of water quality on river segment near the sewage-outlet in Yanshan
It can be seen from Fig 3-5 and Fig.3-6 that the contents of many pollutants in the
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 771 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
segment nearby the outlet of Yanshan River, expect PH, and SS (due to lack standard),
others like TN, TP, CODcr, BOD5 all greatly exceed the standard IV for the surface water environmental quality. The pollution is relevant with the industrial waste discharged from Hangzhou Steel Works and household refuse and the refuse leachate, which is discharged from the landfill without treatment. The comparison of the monitored results of the upstream and downstream monitoring points in each same year shows that, the water quality of Yanshan River is somewhat polluted by the waste water from the Solid Waste Landfill. After the refuse leachate was discharged into the sewage pipeline network, the Yanshan River, Table 3-8 Yearly Variation of underwater quality in Landfill from 1991-2001 (unit: mg/I)
Monigwlin 1#Monitoring well 20 Monitoring wel] Grade IlI g well -~ ___ -Standard - Year 1991 1992 1995 1998 2000 2001 1991 1992 1995 1998 2000 2001 Stadar Colourity 0 0 8 5 0o 0 0 0 13 30 15 2 15 No No No No No No No Colol and T°r cr Slight color color color Slght Slight color Trans- Trans Trans- Trans- Trans- colo SlgtSlgtTrans- No odci- parenc -pare yellow parenc parenc parenc rraris- yellou yellow parenc
Y -y Y - Y pH 6.2 6 6.5 6.63 7. 02 6. 8 6.2 6 6.7 7.59 7.05 7.4 6.5-8.5 COD,,, 0.3 0.34 0 74 0.41 0. 354 0. 55 0.34 0.42 0.74 0.58 0.378 1.12 3.0 SS 21 23 5 2=25 19 62 = = TN 0.09 0.06 / 0.17 ND / / TP 0.03 0.09 0.47 0.01 0.07 0.08 / Total bacteria 4 2 7400* 1 10 6 1 170* 1 6 100 amount Total Coliflorm <3 <3 >230** <20 <3 <3 <3 >230** <3 3.0 bacteria
group ______
Note: Items with * have a unit of CFUr/ml; and with ** have a unit of MPN/L.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 72 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table. 3-9 Monitoring result in each month of 2002
I # underground water monitoring well
Month 1 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 Grade III standard Colounty 0 0 0 0 4 0 15 PH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.5-8.5 NH 3-N(mg/l) 0.067 ND ND ND 0.007 0.021 ND 0.026 0.2 CODMn(mgA1) 1.2 0.65 0.85 0.93 1.57 0.97 2.18 3.0 Total bacteria amount 2 3 0 9 3 4 100 (per ml) Total coliform bacteria group <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 3.0 (per 1) I TN(mg/l) 0.029 0.02 ND TP(mg/1) 0.51 0.61 0.32 0.23 0.23 0.01 / Cu(mg/I) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.0 Pb(mg/l) <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.05
Zn(mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 _I <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1.0 Cd(mg/l) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.01 Cr6 (mg/l) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05
2 underground water monitoring well
Month I 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 Grade III s tandard Colourity 2 8 8 8 8 2 15 PH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.5-8.5
NH 3-N(mg/l) 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.2 0.094 0.074 ND 0.038 0.2 CODM (mg/l) 2.1 1.35 0.84 1.02 1.90 1.14 2.78 3.0 Total bacteria amount 70 1 3 37 4 7 100 (per ml) Total oliform bacteria group <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 3.0 (per 1) TN(mg/l) ND 0.04 TP(mg/l) 0.055 0.08 0.04 ND ND 0.04 Cu(mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.0 Pb(mg/1) <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.05 Zn(mg/l) <0.1 <0. I <0. <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.0 Cd(mg/l) <0.003 <0.003 _ <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.01 Cr (mg/l) ND ND ND ND ND L ND ND 0.05 Note: ND means the content of corresponding items wasn't detected.
Environmental Sciencc Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 73 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
1. 2
-.,,.',.,-... ,, , :, .':~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::.-'.i
0.8 i;-
0. 6
0.44 __.
O.2 -. i. .. ;,-~ . :- 1.- .
0 ' I ' 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Fig.3-2 Trend map of CODM, index in underwater over many years
We can see from the Table 3-8 and Table 3-9 that the groundwater in the site where the project is to be located can basically meet the Grade Ill standard of "Groundwater Quality Standard" (GB/T 14848-93). (2) Recent monitoring results On the basis of the dctailed geographic exploration, a comparison Aas made on March 23. 2001 for monitoring results
obtained on the New #6. New #4. New #2, and old #2 monitoring wells, so as to learn the quality of groundwater in different
seg-ments of Qinglongwu WA'aterSystem from upper reaches to lower reaches. The monitoring results are listed in Table 3- 10.
and the monitoring points are distributed as attached on Fig. 6
Table 3-10 Recent Monitoring results of groundwater wells (unit: mg/I) Monitoring well New 6# New 4# New 1# 24 Grade III standard pH 6.22 6.25 6.50 6.91 6.5"-8.5 SS 22 26 28 16 / CODNM, 1.94 1.65 1.73 0.74 •3.0 TN 0.37 0.37 1.34 <0.05 /
1H3-N <0.025 <0.025 0.028 <0.025 <0.2 Total bacteria amount (per ml)' 2500 2200 35000 160 • 100 Total coliform bacteria group 330 80 110 <20 •3.0
(p er_I)______
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 74 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Analysis on the basis of the above monitoring data, although the groundwater flows through these monitoring wells in the order of New #6, New #4, New #1, and old #2, the obtained values don't decrease regularly with their geographic location. Furthermore, all monitored values, except that of microorganism in the above table, can meet the requirements for Grade III standard of "Groundwater Quality Standard". As to the microorganisms like coliform bacteria and bacteria, in the course of sampling, due to having not appropriate appliance because the mouth of the sampling well is only 8 cm in inner diameter, additionally, there is much ruderal growing beside of sampling well, which may cause some microorganism pollution to the sample. From all above-mentioned, the ten-year's operation of Hangzhou No.1 Municipal Landfill hasn't polluted seriously the groundwater in this landfill site, and the protection measure of sewage-stop curtain grouting can effectively prevent the infiltration of refuse leachate.
3.3.3 Environmental Air (1) Perennial monitoring statement The filling operation area of the No. 1 Landfill is located in the same place as the #1 air monitoring point, and the #2 air monitoring point is set in the living area. The distribution of monitoring points are attached on Fig. 6. Monitoring data of air in living area and operation area over many years are respectively listed in Table 3-11 and Table 3-12 (the operation area has not data in years of 1999 and 2000), and trend of stenchy pollutants over many years can be seen in Fig.3-3 and Fig.3-4.
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhcjiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 75 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 3-11 Monitoring statistical data of stenchy pollutants and TSP in living area
NH3 H2S TSP \monitcxd itern Range Average Average Average Year \Range vue Range vle Range vau \ ~~~~~value value value 1992 0-0.34 0.190 0-0.030 0.210 0.38-0.47 0.420 1993 0-0.31 0.130 0-0.069 0.010 0.24-0.82 0.500 1994 0-0.52 0.260 0-0.011 0.003 0.20-0.57 0.400 1995 0-0.20 0.100 0-0.011 0.003 0.25-0.46 0.370 1996 0.09-0.18 0.130 0-0.008 0.006 0.31-0.48 0.350 1997 0.08-0.22 0.140 0-0.009 0.002 0.34-0.45 0.380 1998 0.05-0.40 0.080 0-0.006 0.005 0.29-1.01 0.560 1999 0-0.38 0.177 0.001-0.03 0.005 0.39-4.05 0.917 2000 0.013-0.33 0.146 0.002-0.006 0.001 0.22-0.56 0.404 Average value I 0.150 / 0.027 I 0.478 Over many years Standard value 0.20 0.008 0.20
Enrvironmental Science Research & DesiEn Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 76 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 3-12 Stenchy pollutants in operation area and statistical TSP monitoring data
Unit: mg/m3
Monitored items NH3 H2S TSP Average Average Average Year Range Range Range Year \ ~~~~~value value value 1992 0010-0.76 0.400 0-0.026 0.015 0.32-1.02 0.670 1993 0.11-0.79 0.320 0-0.076 0.011 0.23-1.15 0.640 1994 0.01-0.25 0.180 0-0.024 0.013 0.28-0.94 0.570 1995 0-0.33 0.260 0-0.015 0.007 0.21-0.72 0.520 1996 0.19-0.37 0.240 0-0.027 0.008 0.43-0.89 0.640 1997 0.11-0.39 0.220 0-0.013 0.009 0.38-0.79 0.650 1998 0.09-0.09 0.230 0-0.008 0.006 0.54-1.04 0.730 Average value over many years/ 0.264 / 0.010 / 0.631 years Standard value 1.5 0.06 1.0 Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. Fig 3-3 Trend of stenchy pollutants in living area over many years
O. 8+NH
0 ------=H2S-
O4 L - -_-
03 U ------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 4-
Fig 3-4 Trend of stenchy pollutants in operation area over many years
Based on Table 3-11 and Table 3-12 as well as Fig 3-3 and Fig 3-4, the trend of concentration of the individual pollutant in operation/living areas over many years can also be analyzed.
In living area: Though the concentrations of NH3 and H2S before 1994 was relatively
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 77 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
higher, the concentration between 1994 and 2000 was decreasing and basically fell within the max tolerance set for the hazard substances existing in the former Soviet Union residential area, and the TSP concentration was basically maintained at the same level; both being beyond the Grade 2 standard defined in the ((Standards for Environmental Air Quality)) (GB3095-1996), two or three times higher than the standard value. In 1998 and 1999, the concentration was apparently going up, and this may have some connection with the arid weather and the flying dusts over the National Highway No.320 at that time.
In operation area: The concentrations of H2S, NFH3and TSP in recent years is basically maintained at the same level. The yearly average concentration is conformed to the relevant standard defined in 4(Standards for pollutants control during the burying of living rubbish)) . Table 3-13, 3-14 and 3-15 provide the calculated iso-grad load volume! ratio of major pollutants NH3, H2S, TSP in living/operation area as well as in the whole site by using the pollutant iso-grad load method. Iso-grad load volume: Pjj=M1 j/S1 where: S, evaluation cnrtenra for pollutant i (mg/m3 ) Mij- the monitoTing concentration of the pollutant i in the poliutant m source j (mg/mr3 ), taken as an average over many years; Pij The iso-grad load volume of pollutant i in pollutant source j. Isd-grad load ratio: Kij=Pij/P) X 100% where: Kij the share rate of pollutant i in pollutant sourcej; Pj the total iso-grad load volume of pollutant source -The iso-grad load volume of pollutant i in pollutant sourcej; Table 3-13 The iso-grad load volume/ ratio of the individual pollutants in living area (1992-2000)
Pollutant Average Monitoring Standard NValue Iso-grad load lsd-grad load ratio Name Concentration (mdlm 3 ) (nmg/m 3 ) volume ( % ) NH. 0.15 0.20 0.75 12.84 H,S 0.027 0.008 2.7 46.23 TSP 0.478 0.20 2 .39 40.92
Table 3-14 The iso-grad load volume/ratio of the individual pollutants in operation area (1992-1998)
Pollutant Average Monitorin, Standard Value Iso-grad load Isd-grad load ratio Name Concentration (m/rn 3 ) (mg/m 3 ) volume (%) NH3 0.264 1.5 1.27 23.4
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute OfZhcjiang Province No. I I1,Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 78 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
H2S 0.010 0.06 1.00 18.42 TSP 0.631 1.0 3.16 58.20
Table 3-15 The iso-grad load volume/ ratio of the individual pollutants in the whole site
Pollutant Average Monitoring Standard Value Iso-grad load Isd-grad load ratio Concentration 3 Name ) (mg/(m (mg/m_) volume (%)
NTH3 0.206 0.20 1.03 17.52
H2S 0.022 0.008 2.20 37.41 TSP 0.529 0.20 2.65 45.07 It can be seen from the iso-grad load ratio of the pollutants listed in these Tables that:
(DIn living area, H2 S dominates among the various pollutants with the order of H2S >
TSP> NH3 ; (9)In operation area, TSP dominates among the various pollutants with the order of
TSP> NH3 > H2 S; Q)In the whole site, the TSP dominates among the various pollutants with the order of
TSP> H2S > NH3 . (2) On-spot monitoring From April 11 to 14(before dawn), 2000, the Hangzhou City Environmental
Monitoring Station carried out the atmospheric environment monitoring of H2S, NH3 and TSP for 3 days at the filling site and around the peripheral area. The monitoring points were located respectively at No.1 Solid Waste Landfill site, #2 administration station; and #3 farmer residential area west to the national artery No.320. For the distribution of these points, refer to Attached Fig. 6. Days with stable meteorological conditions and evident atmospheric pollutants are selected as the monitoring dates. During the monitoring period mentioned above, samples were taken at the hours of 8:00 to 9:00, 10:00 to 11:00, 13:00 to 14:00, 15:00 to 16:00, 17:00 to 18:00 respectively over the three and half days, that is, April 11-14(early morning), 2000. The 24-hour continuous monitoring was performed from April 13 to 14. During this period the meteorological parameters were observed at the monitoring point of landfill site. The parameters obtained from this observation are given in Table 3-16. The individual pollutant concentrations monitored in the air are listed in Table 3-17; The concentrations obtained from the 24-hour observation are listed in Table 3-18a and 3-18b.
Table 3-16 Meteorological parameters observed at landfill site
Environmental Science Rcsearch & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I l 1, Tiannmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 79 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Average Monitoring Time 8: 15 10: 15 13: 15 15: 15 17: 15 20:15 23:15 2:15 6:15 wind _._____ speed Wind NNE S SSW S SW April direction 11 Wind 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.06 Wneed Wind S S ENE SW WSW April direction 12 Wind 2.1 0.67 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.29 speedII Wind S SSW SW S W S SSW WSW SSW April direction . 13-14 Wind 2.6 0.6 2.3 1.95 2.6 1.8 3.6 0.5 1.5 1.94
______sp ee d ______
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 80 Report on I-langzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill
Table 3-17 H2S$ NH3 and TSP concentration in the air obtained at rubbish filling site and neighboring area
Conccntration in one hour (mg/Nm3) Average concentration (mg/Nm 3)
Sample Sample Three Monitoring Monitored Concentration number Over Daily Concentration number Over No. Sarnple days' point pollutant range surpassing standaid average range sutpassing standard amount average (mg/nm3) standard rate (t) value (mg/m value standard rate (%) value value
H2 S 19 Unmonitored-0.020 2 10.5 4 0.002-0.011 0.006 / / lanfill site.__ I # NH3 19 0.016-0.109 0 0 4 0.038-0.054 0.045 / / are TSP 4 / / / 4 0.216-0.392 0.279 / /
H2 S 19 Unmonitored-0;0 0 0 4 0.002-0.005 0.003 Manlagemcnt 2 ff NH 3 19 0.010-0.051 0 0 4 0.017-0.032 0.025 / / station TSP 4 / / / 4 0.384-0.703 0.558 4 100
Farmer H2S 19 Unmonitored-0.007 0 0 4 0.001-0.005 0.003 / /
3 f residential NH 3 19 0.010-0.058 0 0 4 0.026-0.036 0.029 / / area TSP 4 / 4 0.319-0.467 0.369 4 100
Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zliejiang Province No. I 1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 81 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
It can be seen from Table 3-17 that: TSP: The daily average concentrations obtained at the respective points are apparently going beyond the standard value, especially those obtained at the points. This is due to the flying dusts produced by the transportation vehicles on the national artery No.320 and by the construction site. Those obtained at the point of landfill site are in conformity with the standard.
H 2S: When observing the concentration in one-hour basis, the results obtained at monitoring points in the landfill site are in conformity with the relevant evaluation cnteria.
NH 3 : When observing the concentration in one-hour basis, the results obtained at the respective monitonng points are lower than the evaluation criteria.
Table 3-18a H2 S concentration variation at the individual monitoring points during 24 hours observation dated April 13 to 14, April (before dawn) Point\Time 8:00-9:00 10:00-11:00 13:00-14:00 15:00-16:00 17:00-18:00 Landfill 0.004 0.002 0.0001 0.001 0.001 Management station 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0001 0.002 Farmer residential 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.0001 0.001 area S)te\Time 20:00-21:00 23:00-24:00 2:00-3:00 6:00-7:00 Landfill 0.004 0.002 0.008 0.009 / Management station 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.007 / Farmer residential 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.007 area
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I 1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 82 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Table 3-18b NH3 concentration variation at the individual monitoring points during 24 hours observation dated April 13 to 14(before dawn) Point\Time 8:00-9:00 10:00-11:00 13:00-14:00 15:00-16:00 17:00-18:00 Landfill 0.080 0.054 0.063 0.032 0.055
Management 0.035 0.051 0.021 0.023 0.024 station Farmer residnlarnea 0.032 0.058 0.024 0.010 0.032 residential area Site\Tirme 20:00-21:00 23:00-24:00 2:00-3:00 6:00-7:00 / Landfill 0.052 0.109 0.016 0.024 /
Management 0.030 0.05 1 0.021 0.028 / station Farmer residnlarnea 0.033 0.037 0.028 0.030 / residential area
Fig 3-5 shows the variation of the H2 S concentration in the air in different time segments observed from April 13 to 14, 2000 (24 hours) at the landfill site, administration station and farmer residential area. Fig 3-6 shows the variation of the NH3 concentration in the air in different time segments observed from April 13 to 14, 2000 (24 hours) at the landfill site, administration station and farmer residential area. Table 3-19 displays the calculated iso-grad load volume! ratio of the major pollutants
NH3 . H 2S, TSP within this area by the iso-grad load method
Zhcjiang Provincial Environmcntal Protection Science Design Institute No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 83 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Fig 3-5 Variation of H2S at the individual monitoring points during different time segments
0.0090. 00_ 1 . __ _ _
0.006 .
0006D I ' I
0. 004
_ 0. 003 -
0.002 -
O. 001- -Y '''-
0
20OOOf-4,q 13 [9 A~ 4 ~ )fl~
Fig, 3-5 variation of H2S concentration in different time segments and moni'toning poiInts
1o 20 0 I I
* I I I 0 .- IC -0 ------I I I 0 0I - I 300 , ~ ~ I I I
* I I I / I I
Fig 3-56variation of the 11concentration in different time segments and monitoring siites
| X t '' ~ I ~~I IE I 0+g,00,0 , nt
l a l N
_ ~~~2OOO+4)l 13 [E i14'5 4, I jU4.H
Fig 3-6variation of the NH3 concentration in different time segments and monitoring sites Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Table 3-19 Evaluation of the iso-grad load volume/ratio of major pollutants within the area
Pollutants Average concentration Standard value Iso-grad load Iso-grad load ratio Monitored (mg/m 3 ) (mg/mrn) volume (%)
NH3 0.033 0.20 0.165 8.66
H2S 0.004 0.01 0.400 21.00 TSP 0.402 0.30 1.340 70.34
It can be seen from Table 3-19 that TSP prevails in the area under evaluation because of the apparent flying dusts over the national artery No.320, while the H2 S and NH3 values obtained from the monitoring sites are up to the evaluation criteria. The pollutant components are ranked in the order of TSP >H2 S > NH3.
3.4 Ecological Environment Overview 3.4.1 Present Ecological Environment of the Landfill Site The site covers the whole Qinglongwu, which is surrounded in three sides by mountains. It is proposed to build a natural pool (gathering the rains) with an area of 0.85km2 . Since the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill started operation; all the original factories and residents have been removed out of the Qinglongwu, except the administration office, wastewater treatment plant and the filling operation area. Besides, there is a new-built power plant using the gases produced during the filling process, which is located to the southwest of the existing wastewater treatment plant. Since the No. I Solid Waste Landfill was built and put into operation in 1991, the filling process has been carried out on a step-by-step basis. In this way, the original vegetation was saved to the maximum. Meanwhile, the internal/external soil sources for the site have been allocated and utilized according to the operation condition and the facility planning to postpone the time to clear off the vegetation. While protecting and preserving the original vegetation, the ecological vegetation restoration after earth-refilling onto the buried rubbish piles has also been carried out effectively. That's why the present overall ecological environment is good. The ecological vegetation in the valley, except areas occupied by engineering purposes, filling operation and the roads, is growing well. Dense plants cover all the unoccupied hillsides. At the southern slope of the Qinglongwu is the Nanshan forest farm where the China fir and mingled forest are planted, presenting a beautiful scenery; on the hillsides to the southeast, east and north of the filling site are planted bushes and small arbors mixed with mingled forest. It was discovered through
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 85 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
the investigation that the plants that grow around the peripheral slopes are diversified, covering at least 30 species of arbors/bushes and dozens of herbaceous plants of different species under some 20 categories. It can be seen that the No. I Solid Waste Landfill hasn't caused any adverse impact on the ecological environment of the plants grown in the peripheral non-operational areas. As a matter of fact. birds singing in the forest indicate that the stenchy gases produced in the filling process have just no or very little influence on the behavior of the animals.
3.4.2 Present Ecological Environment of the Soil Sources The major soil source for the No. I Solid Waste Landfill is situated in an open ground between the east of the existing administration station and the waste water treatment plant. At present, the original vegetation at this soil source has almost been rooted out completely, and only some secondary herbaceous plants are left with a very low coverage. The vegetation at the bordering area of the stone-picking site (of about one hectare) to the west of the waste water treatment plant has dwindled to very few secondary plants while the vegetation outside this area has grown densely. According to the filling process design, the soil needed for the No.2 Solid Waste Landfill shall be a total of 2.67 million cubic meters. According to the engineering geological report, in the No. 2 Landfill site there is a potential soil source (with a capacity of some 300,000 cubic meters) which can be excavated during the ground clearing stage so as to avoid further tapping new land sources. This soil shall be placed in the Huanglongwu soil-piling area to the south of the Landfill site. According to the exploration and planning, the soil-picking yard which has been approved is located in the Shitang village, about 2km away from the filling site, in the southwest direction of the filling site and to the east of the national artery No.320. This yard, originally belonged to the Nanshan Forest Farm and being part of the cultivated land, has sloping lands at southern and northern sides with the highest level 23m at the northern side and the highest level 30m at the southern side. This yard has the lowest point with a level of 9.95m, covering an area of about 200mu. According to the design. this yard can have a soil-picking depth of 7m with a capacity of one million cubic meters of earth, and can be utilized until the year of 2015. The soil needed for the covering purpose after that time shall be acquired through either land acquisition or land purchasing as decided according to the city land utilization planning. For the basic information and the location of the soil-picking yard, refer to Table 3-20 and Attached Drawing 7, respectively.
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design InstituLe No. I1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R China 86 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Table 3-20 Basic Information of the proposed soil-picking yard for the No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Names of Space/SoilI soil-picking Position/Distance Present situation volume proposed yard ______Yard inside the In the No.2 Solid Waste 300,000m 3 Secondary, herbaceous plants Landfill site Landfill storage area growing with low coverage Vegetation in good condition
2000m 2km away in 200mu/1,000,00 (mainly mason pine. China Shitang yard Southwest direction Om, fir, bush); good geological conditions with no brooks in this yard
At present, the soil-picking yard inside the No.2 Solid Waste Landfill site has some secondary herbaceous plants growing with very low coverage; the Shitang soil-picking yard, covering an area of 200mu, has 12 families living there who are going to migrate now. The land inside this yard is covered with mountain forest and vegetation, which is dominated by arbors such as mason pine and China fir embellished with a few bushes. The ecological environment there is quite good with no brooks inside. The geological conditions are also favorable for draining the raining water accumulated in the yard, thus ensuring the normal operation of the soil-picking process. The soil-picking process will inevitably bring damages to the ground surface and the original vegetation. That is why restoration works must be carried out after the termination of the picking yard to restore the ecological environment in these areas.
The soil picked up inside the storage area can be transported easily through the roads already established for the No.1 Solid Waste Landfill Site; The soil picked up in Shitang village will be sent out by helmeted vehicles through the national artery No.320 to the No.2 Solid Waste Landfill site. The fiying dust produced during the transportation will not cause significant impact on the neighboring environment.
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design InstitutC No. II 1. Ttanmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 87 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
4 Effects on Environment and Redeeming Measures during Operating Period 4.1 Effects on Surface Water Environment and Redeeming Measures 4.1.1 Analysis of Effects on the Environment of Yanshan River Yanshan River used to be the main sewage receiving river, which belongs to plain water system of Beijing-Hangzhou Canal (Hangzhou section). With small water flow, it is about 22m wide and 2.0 m deep on average. Affected by comprehensive effects such as the water quality of upstream rivers, drainage of Hangzhou Steel Plant and living sewage of neighborhood, Yanshan River's water quality is rather poor. All supervised indexes of water quality have exceeded the limits of V type criteria. The river is seriously polluted. Before March 2001, both treated refuse leachate and untreated liquid of No. 1 Landfill Site have been directly drained into Yanshan River, which directly attributes to water pollution of Yanshan River. Since March 2001, treated leachate of refuse in landfill site has been introduced into main urban sewage pipe and sent to Hangzhou Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant for centralized treatment. When No.2 Landfill Site is put into use, the existed refuse leachate treatment station will be removed and rebuilt. All refuse leachate of No. 1 Landfill Site and No. 2 Landfill Site will be treated in the newly built sewage treatment station with treating capability of 1500m3/d. After the liquid reaches a certain criteria (GB16889-1997 Grade Three Criteria, CODMn <100mg/l), it will be drained into urban sewage network and sent to Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant for centralized treatment. Living sewage in the administration area will also be treated up to certain criteria and drained into urban sewage network. Therefore, refuse leachate's effects on Yanshan River nearby will completely be eliminated. Due to the effects of many factors, the termination of landfill site will slow down the deterioration of water quality of Yanshan River but will not bring about distinct improvement of its water quality. The improvement of water quality depends on Hangzhou Municipal Government's united planning and comprehensive treatment of other sewage sources in the same area.
4.1.2 Effects on the Running of Hangzhou Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant Hangzhou Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant's designed capability is 600,000m 3/d. Treated water shall be up to grade one criteria (GB8978-1996,
CODcr60mg/1 BOD 520mg/1) and drained into Qiantang River. The volumes of
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I1l. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 88 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
refuse leachate and CODcr load being 0.25% and 0.67% of total treating capability of Sibao Sewage Treatment Plant, no great effects will be laid on the running of it as long as refuse leachate treatment station runs normally.
4.1.3 Redeeming Measures for Leachate Pollution 4.1.3.1 Control the Production of Leachate The production of refuse leachate is mainly affected by the rainfall directly falling in landfill site and exposed to refuse . Therefore, the key to controlling the production of leachate is to control the runoff of surface water entering the site. The concentration of leachate is mainly affected by refuse components. The volume of leachate shall be controlled in the cycle of landfill project design, landfill operation process and landfill site's termination. (1) Raking and Diffluence The total water collecting area of the landfill site is 0.85km 2. Flood interception ditches will be set up at the elevations of 90m, 115m, 140m and 165m respectively on both banks. These ditches will connect with water reception grooves on both banks. The total length of flood reception ditches is 7250m. Maximum flood interception area is 0.581km2, accounting for 68.4% of total water collecting area, which can reduce the surface runoff to great extent. As for the arrangement of flood interception ditches, project design and operating management shall be strengthened to prevent rain in flood interception ditches from being polluted by refuse or leachate. otherwise the role of raking and diffluence will not be played well. Furthermore, we find in the on-the-spot investigation of flood interception ditches of No. 1 Landfill Site that there are rupture and displacement with some flood interception ditches. It is suggested in the process of designing and constructing flood interception ditches of No. 2 Landfill Site, correlated geological exploration and construction management shall be further strengthened to assure the quality of flood interception ditches. (2) Strengthening refuse collection, management and selection In recent years, with the improvement of living conditions, the components of living refuse in Hangzhou have changed distinctively and the recyclable components in refuse have increased significantly. It is estimated that the proportion of recyclable components such as paper, cloth, plastic, metal, glass and bamboo in refuse will have been 30% after 2000 and 35% by 205. Therefore, strengthening the management in the process of refuse collection, packing refuse in bags and implementing classified collection of refuse will greatly reduce the
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I I1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill quantity of recyclable components in refuse as well as the concentration of poisonous and harmful substances such as heavy metal in refuse leachate. (3) Strengthening Operating Management Earth backfill plays important roles in leachate operation. It can reduce the emission of smelly gas, prevent the reproduction of flies, facilitate the drainage of surface rainfall on the surface of refuse , and reduce the volume of refuse leachate and load for pollution. Therefore, the earth backfill shall be conducted in time and the source and quantity of filled earth shall be guaranteed. (4) Strengthening the Management of Terninated Landfill Site It usually takes 30-50 years for a terminated landfill site to be stable and cause no further harms. In the process, a great deal of refuse leachate and gases will be given off. Many terminated landfill sites in China are not managed up to certain criterias. They are usually covered with earth only. Such kind of termination mode will cause great harms to the environment nearby. Strengthening the management of terminated landfill site will be essential to the reduction of effects on environment. The refuse leachate of terminated landfill site comes mainly from the surface rainfall. Domestic and overseas concerned researches show that the volume of leachate will reduce greatly by covering the refuse surface with impervious film. The remained leachate will be come from groundwater and the moisture of refuse . Therefore, it is suggested the refuse surface should be covered with impervious film after the termination of No. 1 Landfill Site and No.2 Landfill Site and ecological reconstruction be conducted. This measure will greatly reduce the volume of refuse leachate. 4.1.3.2 Sewage Disposal Measures (1) Plan of Treating Sewage The existed sewage treatment station of No.1 Landfill Site cannot meet the requirements for further sewage treatment. The cubage of the original storage adjusting reservoir is small, which leads to poor adjusting and accumulating of sewage. Sewage is usually drained directly into river during rainstorms. Therefore, strengthening the collecting and treating of refuse leachate is vital to the prevention of the water pollution in landfill site. According to the construction plan, the existed and sewage treatment station wi]l be removed and a tank capable of treating 150,000m3 for the heaviest flood out of 100 years and a sewage treatment station capable of treating 1500m31d sewage every day (the maximum treating ability is 2000m31d) will be built. The concerned
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No Ill. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 90 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
designing parameters are as follows: (D Designed Sewage Quality According to the running experiment in No.1 Landfill Site, sewage adjusting and storage resevoir is capable of not only regulating sewage volume and sewage quality, but also sedimentation, acidification and hydrolyzation. About 50% CODcr, BOD5, TN can be eliminated. The quality of the designed raw sewage and that of sewage in the follow-up constructions via regulating and storage reservoir refer to Table4- 1. Table4-1 Table of quality of the designed raw sewage and that of sewage in the follow-up constructions via regulating and storage reservoir
Item Original Outlet of adjustinig and storage Refuse leachate reservoir pH 6-9 6.7-8.2 CODcr 16000 8000 (mg/I)
BOD5 6000 3000 (mg/l) NH3-N 1600 1000 (mg/l ) SS (mg/l) 400 300
(2 Sewage Treatment Techniques The selection of techniques fully considers the water quality and volume of refuse leachate. After integrating all factors and existed experience in refuse leachate, we decide to choose anaerobic--comprehensive physical and chemical treatment flow. Technical flow refers to Fig. 4-1.
Zhcjiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design InstILtutC No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 91 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
The foundations of selecting sewage treatment techniques are as follows: Firedamp power plant
Water sealed tank
Water from Physical Permu- Floccula UASB and adjusting Opsonic Ol. and tation -tion + ~~~~anaerobi c chemical. and tank reaction reaction tank decornpos storage tank tank ition tank tank
sedimentation tank
To Landfill Sludge concen- Urban sewage tration proposal pipe network In the first class, anaerobic treatment is adopted. The load of unit cubage is high and no energy is consumed. In the process, methane can be produced for the application in methane power plant. At the same time, nitrogen and phosphor can be eliminated; insect eggs and pathogens can be eliminated dramatically. -- Large load impact of water quality and volume can be born by reasonable regulating anaerobic system. -- Total water delay time is shorter than that with other techniques. Operating cost is low. The technique is mature, easy for management and operation. The expected treating effects of all treating procedures refer to Table4-2. Table4-2 Controlling Indexes of Treating Procedures of Each Section of Sewage Treatment Plant unit: mgll Treating Water Anaero- Section of comprehensive procedure intake bic section physical and chemical method CODcr 8000 3200 960 864 Up to criteria
BOD5 3000 1200 360 324 Up to criteria
Q) Main Constructions and Equipment Selection
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 92 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
The refuse leachate in landfill site flows into grid tank via adjusting tank. The water drained out of grid tank is elevated to opsonic tank and water out of opsonic tank is elevated to UASB reaction tank. Filtered water is drained via decomposition tank, permutation reaction tank, flocculation reaction tank and sedimentation tank. When the air temperature is high and anaerobic reaction is good, physical and chemical decomposition tank can be skipped. Biochemical and physical sludge is drained into sludge tank by static pressure and then into sludge concentration machine by pumps. The compressed substance will be sent to landfill site by transportation vehicles. The main constructions of Sewage Treatment Plant of No.2 Landfill Site refer to Table4-3. Table4-3 Table of Main Constructions of Leachate Treatment Plant Order number Name Specification Number Note number I Grid tank V=12 m3 I Underground
2 Opsonic tank cD3.8m*7m l 3 UASB reaction tank V=3025 m3 2 Semi-underground 4 Physical and chemical reaction tank V=2514 m3 2 Semi-underground 5 Permutation reaction tank V=200 m3 I Semi-underground 6 Flocculation reaction tank 65 2 Semi-underground 7 Sedimentation tank cl 12m*3.2m 1 Ground 8 Sludge tank l)4m*2.5m I Underground 9 Accidental blow-down tank cD3m*4m I Semi-underground 10 Sludge compressing room 34 m2 I Comprehensive computer room 156 m I Ground (include chemicals-adding room) 12 Central control building 220 m2 I ( Sewage Drainage The treated sewage is drained into Hangzhou No.3 main sewage pipe through 8km DN300 and DN400 sewage pipes and then into class two sewage treatment plant for further treatment. (2) Analysis and Suggestions on the Feasibility of Leachate Treatment Techniques Refuse leachate is of complicated water quality, changeable water quality
and volume and is non-periodical. High concentrations of CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N and heavy metal, and unbalanced proportion of microbe elements cause difficulties in
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 11l. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. PR. China 93 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
treating leachate. There are no mature and reliable techniques in China yet. In line with the water quality and volume characteristics of refuse leachate, the selection of its treatment techniques shall consider not only the treating effects but also the techniques' adaptability to the changes in water quality and volume. Techniques capable of resisting impact shall be taken into consideration first. Then comprehensive factors including investment, management, operation, land area and operation cost shall also be considered. Anaerobic-comprehensive physical and chemical treatment flow is feasible. Transforming big molecule matter into small molecule matter with anaerobe can further improve the biochemical performance of sewage and consume N, P in sewage. Then the concentration of organic matter in treated sewage will be up to criteria with the comprehensive physical and chemical roles. In anaerobic-comphrensive phycial and chemical treatment flow, anaerobe refers to UASB ( Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ) and comprehensive physical and chemical method is composed of many physical and chemical reactors. UASB mainly breaks down the organic polluted matters in refuse leachate with the help of anaerobe. Anaerobe usually floats treatment constructions in the form of sludge. Complicated organic molecules become various organic acids by the ferment. Some parts of these organic acids are transformed into methane and dioxide by methane bacteria. As a primary treatment system, UASB is rather efficient in eliminating polluted matters and lays foundation for the follow-up treatment techniques. As an anaerobic treatment technique under normal temperature, UASB features high capacity load ratio, eliminating ratio and lost cost. Comprehensive physical and chemical method is to cause a series of physical and chemical reactions of leachate with a series of physical reactors, oxidize and mineralize various organic matters. It includes the following systems: Ultrasonic system: micro air nuclear existed in liquid will cause a dynamic process including vibration, growth, decomposition and combination under the influence of ultrasonic field. The process is a heat insulation process, which centralizing and releasing sonic energy. The process is called ultrasonic cavitation effect. When there is ultrasonic cavitation effect, matters can be divided into cavitation air bubbles, cavitation air bubble surface layer and main liquid state area. Since there are high temperature about 1900-5200K and high pressure over 500atm in air bubbles, non-polar and volatile matters will burn or break down within it. The surface layer of cavitation air bubble is a super liquid state layer circling air state. The super critical state of water causes many organic matters such as benzene.
Zhcjiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. II1i, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 94 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Latndfill
nitrobenzene and hydroxybenzene dissolve in air and water, which improves reaction efficiency. Due to cavitation effect, water vapor will cause pyrogenation and produce lots of -OH. -OH has a high oxidation deoxidization electric level of 3.08V. It can oxidize all organic matters and mineralize them. Ultrasonic wave will accelerate the motion of electrons in the electromagnetic field. When the power of electron is larger than combined power of molecules, chemical bonds between molecules will break and active free radicels will be produced. Active oxygen atom produced by the effect of magnetic field will accelerate the speed of oxidizing and degrading organic matters. Negative oxygen ion reactor: negative oxygen is an intermediate product of separating 05. Hydroxide free radicels with strong oxidation produced in the reaction of negative oxygen ion and water molecule will increase the concentration of liquor oxygen agent, mineralize molecules of polluted matters and cut down operating cost. Discharge in water: When the molecules of polluted matters are attacked by high-speed moving electrons, chemical bonds between molecules will break and form corresponding free radicels. These free radicels will react with dissolved oxygen and other oxygen agents to accelerate the degrading of polluted matters.
Flocculation sedimentation: Add PAM and AL2 (SO 4 ) sedimentation into sedimentation tank. Organic and floating impurities in leachate will be removed by flocculation sedimentation. The technical characteristics of comprehensive physical and chemical method are as follows: (D It has strong adaptability to water quality and environment change and high ability to resist impact load; D The treatment facilities are highly automatic, reliable and easy to operate; It has good treatment effect of leachate with poor biochemical ability and high concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen; (0) Sludge is of strong stability, low viscidity, good sedimentation performance and easy treatment. No. 1 Landfill Site Sewage Treatment Plant made a trial operation during 2001-2002. The technical flow is as follows: leachate-primary decomposition tank - primary reaction tank - primary sedimentation tank - secondary decomposition tank-secondary reaction tank- secondary sedimentation tank and permutation tank-drainage. The concentration of COD is about 654-8994mg/L in the introduced water and about 100 mg/L in the drained water. The rate of eliminating COD is 99%. The rates of eliminating other matters are all over 90%.
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. II1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 95 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Except NH3-N is up to class two drainage criteria, other indexes are all up to class one drainage critenra. To further prove the feasibility of the technical flow, an intermediate trail operation was conducted in 2002. The results of experiment refer to Table4-4. Table 4-4 Report of Intermediate Experiment with " anaerobic + comprehensive phvsical and chemical" method (unit: mg/L) Treated with Treated with Pollutants' Water before Water from Total chemrical physical indexes treatment sludge tank decreased rate method method pH 7.7-8.02 7.85-7.92 8.19-8.31 7.7-8.14 COD 3869-6468 656-950 576-692 310-430 92 BOD 1195-2630 93-116 64 29 98 SS 30-244 47-150 36-104 0-102 62
NH3 -N 751-1013 664-790 652-660 600-625 26
The difference in temperatures in summer and winter in Hangzhou is great. The maximum temperature is 37°Cand the minimum is -7°C. To know about the adaptability of the techniques in different temperatures, deepening intermediate experiment during 2002 October and 2003 January. The results of the experiment refer to Table4-5. Table4-5 Report of Deepening Intermediate Experiment with "anaerobic+ comprehensive physical and chemical" method (unit: mg/L) Treated with Treated with Total Pollutants' Water before Water from chemical physical decreased indexes treatment sludge tank method method rate pH 7.7-8.02 7.85-7.92 8.19-8.31 7.7-8.14 COD 4168-8252 3442-6533 2008-2692 785-1072 87 BOD 1860-2957 693-1132 332-480 89 97 SS 80-314 60-195 36-116 10-97 69
NHI3 -N 921-1413 694-850 565-760 510-725 48
Seen from the above intermediate experiments, the rate of eliminating polluted matters in winter is only 20-40% with the method of biochemical method but 65-85% with physical and chemical method. No matter in winter or in summer, the indexes of water drained out of sedimentation tank are up to Class Three drainage criteria, i.e., COD < 1000 mglL and BOD < 600 mg/L. Therefore,
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 11l, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 96 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
anaerobic-comprehensive physical and chemical method is feasible. Given the special characteristics of refuse leachate, we think that the following problems shall be noticed in treating refuse liquid: (0 Given the poor water interception effect of flood interception ditches and factors including treatment ability, storage volume of storage tank, water quality and etc., it is suggested that the volume of storage tank shall be improved to 150,000m3 ; (© Since refuse leachate is an organic sewage with high concentration, primary experiment in lab and intermediate experiment on the spot shall be conducted to attain reasonable technical design and operating parameters; ® With the prolonging refuse fill time, the biochemical ability of sewage will reduce significantly. The original technical parameters can't meet the requirement for new water quality. The parameters shall be adjusted in the treatment process to maintain good treatment effect; O Strengthening raking and diffluence and reduce the volume of refuse leachate to reduce the impact load. Meanwhile, too much intercepted water will cause great change in water quality, increase impact load and finally affect quality of final water; (:) Analyzed from the experience of No.1 Landfill Site, leachate collecting tank and storage tank play great roles in stabilizing water quality and reducing
pollution load. The rates of eliminating will be CODcr, BOD5 and TNabout are 50%. The storage role of storage tank shall be attached great importance and sewage shall stay in the tank for a long period of time to reduce the final pollution load; ® Domestic and overseas researches indicate that compared with physical and chemical method and biochemical method, backfilling method can better adapt to the changes in the quality and volume of leachate, and is a method with low investment and low operation cost. It is suggested that the backfill treatment of refuse leachate shall be conducted on the basis of chemical treatment techniques, which will reduce sewage load significantly and improve the effect of follow-up treatment; T In case of malfunction of part or full treatment system, leachate can be stored in storage tank or urgent storage tank. The system shall be repaired immediately. Sewage shall not be drained into urban sewage pipes directly; ® Where there is strong rainstorm, or volume of leachate is over capacity of storage tank, or the safety of storage tank and interception dams is under threat, the refuse leachate shall be treated properly with the help of local concerned departments.
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Prolection Science Dcsign Institute No. II1 Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 97 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
4.1.4 Retarding Measures for Living Sewage and Production Sewage
The main polluted matters such as SS, COD, BOD5 and oil in living sewage will increase the contents of suspension matters and oil in water and affect groundwater quality. If the volume of living and production sewage is small, they can be drained into urban sewage pipes after mixing with refuse leachate.
4.1.5 Retarding Measures for Sludge Pollution in Sewage Treatment Station Sludge is treated with HDYT-1000 type "integrated concentration and dewatering" device. According to the designed and predicated rate of eliminating sludge, the total sludge before treatment isl6m3 /d (ratio of water content is 98%) and after treatment is1.2 m3/d (ratio of water content is 98%). Condensed sludge cake is delivered to landfill site by spiral vehicles. The quality of sludge filled is less than 0.1% total quantity of filled refuse . The sludge will not affect the refuse filling flow and outer environment.
4.2 Prediction and Evaluation of Groundwater Environment 4.2.1 Main Effect Factors According to predication, after the operation of No. 2 Landfill Site, daily volume of leachate will be 150Gm3. The liquid is organic sewage with high concentration and composed of harmful matters, bacteria. It is possible that it will flow underground and pollute groundwater. According to concerned geological exploration report, there are three underground sources nearby including Nanwu, Furiwu and Qinglongwu. The exploration proves that the three water source are independent ruptured abundant water belts. There is no hydraulic relationship among them. Therefore, refuse leachate will mainly affect the quality of Qinglongwu water source and will not affect other two water sources. According to the osmotic means of polluted matters and pollution preventive performance of ground, landfill areas can be divided into two parts: Quaternary system coverage area with horizontal osmotic runoff and strong pollution preventive ability, bared stone area with vertical osmotic runoff and weak pollution preventive ability. Phreatic water containing layer has strong penetration ability and is directly supplied with rainfall. The refuse sewage and refuse lost in the delivery will cause the pollution of phreatic water. In the geological exploration of the site, there
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. II1, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 98 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
are 13 pieces of faultage. And 2 of them (Fl, F2) play decisive roles in the geological and hydrological conditions. F2 faultage controls the developing direction of Qinglongwu Valley. The faultage goes through the whole leachate site. It is 1.5km long in the site and most of it is covered with Quaternary system area. The thickness of faultage and its companied gravel belt is 2.2-12.70m. It is a tensioned faultage with water conduction condition. According to concerned tests, pervasion parameter within F2 faultage is 3.1 X 10- cm/s and that of affected belt is 1 cmns, much higher than 10-7 cM/s specified in "Urban Living Leachate Technical Criteria" (CJJ17-88). Therefore, F2 faultage has strong water conduction ability and leachate
can easily polluted groundwater through it. Although faultage F,, F3 and F4 belongs to tensioned ones with poor water conduction ability, they are cut by tensioned
faultage F2, F5 and F6, which facilitates the storage and transportation of groundwater. Therefore, the leachate from No. 2 Landfill Site will have certain effects on groundwater and the pervasion paths do exist. The results of pervasion performance conducted by Zhejiang Provincial Exploration Academy indicate that the site is with strong pervasion ability. Except for the part deeper than 40m and K<1.OxlO17crn/s, the pervasion parameters of other parts of the site are all over 1.0xlO17cm/s, which can't meet the requirement for natural pervasion resistance. Reliable artificial pervasion resistance measures shall be adopted.
4.2.2 Retarding Measures (1 ) After the experts' argumentation, we decide to adopt plan combining vertical cement curtain grouting and horizontal paving pervasion control. The surface structure of refuse slope is a layer of compressed clay not less than 450mm thick. Level off the slope, pave double surface gassed earth cloth (400g/m2 ), HDPE film (2.0mm), farming earth layer (400mm) and plant surface plants. The impervious layer of the bottom of landfill site is compound GCL alta-mud liner (6mm alta-mud at the top and Imm HDPE 2 film at the bottom), HDPE film (2.0mm), earth cloth (300g/m ) , clay protective layer (30cm), earth cloth (200g/m 2 )and gravel water conduction layer(40cm, diameter is 32- 64mm) . The impervious layer of side slope of landfill site is alta-mud liner (6mm), HDPE film (2.0mm), black earth cloth (600g/m2 when the predicated filling height is over 60m elevation and 400g/m2 for other parts) and bagged earth protective layer. Single -line grouting holes are set up under the refuse dam of No. 2 Landfill Site as vertical cement curtain. The bottom impervious structure of leachate storage tank is leveled foundation layer, 250g/m2 earth cloth, I.Omm thick HDPE filem, GCL alta-mud
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Proteclion Science Design Institute No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 99 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill layer, 2.0mm thick HDPE filem, 800 g/m2 earth cloth and 15cm thick C15 concrete protection layer. The impervious structure of side slope of leachate storage tank is leveled layer, 400 g/m2 earth cloth, 2.0mm thick HDPE film, 250g/m2 earth cloth and WYC- 150 concrete protection layer. In such way, the groundwater will not be polluted. (2) The pervasion of rain and groundwater and decomposition of refuse cause much leachate. Too much leachate will affect the landfill operation, site safety and groundwater quality. According to the project plan, there will be a drainage system consisting of branch blind ditches and vertical wells. Transverse water conduction blind ditch system is set every 25m elevation to drain leachate into storage tanks. To sum up, the effects of leachate of No. 2 Landfill Site on the pollution of groundwater are as follows: (1) The pervasion and displacement of refuse leachate will cause pollution in Qinglongwu water source. It will not pollute Nanwu and Furiwu water sources in normal conditions.
(2) Due to faultage. joint development, F2 faultage's existence in the whole site and good pervasion performance, refuse leachate will pollute the groundwater in the site via quaternary system coverage. It is necessary to adopt feasible artificial pervasion control measures to prevent groundwater from being polluted.
4.3 Filled Exhaust Gas's Effects on Environment and Retarding Measures 4.3.1 Predicating Mode Exhaust gas is mainly produced by the organic matters decomposed by microbe. The main polluted matters in exhaust gas are CH4 and CO2 , accounting for 99.5%-99.9% the whole exhaust gas. Poisonous and smelly substances such as H2S and NH3 account for 0.2-0.4%. The mode of giving off exhaust gas in landfill site is typical surface source pollution, therefore surface source pervasion mode shall be adopted:
2 Q _ He C(V,y,°)=yc -- + , ] ml&ff ~~~25 2ff
The principle is to simplify it a equivalent spot source with initial differencesca yo and a zO. The pervasion parameters are decided by the following formulas: o0 yo +r(y+yl)
0 z zZO +r2( X +X2) a n and CY o are usually decided according to experience,
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I 1, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 100 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
i.e.,
a y0=IU4.3 a 0o=H/2.15 L is the side length of surface source. H is the average height of all scattered sources. X, and X, are empty source distances, whose values can be got through the reverse deduction of pervasion parameter formula, i.e.,
X z (Uz./r 2 )a2
4.3.2 Analysis of Pollution Weather Characteristics To evaluate the pollution weather characteristics, we have collected daily data of 4 wind directions, wind speeds and wind quantities during 1998-2000 issued by Hangzhou Municipal observatory. We adopt Pasquill stability classification method to conduct the statistics of concerned weather characteristics in the area. (1) Ground Wind Direction Frequency Table4-6 is a Tableof wind direction frequencies in four seasons and in the whole year during 1998-2000 issued by Hangzhou Municipal observatory. Table 4-2 is on corresponding wind direction frequency. Seen from the Table and figure, in January, the frequency of N wind, 17.20% is the highest; the frequencies of NNW wind and NW wind come in the second, 16.67% and 12.9 respectively; In April, the frequency of SSW wind, 13.61% comes in the first and that of S wind, 9.44% comes in the second; In July. the frequency of SSW wind, 23.39% comes in the first and that of S wind, 10.48% comes in the second. In October, the frequency of N wind, 15.32% comes in the first and those of NNW wind and NW wind, 13.17% and 12.63% comes in the second. In the whole year, dominant wind direction is SSW wind, 12.71%, NNW wind comes in the second, 10.34%.
Zhcjiang Provincial Environmcntal Protection Science Design Institute No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 101 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Table4-6 The Frequencies (%) of All Wind Directions in Hangzhou City (1998-2000) Wind direction January April July October One year
C 4.56 3.62 2.69 6,45 4.77 N 17.20 7.50 2.69 15.32 10.52 NNE 6.18 6.11 2.15 6.99 5.13
NE 4.30 5.83 4.84 8.87 5.89
ENE 5.11 8.89 9.14 5.38 6.66 E 5.38 6.39 8.33 5.38 5.80 ESE 4.30 6.67 5.91 6.99 6.26
SE 2.96 2.50 3.49 0.81 2.56 SSE 2.42 6.67 7.26 2.42 4.38
S 3.49 9.44 10.48 3.76 6.87 SSW 6.18 13.61 23.39 4.84 12.71
SW 3.23 3.33 9.14 1.88 4.36 WSW 0.81 1.94 2.42 0.27 1.41
W 1.08 0.83 0.81 0.81 1.12 WNW 3.23 1.67 1.88 4.03 3.10 NW 12.90 6.11 2.42 12.63 8.10
NNW 16.67 8.89 2.96 13.17 10.34
(2) Average Wind Speed Table4-7 shows the average wind speeds in four seasons and the whole year. Table 4-3 is corresponding Table of wind direction frequency. In January, the average wind speed of N wind. 3.18m/s, is the largest, that of SSE wind, 0.77rn/s, is the smallest, average omnidirectional wind speed is 2.05mns; In April, the average wind speed of N wind, 2.67m/s, is the largest, average omnidirectional wind speed is 2.09m/s; In July, the average wind speed of E wind, 2.53m/s, is the largest, average
omnidirectional wind speed is 2.07m/s; In October, the average wind speed of NNE wind, 2.62m/s, is the largest, that of SE wind, 0.30m/s, is the smallest, average omnidirectional wind speed is 1.74m/s; In the whole year, the average wind speed of N wind, 2.76m/s, is the largest, that of W wind, 1.14m/s, is the smallest, average
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Scicnce Design Institute No. II1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 102 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
omnidirectional wind speed is 1.95m/s Table4-7 Average Speed of All Wind Directions in Hangzhou City (1998-2000) Unit: mis Wind direction January April July October One year N 3.18 2.67 1.27 2.54 2.76 NNE 2.74 2.02 2.13 2.62 2.59 NE 1.88 2.30 2.07 2.02 2.17 ENE 1.58 2.46 2.32 2.18 2.33 E 1.83 2.06 2.53 1.86 2.07 ESE 1.74 1.84 1.94 1.53 1.70 SE 1.22 1.40 1.64 0.30 1.37 SSE 0.77 1.93 1.81 0.50 1.57 S 1.36 1.78 2.18 1.08 1.59 SSW 1.40 2.31 2.39 1.93 2.11 SW 1.11 1.95 2.16 0.69 1.78 WSW 0.87 1.60 1.96 0.70 1.50 W 1.33 0.63 1.00 0.90 1.14 WNW 1.69 1.90 2.10 1.04 1.51 NW 2.02 2.29 1.44 1.54 1.70 NNW 2.63 2.66 1.77 1.93 2.35 C 2.05 2.09 2.07 1.74 1.95
(3) Pollution Parameters When deciding pollution parameters, wind direction and wind speed are taken into account, which indicate the pollution situation under leeward. The greater is the pollution parameter of a certain wind direction, the greater the pollution degree in the position is. To facilitate comparison, we use pollution parameter percentage to indicate the ratio of pollution degree. The formula is as follow:
S 16,6fi/ i x 100 %
i /itI
In the formula: Si indicates the pollution parameter of i wind direction (%); fi indicates the frequency of i wind direction (%); ui indicates the average speed of i wind direction (m/s).
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 11l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 103 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Table4-8 is a statistic Table of pollution parameters of all wind directions in four seasons and the whole year. Table 4-4 is corresponding rose Table of pollution parameters. In January, the pollution parameter of NW wind is the largest (12.66%); In April, that of SSW wind is the largest (12.73%); In July, that of SSW wind is the largest (20.82%); In October, that of NW wind is the largest (13.97%); In the whole year, that of SSW wind is the largest (12.43%) and that of NW wind comes in the second (9.83%). Fig4-8 Pollution Coefficient of All Wind Directions in Hangzhou City (%) (1998-2000) Wind direction January April July October One year N 10.72 6.07 4.51 10.14 7.87 NNE 4.47 6.54 2.15 4.49 4.09 NE 4.53 5.48 4.97 7.39 5.60 ENE 6.41 7.81 8.38 4.15 5.90 E 5.83 6.70 7.01 4.86 5.78 ESE 4.90 7.83 6.48 7.68 7.62 SE 4.81 3.86 4.53 4.54 3.86 SSE 6.23 7.47 8.53 8.14 5.76 S 5.09 11.46 10.23 5.86 8.92 SSW 8.75 12.73 20.82 4.22 12.43 SW 5.77 3.69 9.00 4.58 5.06 WSW 1.85 2.62 2.63 0.65 1.94 w 1.61 2.85 1.72 1.51 2.03 WNW 3.79 1.90 1.90 6.52 4.24 NW 12.66 5.77 3.58 13.97 9.83 NNW 12.57 7.22 3.56 11.48 9.08
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Scicnce Design Institute No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 104 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NNW,.-, NNE NNWM-. N NW'9 , < " sNE NW , ;.,"NE
S S WSW " ,±J J5WSW ESE P l 1 ,MESE
SW ' ,/ -- X ,'SE |SW '. ,,'SE SSW--- ,-- SE SS ----S__ SSE -,q ,*Mt2 DSm/s ,, i2D9s
NNW-, -- ,- .NNEM NNW. ..--. .,NN
WNW ,E /"NE |WNW ,' sNE E Ae W~~~~~~~~~~~N\
WS SE WS ;l SE
WSW , - , 'ESE W SW '., 'ESE
__ _ -tZfl1_ _~~___tJiJ2JJ7ns _ _ _I_ I _ _ +f _ ,+tW1.74n's______
NNW,,.. NNE NW ,- 1 .95 NE
S~~~~~S
W.No , T Ea R H R Chin
WSW t Xz ,'ESE VirNW Zejag roicilEnKrnEnaPrtcinSeceDsgIsite SW ./ X,'S SSW' ~-~SSE
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I111, Tianmushan Road, Flangzhou, P.R. China 105 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill
Fig. 4-3 Rose figure of Ground Wind Speed in Hangzhou City
NNW,NNE .-- >, ~NNW ------NNE NW , XNENW N
MrNW I wNW E WSW , 'E,' SE | W SW ,' SE -. E E~~~~~~N SSW S~~--- SSE SW~-~ SSE
NNW,_. NNE |NNW, N NNE NW , NE'. N .W" ,'0 SW SW SE +, ,It1.74mfs tflYd,2fi127m'sNNW ----- "NMS |S*~I ;- S N~~N NMF,- N I whNW/ , - rv wsw W _ ? E Rls Ws^r ^ ,' 'ESE S, / .SE tSr ,+ 195f1 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Fig 4-4 Rose figure of Ground Pollution Parameters in Hangzhou City (4) Atmosphere Stability Atmosphere stability is an important parameter to indicate the transference and pervasion of polluted matters. The frequencies of all stabilities refer to Table4-9. Seen from the figure, the atmosphere knot in the area is mainly D class, whose occurrence frequency is 46.12%, E class 16.56% andAclass 1.73%. Table4-9 Frequencies of All Stabilities in Hangzhou City (%) (1998-2000) Stability A B C D E F Spring 2.63 11.32 11.33 47.37 17.48 9.87 Summer 2.45 14.22 11.59 42.48 16.39 12.86 Autumn 1.74 12.55 6.95 46.06 14.47 18.22 Winter 0.09 7.20 7.66 48.62 17.90 18.54 Over one year 1.73 11.34 9.40 46.12 16.56 14.85 4.3.3 Pervasion Parameters No.2 Landfill Site is located in the Qinglongwu Valley of Tianzi Mountain. It is circled with mountains in three directions. The mouth of it is about 2 km long and 70-400m wide. Due to the great changes in mountain atmosphere and irregular changes in wind, temperature and current field, the rule of delivering and diffusing is different from that of plain. The air current in the valley flows in along the valley direction, i.e., the wind direction is either west or east. According to the on-the-spot exploration and weather statistic data, the pervasion ability in the area is mainly neutral. There is no sensitive spot within 900m around the landfill site. Therefore, we choose the pollution matters pervasion conditions at the different speeds of ESE wind. The detailed parameters refer to Table4-10. Table4- 10 Predicated Atmosphere Pollution Parameters. Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P R. China 107 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Wind direction I Max. wind speed(mVs) Average wind speed(mns) Static w.ind(rns) ESE 4.1 3.5 <0.5 4.3.4 Forecast Results According to the above parameters and forecast mode, the computing results refer to Table4-1la-4-llb (concentration unit is mg/i 3) and Table 4-5 -4-10 Table4-11a H2 S Ground Superimposed Concentration under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction Different wind speed Max. wind speed Average wind speed Static wind Living area of 0.0036 0.0042 0.0093 administration station Residential area in the 0.0109 0.0128 0.0225 west of Linban Highway I I North plant boundary 0.0004 0.0005 0.0028 Table4-1 lb NH3 Ground Superimposed Concentration under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction Different wind speed Max. wind speed Average wind speed Static wind Living area of 0.0018 0.0021 0.0047 administration station Residential area in the west 0.0054 0.0064 0.0113 of Linban Highway North plant boundary 0.0002 0.0002 0.0014 The forecast results indicate that under D class stability and ESE wind direction, the 3 maximum ground concentration of H2 S at the maximum wind speed is 0.0149 mg/m , 0.0175 mg/m3 at average wind speed and 0.0583 mg/m3 when it is static wind. And under D class stability and ESE wind direction, the maximum ground 3 3 concentration of NH3 at the maximum wind speed is 0.0075 mg/m , 0.0087 mg/i at average wind speed and 0.0292 mg/m3 when it is static wind. Seen from the above analysis, the maximum concentration of is 0.0583mg/Nm3 and that of is 0.0292mg/Nm3 , which don't excel the boundary criteria. Since there is no residential area within 900m around the plant, it will not affect the residential area. 4.3.5 Sanitation Preventive Distance According to the concerned regulations in "Technical Methods for Regional Atmosphere Polluted Matters Draining Criteria"(GB/T13201-91), the sanitation Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 108 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill preventive distance of unorganized source can be decided by the following formula: Q = (BLC +0.25r2 ) LD C, A In the formula: Q, quantity of unorganized emitted polluted matters, kg/h; 3 C,11 limit of criteria concentration of polluted matters, mg/m ; L sanitation preventive distance, m; r- equivalent semidiameter of production unit, m; A, B, C, D-calculating parameters, inquired from GB/T13201-91. In line with the strong emission source of gas in No. 2 Landfill Site, corresponding environment criterias, local weather data and the sanitation preventive principles specified in GB/T13201-91, the sanitation preventive distance for H2S is not less than 550m, that for N1H3 is not less than 50m. Therefore, designed sanitation preventive distance is 600m, within this range, there are no dwellers and other sensitive facilities. CD ______ CD _D 0. 007-O. OOS 1.05E06 .~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( 005Boo-o. OO8 7.07E05 - X 1i)2.49OOE-02: , C, 0.00/\faOOOOE+000 D \ 1,0775E-03 Ln x 10.00XIO. O .00 cm 1 O _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~4--7sIlFrœ 5--VIJFR oD 1 -- gi CD- -o I I I I I I I_ '-2000 -150) -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Zhcjiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. I1,Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 109 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Fig 4-5 Figure of H2S Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction at the Maximum Wind Speed CD C- O: I I I?im I IE I CD 0.002-0.005 1.05E06 5. 79E05 4- o0.005-0.008 2 _ 0.008-0.011 5. 94E05 °"0,2 0.011-0.014 3. 09E05 o 1. o- n " Y _ 0.014-0.017 40E05 4. 93E03 - 0.11V8 °O d 0.017-0.018 > \ >O~~~~~~~~~~~~.018 0. OOEOO 1.7500E-02 onoD \'J An2tfikt faF 0. 0000E+00 \-5 \ > §| j +t1SJf: 1.2620E-03 QOs-,f j Xx T: 10.00) x10.00 cm o- 4 El 1:_0LR 1: 40, 000 4 CD LI? EA o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --I__*<&$2%OIU] C 4--it&iJVW So _ 1 --IA±i Ll I I I I I I I_ '-2000c<- -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design lnsitiute No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 110 Fig 4-6 Figure of H2S Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction at the Average Wind Speed I I I I ~No- I 0.002-0.005 1.05EO6 0.005-0.008 5.79E 5 1e 10.008-0.011 5 94E05 O - 0.011-0.014 3.09E05 o~ ______\_ 0.014-0.017 1.40E05 - O.ojJ8 0.017-0.018 4.93E03 _0.018 0.OOE00 o - \ ( 2 1.7500E-02 0\014 \i'J\: O.OOOE+00 \ 5it 1.2620E-03 -P 0r-4r,-<- m: . 10.0 X 10.00 cm CD- 0if bS]R 1: 40,000 "9 1* <=>~ - ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1-II~OIs.. 5--4t4dF-t5 g,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ --ieiAilf -I I I I I I I _ -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Fig. 4-7 Figure of H2S Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction with Static Wind O C:,~~~~ Il I Sx I w~~~I n- _0.001-0.002 7.94E05 _0002-0.003 4. 73E05 0.003-0.004 4 82E5- 80o0040.005 3. 87EO5 O °o_ o0.005-0.0062. 5 T 19E05 _ r~~~~~-----~~~~~~~~-__ O.~~0.006-0. 007 1.24E05 0.007-0.008 1.24E05 CD > , _ >I0.00E 00 4D-\\ \ i° 006 \ R _ q)Hfil 7.5000E-03 <\\= JX \1 5 $0298a: 0.0000E+00 lTIJ:VA: 5.3896E-04 >o- 001 - b A x 10 QOX 10.00 cm 4 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ LLSIJ~ 4~ _ C>- 4-10AiFN 5-- ,T-RIF, '-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Fig 4-8 Fig of NH3 Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction at the Maximum Wind Speed A- , C°>-0_ O.001-0.003 1.26E06 4 ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ro 03-0.005 8. 04EO5 _0.005-0.007 4.67E05 oD 0.007-0.009 1.48E05 0.003 _0.009-0.01 0 OOEOO \0.01 0. OOEO f , : 8.7000E-03 o - /-Onn: 0.OOOOE+00 4r .vOt\ A 9 \ ;Xt62: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6.31 11 E-04 5 ~X s xcJ it: i0OOX 10.00 cm E4 b/+ x ddLNR:1: 40, 000 - 0.00 1 ______4 L9 1~~~~~~~~~~~~--ltPSi5 LI? O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3--:tAljri O _ l I I I I I -g + '-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 10O00 1500 2000 C'. Fig 4-9 Figure of NH3 Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction at the Average Wind Speed oI I I I I I I o ,_-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-_ O.~~0025-0.03 2.55E04 r \ >0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.03O. OOEOO o ( ~~~~~~~~3 i2;A| : 2. 9200E-02 o i - A X _~~~~~~~~~~~~~'J(i> a. 00OOE+OO ' 2000-0 -0 -0 t 0 . O2X 10.00X10.00 cm o _ \ t / t 13 _ tS@lR:~~~~~~~1I1: 40,000 O_? Il l I I . 0_ 3--ib 12J6E 4°r- _~~~~~~ '-2000 -1 500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Fig 4-10 Fig of NH3 Concentration Distribution under D Class Stability and ESE Wind Direction with Static Wind 4.3.6 Retarding Measures (1) Improve the efficiency of exhaust gas collecting system, ensure the airproof performance of earth covered on the refuse surface. When the refuse pile is up to filled elevation, the surface shall be covered with earth cloth and HDPE film to isolate air, avoid the formation of aerobic environment and reduce the quantity of unorganized emitted exhaust gas. 2MW exhaust gas generators and collecting system will be equipped at the primary stage of No.2 Landfill Site. The efficiency of gas collecting system is 70%. Uncollected exhaust gas will be given off in the form of surface source. (2) The volume of exhaust gas in the landfill site is large. The main substances includingCH4 and CO2 account for 99.5%-99.9%. CI-4 is a flammable and explosive gas. When its concentration reaches 5%-15%, it will cause explosion. Construction unit shall pay attention to the preventive measures of explosive gases. For example, install round-clock methane gas automatic supervision alarm instrument and etc. (3) Environment supervision station shall conduct routine supervision of smelly substances and TSP. If there is anything abnormal, it shall respond to concerned information and check the operation situations of exhaust gas collecting system to assure the criterias of emitted smelly polluted substances. (4) To prevent refuse with lightweight scattered by wind, such kind of refuse shall be covered with earth as soon as it is filled. Constantly spray water to avoid dust. Increase a tank car (altogether 2 with the existed one) (5) Sanitation preventive distance of planned project is decided in line with the mode specified in "Technical Methods for Regional Atmosphere Polluted Matters Draining Criteria"(GB/T13201-91). The sanitation preventive distance for H2S is not less than 550m. that for NH3 is not less than 50m. Therefore, designed sanitation preventive distance is 600m. Within the sanitation preventive distance, plants with certain width shall be planted to reduce smelly gases' effect on environment nearby. When conducting operation in landfill site, each operation unit shall be covered with earth daily. 4.4 Noise's Effects on Environment and Retarding Measures 4.4.1 Background Noise No. 2 Landfill Site is located in the valley of Tianzi Mountain and is circled with Zhejiang Provincial En\ironmental Protection Science Design Institute No. III Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 2 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill mountains in three directions except northwest. The noise is mainly from the mechanical noise when filling refuse . According to the noise classification specified in Hangzhou "Urban Area Environment Noise Criterias" (GB3096-93), the area belongs to Class 2 area. According to on-the-spot supervision, the noise in the daytime in the area ranges from 48-65 dB (A). The major noise sources are refuse transporting vehicles and running machines. The noise in most area is about 5OdB(A). Therefore, the noise in the most areas of landfill site is lower than corresponding national criterias except transporting vehicles. 4.4.2 Effects Forecast and Retarding Measures After the construction of Hangzhou No. 2 Landfill Site, it will receive 2605t/d refuse. The volume of transported refuse will increase greatly. The noise of vehicles and machines will be greater and lasts longer. Since the site is circled by mountains in three directions, the noise within the plant boundary can be controlled within Class 2 criterias specified in "Noise Criterias of Industrial Enterprises" (GB12348-90). To protect the health of working staff in the site, improve sound environment quality, construction unit shall adopt active measures to control noises. If it is permitted within economic conditions, equipment shall be replaced in time and machines with low noises shall be chosen. 4.5 Ecological Effects and Retarding Measures 4.5.1 Ecological Effects of Exhaust Gas Although most gas is collected for generating power, there is still certain quantity of smelly gas emitted in the air, which affects the living quality of creatures in the area to a certain extent. The emission of methane causes greenhouse effect and increases the air temperature in the world. Warming-up weather will cause more disaster weather and negative effects on man and creatures. Each layer of refuse shall be covered with earth in time. Reliable gas collecting system shall be paved to assure that over 70% exhaust gas is used for generating power. 4.5.2 Ecological Effects of Dust and Noise' Noise from filling machines brings about negative effects on personnel and creatures in the landfill site. The lightweight substances such as plastic, waste paper, dust and ash caused by earth filling and transporting will all bring about negative effects on the normal growth of plants in the area. Some polluted substances will also brought to non-landfill area to cause new pollution. Water shall be sprayed on all roads and operating surfaces. In clear days, water shall be sprayed 3-4 times every day. A new tank car (altogether two with the existed one) shall be increased to Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protcction Science Design Institutc No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 3 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill effectively control the pollution of dust and smelly gas. 4.5.3 Ecological Effects of Leachate Leachate is drained into Sibao Urban Sewage Treatment Plant for comprehensive treatment after it is pretreated and reaches class 3 drainage criteria of "Household Refuse Filling and Burying Pollution Control Standard", which on one hand reduce the difficulty and cost in treating leachate and on the other hand will not affect the treating effects of urban sewage plant. The characteristics of leachate rich in nitrogen and scarce in phosphorous element can complement urban sewage and facilitate the treatment of urban sewage. 4.5.4 Ecological Effects in Earth Source Area 4.5.4.1 Earth Source Distribution and Earth Collecting Plan The covering earth needed in landfill site mainly comes from the earth (about 300,000 mi3 ) within the landfill site and building refuse. Extra earth source nearby is also needed. According to exploration and planning, earth source site is located in the southwest of landfill site, 2km far away from it and in the east side of 320 state highway. The site is a part of Nanshan Forestry center and farming land. The south and north sides of the site are hillsides. The highest elevation in the north is 23m and in the south is 30m. The lowest elevation is 9.95m. The land area is about 200mu (13.33 ha). The designed earth collecting depth is 7m and volume of earth is about 1,000,000 mi3 . The earth can be used until 2015. The land for earth at the later stage of the landfill site shall be expropriated or purchased. 4.5.4.2 Ecological Effects of Earth Collecting and Delivering and Retarding Measures The covering earth needed in landfill site mainly comes from the earth (about 300,000 mi3 ) within the landfill site and building refuse. Extra earth source nearby is also needed. According to exploration and planning, earth source site is located in the southwest of landfill site. The site is a part of Nanshan Forestry center and farming land. The estimated quantity of earth is about 1,000,000 m3 . The excavation of earth in the earth source site will destroy about 200mu (13.33 ha) surface structure and eliminate the existed plants. Meanwhile, earth excavation will destroy the complete or compact structure of the original earth and form fine and scattered earth material, which will cause soil erosion under the effects of rainfall and gravity. Certain protective measures shall be adopted to reduce the ecological environment effects in the area. (1) Earth collecting site shall be excavated and protected blocks by blocks. Excavation and management shall be conducted at the same time. Zhcjiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institutc No. I1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R China 4 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill (2) In the process of earth collecting, protective measures such as provisional bars shall be adopted and quantity of cultivated earth shall be controlled strictly. Conduct necessary maintenance of the excavated earth. (3) After the completing of collecting earth, plants shall be planted immediately. Grasses such as Bermuda grass, aneurolpidium Chinese, lespedeza for the grassland can be chosen. 4.5.5 Landfill Area's Comprehensive Effects on Ecology 4.5.5.1 Comprehensive Ecological Effects The filling of refuse will destroy all plants in the area, reduce plant area and ecological regulating ability and increase draught and flood. The soil erosion will affect the stability of refuse piles, increase sand and pollution in the rivers down stream of Qinglongwu and affect the quality of ecological environment. There are many plants around the landfill site, which hinders the diffusion of exhaust gases and reduces the noises. Since the valley is an independent hydrological unit and watershed of surface water and groundwater is consistent, the water systems in other valleys will not be affected. There are no other villages and residents except for the staff of Tianzi Mountain Landfill Site. The effects on citizens are small. 4.5.5.2 Comprehensive Ecological Protection Measures in Landfill Area Evergreen arbors and bushes will be planted in the down stream of sewage adjusting tank and around the sewage treatment station to form an isolation forest belt with powerful ecological functions. Green plants shall be able to resist or absorb smelly gases such as H2S and NH3, and eliminate dust and reduce noise. After finishing a layer of refuse, ecological restoration of earth shall be started immediately. According to different plants' adaptability to refuse piles, high ecological plants shall be cultivated. The experiments on different plants in No. l Landfill Site indicate that different species of plants have different effects on controlling soil erosion on the surface of refuse piles. The planting of 8 species plants in three groups including lawn, flower and bamboo indicate that the adaptability of plant growth is consistent to its role of controlling soil erosion and surface runoff, i.e., lawn>flower>bamboo. The plants' roles in stabilizing refuse piles are ranked as follows: bamboo>lawn>flower. The experiments show that the accumulated water in water collecting jar under grass is little and the water is clear. The water in the jar under bared earth surface is muddy and volume of accumulated water is 2 times that under grass. It indicates that lawn plays distinct role in controlling soil erosion and surface runoff. Flowers planted by cuttage grow fast and develop many roots in a short period, Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. Ill, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 5 Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill which facilitates the control of surface runoff and soil erosion and stabilization of refuse piles. Their survival rates are much lower than those of plants grown out of seeds. Their poor adaptability is a restrictive factor. The roots of flowers can also facilitate the decomposition of organic matters in refuse, absorption of leachate and reduction of pile volume and leachate (as Table 4-12). Table4-12 Flower's Role in Reducing Refuse Pile and Absorbing Leachate Flower Reduced refuse volume % Reduced leachate % Canna 18.4 67.4 Yellow day lily 16.7 55.3 Dianthus chinesis 12.3 86.9 Contrast 8.6 100 Data indicates that after one-year growth of flowers, the contrastive volume of refuse pile reduces greatly. The absorption and transpiration of plant roots reduce leachate by 13.1-44.7% and enhance the stability of refuse piles. Bamboo plays an important role in controlling soil erosion and surface runoff. Compared with the naked earth, the mud in the interception tank is reduced. But its effect is not as good as grass. Its role in stabilizing refuse piles is greater than grass. Therefore, the planting on refuse piles shall take species' adaptability to ecological conditions. The plants easily survived shall be planted first. After these plants improve the ecological conditions, plants with higher ecological effects shall be planted to make the ecological system evolve into an ideal community. Zhejiang Provincial Environmenial Protection Science Design Institute No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 6 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 5 Environmental Influence During The Period Of Construction And Completion, And Its Reducing Measures 5.1 Environmental Influence from the re-settlers' resettlement 5.1.1 Re-settlers' settlement institution In order to ensure a smooth resettlement of project's re-settlers, the "Project Re-settlers' Resettlement Leadership Board", composed of the project related leaders from Hangzhou Municipal Government, Hangzhou Environment and Health Bureau, Hangzhou Municipal Programming Bureau, Hangzhou Land Administrative Bureau etc., was established to strengthen the supervision of the project, and is also responsible for the making of project re-settlers' resettlement policies, and the coordination of the relationships among the immigration institutions of different levels. The working staff in the immigration institutions of different levels, see table 5-1, and the working staff for Hangzhou Second Landfill Re-settlers' Resettlement Institution see table 5-1. Table 5-1 Working Staff for Project Re-settlers' Resettlement Institution Number of Number of the Re-settlers' Resettlement full-time employees in . Starting Institution employees peak hours Constitutor time (Person) (Person) Project Leaders Board 7 15 Government Cadre 99.1 Construction Preparation Office 3 10 Engineer, Technician 00.3 and management staff Re-settlers Relocation Government employee. Department of Construction 2 8 Engineer, Technician, 00.4 Preparation Office Social Economy Investigators Re-settlers Department of Government employee, Municipalers Citypar tmentof 4 8 Engineer, Technician, 00.6 Management Office Social Economy Investigators Related Local Government 8 10 Government employee 01.4 Municipal Consolidated Imposition Office and Relocation 9 12 Government employee 01. Office North China City Project High-grade engineer Engineering Designing and 3 8 and Engineer 02.4 Research Institute Nanchang Ferrous Metallurgy Designing and Research 3 8 High-grade engineer 02.4 Institute and Engieer Independent Monitoring and 4 Professor, Engineer Testing Institution Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China I Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Total | 43 83 5.1.2 Re-settlers Resettlement Program The project needs to expropriate a total area of 976.04 mu, and put down houses of 5518.27m2 , with 12 families and totally 33 persons influenced. And in the land expropriation, the actual number of persons influenced totaled from 113 to 315 families, and 227 fanners that need to be resettled. By carrying out the re-settlers resettlement program, the project is going to compensate reasonably to re-settlers, in an attempt to improve or at least retain their original living standard. Project re-settlers resettlement program see Table 5-2 Influence Type Program Suggested Productivity (DAdjust land; (Develop tertiary industry; (®)Improve Country restore and spare investment environment, and attract foreign investment; re-settlers labor force (A)Scientific farmning; ()Establish social insurance resettlement allocation system Plan Housebreaking (DProvide resettlement house; (Exchange the and rebuilding ownership; (Provide resettlement fee Provide resettlement fee, and the compensation fee is State-owned enterprises' rebuilding used to rebuild the enterprises plan ©Exchange the ownership and allocate the houses according to the corresponding policies. OProvide resettlement fee, and the re-settler can choose the new working cite as they wish. Pnvate-owned business resettlement plan (l)Exchange the ownership, and the Construction Preparation Office will arrange the shop in a sound working environment area. (OPower or telecommunication cable and Specialized projects' relocation or communication optical cable are to be removed to the rebuilding plan new cite; Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill |()The highways influenced are to be broadened and rebuilt as the municipal roads. Project Lezaders board Outside Construction In-house Project Engineering Monitoring Preparation Monitoring Designing and and Testing Office and Testing Research Institute |Re-settlers Relocation| Department of Construction Audit and Finance Preparation Office Office Re-settlers Relocation Department of Municipal City Construction Investment Management Office Logistics Land Expropriation, Business Project DevelopmentPipe and Cable Department Engineering Development Management Office D Department |Municipal Consolidated Imposition Office and Relocation Office Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 3 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Logistics Land Expropriation, Business Project Pipe and Cable Engineering Development Department Manarement Office De artment Re-settler| Table 5-1 Map of Hangzhou Second landfill Project Re-settlers Resettlement Organization Institution 5.1.3 Environmental Influence From Re-Settlers' Resettlement Program And Its Reducing Measures The construction of the project occupies an area of 976.04 mu (among which 68.5 mu are state-owned, and 907.54 mu are owned collectively by local villages) and thus influence the original production system of within this area. Therefore, the relocation of the enterprises, factories and residents is inevitable, though the process of relocation and resettlement may bring about some inconvenience to some people's living and working. According to the policies of the Zhejiang Provincial Government of PRC China, Hangzhou Municipal Government and World Bank, the management of the project has made the corresponding re-settlers resettlement plan. Based on some regulations on Hangzhou land rearrangement as well as the social and economic development plan, the relocation of re-settlers will be adequately arranged after a full collection of re-settlers' advice. According to the house relocation compensation plans issued by Hangzhou Municipal Government, a certain amount of money is to be assigned to the relocation so as to ensure a better or at least a similar living and working conditions for re-settlers. The area involved lies in the suburbs of Hangzhou, 90% of the local labor force are either employed in some enterprises or self-employed, with a fix amount of non-agricultural earnings. As a result, the local farmers don't depend entirely on agriculture and over 94% of their incomes are non-agricultural. After land expropriation, the per capita occupation of plantation is 0.39m?11l, with a slight decrease of only 0. lmu, which is about 25%, therefore, it wouldn't cause a serious impact on the local agricultural economy, and as far as the local resource possession is concerned, the resettlement would not cause much environmental influence. On the other hand, Hangzhou enjoys a rich real estate resource in different districts of the city. The re-settlers are going to be compensated with currency. That is, re-settlers can choose to buy new apartments in various living communities, which are all designed and Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 4 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill constructed by real estate developers according to the overall development program of the city. Each community is provided with complete facilities including water, gas and power supplies, communication, cable telephone and TV, with convenient traffic. Moreover, the infrastructure like schools, post offices, banks, markets, bus stations, and hospitals are all available around the community, and thus the re-settlers are going to experience an obvious improvement in their living space as well as the living conditions. According to the feedbacks from a public survey, most of the re-settlers are satisfied with the relocation and resettlement plan. In order to reduce the project influence upon the re-settlers, the following suggestions are to be mentioned: ( 1 ) Continuously optimize the project designing, take measures to decrease the area of the expropriation land, and lessen the project's negative impact upon the local living and working conditions. (2)Relocate the re-settlers properly, enforce the corresponding compensation policies and improve or at least retain the re-settlers working and living conditions. (3 ) Adjust the usage of land of the influenced villages, develop the tertiary industry, raise the plantation productivity through scientific cultivation and increase the re-settlers income. (4) Guarantee the distribution of compensatory currency to each re-settler to help them settle down in a new place. 5.2 The Project's Influence Upon The Environment And The Air 5.2.1 Causes Of The Project'S Influence Upon The Environment And The Air The project's influence upon the environment and the air mainly comes from the dust of the construction including the digging of soil and rock, land paving, pipe and cable burying, the loading and unloading of earth and building material, and vehicle running. According to some related materials, the dust from a construction cite is mainly caused by the running of transportation vehicles, which accounts for about 60% of the total dust. And the amount of the dust also depends on the dryness of the weather, road, driving speed of the vehicle, and the velocity of the wind. Generally, in natural wind, the dust field can extend for one hundred meters. While in strong wind, the dust field will be lager. Some construction wastes like earth, sand, gravel, lime will also bring dust if they are not properly disposed or loaded/unloaded, and the dust field can also extend for about one hundred meters. The landfill occupies a large area without any special cites sensitive to dust, so the construction dust would not bring too much bad effect. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 5 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 5.2.2 Reducing Measures (O) Reinforce the management, ensure a civilized construction and a proper way of loading and unloading building materials, clean the earth stuck on the vehicle before it leaves, and cover those vehicles which carry dusty materials like lime, grit, cement, and fine coal ash. (O) Spay water on the construction field and roads and clean them. If we just sprinkle water while cleaning, we can reduce 70-80% of the dust, but if we sprinkle water after cleaning, we can reduce over 90% of the dust. It is indicated by some experiments that if we sprinkle water on the construction cite 4-5times, the TSP pollution field by the dust can be restricted within 20-50meters. Moreover, lime and sand can't be piled in open air. If they must be piled in the open air, we should sprinkle water on them for resistance. (M) Choose a construction company with sound building equipments, and use commercial ready-made lime and close transportation vehicles. For those regulate commercial lime factories, the company can ask them to meet the "three simultaneities" requirements, and adopt efficient measures to reduce the pollution and protect the air by strengthening the monitoring and protection of the environment. (A) After the temporary use of some land, vegetation has to be restored to maintain the earth. 5.3 Construction Noise Pollution And Its Reducing Measures 5.3.1 Analysis To The Construction Noise Influence The construction of the 2nd landfill will bring about some noise influence to the surrounding environment. The noise is mainly caused by the working of different types of engines or large machines such as ditch digging, land paving, ramming, piling, concrete milling and building material transportation. Table 5-3 is the possible noise sources from the construction machines. When more than one machines are working at the same time, the noise from different machines would overlap. According to some analogical investigations, the noise when overlapped can be increased by 3-8dB, and generally no more than 10dB0 When a single machine is working, it can be taken as a point sound source, as the distance increases, the noise decreases by 6dB(A). If the absorbability of the air is taken into consideration, the decrease of the noise could be 0.5-IdB(A)/hundred meters. Table 5-4 illustrates the decrease of noise from construction machines. In the table r55 stands for Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Provincc No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 6 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill interference radius, namely the distance needed for the noise to decrease to 55dB(A). Table 5-4 indicates that due to the high noise level, noise is extended very far away in open air, general over 50m for r60* But since the landfill is located in a rather spacious area; generally, the construction noise could be limited to a certain standard. Table 5-3 Noise level of some major construction machines Construction Machines Lw(A)(dB) Lwref(ro)(dB) ro(m) Grab 114 79 15 Road roller 104 73 10 Scraper 110 75 15 Self-unloading truck 95 70 15 Concrete jolter 112 80 12 Concrete mixer 84 79 15 Note: Lw(A) worth of noise source, dB (A); Lwref(ro)-noise level at a reference distance; ro - eference distance, m. Table 5-4 Construction machines noise decreasing distance Unit: m No Construction Machines r55 r6 | r65 r70 r75 I Grab 190 120 75 40 22 2 Road roller 80 45 25 15 8 3 Concrete pounding machine 200 110 66 37 21 4 Concrete mixer 190 120 75 42 25 5 Self-unloading truck 80 44 25 14 10 5.3.2 Reducing Measures For Construction Noise Pollution Discontinuous noises from different phases of the construction and different construction machines are characterized by three factors: first, they are divided by different phases; second, they are temporary; third, they are not immovable. The noises on the construction cite should be managed strictly by the regulations from "Noise Limit on Construction Cite"(GB12523-90)(Table 5-5). Besides, noise reduction or elimination facilities should be applied for those high noise equipments, and at the same time, we must strengthen the construction management by adjusting or shortening the construction time of those high noise machines, together with a strict restriction of the evening construction time, so as to reduce the noise pollution to the lowest degree. Table 5-5 Noise limits in different construction cites Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 7 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Construction Main noise sources Noise limits (dB) phases Day time Evening time Earthwork Bulldozer, grab, loading machine etc. 75 55 Structuring Blender, pounding machine, electric saw etc 70 55 Furnishing Crane, lifter 65 5 Piling All kinds of piling machines 85 No construction 5.4 Ecological Influence From The Construction And Its Reducing Measures 5.4.1 Ecological Influence From The Construction The ecological influence mainly comes from the phase of construction cite cleaning. The digging, filing and crushing of the earth in the construction cite destroy the area's former physiognomy and vegetation, which could not only cause vegetation losses, but also damage the structure of the earth's surface, and thus make the earth erodible, unable to retain the soil and the water, and as a result, make the earth surface bare in the air. Under the effect of running water, the earth of the area will suffer from serious erosion, and as time goes by, the ecology as well as the environment could become seriously deteriorated. The eroded soil is carried by water running through the earth surface together with all nutritious elements and finally enters the river, raising the turbidity of the river and even polluting the water seriously. Moreover, by carrying the eroded soil, the water flow slows down and the soil is finally deposited on the riverbed, which could block the watercourse and influence the regular ship transportation. On the other hand, the eroded soil could also come into the farmland and block the irrigation ditches and finally influence the farming. The digging of earth on the construction cites will destroy the former ecological system, and reduce the grassland. At the same time, the dust and noises from the construction will bring a lot of negative impact upon the animals or plants in the area. The dust not only influences the plants' photosynthesis but also influences indirectly the reproduction of animals that are fed on these plants, and thus prevent the ecological system from working normally. 5.4.2 Reducing measures ( 1 ) Due to flourished vegetation in the landfill area, the project should be designed properly so as to protect as much as possible the local ecological environment and the vegetation. (2) 30% of the total area of those newly-built working areas and factories should be Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Provincc No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 8 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill covered by vegetation. The four sides of all buildings, the two sides of any entrance and road and other vacant land are to be covered or decorated by the combination of lawn, green fence, flower bushes and some ornamentals. The lawn can be made up by Manila grass and aneurolpidium chinese Yfm etc; green fence and flower bushes can be composed of leaflet boxtree, tL*, azalea, and China rose etc; and the ornamental can be cherry bay, red leaf plum, MNIt and 'ff1i3f etc. (3) Optimize the construction organization and make strict construction operation rules. We would try to avoid the flood season to carry out the digging and filling construction phase, and shorten the piling duration of the earth. The earth must be piled within the expropriated land, and take some temporary protection measures like using straw bags, which are filled with earth, and building drainage ditches. The transportation of the earth must follow the corresponding construction rules: use well conditioned tip lorries; avoid overload; prevent dry earth from dropping; and lessen soil erosion. (4) The side-hill and the top of the landfill should be covered with vegetation. With more and more garbage filled, the height of the landfill increases, so measures have to be taken to prevent the side-hill of the garbage pile from being bare. In fact, while filling the garbage, earth should also be spread on them so as to plant vegetation continuously. Since we successfully planted a certain type of bamboo borrowed from Anji on the side-hill of the First Landfill, we are still going to use this bamboo on the side-hill and the top of the landfill, and the earth layer should be 1.0 m thick. (5) We must plant enough vegetation on each piece of land which has been dug for earth. It is suggested to use grass like N TfR il-F- and MR- etc. (6) After the completion of construction, we must put down all the temporary establishments, clean the construction wastes and restore as much as possible the original function of the land. (7) Temporary waste residue piling field should be covered by grasses like il T-- and N,7TfR. We can spread the grass seeds manually to raise the erosion resistance of residue and lessen soil erosion. (8) Adopt low noise equipments and watering and dust resisting measures to lessen the influence on the surrounding animals and plants. 5.5 Environmental Influence After The Closing Of The Landfill According to some research data from Laohulong Landfill after it was closed, the exudates is mainly composed of COD, BOD5 and NH4 -N. After being closed for four years, the concentration is still quite high. It needs about 11 years to reduce the Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 9 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill concentration to meet the nation's third level. The denseness of methane is still high and will influence the stability of the biosphere in the following years. 5.5.1 Environmental influence after the closing of the landfill and its reducing measures (1) The main pollution sources after the closing of the landfill are garbage exudates and gases: After the closing of No. 2 landfill, the natural water of this area is isolated within the garbage pile, and the garbage exudates mainly comes from the following aspects: a, We adopt the vertical separate filling for the 5 million tons of garbage in the First Landfill, so land water can still enter the garbage pile. However, since the closing of this landfill will last for 23 years (from 2003 to 2026), it will greatly relieve the water pollution. b. Exudates from No. 2 landfill mainly comes from the ferment and decomposition of the 21.87 million tons of garbage there. During the construction of the landfill, however, there will still be some water entering the garbage pile. According to certain calculation, the exudates produced after the closing of No. 2 landfill will reach about 200-250t/d, and the quality of the water is being raised from CODcr 8000mg/L BOD5 3000mg/L NH3 1500mg/L year by year, and can reach the third drainage level of CODcr 1000mg/L of GB8978-1996 in 10 to 15 years' time. By then, the exudates can be discharged directly to the city drainage pipes, but before that, the water has to go through the exudates processing system before it enter the city drainage pipe system. (2) The output of landfill gases and its disposal After the complete landfill, the gases yielded are reduced rapidly year after year. For the output of the gases, see Table 5-6. The table indicates that the maximum output of the gases in 2003 of the closing of the landfill is 59,430,000 m3 /a, and it is reduced year by year. By 2045, there are nearly no gases yielded. If the output of gases is enough to be used for power generation, then the gases will be extracted to the power plant, but if not, they are to be released from the pipes directly or to be burned out. Table 5-6 Prediction of gases yielded from No. 2 landfill after it is closed Year 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 Gas production volume, lp.OOOmia3 5680 5940 4990 3145 1252 725 508 420 340 Year 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 10 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill I Gas production | l l l lll volme produc 3 a 260 190 140 98 50 26 8 0 volume, 10,000m /alll 5.5.2 The restoring of the ecology for No. 2 landfill After being closed, the landfill is planed to undergo the following procedures: (1) On the surface of the landfill (from the bottom upwards): the garbage - the surface earth layer - hand - woven cloth - HDPE film - earth layer. (2) The top of the landfill(165m high) (from the bottom upwards) the garbage- gases releasing layer-woven cloth-claypan-HDPE film+earth layer+nutritious soil -surface vegetation. To restore the ecological environment of the landfill, and facilitate the growth of the plantation, we plan to cover the landfill with over 20cm-thick nutritious soil. According to the "Technology Regulations of a Comprehensive Management of Earth and Water Maintenance", the landfill can be taken as a deserted hill, and thus we can plant trees and grasses there. During the closing period of the landfill, it's better to choose shallow-root plants which resist gases likeNH3. S02. HCL, H2S, or choose to plant bamboo or other ever green bushes like i 4 . camellia, dogbane, Jt k and o'] Mt X 08, or plant greensward (such as A VkD: ) . After the closing of the landfill, since it is near the round like city highway, and is convenient to access from the center of the city, we can turn it into a park or a gulf course in the long run. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Provincc No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 11 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 6 Potential Project Risk and Precaution Measures 6.1 Environmental Risk of Flooding and Over Brimmning Untreated Sewage According to the project design, No.2 Solid Waste Landfill incorporates sewage storage pool designed for flooding once in a hundred years with a storage capacity of 3 150,000 m , therefore, raining and flooding will not cause direct discharge of sewage water. Only in case of flooding with the probability of once in a hundred years, accidental direct discharge may occur. Leachate drainage of trash is organic wastewater with high-concentration, very difficult to degrade, complicated in composition, high in toxicity, incorporates high-concentrated heavy metal, and will cause certain degrees of hazard towards vegetation, livestock, and humans. Furthermore, the lower reaches of the nearby Yanshan River run through residential areas. Therefore, in case of very serious flooding, the landfill poses great potential threats towards the security of surrounding community and environment. Though the probability of flooding once in a hundred years is slim, the managing body should have emergency scenarios available like monitoring, alarming, and measures to divert sewage into urban sewage network. 6.2 Analysis of Pollution Risk of Leachate Drainage Towards Groundwater in the First Landfill Up to now, there is no evidence of the first landfill bringing about obvious pollution to the groundwater at the lower part, and the water quality meets lI category(natural background contents among the chemical composition of groundwater)in the standardof groundwater quality(GB/TF14848-93). However, the time succession analysis indicates a trend of slight organic pollution, which is to raise alert and more attention to this issue. According to design, the first landfill will be enveloped in the year of 2003. To stop further pollution towards the groundwater in the lower reaches, related enveloping treatment must be taken in time including covering of membrane on the surface, greening, and building of surrounding flooding-blocking ditches to prevent rain water enter the rubbish body which will extend the pollutants in the rubbish body all around. These mentioned measures will keep the negative impact of leachate drainage produced in the first landfill towards the environment under control. In the meantime, No.2 Solid Waste Landfill sewage-blocking dam purdah anti-seeping project will also prevent the pollutants in the first landfill expanding to the Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 12 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill lower reaches. 6.3 The Risk of No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Polluting the Groundwater To prevent leachate drainage polluting groundwater is the most important issue. Availing itself of good geological conditions beneath and the situation that the whole reservoir makes up an independent water system, the first landfill installs vertical purdah grouting beneath the sewage-blocking dam that plays an important role in preventing leachate drainage polluting the groundwater. No.2 Solid Waste Landfill installs level anti-seeping layer (HDPE membrane+geotextile+pebble) on basis of purdah grouting, thus setting up a double anti-seeping mechanism level and vertical. The seeping coefficient of HDPE membrane is only 0.5 X 10 13cm/s, therefore greatly reinforcing the anti-seeping capacity of No.2 Solid Waste Landfill and significantly reducing the risk of leachate drainage polluting the groundwater. 6.4 Risk Analysis of Rubbish Body Sinking or Moving The landfilling takes the layer-by-layer approach of spreading rubbish on each layer of 1-2m thick and pressing the rubbish tightly using the pressing machine. Since the maximum of rubbish body reaches up to lOOm, and the degradation process of organic components of the rubbish lasts a certain period of time, the self compression and sinking of the rubbish body may occur, thus bringing about the risk of piling instability which should attract enough attention. The analysis on basis of assessmenit report on geological hazard of the site of No.2 Solid Waste Landfill is as follows: Hangzhou No.1 Landfill has been in operation since its launch back in April 1991. The landfilling takes the approach of layered piling and pressed piling with the sloping rate 1:3, average grading 1:3.8, and lOm-wide platform set up when the landfilling slope height reaches 12.5m, and landfilling continues onwards successively. Since September 1996, stakes have been erected on the surface of the piling body to observe relevant elevation and relevant angles. The figures collected from September 1996 to November 1998 manifest basic invariability in height between two stakes erected on the 65m platform rubbish dam which has a longer landfilling history, indicating stability of the rubbish dam; the 27-months observation of two stakes erected on the discharge in the 65m-platform rubbish piling body manifest stakes sinking by 0.075m and 0.051m indicating stabilizing. The 27-months observation of the observation spot on the 77.50-90m slope indicate elevation of 0.476m and 0.565m manifesting that sinking is not obvious. 25-months observation of the observation spot on the 90-102.5m platform indicate elevation sinking by 1.8m, which is closely connected with Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 13 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill the fact that this observation spot was erected 4 months away from the landfilling. Generally speaking, sinking is most obvious in the first 6 months, which may result in sinking by 1.498m, accounting for 83.2% of the sinking volume of 25 months. Observation of the 90m-102.5m platform observation spot indicates increase of relevant angle by 26°6'9", while the other stakes display not-obvious angle displacement of more or less 5'7", which also manifests close bond between obvious relevant angle displacement and obvious sinking. According to observation and field investigation, every layer is 1-2m thick, the density is not less than 0.95t/m3 after the rubbish is laid upon and pressed tight. Following this procedure, after piling 3-4 layers when the rubbish will reach 7-8m in thickness, it is time for earthing up. The earthing will be 0.2-0.3m thick; the outer slope of rubbish piling body is 1:3; and the average general grade of the piling body is 1: 3.96. The piling body will surpass the rubbish main dam in height by 112.5m with the final piling height being 165m. Since the first and second landfill follow basically the same landfilling procedure, for security reason, No.2 Solid Waste Landfill makes the average gradel: 4.5 which is smaller than the first landfill. According to comparison with the first landfill, under the premise of maintaining strict control of drainage and gas diversion within the rubbish body and ensuring quality of landfilling, the risk of coasting of the piling body is slim, and the security of the landfill is guaranteed. 6.5 Risk Analysis of Landfilling Waster Gas Landfilling gas is a mixture of gas produced when the organic exhaust gas in the process of landfilling daily rubbish is anaerobically degraded, composing of CH4, CO0> H2> N2 and 02, and types of atom gases including H2S, NH3. heptane, octane, vinyl chloride and so on. Disorderly discharge of landfill gas will cause serious environmental problems, for example, CH4 which accounts for a big share in the landfill gas(account for 99% together with C0 2 ) poses a potential explosive source, and is also a type of glasshouse gas; the stench gases H2S. NH3 (accounting for 0.2-0.4% of the total) pose potential hazard towards the humans. In facing the above-mentioned potential hazards, the first landfill established landfill gas collection and power generation system, which includes 29 air pockets dug through landfilling platforms through which the gas would be transmitted to the power plant to generate power by DN300HPDE tube. It is estimated that the collection rate of the landfill reaches 70%, maintaining operation of 2 G3516LE low-heat-output combustion Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 14 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill gas generator with 970kw rating. The launch of this system well handles the pollution issue caused by landfill gas, and up to now, there has been no security accidents. Inheriting the successful practice of the first landfill, No.2 Solid Waste Landfill will also install a landfill gas collection system by approach of setting up level wells and combination of surface and underground HDPE gas collection tubes to ensure more secure gas collection. It is estimated that along with the increase of landfill volume, power generation capacity will reach to 8MW by adding generators. Besides, in view of the potential hazard posed by scattered, disorderly discharged landfill gas, the managing body shall set up conspicuous fire protection, fire-banning signs within the landfill site, conduct security lectures among the employees and visitors, conduct regular fire-fighting exercises, establish special fire-fighting tube networks and prepare fire-fighting water pool at the spot of 165m-elevation. The above-mentioned, scientific and systematic landfill gas collection, and disposal mechanism and scientific management of the operation of the landfill, shall effectively prevent hazardous accident of the landfill gas from occurring. 7 Substitute Scenarios 7.1Comparison of Anti-seeping Measures To prevent the second landfill polluting the groundwater, managing body organized several expert evaluation meetings, focusing on three anti-seeping scenarios the second landfill may make use of on basis of evaluating the anti-seeping measures taken in the first landfill, that is, vertical purdah grouting anti-seeping measure, level membrane flooring anti-seeping, and combination of level and vertical anti-seeping. Please refer to Table 7-1 for economic & technological feasibility of these three scenarios: Table 7-1 Comprehensive Comparison of Anti-seeping Measures Name Vertical Purdah Level membrane flooring Membrane flooring + Grouting(cement) (HDPE) vertical grouting Feature Concise Sewage clearing and shunting Anti-seeping effect reinforced Investment RMB 11 .47million RMs I10.03million RMB 118.53Million Estimated The one-off project meets Anti-seeping effect Project measure Strongpoints anti-seeping requirements of guaranteed, project can be complements two stages, and this measure conducted stagewise along anti-seeping effect of the involves no management with the landfill progress; landfill; measures are Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 15 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill issue after the project is effect of sewage clearing and mature, solving the issues completed, and when the shunting obvious, and of anti-seeping and anti-seeping measure fails, satisfactory result in sewage clearing and renovation can be made; cost protecting the environment; shunting for both two saving. the operation cost of sewage stages of the landfill. disposal plant is reduced. Stratum conditions do no meet the requirements of Since the landfill is located in landfilling technology; since .the valley of mountainous grouting goes very deep and . . Project measures are pose great difficulty for area, to congu1S; complicated; construction difficult to conduct;, ftetoat-epn Flaw construction, quality of . . of the two anti-seeping grouting is difficulty to be the project completer measures are also the project IS completed; no guaranteed. Sewage . difficult. clearing and shunting difficult remedy when the anti-seeping measures fail. to be realized; huge quantity of leachate drainage produced Investment stagewise investment not Stagewise investment on Optimize allowed Stagewise investment allowed membrane covering allowed Table 7-1 indicates that vertical purdah grouting scenario has absolute supremacy in the respect of investment and is an economic and feasible approach in the respect engineering geological conditions and quality of construction. The level membrane scenario uses HDPE membrane for fighting against seeping and can be controlled in the respect of anti-seeping materials and quality of construction. The level membrane covering+vertical grouting scenario meets the high-standard anti-seeping requirements for the two stages of the landfill; combination of two measures of vertical and level reinforce each other and strengthens anti-seeping effect and security and poses minimum environmental pollution hazard. In all, the vertical purdah grouting has many uncertainties, particularly when the landfill elevation reaches to 165m, the leachate drainage is highly likely to extend all around, and once it occurs, it will be very expensive to remedy the anti-seeping project; according to operation practice of other landfills at home and abroad and suggestion by experts, the other two scenarios of level membrane covering and level membrane covering+vertical grouting are more advance and feasible. From the perspective of investment, the two scenarios only differ by RMB 8.5million, that is to say, adding 7% investment on basis of level membrane covering would make the anti-seeping measures Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 16 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill more mature, and have the highest anti-seeping effect and poses minimum environmental threat. Therefore, the level membrane covering+vertical grouting scenario is proposed. 7.2 Comparison of Disposal Approaches 7.2.lPresent Situation in Applying Burning Technology Currently, burning approach is commonly seen in disposing rubbish in Japan and developed countries in the occident. Please refer to table7-2 and table 7-3 for comparison of various rubbish burning technologies. Table 7-2 Comparison of Four Rubbish Incinerators Items Compared Mechanical Grate Module-type Rotary Kiln Type Fluidised - bed Application Countries in the Areas Ares Occident,ccien, Japan.Jpa U.S.A, Japan U.S.A. Denmark Japan Disposal Large scale over Mediu bland Large and medium Mediu bland Capacity 200t/d small-sized below sized over 200t/d small sized below Design, manufacture, Mature Mature Limited suppliers Limited suppliers operation and maintenance Do not conduct Categorized Pre-disposal Do not conduct Can not dispose categorized crashing till equipment categorized crashing large pieces crashing except below 5cm except large pieces large pieces required Waste Disposal waste and air mixing Effect Good unsatisfactory C_ood_Good Table 7-3 Comparison of Strong and Weak Points of Various Waste Incinerators Type of Incinerators Strong Points Weak Points Suitable for large- volume; High cost; lHigh cost for operation and Incinerators with Environmental pollution easy to handle; maintenance; Mechanical Grates Burnig reliable; Continuous operation required Operation management convenient; Advanced technology required for High usage rate of remaining heat operation and running Waste mixing and dryness unsatisfactory; Connection gearing complicated; Rotary Kiln Suitable for medium and large volume; Refractory material within the Incinerators High-temperature burning secured; R erator easil worn t Remnant ash small-grainedeasily worn out Suitable for small-volume; Incomplete burning; Module-type Simple in structure Low burning efficiency Incinerator Mobile, good flexibility Short serving period High cost of construction Suitable for medium volume; Advanced technology required for Fluidised - bed Lower burning stability; operation and running; Incinerator-bedHeat exchange unsatisfactory; Limited types of waste to be burned; Lesser environmental pollution; Fluid medium to be added; Satisfactory burning efficiency To feed smaller-grained waste; Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 17 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill More power required per unit of waste; Hearth material prone to erosion and damage The above two tables indicate that the incinerator with mechanical grate is most commonly used in metropolises in developed countries, and that the fluidized-bed incinerator has large potentialities. In China, the current situation in the respect of waste burning is as follows: (1) domestic-manufactured buming technological equipment, mainly divided into the following categories: () incinerator with sequential-pushing mechanical grate ; 0 incinerator with counter-pushing mechanical grate; (M)incinerator with track-type mechanical grate; (i)erect-type incinerator; (5)Fluidized-bed incinerator. Currently, the domestic-manufactured technological equipment is less adopted. (2) Comprehensive burning technological equipment, referring to daily waste burning system integrating introduction of technology and equipment and the adoption of domestic-manufactured technology and equipment, cost a great deal. This approach is adopted in cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Xiamen. Generally, due to the fact that China has not popularized the practice of categorized waste collection, the LHV of waste is low; the proportion of ash ingredient in the waste is high; the waste burning technology has not been fully grasped causing shortage of reliable technological support in construction and operation; factors including high cost of waste burning and operation investment and etc. have restricted application of incinerators. 7.2.2 Comparison of Landfilling and Burning Hangzhou urban waste survey predicts rapid increasing of urban waste in Hangzhou, and the annual production of urban waste in the year of 2010 will reach to 1.23million tons with the daily production reaching 3,386 tons. Apart from a portion of the urban waste that will be delivered to waste burning and power generation plant located in Qiaosi in the district of Yuhang and other treatment facilities, 1978t/d will be delivered to the second landfill in the year of 2010. Please see Table 7-4 for a comparison between landfilling and burning of the above-mentioned amount of waste(1978t/d) that will be delivered to the second landfill in 2010. Table 7-4 Comparison between Waste Landfilling and Waste Burning Name of the Landfilling TBurning approach Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 18 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 18km away from the center of the city, geological conditions to be taken into More tolerant, may be located near to the Location consideration; precaution to be taken urban area against pollution of earth's surface and groundwater. Area and 600 000 m', designed size is 2657t/d (in 200,000mL ; designed size is 2000t/d'; Scale the initial stage 1978t/d, in the latter stage include 4 incinerators with mechanical Scale______4000t/d) grates with a capacity of 500t/d each Serving 24.5years (2004'2028) 20 years (2004-2024) Including control station, sewage disposal Including incoming waste measuring, facility, sewage storage pool, landfilling waste unloading and storing, waste ProJect site(including waste dam, leachate feeding, waste burning, usage of Com tio drainage discharge and air transmitting remaining heat, fume purifying and Comp sition device, flood-blocking ditch, discharge, sewage disposal, realtime sewage-blocking dam), road network and inspection of fume discharge, and waste etc. burning automatic control system Maturity of Mature in China Not mature yet in China Technology______Application The proportion of abiotic elements within The heat value of the waste should Conditions the waste should surpass 40% surpass 800Kcal/kilo without adding supplementary fuel Final Landfilling of the residue is required, Treatment None which accounts for around 10% of the initial amount. Product Methane r d f . Heat energy and electricity easily digested Market recyce or power generation. by the society Air Pollution Minor, stench gases including H2 S. NH3 More pollutants including soot, SO2, Nox, generated CO, HCI, I-IF, Dioxins and etc. Anti-seeping measures of level membrane Water covering + vertical grouting measures Minor amount of leachate drainage to Pollution taken to keep a strict control on the be taken care of groundwater pollution Investment In the case of 50% domestic equipment of refuse RMB 14.1 invested on disposing every ton and technology being adopted, RMB 68.5 treatment of waste is invested on disposing a ton of waste Remaining heat to supply steam: Operation RMB 43.1/ton operation cost is RMB 25/ton; Cost Remaining heat to generate electricity: operation cost amounts to RMB 40/ton Investment RMB 341,850,000 Around RMB I billion In all, the strong points of landfilling are that it is technologically mature, that it has a larger capacity, that it requests lower investment on disposing every unit of waste, that it requests lower investment in total while the weak points are that landfilling requests larger area and poses water pollution hazard. The strong points of burning are that burning requests smaller area and poses relatively slimmer water pollution hazard while the weak points are that burning is technologically immature, that it poses air pollution hazard, that it requests more investment on disposing every unit of waste, and that it requests more investment in total. Therefore, landfilling is still the main approach for disposing urban waste in Hangzhou while the burning approach functions as supplementary means for disposing waste. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill , Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 19 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 8 Analysis To The Environment, Society And Economic Benefits 8.1 Aim For Hangzhou City The general environment protection aim for Hangzhou city is: stick to the principle of "environment as the backbone of the city", carry out the city ecological development and construction, build it into an international scenery and tourism city as well as the city for cultural and historical relic. By 2008, it should be built initially into a ecological city and by 2020, it should be developed as a modern ecological city with elegant mountain and lake, charming landscape and harmonious social, environmental and economical development. The analysis to the environment quality aims for atmosphere, water and sound and the pollution control aims for solid waste and plantation projects is as follows: ( 1 ) Environmental Aim for the atmosphere quality By speeding the adjusting of industrial structure and the consuming of energy, focusing on the control of all types of dust sources, reducing significantly the discharging of S02 controlling the discharging of NO, and trying to have all the environmental factors meet their standard requirements, by 2005, the environmental atmosphere quality around the West Lake can reach the first standard level, the rest of the city area reach the second level, and API index is less than 100. (2) Environmental Aim for the water quality Being the lifeline of Hangzhou city, Qiangtang River is not only the key resource of the drinking water but also for all the industrial use of the whole city. We should carefully carry out the pollution control measures along the river side, and maintain the environmental standard level II in the river side area from Zhoupu to Sanbao ship gate r, and the environmental standard level III in the river side area from Sanbao ship gate to Laoyancang by the year 2005 and 2015. Besides, through the comprehensive treatment of the West Lake drainage area, by 2005, the water in the West Lake is to reach the environmental standard level IV, and by 2015, the environmental standard level III, and the water quality in the canal and inland rivers is to reach the environmental standard level V, and the environmental standard level V in the long run. By 2005 and 2015, the consolidated life sewage processing rate would reach 70% and 85% respectively, and the industrial waste water discharging rate would reach 100%. (3) Sound environment quality aims The short term goal for the percentage of area in which the noise reaches a standard Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou" P.R. China 20 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill level in Hanghzhou would 85%, and 90% for the long term goal is; the average of the environment noise in the area reaches 58dB(A) for the short term goal, and 56dB(A) for long term goal; the average traffic noise reaches 69dB(A) for the short term goal, and 68dB(A) for the long term goal. (4) Solid waste pollution control aims G) City life garbage: promote the categorized Refuse collection in the city; build No. 2 Landfill of Hangzhou, and the life Refuse harmless processing fields in Xiaoshan and Yuhang before 2003; by 2005, the collection rate of city bagged Refuse would reach90%, categorized collection rate would reach 30%, the mechanization rate for the Refuse collection would reach 90%, and the harmless Refuse processing rate would reach 100%; by 2015, the categorized Refuse collection rate would reach 100%, and the harmless Refuse processing rate would reach 100%; mechanization rate for the Refuse collection and cleaning would reach 100% and the utilization of the resources is to be optimized significantly. ll1lndustrial solid wastes: finish building the first phase of Hangzhou Industrial waste safe landfill by the end of 2003, put it into use; by 2005, the hazard waste in Hangzhou city can be disposed safely; carry out the research and development of technology to comprehensively utilize the industrial wastes, so as to put them into a full use. The concrete indexes are: by 2005, the disposing rate in the city proper would reach 95% or above, and as for the outskirts the rate would be raised from i1 60% to 80%; by 2015, the comprehensive utilization rate of the whole city's industrial wastes would reach 95%. (5) Planting project aims Increase the planting area of 500 ha. annually from 2003 to 2005, so that the vegetation coverage rate within the area reaches 35.2%, and the per capita occupation of planting area reaches 8.4m2 or more, and by 2015, the figures would rise to 38.6% and 11.5m 2 respectively. 8.2 Project Construction Environment And Its Social Benefits Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill is able to serve an area of 3068km2 of Hangzhou city, and its construction will bring about all kinds of positive impacts upon the city concerning the municipal infrastructure, health industry, landscape, investment, and the employment of the general public. (1) Positive impacts upon the municipal infrastructure As is known to all that Refuse processing belongs to the municipal infrastructure, and its processing level marks as an important symbol of civilization. It decides whether the Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 21 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill city is clean and beautiful, and whether the residents' living environment is healthy and safe. The construction of the project is going to ensure a safe collection, transportation and filling of garbage. Thus it will certainly serves as a new starting point of the development of municipal infrastructure. (2) Positive impacts upon the health and safety of the general public The construction of the project will better the environment of Hangzhou city and enhance the health of all residents. Within the city, it can effectively control the Refuse influence upon the citizens, eliminate the reproduction of flies and mosquitoes as well as rats, and thus diminish the disease infection and ensure a healthy life for public. At the same time, the collection and transportation of the Refuse are realized in a closed way, which greatly decreases the residents' negative reaction and sensitivity towards garbage. The construction of the landfill must strictly follow the related regulations and properly solve the problems like exudates resistance, gases discharge, leachate processing etc, in order not to cause any threats to the citizens living nearby (3) Positive impacts upon the landscape of Hangzhou city As a city famous for its scenery and tourism, as well as an International Guard City, the landscaping is always regarded as a focus of the city construction of Hangzhou. The construction of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill not only releases the Refuse processing pressure with the expiry of the First Landfill service, and avoids the environmental pollution caused by a random piling of garbage, but also makes a full advantage of the city's landscape, improves the overall civilization and attracts as many as possible the foreign tourists to come to visit Hangzhou and as a result enhances the development of the whole city. (4) Positive impacts upon the investment environment in the service area With the rapid economic development of the service area and the city construction, the rising of people's living standard, and the fast increasing of population, the amount of Refuse is also increasing significantly. At present, the life Refuse of Hangzhou city has reached nearly 3000t/d, all of which are transported to the First Landfill of Hangzhou to be filled adequately. According to the designing of this landfill, it's to be expired by the end of 2003. Therefore, we have to speed the designing and construction of No. 2 Landfill so as to guarantee a timely Refuse processing after 2003, and then release the Refuse pressure after the First Landfill is closed. It is also worthwhile in keeping the title of National Healthy City for Hangzhou. The project helps to raise the environment quality, improve the investment environment and ensure a sustainable development of the economy in Hangzhou. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 22 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (5) Positive impacts upon the employment of the general public The construction of the project provides a lot of employment opportunities for the local labor market. Firstly, during the initial construction period, many temporary working opportunities are offered to the local people. Secondly, as the project is put into use, a number of long-range working opportunities are available, including workers who will participate directly in the processing of garbage, assistant workers who will fix and maintain the vehicles, those who will work in some new manufacturers related to the Refuse processing, (such as workers who produce Refuse bags) and landfill management staff etc. With the development of scientific Refuse processing techniques and the rising of modernization level, we will need more and more workers with high qualities and education, and in this case, the project will on the other hand offer a number of working opportunities for people with high educational degrees. In short, the construction of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill helps to improve the infrastructures in Hangzhou, enhance development of health industry, raise the residents' living environment, ensure a health life, better the landscape of the city and promote its further development. Besides, it also optimize the investment environment, increase the employment opportunities for the general public, and boost the development of the whole city. 8.3 Economic Benefits 8.3.1 Project Investment And Fund Raising The total investment of Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill amounts to RMB 339.32 million, among which the total cost for the project construction is RMB 298.60 million, and the investment during its working period is 43.25million RMB. See Table 8-1. Table 8-1 Investment estimation for Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Unit: 10 thousand RMB Construction Other Total NO. Names of the project or the cost project Equipment Installing cost value Remark I Refuse bam 664 664 2 Blind channel 350 350 3 Stone well 108 108 4 Drain 169 169 5 Grand water release 180 180 6 Sealing facility in the No. 1 1762 1762 6 landfill ______ 7 Landfill operation machines 1819 _ 1819 8 Landfill electficity and 13 27 1 40 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 23 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill illumination = 9 Weighbridge room 2 42 4 48 10 Machine fixing workshop 40 23 _ 63 11 Washing station 73 81 15 169 12 Pressure pump and clean water 8 8 pound 13 Fire protection equipments 6 20 26 14 Overall transportation 643 161 804 Reconstruction of water, power 15 and road facilities in the 150 95 96 341 management area I Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 24 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Continue Table8-1 NO. Names of the project or the cost Construction Equipment Installing Other Total Remark project ~~~~~~~~costvalue See 16 Environment protection 5751 1580 341 70 7742 details investment in table 8-7 17 Land expropriation 10800 10800 compensation 18 Stone mnining area 30 30 compensation Construction company management fee 20 Pre-construction operation fee 51 51 21 Designing fee 239 239 22 Reconnaissance fee 216 216 The supervision fee for the 23 construction and designing 183 183 period 24 Construction map budget 29 29 calculation fee 25 Fee for designing, contacting, 88 88 and oversea investigation 26 Fee for project completion map 14 14 designing 27 Fee for test working 38 38 28 Reserve for the raise of price of 133 133 the imported equipment 5% 29 Basic reserve 8% 2120 2120 30 Minim active capital 155 155 31 Active capital 360 360 32 World Band loan interest 389 389 33 World Band loan promise fee 46 46 34 World Band loan initial capital 77 77 35 World Band loan project 193 193 _management fee 36 Estimated total cost of the 10112 3834 483 15178 29607 project 37 Investment during the working 4325 4325 period of the project I 38 Total capital ofthe project 14437 3834 483 15178 33932 The fund raising includes the following aspects: (D The domestic allocated capital reaches 218.97million RMB, including 213.07million construction capital, 3.89million RMB domestic allocated interest corresponding to the World Bank loan, 460 thousand promise fee, and 1.55 million Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 25 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill minimum active capital. These capital as well as the corresponding interest needn't be returned. ( Apply $ 9.30 million from the World Bank, which equals to 77.10 million RMB if the exchange rate is 1:8.29. According to the capital source and the construction of the project, a plan of the using of investment is made, in which the World Bank loan is divided into two parts: 30% and 70% and both are to be used within the 2 years before the construction of the project. Other capital is to be divided into five parts of 65%, 28%, 2%, 3%, and 3% and is to be used in the 5 years of construction period. 8.3.2 Refuse Processing Cost After the completion of the landfill, the annual Refuse processing volume would reach 962,000 t/a. Its total cost is 44.55 million RMB/a, and the cost of Refuse processing per unit is 46.3 yuan/t, among which 2,849 yuan/a is the management cost, and 29.6yuan/t is the management cost per unit. The average annual total cost after the project is put into use is illustrated as in table 8-2. Table 8-2 The average annual total cost after the project is put into use Total Total cost Unit NO Project Unit price Unit cost (yuan) quantity (thousand used yuan) 1 Auxiliary material fee 0.96 92 2 Fuel Oil t 3000 9.36 3000 900 Other 0.94 90 3 Power cost Electricity kwh 1 6.73 6470000 647 water (new water) m3 1.6 0.15 91250 15 Other 0.69 66 Salary and welfare 4 fund ~~~~~30000 5.52 177 531 _ __ fund 5 Fixing fee 3.87 372 6 Depreciation fee 9.31 895 7 Amortization fee 5.49 528 8 Finance cost 1.90 183 9 Other cost 1.41 136 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 26 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Total I I | 46.3 4455 8.3.3 Present Refuse Fee And Its Charging Plan (1) Present Refuse Fee We started to collect Refuse fee in 2000 in Hangzhou, 20 yuan for each family annually, and it is collected by local housing management office. In 2000, the registered family reached 600,000 in Hangzhou city, and total amount of Refuse fee reached about 12 million RMB. Besides, the fee collected from companies and state-owned enterprises totaled 6.5 million RMB, both of which are distributed by municipal government to cover the cost of refuse collection, transportation and buries (2) Refuse charging plan When the construction of the project completes, it takes the responsibility of either the economic benefits or losses all by itself. The price decided with an attempt to pay back the loan both home and abroad in the set period of time, ensure a certain amount of profit for the power plant, and meet the basic profit rate for the industry. At the same time, the high initial investment of the project results in a high management cost, therefore, the price for the Refuse fee is going to rise by 3% each year from 2004 to 2015. With the increasing of the Refuse volume, and after the return of power plant, the repayment ability would be strengthened, and the surplus capital increases year by year. The price is going to decrease by 2.9% annually from the year 2015. Based on the preceding pricing principle, the price for life Refuse processing in 2004 is calculated as 50 yuanlt, and thus the annual Refuse processing revenue is to reach 35.56 million RMB, and in 2015, the price will be increased to 58.3yuan/t, and the annual Refuse processing revenue is to reach 56.113million RMB3. The Refuse charging plan is shown as Table 8-3, Table 8-4. Table 8-3 Plan for Refuse charging reformation Year Jan. 2002-Dec. 2003 Jan., 2004.-.Dec., 2014 2015-expiry Establishing a complete financial and The surpius capital Steps of management system as an independent accumulated increases charging Trial charging, the rate is corporation does. Refuse charging is to year by year, so since reformation 45 yuanlt. be carried out officially since 2004, 50.0 2015,the price of Refuse yuanlt, and it is to be treated as the rates is to decrease by financial affairs for the corporation. 2.9% annually. Table 8-4 Detailed refuse charging plan for the following years NO. Projects 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 p Annual Refuse 71.1 749 78.1 81.5 6.6885.0 72.2 75.4 78.6 81.9 85.4 88.9 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 27 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (10,000 ton) I I I_I I _ 2 Charges (vuan/t ) 50.0 51.5 53.0 54.6 56.2 57.8 59.5 61.3 63.1 65.0 66.9 68.9 3 Refuse revenue 3556 3855 4141 4447 4775 3970 4298 4619 4959 5323 5710 6123 (I10,000 yuan )______NO. Projects 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 it Annual Refuse I processing volume 92.6 96.4 100.2 104.2 108.3 112.6 116.9 121.4 126.0 130.8 135.7 2187 (10,000 ton) _I___ 2 Charges (yuan/t ) 66.8 64.9 63.0 61.1 59.3 57.6 55.9 54.3 52.7 51.1 49.6 3 Refuse revenue 6188 6251 6312 6371 6428 6484 6538 6590 6641 6690 6738 127006 __ (10,000 yuan ) I ______I _ _ I _ _ I__ I__ I______I _ 8.3.4 Analysis To The Economic Benefits The total investment of the project is 339.32 million RMB. If the Refuse charging plan is carried out, by the year when the annual Refuse processing revenue reaches56.113 million RMB, the economic benefits are estimated as follows: (based on 24-year estimation) ( 1 ) Analysis to its financial balance and its profitability According to the researchable financial assessment, all the economic indexes for No. 2 Landfill are shown in the following table 8-6. Table 8-6 The main economic indexes of the project Reference data in NO. Names of index Unit Value . . Remarks drainage industry Interior profitability for the total __ 1 .% 4.5 4% After tax investment 2 Static investment return period a 16.6 >0 After tax 3 Net value of total investment(i=4%) 10,000 1773 <18years After tax Annual average 4 Investment profit margin % 4.7 after the project is put into use Annual average 5 Tax rate for Investment profit % 5.9 after the project is put into use 6 Loan repayment period a 20 Including a 5-year grace penod (2) Analysis to the repayment ability The loan from the World Bank is $9.30 million, equal to 77.10 million RMB if the exchange rate is 1:8.29. According to the 5-year grace period and 20-year repayment time limit, the annual repayment is 5.14 million RMB. Since the repayment capital comes from the profit, and the amortization of depreciation, incorporeal and sustainable Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 28 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill assets, through calculation, the corporation is able to pay back all its loan with the time limit as long as the preceding Refuse charging is adopted. 8.3.5 Conclusion Of The Economic Benefits Analysis Based on the preceding analysis, we come to the following conclusion: (1 ) The investment cost for unit Refuse is 13.7yuanlt, the service time is 23 years, unit processing cost is 46.3yuanlt, unit management cost is 29.6yuanlt, in this case, landfill has the advantage of low investment cost for unit Refuse and low processing cost. Moreover, the Refuse processing volume can fluctuate in a relatively big range. Finally, it ensures a proper treatment of the Refuse for the following 26 years in Hangzhou. (2) The interior profitability for the total investment after tax is 4.5%, and its investment return period lasts for 16.6years (including 5years of construction period). It is able to pay off the loan both home and abroad in the set period of time which indicates that the project is solvent and resistant to risks, so it is feasible as far as the finance is concerned. (3) It is suggested that Hangzhou municipal government should strengthen the charging of Refuse fees by emphasizing that the use of key city infrastructure as this is not free. At the same time, the government should also protect the benefits of the general public by issuing some preferential policies to ensure a better working of the project and a timely repayment of the loan. Finally, the govemment should also control the construction investment of infrastructure and reduce the cost so as to maximize the economic profit of the corporation. 8.4 Environment Protection Measures And Its Cost Analysis 8.4.1 Environment Protection Measures And Its Cost Analysis It is obvious that the Refuse processing itself is a kind of environment protection project. The environment protection investment of the project is to be used to control the second pollution of the landfill, including the waste water and waste gas processing, environment protection monitoring, vegetation planting, technical training and environment assessment etc. According to an initial estimation, the environment protection investment amounts to77.28 million RMB, which accounts for 22.77% of the total investment.See 8-7. Table 8-7 Investment assessment for environment protection NO. Investment Contents Investment Remarks projects /10,000 yuan I Waste water Horizontal exudation resistance equipment 3055 processing Separate filling 680 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 29 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Catchwork 338 Waster processing factory 1873 Adjusting pound 494 2 Waste gas24 2 Waprocessing Methane collection system 241 Monitoring and control system 273 Environmen Monitoring 3 t protection Environment protection monitoring 273 fee, testing fee monitoring Monities are included. Monitoring well 45 4 Vegetation Garden plantation in the management area 150 planting Vegetation planting in landfill area 250 Technical training Training fee 20 6 Environmen Environment assessment fee 36 t assessment Total 7728 8.4.2 Analysis To The Environmental Benefits Of Environment Protection Measures The environment investment for No. 2 Landfill can eliminate the pollution caused by bare Refuse piles, effectively control the Refuse influence upon the ecology, restrict the reproduction of mosquitoes, flies and rats, avoid the spread of diseases, guarantee a healthy life for the general public, and create a clean and comfortable city environment. At the same time, the investment also ensures a normal working of the landfill without accidents, and helps to realize all the effects as has planed before hand. The Refuse exudates belong to high concentration organic waste liquids. Their quality differs according to different Refuse categories, composition, filling scale, filling techniques, filling years and seasons. With the exudates collection system, exudates are processed through UASB +comprehensive physical and chemical means, so that quality of the final liquid can meet the "Life Refuse Landfill Control Criteria" (GB 16889-1997) the third level discharging limits (pH=6-9. CODcr< 1000 mg/L, BOD5 •600mg/L) After this, the liquid is to flow through 8km long DN300 and DN400 drainage pipes to the third key drainage pipes in Hangzhou and finally come to the second level drainage-processing factory. This parallel wastewater processing system ensures a standard discharging of wastewater, improves greatly the ground water environment near the landfill and guarantee a successful working of the project. No. 2 Landfill uses vertical stone well and horizontal gas release blind channel to release the landfill gas which is directly sent to power plant to generate electricity. Calculated according to the landfill gas estimation and the decreasing of the landfill gas from the First Landfill, it is predicted that at most 7 generating sets are needed. As No. 2 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, PR. China 30 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Landfill reaches its service expiry, the gas is to decrease gradually and the number of generating sets decreases accordingly. It would not stop until the gas is not enough for even one generating set. The net income of the power plant is to reach 7.55million for the year 2013, and 12.27 million RMB for 2026. The successful working of the gas collection power generation system not only contributes to the improvement of air quality around the Landfill, but lessens effectively the hidden trouble of landfill gases, increases the economic returns for the project, and eases the pressure for the city power supply. The vegetation planting plays an important role in the improvement of the environment quality around the landfill area. First of all, plants absorb water through their roots and through transpiration, it consume a lot of water. For instance, the herbaceous plants could consume 500-800g water before it turns dry, and as for the woody plants, it's about 170-300g. The huge consuming of water reduces the amount of water, which would otherwise enter the landfill, and this ultimately decreases the production of landfill exudates. Therefore, it is one of the effective measures to reduce the hidden trouble and risks from Refuse exudates. Secondly, plants can produce oxygen, catch dust, kill bacteria, improve the local climate and the environment near the landfill, and ensure a healthy living condition of the working staff. Thirdly, those tall plants are able to obstruct and isolate the flying dust, and improve the natural landscape and the air quality of the local area. In short, tree planting is an important means to maintain a clean production environment especially for landfill. According to an on-the-spot testing in Qingdao landfill, compared with a bare landfill, the dust in planted area is reduced by 60.6%-90.8%, and during the glowing season of plants, the decreasing rate of bacteria from the landfill is 72.7 % on grassland and 58.35% in woods. It is reported that those plants with mighty sterilization ability can kill the bacteria in seconds. Therefore, planting will be especially effective and important in landfill areas. 8.5 Measures To Guarantee The Benefits Generation Of The Project (1) To be included in the city designing and find the party to take the responsibility realize the goal In order to finish the construction of the project and put it into use early, the project should be included in the city construction designing of Hangzhou. Besides, a complete responsibility system for the protection and processing of solid wastes in Hangzhou should be established and perfected, and it should be taken as a key component in the assessment of some related government official' working performance with clear Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 31 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill responsibility period in a written document, so as to carry the whole project exactly as has planed beforehand. (2) Broaden the financing channels and encourage various investments Besides the loan from the World Bank and the investment from the domestic government, we should also introduce all kinds of other financing channels actively and encourage investment from society, collective party, individuals or foreign capitals on the construction of city infrastructure and promote the establishment of a garbage-processing corporation. In order to ensure a normal working of Refuse processing project and a regular repayment for the construction loan, we should guarantee the using of the investment for the specific purpose and exempt the Refuse fees from value-added tax. (3) Establish the market institute and reform the management system Carry out the organizational structure reformation for the Refuse processing and establish the corporation so as to ensure the benefits generation for the project. According to the plan and the general procedure of organizational structure reformation of the public amenities in Hangzhou, in order to meet the requirement proposed by the World Bank for the project, Hangzhou Solid Waste Processing Co., Ltd is established in Sept. 25, 2002 with its major characteristics of "independent auditing, autonomy in operation, independent development and being responsible for profits or losses". The corporation is responsible for the construction and the management of No. 2 Landfill of Hangzhou, and by introducing advanced foreign management and operation modes, and collecting a gradual increasing Refuse filling fee in order to maintain its slim profit and further its development, the corporation is to become a independent legal person with continuously increasing assets and liable loan repayment ability. In future, the government would not be responsible of the direct management and operation of the corporation. According to the organizational structure development plan of the corporation, one of the key points is to reform the market operation. It includes the reformation of the working conditions of the organization for service equipments. That is it should be the corporation not the government who is to manage directly the service equipments which ensures really an independent decision-making right for the corporation. (4) Regulate the operation management and enhance the scientific techniques Management is another key point in the market-oriented organizational structure reformation. The corporation has to go all out to meet the requirements of the customers by introducing advanced management system, improving the interior working conditions including the rising of employees' qualities, making sure the responsibilities of each staff Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 32 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill member, bettering the financial management, adopting advanced technology and information system and improving the relationship with customers. The company needs to perfect its management in order to be turned into a corporation with really independent operation within the framework of policies allowed by the government. Its has the following key steps in reformation: (iDResolve the human resource independently; ()Decide the service goals as well as other key operational aims independently; (®Makeoperation plans according to the goals and standards decided; (!)Check and decide the functions of corporation and the government; (c)Enhance its financial independence; (®)Acceptthe supervision of the municipal government, so that the government can effectively control the corporation on a strategic level including enough information and workers' techniques.; TMake and carry out the contracts, which are based on performance, between the municipal government and the corporation (®Thefuture reformation could involve the purchasing or combination of corporations or the introduction of private capitals. (5 ) Emphasize its advertising and education in order to promote a participation of the general public Popularize the environment protection concepts like clean production, recycle economy in various means, emphasize the education on the reduction of solid wastes, and the turning of them into harmless wastes or resources and encourage the general public to actively participate in the categorizing and collection of Refuse and pay the Refuse fees on time so as to ensure a healthy realization of the market-oriented operation of the project. (6) Focus on the training of employees to ensure a safe operation of the project Being an area for Refuse filling, the operation procedure is subject to the influence of a lot of harmful dust, flammable CH4 gas, noxious gases as well as noises from the working machines, all of which could seriously affect the workers' health conditions. The corporation has to enforce the related laws or principles on safe production, make safe working operation rules and procedures, strengthen the production management and safety checking, ensure all the safety-oriented measures and avoid various accident like disease spreading, fire, collapse, floods and lightening strike so as to ensure a safe operation of the whole corporation. At the same time, the company should set a particular development to carry out Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I I1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 33 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill complete training for the workers, make training plans for employees on different levels, set aside train capitals, and prepare textbooks and teachers to launch the technical training according to plans. An employee would not be able to start working until he is regarded as qualified. 9 Environmental Management And Monitoring Plan Environmental protection management means that the owner, designer and constructor must, in the periods of feasibility study, design, construction and operation, observe relevant regulations, policies and standards about environmental protection, carry out prevention measures specified in the environmental evaluation report and ensure the environmental protection facilities in normal operation. In the plan of environmental management, it shall specify the construction of the mechanism-capacity, the responsibilities and obligations of implementation of protective measures, the implementation progress, monitoring-items, report procedures, and the input and the resources of the funds. During the construction and implementation of the project, it shall accept the supervision and guidance from local competent environmental protection authorities and coordinate with them in examination of "Three-simultaneous" of the project construction. 9.1 Environmental Management Mechanism 9.1.1 Environmental Management Mechanism And Its Responsibilities And Obligations During Preparation And Construction Of The Project During preparation and construction of the project, the environmental management mechanism shall be construction management division of Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Solid Waste Landfill and is subsidiary to Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Solid Waste Landfill Project Preparation Department. Its main responsibilities and obligations in environmental protection are: (1) Preparation and implementation of management procedures of environmental protection for each sub-project in accordance with the State construction management regulations, operation specifications, as well as the requirements on environmental protection during the construction period stipulated in the environmental impact assessment letter; (2) Supervision of the construction units in execution of the management procedures Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 34 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill of environmental protection and timely prevention from occurrence of the procedures-violating construction actions; (3) Investigation and solving of the disputes on disturbing residence or contamination of the construction; (4) Submission of stage reports during the construction period to local environmental protection authorities. 9.1.2 Environmental Administrative Organs And Their Duties Environmental Administrative Organs of Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Sewage Treatment Plant and Environmental Protection Monitoring Station with staff 25, the duties are environmental administration, monitoring and laboratory testing, timely monitoring and command the pollution circumstance in the light of the State Environmental law and its relevant standard. Primary duties of environmental administrative organs: (1)To publicize and organize the implementation of State's policies, laws, regulations about environmental protection and to be responsible for the environmental protection within the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill; (2)To carry out various environmental administrative systems formulated by competent authorities at higher levels; (3)To supervise the installation, commissioning and operation of the environmental protection facilities and equipment for this project, and to assure that the design, construction and production pass certification; (4)To be in charge of and organize the environmental monitoring in the operation of the said project (including trial operation), and to establish files for it. (5)To investigate into and dispose of pollution accidents and disputes arising in and out of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill; (6)To carry out environmental protection education, technical training and academic exchanges so as to improve workers and staff members' quality and to popularize advanced technology and experiences; (7)On sewage treatment project: To supervise and examine the operation of sewage treatment plant and make records of it. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 35 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (8)To register the waste quantity and water quality flowing in the sewage pipes network system, and to supervise the operation circumstance of the equipment for sewage treatment in advance. 9.2 Measures To Release The Environmental Impact The discharge of diffusate and emission of landfill gases during construction and operation and termination-use of the landfill will render potential contamination risk to its surrounding environment and thus effective protection and control measures shall be taken to minirnize the impact. Table 9-1 List of measures to protect and control the contamination for this project Period Environmental Protection and control measures factors (X Intensifying management, ensuring civilized construction and lightly loading and unloading building materials. removing the soils from surfaces of entrance and exit vehicles; and covering the vehicles for transport of dusty materials such as lime, sand, stone, cement and fly ash. 0 Sprinkling or sweeping construction fields and roads to minimize dusting and Construction Air avoiding open storage of lime and sand as period far as possible. In case of open storage, sprinkling water onto them to increase their surface moisture contents and inhibit dusting ® Selecting construction units of strong forces and using commercial ready-mixed concrete and enclosed transport cars. @ After completion of temporary utilization of lands, restoring the vegetation and preventing land and water from loss O Selecting low-noisy construction plants, reasonably arranging construction Noise jobs, and prohibiting construction with high-noisy plants at night. 0( Stfictly executing the regulations in "Noise Limits in Construction Field Boundary" Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 36 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (ID During the construction period discharging the domestic sewage into municipal sewage net pipelines, instead of direct discharge into Yanshanhe Surface water River. (g) Preventing soil and water from loss by the construction materials and minimizing their entering Yanshanhe River O Intensifying management and safe operation of the sewage treatment plant and ensuring it to reach the discharge standards. Surface water (2 Building a large tank (150000m 3) to prevent the refuse diffusate from entenng the nearby surface water body at heavy storm. ) Directly discharging both the domestic sewage and production sewage into sewage treatment plant for treatment before into municipal sewage net pipeline. ) In the construction adopting dual seepage-proof measures (honzontal seepage-proof and vertical grouting) to prevent the refuse diffusate from entering ground water. Ground water (9) Setting up 7 monitor wells in the landfill region to timely monitor both ground water level and water quality. © Separating flow of clear water from that of sewage, minimizing generated Operation refuse diffusate, intensifying seepage-proof and drain system, and controlling the period storage water level. (I) Ensuring waste gas collection system of the landfill to reach at least 70% and keeping normal running of waste gas power-generation plant. ®)Daily monitoring the atmospheric bad-odor pollutants and TSP for the yard area by the environmental monitor station and making the bad-odor pollutants to reach the discharge standards. Air () Preventing light refuses from generating secondary contamination at heavy wind, taking measures of pressing and land-covering immediately after filling, daily sprinkling the working faces, roads and earth-borrowing fields three to four times, and equipping with 2 sprinklers (a new one) (j) Intensifying the safety guard and protection of explosive gases in the landfill region and installing round-clock automatic methane monitoring and alarming apparatus. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 37 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Continue Table 9-1 Environmental Period Protection and control measures factors (D Using low noisy refuse landfill operation plants and taking absorbing measures for the high noisy equipment. Noise () Strictly executing the regulations in "Noise Standards in Urban Region Environment" (j) The sludge dewatered in the sewage treatment plant through screw Sludge dewatering machine shall be handled to the landfill for fill. Operation (i For the project setting up a hygiene protection distance (300m) and building Operation period greening belt around the field boundary to minimize the impact on surrounding environment by the bad-odor gases. ( During the landfill operation in the yard, daily covering the operation unit Hygiene with soil and ensuring landfill quality and seal effect. ( Appointing special personnel to timely spray chemicals onto the entenng vehicles to remove bad odor and kill rats and flies and equipping with sprinklers (sterilizing vehicles) . During operation, sterilizing the entire region and meanwhile sprinkling the area to minimize dusting o Keeping the sewage treatment plant to normally run for at least lO'-l5years Surface water and conducting environmental monitor. Period of OKeeping the landfill gas collection system and gas power-generation plant to termination- Air normally run for at least 1015years and conducting environmental monitor. use of the landflill (D Covering the refuse surface geo-textile fabrics +HDPE film + soil + Ecology nutrient earth. (2) Planting grass and evergreen shrub, and protecting vegetation. 9.3 Plan Of Environmental Monitor 9.3.1 Necessary Environmental Monitor In order to understand the range and degree generated by the environmental protection targets during the construction period, the operation penrod and the use-termination period of the project, take the corresponding measures, verify the effects of the taken environmental protection measures, contents of the environmental monitor during these Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 38 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill periods shall be determined in accordance with the features of both the project and the environment and each indicator shall be monitored in accordance with state standards. Table 9-2: Environmental monitor during the construction period, the operation period and the use-termination period of the project Monitoring Monitoring Monitonng point Monitoring item Monitoring frequency period medium Operation field and Once before construction, once Air down-wind area of the TSP every quarter during construction, yard each for 3 successive days Construction Once before construction, once period Operation field and the every month during construction, Noise Leq yard each for one day and one night respectively Sewage quantity, Once every day, installing with Refuse Entrance and exit of the COD,r, TP, NH3-N, in-line monitoring instruments of diffusate sewage treatment plant pH and SS flow rate and CODcr. Operation field and Air down-wind area of the TSP, H2S, NH3 Testing once every quarter yard Operation In accordance with period Ground stipulations for 7 monitoring wells Once every month water ground water quality in GB/T14848 Each pump station and Leq at boundaries of Noise boundaries of sewage Once every quarter plant treatment plant Refue E c aSewage quantity, Once every day, installing with Refuse Entrance and exit of the CODcr, TP, NH3-N, in-line monitoring instruments of diffusate sewage treatment plant pH and SS flow rate and CODcr- Use-terminati In accordance with on period Once at the flood period. drought Ground stipulations for 7 monitoring wells period and usual period every water ground water quality ya year in GB/T14848 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 39 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 9.3.2Monitoring Instruments And Equipment All the monitoring instruments and equipment shall be installed in accordance with the to-be conducted items and the requirements for Zhejiang provincial tertiary monitoring station (Table 9-3 ), and all their expenses are listed under the budget of the project. Table 9-3: List of environmental monitoring instruments and equipment No . Designation Unit Amount I Gas chromatograph-mass Set 1 spectrometer 2 Infrared spectrophotometer Set 1 3 High performance liquid Set I chromatograph 4 Ion chromatograph Set 1 5 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Set 1 6 Electronic balance (1/10000) Set I 7 Electronic balance (1/100000) Set 1 8 Visible spectrophotometer Set 1 9 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer Set 1 10 Fluorescence mercury tester Set 1 11 COD tester Set 2 12 Sound level and vibration tester Set 1 13 Conductivity meter Set 1 14 Turbidimeter Set 2 15 Air sampler Set 2 16 TSP sampler Set 2 17 Smog sampler Set 4 18 Fume sampler Set 2 19 Smog-detection telescope Set 2 20 Water sampler Set 4 21 Speed-meter Set 4 22 Precipitation sampler Set 6 23 Environmental monitor vehicle Set 1 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 40 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 24 Diesel emission monitoring apparatus Set 2 25 TOC tester Set 1 26 Multi-function water analyzer Set 2 27 Ultra-water purifier Set 1 28 Inflammable gas monitoring Set 2 apparatus 29 Automatic calorimeter Set 1 30 All station Set 1 9.4 Personnel training and training plan 9.4.1 Overall requirements The managerial level of the sewage treatment plant consists of technicians and managerial personnel and they all have a good professional level and managerial quality. The post of chief of monitor room shall be taken by professional technical cadre and 60% of the staff for this room shall at least have an junior college education experience. For ensuring the correctness and reliability of all monitored data, all the personnel shall be technically trained and examined. 9.4.2 Basic Requirements On Personnel Quality The basic quality for the staff includes the basic theory, basic operation skill and actual capacity in sample analysis: (1) The basic theory includes basic theory of analytical chemistry, basic knowledge of laboratory, data statistics, quality assurance and quality control, principle and operation method of the environmental monitor analysis, calculation, removal of interfering substances, and instructions. (2) The basic operation skill includes the site sampling and measuring technique, correct use of glass wares, and skill in operation of analysis instruments. (3) Analysis and determination of the issued examined samples in accordance with the specified operation procedures. 10 Public Participation 10.1 Purpose The implementation of Municipal No.2 Landfill using World Bank loan will further enhance the capability of processing urban waste and further improve residential environment and will be of great significance towards the aim of realizing sustainable Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 41 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill development and shaping Hangzhou into an internationally-recognized tounrst destination. The construction and operation of No.2 Landfill involve the issue of land being assigned and protection of surface/underground water system, and will possibly bring about change of the local ecological conditions. In compliance with Chinese Environmental Protection regulations and according to World Bank regulation on environmental influence evaluation (OP4.01, public participation is required. Public participation for environmental influence evaluation is to communicate to the local residents the significance of this project and the benefits and disbennifits the project would bring to them directly or indirectly, to gain an understanding of their attitude towards the project and their major concems, to conjointly find out the solutions to problems, to ensure fairness and impartiality of the evaluation, to ensure smooth implementation of the project, and to prevent pollution-related conflicts from arising during the process of construction and operation. 10.2 Participation Pattern and Process Details 10.2.1 Participation Pattern Public participation for environmental influence evaluation takes the approach of conducting field interviews, discussions, voluntary questionnaire and putting on information bulletins to gain advice from representatives of all related services, the public, and environmental experts on the project. Questionnaire will be distributed on basis of integration of two principles of representativeness and randomicity. representativeness requires questionnaires to be sent to representatives from all walks of life, particularly, the surveyed subjects must include residents or farmers around the site of the landfill; the principle of randomicity refers to the practice of deciding on surveyed subjects without any impartiality and prejudice involved. 10.2.2 Process Details Public survey on this project was conducted twice. The first survey was conducted during the process of drafting environmental evaluation outline in November, 1999, mainly concerned three villages of Shenjianbin, Shitang, and Liujia around Hangzhou No.1 and No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill(to be set up). The surveyed subjects also include urban residents, teachers and students in colleges and universities, leading figures and employees of related units in Hangzhou. This survey interviewed over 30 persons and distributed 200 questionnaires with 165 collected. The surveyed Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 42 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill subjects include representatives of People's Congress, members of political consultative conference, government officials, teachers and students in colleges and universities, common citizens, and residents living in the area around the site of this project. The second survey was conducted after the environmental evaluation report (draft) was finished in February, 2002. The surveyed area and subjects were basically the same as those of the first survey(for details, please refer to Table 10-3). This survey interviewed over 40 persons and distributed 81 questionnaires with all of them collected. Besides, this project takes the approach of information publicity to enhance public awareness in playing a role in environmental protection management: 1) Put on announcements in Hangzhou Daily, asking for active involvement of the public, 2) Put the full text of the environmental evaluation report on the information bulletin at the preparation office for construction of No.2 landfill. The project profile will be issued upon request(address of the preparation office for the construction of the landfill: No. 252, Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, zip code: 310003) 3) The public may send their comment to the e-mail dress:hwxmb@ 163.com 10.3 Comment Analysis 10.3.1 Comment Analysis From The First Survey The subjects of the first survey are from all walks of life, varying in education background, varying in occupation including cadre, teacher, student, worker, farmer, and also varying in age ranging from 11 to 70. Please refer to table 10-1. Analysis of the comments indicate degrees of consistency among the public towards most of the issues and enhanced willingness of involvement in the public affairs and a certain degree of knowledge of the influence the project would bring to the environment. Please refer to table 10-2 for the comments. Table 10-1 Statistics Table of the Surveyed Subjects in the first Survey category number percentage( o) Sexualit Male 95 57.6 Sexuality Female 70 42.4 Age <20 16 9.7 20-40 89 53.9 40-60 55 33.3 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. IT1, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 43 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill l______>60 5 3.0 Primary School 22 13.3 Education High School 73 44.2 Background College or university 47 28.5 Above the level of college/university 23 13.9 Cadre 28 17.0 Worker 57 34.5 Occupation Teacher 26 15.8 Student 28 17.0 Farmer 26 15.8 Table 10-2 Comments Summary Table from the first survey No. Issues surveyed Number Percentage% What significance has the construction and I.Tremendous 143 86.7 ] operation of the first landfill had in 2.Medium 21 12.7 improving urban environment and saniation 3.Little 0 0 of Hangzhou? 4.Not clear 1 0.6 I.Vey stinking 13 7.9 2 What do you think of the stinking smell of 2.not so terrible 47 28.5 the first landfill? 3.only a little stinking 104 63.0 4.Not clear 1 0.6 Lveysenous 20 12.1 Do you think the leachate drainage 2.not too serious 130 78.8 discharge poses a threat to waterway? 3.no threat at all 6 3.6 4.not clear 9 5.5 Compared with the period before the I.Yes I 1.0 construction 2.NO 87 85.3 4 of the first landfill, is the quality of the well water getting worse?(for the vilhagers 3.Not clear 14 13.7 living around Tianziling to answer) The construction and operation of the I.Yes 65 39.4 5 landfill increase the density of flies in the 2.No 87 52.7 nearby area? 3.Not clear 12 7.3 I.Huge progress 140 84.8 6 Has the management of the landfill 2.Not too big improvement 18 10.9 improved compared with before? 3.a little bit of improvement 3 1.8 4.Not clear 4 2.4 What do you think of the Lenormous influence 4 2.4 7 influence of the landfill on the 2.Not too big influence 108 65.5 daily life of the residents? 3.no influence 50 30.3 4.Not clear 3 18 8 Do you think No. 2 Landfill will improve I.NYes 165 100 urban appearance of Hangzhou? 0 0 ______3.N ot clear 0 0 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 44 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Continue Table 10-2 No. Issues surveved Number Percentage% ] .Yes 164 99.4 Do you approve of locating No.2 Landfill 2 NO 0 0 at the lower reaches of the first landfill? 3.Do not know 1 0.6 10 What do you think of the influence during Lacceptable 165 100 the construction of the project? 2.not acceptable 0 0 l.Environmental concern 54 32.7 2.Stinicng smell; 70 42.4 What are your main concerns towards the 3.Anti-seeping concem; 57 34.5 construction of No. 2 Landfill? 4.Disposal of leachate drainage 49 29.7 5.the final destination of the 48 29.1 leachate drainage ends in 6.others 2 1.2 What is your attitude towards the L.suppotive 165 100 12 construction of No.2 Landfill? 2.not supportive 0 0 3.do not care 0 0 This survey indicates: ( 1 ) The public shows a great deal of consistency towards the significance construction and operation of the first landfill has in improving urban environment and sanitation, with 86.7% of the surveyed subjects recognize "enormous significance", 12.7% recognizing medium significance, none of them deciding on "little significance", and with 0.6% not sure of this issue; (2)63.0% of the surveyed subjects decide on "only a little stinking",28.5% reckons "not too stinking", 7.9% reckons "very stinking", and 0.6% is not sure of this matter: (3) regarding the issue of the threat of the leachate drainage towards the waterway, 78.8% reckons "not too big threat", 12.1% reckons "serious problem" and 3.6% and 5.5% reckons "no threat" and "not sure" respectively; ( 4 ) In the area subject to the influence of the project. 85.3% reckons that the underground water is not polluted; 13.7% is not sure about this matter; only 1.0% reckons that the underground water is polluted; (5 )52.7% does not think that construction and operation of the landfill increase the density of flies in the nearby area; 39.4% thinks that density of flies goes higher; 7.3% is not sure about this matter; (6) 84.8% recognizes greatly improved management of the landfill, 10.9% does not see too much change, 1.8% sees a little bit of improvement, 2.4% is not sure of this matter; Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I ll, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 45 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (7) regarding the issue of influence of the first landfill on the residents' daily lives, 65.5% and 30.3% reckons "not too big influence " and "no influence " respectively only 2.4% reckons "enormous influence ", and 1.8% is not sure of this matter; ( 8 ) 100% reckons the significance No.2 Landfill will have in improving urban appearance of Hangzhou; (9) 99.4% approves of locating No.2 Landfill at the lower reaches of the first landfill; 0.6% is not sure of this matter; none of the surveyed subjects disapproves: (10) 100% thinks that the environmental influence during the construction of the landfill is acceptable; ( 11) Regarding the concems towards the construction of No.2 Landfill, many surveyed subjects made multiple choices, respectively 32.7%, 42.4%, 34.5%, 29.7%, 29.1%, of the surveyed public shows concern towards environmental sanitation stinking smell, anti-seeping issue, disposal of leachate drainage, the final destination of leachate drainage. ( 12) taking benefits and disadvantages into consideration, 100% shows support towards the construction of No.2 Landfill. 10.3.2 Comment Analysis From The Second Survey For a glance at the basic information as regards to those surveyed, please refer to table 10-3. Table 10-3 Statistics Table of the Surveyed Subjects in the Second Survey Class Number Percentage (C%) Male 48 59.3 Sexuality Female 33 40.7 <20 3 3.7 20-40 38 46.9 ARe 40-60 36 44.4 >60 4 4.9 the level of junior high school 15 18.5 and under Education Senior high or technical school 43 53. I Background the level of college/university 23 28.4 and above Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I11, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 46 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Worker 32 39.5 Farmer 8 9.9 Teacher 8 9.9 Occupation Student 0 0 Businessmen 1 1.2 Persons in government services I1 13.6 others 21 25.9 Continue Table 10-3 Class Number Percentage (%) Representatives of People's Congress Members of the Political Consultative 5 6.2 Conference category do Common people or members of 10 12.3 you belong to? academic organization Members in the residential area committee or 7 8.6 village committee Common residents or common worker 59 72.8 Which Employees of the first landfill 19 23.5 category do Residents living in the area around the 13.6 you belong to? proposed location of No.2 Landfill Residents in the main urbain area 51 62.9 Analysis of the comments of the second survey indicates a great deal of consistenc towards most of the questions, further enhancing of public willingness to get involved in discussions of public aff;airs, and deeper knowledge of the environmental threat posed by the project. For a glance at the comments, please refer to table 10-4 Table 10-4 Comment Sumunary Table (the second survey) No. Issues Surveyed Number Percentage/% A. Stinking smell, quantity of 37 45.7 flies______What do you think are the ______main environmental issues B. Anti-seeping issue, disposal posed by the first landfill? and final destination of 47 58.0 leachate drainage C. others 3 3.7 Do you reckon the great significance A. Yes 77 95.1 2 the second landfill will have in B. NO 1 1.2 improving living environment and urban appearance? C. Not clear 3 3.7 _ urban appearance?II 3 Do you think pollution precaution and A. Basically feasible 74 91.4 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 11l. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, PR. China 47 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill treatment measures listed in table 1 B. Not feasible 3 3.7 (refer to the appendix) feasible? C. Not clear 4 4.9 Do you think it feasible to set up A. Feasible 65 80.2 waste disposal facility operated B. Not feasible 6 7.4 4 according to market principles and charge the residents a certain amount C. Either or 10 12.3 of waste disposal fee? What are your major concerns A. Environmental issue 61 75.3 5 towards the construction of No.2 B. Charge for waste disposal 24 29.6 Landfill? C. Others 1 1.2 What is your attitude towards No.2 A. Supportive 81 100 6 Landfill project? B. Not supportive 0 0 C. Do not care 0 0 Table 10-4 indicates: ( 1 ) when answering "major concerns towards the operation of the first landfill", a part of surveyed subjects made multiple choices. 45.7% decides on "stinking smell, quantity of flies"; 58.0% decides on "anti-seeping, disposal and final destination of leachate drainage", 3.7% decides on other environmental issues. (2) 95.1% reckons great significance No.2 Landfill will have in improving living conditions and urban appearance, 1.2% does not reckon its significance, 3.7% is not sure of this matte: (3) as regards to the pollution precaution and treatment measures( listed in Table 1, appendix 2 )for No.2 Landfill, 91.4% reckons "basically feasible". Only 3.7% does not reckon their feasibility;4.9% is not sure of this matter. (4) as regards to setting up waste disposal facility operated according to market principles and charge the residents a certain amount of waste disposal fee: 80.2% reckons it feasible; 7.4% reckons "not feasible"; 12.3% does not care. (5) as regards to major concerns of No.2 Landfill, a part of surveyed subjects made multiple choices, 75.3% has environmental concerns, 12.6% has concern about charging for disposing waste, 1.2% votes on other concerns. (6) taking benefits and disadvantages into consideration, 100% shows support towards No.2 Landfill project. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 48 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 10.4 Conclusions from Public Participation 10.4.1 Conclusion from the First Survey All of the collected 165 questionnaires of the first survey showed support on construction of No.2 Landfill. Combination of the comments of over 30 surveyed subjects in written form and input gained from face-to-face interviews indicated that the majority of the public support construction of this project due to the following reasons: ( 1) The project will help to improve the investment environment of Hangzhou and help to promote the local economic growth. (2) The project will help to improve the living environment, to effectively keep under control the occurring and contagion of various diseases, and to ensure health of the public. (3) The project will help to bring into full play Hangzhou's superiority in aspect of scenery, to help to improve the image of Hangzhou as a Nation in Bloom city, and help to attract more visitors to come to Hangzhou. (4) The project will create new jobs, which ensures social stability. Advice and suggestion from the public regarding this project: ( 1) Members in the expert team reviewing Environmental Evaluation Outline suggest that the environmental evaluation should pay full attention to the retrospective evaluation of the environmental influence of the first landfill and take into consideration the possible environmental influence posed during operation of the project. The project design shall pay attention to reliability of the sewage clearing and shunting system, collection, anti-seeping and disposal of leachate drainage, and final destination of the treated leachate drainage. (2) As regards to the major concerns for the construction of No.2 Landfill, many surveyed subjects made multiple choices. Respectively 32.7%, 42.4%. 34.5%. 29.7%, 29.1% has concerns on environmental sanitation, stinking smell, anti-seeping issue of the landfill, disposal and final destination of leachate drainage; respectively 7.9% and 12.1% reckons the stinking smell and the pollution to the waterway by the leachate drainage serious issue in the first landfill. The constructing body is suggested to pay full attention to these issues, to take pollution precaution and treatment measures feasible technologically and economically, to guarantee health of the public, and to create sound living environment. (3) 39.4% feels that construction of the landfill increased the amount of flies in the surrounding area. Residents living around the landfill are worried that the landfill's moving Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 49 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill outwards will further increase the amount of fliers. The managing body of the landfill shall take this into full consideration. (4) Since the amount of urban waste in Hangzhou is rapidly increasing recently, the construction pace of No.2 Landfillis to be well balanced with the coming enveloping of the first landfill. 10.4.2 Conclusions from the Second Survey 81 questionnaires out of the collected 81 questionnaires show support for the construction of the project. The majority of the public recognizes the absolute necessity for constructing No.2 Landfill. Reasons for their support for this project are basically the same as those drawn from the first survey. Still, some survey subjects have the following concerns regarding construction of the project: ( 1 ) 45.7% reckons "stinking smell, and fly issue" the major environmental issue posed by the first landfill; 58.0% reckons "anti-seeping, disposal and final destination of leachate drainage" more critical. Therefore, they have concerns whether these two major environmental issues will be handled in No.2 Landfill: (2 ) 75.3% reckons environmental issue as their major concern regarding the construction of No.2 Landfill. The constructing and managing body of the second landfill is strongly suggested to pay full attention to solving environmental issue of No.2 Landfill, to carry out effective pollution precaution and treatment measures, to protect public interests, and to guarantee smooth progressing of the project; (3) 12.6% has concem about waste disposal charge. The govemment should install waste charging mechanism on basis of "service shall charge" principle, in the meantime, the govemment should also deliver preferential policy to protect the interests of the common people; Besides, the public also raises the following advice and suggestion: ( 1 ) to strengthen construction management to ensure the operation of the first landfill is not affected; (2) to popularize the practice of categorized waste collection and disposal, to consider the approach of "decrease the amount of waste" and "waste recycling", and to increase the Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 50 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill serving period of the landfill; (3) to improve the facility of waste collecting and transporting, to reduce negative influence; (4) to use sewage pipes and valves made by stainless steel; (5 ) to set up commonweal enterprises to be responsible for operating the landfill with the government determining on the operation rules of this enterprise for convenience of functioning of the enterprise; (6) the related government services is suggested to clear the way for the implementation of this project Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Provincc No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 51 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 11 Total Quantity Control Of Pollutant Discharge And Analysis 11.1 Policies Of And Requirements On Total Quantity Control Of Pollutant Discharge Total quantity control of pollutant discharge is one of the fundamental principles for implementing the responsibility system of environmental protection management target and is also one of the environmental management policies conducted in the Ninth Five-year Period, which is proved to be an effective means to improve the environmental quality of China in the present stage. Hence in the Tenth Five-year Period the policy of total quantity control of pollutant discharge shall be intensified. According to the specification of "The total quantity of discharges of main pollutants in year 2005 shall be 10% than that in year 2002" stipulated in "Overall Program of Environmental Protection in China during the Tenth Five-year Period", the control plan of total quantity of water pollutants of entire Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou City during the Tenth Five-year Period specified in "Overall Program of Environmental Protection of Zhejiang Province during the Tenth Five-year Period" is shown in table 11-1. Table 11-1: Control plan of total quantity of water pollutants of Zhejiang Province and the project-sited city during the Tenth Five-year Period CODcr NHN_-N Year Region Year Year 2005 Region Year 2005 Year Year 2005 2000 Reduction 2000 2005 (10000 t) Reduction (lOOOOt) (%) (10000t) (IOOOOi) % Hangzhou City 14.29 12.86 -10.0 Zhejiang Province 58.86 52.98 -10.0 11.77 11.18 -5.01 11.2 Control Alternative Of Total Quantity Of Pollutant Discharge And Proposed Target Value Currently, in the landfill yard there is a 300m3 /day refuse diffusate treatment station, in which bio-oxidation process of two-aeration-three-settlement is adopted and which Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 52 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill annually treats about 110000 m3 of refuse diffusate. Due to its somewhat small scale annually about 279100 m3 of refuse diffusate is directly discharged to municipal sewer without any sewage treatment (directly to Yanshan River before March 2001). After building of Second Refuse Landfill Yard, a new 1500m3/d sewage treatment plant shall be built. In this plant the sewage shall be treated through biochemical + intensified physical-chemical process and the treated sewage shall confonrm to grade-III discharge criteria specified "Pollution Control Standard of Domestic Refuse Landfill" (GB 16889-1997) before being discharged into urban secondary sewage treatment plant, which greatly reduces the pollution load in the water environment of the project-sited region, and never impairs the normal operation and the standard-satisfied discharge of the urban sewage treatment plant. Hence establishment Hangzhou Second Refuse Landfill Yard and putting it into operation will play an important role in realizing the objective in control of total CODcr of Hangzhou City. The control of total quantity of pollutant discharge before and after completion of the project and the reduction are shown in Table 11-2. On the basis of the function-improvement of the water environment and the standard-satisfied discharge, the proposed total controlled quantity of pollutant discharge and the reduced quantity of pollutant discharge of the refuse landfill yard sewage treatment plant after completion of this project value are shown in Table 11-3. Table 11-2: Control of total quantity of pollutant discharge before and after completion of the project and the reduction Existing first landf'illyard After completion of second Reduction after completion of Existing first landfill yard lnfl r h rjc % . . ~~~~~~~~~~~landfillyard the project ( %) Designation Generation Discharge Generation Discharge Generation Discharge volume volume volume volume volume volume CODcr (t/Y) 1190.3 997.3 8760 547.5 636 -45.1 NH 3-N (tly) 459.1 401.9 876 55 90.8 -86.3 Table 11-3: List of proposed reduction of total quantity of pollutant discharge and the target of discharge (year 2005) Reduced quantity of Designation pollutant discharge from the Proposed control target of total quantity of pollutant refuse landfill yard sewage discharge (t/a) treatment plant (t/a) 547.5 CODcr 8212 (to municipal sewer net pipeline 1500m31d. .______CODcrlOOOmg/l) Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Il1, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 53 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill 55 3 NH3-N 821 (to municipal sewer net pipeline 1500m /d, I ~~~~~~~~~~~~NH-N100mg/I) 12 Conclusions and Suggestions 12.1 Conclusion of Overall Evaluation 12.1.1 Conclusion of Retrospective Evaluation on NO.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (1) Since it was put into operation in 1991, Hangzhou Municipal NO.1 Solid Waste Landfill (Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill) has carried out harmless treatment of 5 rnillion tons of household refuse, making great contribution to the Hangzhou image as a National Environmental Protection Model city and to the development of city's household refuse disposal technology and process in China. (2) The retrospective evaluation on the environmental influence caused by NO.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill shows that since the existing leachate disposal system 3 has decreased its disposal capacity, in total 389,100 m leachate generated over one year, only about 110,000 m 3 are treated and about 279,100 m3 leachate are discharged directly without being treated. (Before March 2001, this leachate- is discharged into Yanshan River, after March 2001, into the municipal sewage pipeline); the adopted two-step disposal technology can't get a good-enough disposal result, so it cause pollution to the water body near the outlet, and all the monitoring indexes of surface water rise annually. Presently, Yanshan River is used as the water source for industry in Banshan area, and a river way for Hangzhou Steel Group to discharge wastewater; the wastewater discharge of the refuse landfill haven't remarkable negative influence to the surrounding dwellers. (3) The routine and late monitoring results of groundwater show that Hangzhou Municipal NO. 1 Solid Waste Landfill didn't cause serious pollution to the groundwater in the landfill field during its ten years' construction and operation. The protection way of sewage-stop dam curtain grouting can play an effective role in preventing the infiltration of refuse leachate. (4) The air monitoring data during 1992>2000 on the air monitoring spots of operation area and living area show that the densities of NH3 and H2S were relatively high before 1994, but decreased annually from 1994 to 2000 and didn't exceed the harmful-matter maximum permissible scope for original Soviet residential quarters; the TSP density was generally controlled at a same level, but exceeded Grade II standard of "Environmental Air Quality Standard" (GB3095-1996) and was 2>3 times as big as the standard scope, Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. I1. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 54 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill which was greatly caused by the floating-dust over the surrounding roads. The densities of H2 S, NH3 and TSP are comparatively stable in recent years and their each-year's monitoring values are within respective standard scopes stipulated in "Household Refuse Landfill Control Standard". Since the refuse gas was gathered for power generation in 1998, the air quality in the refuse landfill field and surrounding areas has improved markedly. The CH 4 content in the air of the refuse landfill field has met requirements for safe production with explosion becoming impossible and odors less offensive. (5). The noise in this area mainly comes from running machines in the refuse landfill field, and the landfill can't be affected by outside noise. At present the daytime ambient noise level in the area is 48dB(A)-65dB(A). The ambient noise level in most area of the landfill is within the scope specified in "City Area Environmental Noise Standard" (GB3096-93), however, that the noise in the surrounding area of operation field is sometimes found to be higher than the specified level. (6) After the No. I Solid Waste Landfill was put into operation in 1991, the operation works like filling and burying were carried out in different phases, preserved the original vegetation to the best of possibility, rationally allocated and utilized the earth resource within the landfill field and out of the field, adjusted the facility allocation according to the running status, postponed the time to clear away vegetation as late as possible, so as to effectively preserve the whole ecological environment. Presently, the whole ecological environment is in a good status. The investigation result shows that in surrounding hills of the landfill field grows no less than 30 species of arbors and shrubs belonging to over 20 genera, and tens of species of herbaceous plants, so there are wide species of vegetation. We hereby can conclude that the filling and burying work in the No. 1 Landfill has not caused a serious negative influence to the surrounding ecological environment of vegetation. Also, the much birds' sound in forest shows that the odorous gas and air pollution caused by the landfill haven't greatly affected animal behavior. (7) The public investigation shows that most of the people being investigated believed that the construction and operation of No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill has played an important role in improving environmental sanitation in Hangzhou and that the yard is well-designed and managed and has not affected the residents' normal life in a general sense. They said that the yard did have affected the environment to some degree, but the influences were acceptable compared with the social benefits the yard had brought. They were confident that the yard would be in a better operation in the near future. 12.1.2 Conclusions of Overall Evaluation on No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 55 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (1) Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Solid Waste Landfill in discussion is a key infrastructure project of Hangzhou City. With the implementation of the project, Hangzhou will remain the lead in China in the field of harmless treatment of refuse and wil] continue carrying out harmless treatment of refuse in the whole city, which is of realistic significance to the improvement of city environmental sanitation and raising of residents' living quality. It is an important part for Hangzhou City to realize the maintainable development of economy and environment. (2) Analysis of environmental influences show that influences in the construction penod will be limited in the construction site and can be reduced to the minimum through rational arrangement and appropriate protection, therefore it won't greatly affect residents' daily life or farm work. The public investigation also shows that the temporary influence in the construction period is acceptable. (3). When the construction of No.2 municipal Solid Waste landfill is completed, the refuse leachate will be treated with the process technology of "anaerobic-comprehensive materializing" and, when the treated leachate conforms to the Grade III standards of "Household Refuse Landfill Pollution Control Standard" (GB 16889-1997), it will be sent into the municipal sewage pipeline network. Then the sewage will be treated again in a municipal sewage treatment plant before being discharged. The treated leachate is not charged into Yanshan River any longer and the total amount of discharged pollutants will be greatly reduced (Table 12-1). All these benefit to the overall treatment of Yanshan River. The domestic sewage in the Yard will be treated and discharged into the municipal sewage pipeline network, so it can't pollute the surroundings surface water body. Table 12-1: Volume of Generated, Treated and Discharged Water Pollutant Before And After The Project Variation before and after Existing No. 1 Landfill constrction (%) Item Generated Treated Charged Generated Treated Charged volume volume volume volume volume volume Water volume 38.91 / 38.91 54.75 / 54.75 (10OOOton) CODcr(ton/y) 1190.3 193 997.3 8760 8212.5 547.5 BOD5(ton/y) 473.5 126.3 374.2 3285 2956.5 328.5 SS (tonly) 101.2 . 19.4 81.8 219 109.5 109.5 NH3 N(Honfy) 459.1 57.2 401.9 876 821 55 Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 56 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (4) According to the relative geological survey reports, there are mainly three groundwater sources of Nanwu, Fushanfu and Qinglongwu; and the drilling result proves that these three water sources are independent cracked water-rich belts, and respectively separated by 1.5Km and 2.5 Km different combined strata. Most of the synclinal axes are locate in watersheds, so these three water sources can't form a waterpower connection. Therefore, the possible polluted groundwater source by the refuse leachate is Qinglongwu water resource, and may not affect the other two water sources under regular circumstances. Having discussed and demonstrated, the structure experts decided to adopt a combined anti-seepage plan of vertical cement curtain grouting and horizontal concrete apron anti-seepage, that is to say, the domatic field-enclosing structure of the No. 1 Landfill is to pave a not less than 450 mm layer of compressed clay on the domatic surface of refuse, cover earth again, geotextile (400gm 2) + HDPE membrane (2.0 mm) + planting earth-layer (400 mm) + surface virescence; the structure of anti-seepage layer at the bottom of the landfill is complex GCL bentonite bedding + HDPE film (2.0 mm) +geotextile (300glm2 ) + clay protection layer (30 cm) +geotextile (200gm 2 ) + broken-stone drainage layer (40 cm, diameter of granule ranging from 32 cm to 64 cm); single row grout holes are set at the bottom of the refuse dam of the No.2 Solid Waste Landfill, playing the same role as vertical cement curtain to prevent infiltration, so the groundwater can't.be polluted. (5) The waste-gas power generation plant of the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill can fully utilized the waste gas generated by refuse, accordingly, the amount of discharged waste gas, especially, odorous gas pollutants, is reduced greatly. According to the affected degree to environment by odorous gases like H2 S and N3H in waste gases, we can predict that the amount of the waste gases will reach its peak in 2005, then the maximum density 3 of H2S will reach 0.0583 mg/Nm , and the maximum density of N3H will reach 0.0292mg/Nm3 , both of which don't exceed the Boundary Standards, additionally, there are no residential quarters within 900 m away from the boundary of the Landfill, hence, the waste gases can affect no residents. Having been calculated, the sanitary protection distance of the yet-to-be-built project is fixed on 600 m. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. II1. Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou. P.R. China 57 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (6) After No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is put into operation, the in and out vehicles become frequent, so the environmental noise in this yard increases somewhat. But because the area, where the Landfill locates, is so large and surrounded by hills on three sides, so the noise can still be controlled within the level of State Grad II (for daytime) of the "Industrial Enterprise Boundary Noise Standards" (GB12348-90), except that generated by the transportation vehicles. (7) Ecological influences by the project include damage to the original vegetation in the refuse landfill field, decrease in the area of green land and weakening ecological adjustment capability. The valley topography and the fine vegetation in the surrounding area of the Yard prevent the waste gas from diffusion and lessen the volume of noise. Furthermore, the valley is an independent hydrologic unit, and the watersheds of groundwater source and surface water are always the same one, so different water sources are quite independent and can't affect each other. There are no villages and residents in the valley except the workers and staff members of Tianziling Solid Waste Landfill; hence this landfill can't affect the dweliers' living so much. However, owing to that the course for stabilization of refuse is a long one, so the environment and ecology will be affected for a comparatively long time after the yard's enclosure. (8). For the No. 2 Solid Waste Landfill, the main environmental risk exists in the direct discharge of refuse leachate, which, as a special matter, contains a big risk, so rather large reservoir should be designed to decrease risk to the minimum point. (9) The public investigation shows that most of the interviewed including governmental organs, independent experts and citizens believed that the project in discussion would contribute greatly to improve dewellers' living environment, city appearance and boosting economy in a balanced way. They said that the temporary environmental influences in the construction period were acceptable and stressed that the competent authority of this project should pay more attention to potential pollution. In general they were in favor of the project. 12.2 The Evaluation Conclusions of the Rationality and Feasibility of the Project's Site (1) Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Solid Waste Landfill, which is located in the downstream of Tianzhiling No.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, can make full use of the existing facilities of the No.1 Refuse Landfill, so large amount of money can be saved, which make it more feasible in economy. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111. Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou. P.R. China 58 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (2) No matter analyzing from geologic structure, land form, and the allocation of the underground water, the place where the refuse landfill is situated, is relatively independent, it can't affect the surrounding environment and the daily life of the nearby residents so much, furthermore, the environmental influence caused by the construction and operation of the Landfill is basically limited within the valley where the Landfill is located. The prediction evaluation on the construction of the project and environmental influence shows that No.2 Solid Waste Landfill will make it available to keep the high disposal percentage for the Hangzhou's household refuse, which is critical to safeguard Hangzhou's image as an Environmental Protection Model City. At the premise of adopting the related environmental preventive measures into effect, the going project will not seriously pollute the surrounding environment, and can decrease largely the amount of the discharged pollutants into Yanshan River, so it can bring a great environmental benefit. From the above-mentioned, we are sure that to choose Tianziling as the site of Hangzhou Municipal No.2 Solid Waste Landfill is rational and feasible whether in economy, technology and environment. 12.3 Main Suggestions (1)"Construction Site Boundary Noise Limit Values" (GB12523-90) must be strictly conformed to control the volume of noise generated during the construction period. A noise-silencer should be installed onto highly noisy equipment; and construction time should be adjusted and shorten in order to lower the volume of noise; those works generating high noise should be scheduled to be done in daytime. (2)To protect the health of workers in the Yard, efforts shall be made to improve the quality of sonic environment in the area. The construction company shall lower noise by installing devices of noise elimination, soundproof and shock-absorbing on those noisy equipment, and replace noisy equipment with a lower noisy one if it is feasible in economy. (3)The construction should strengthen safety and prevention measure for explosive gases in the refuse landfill field. For instance, install a 24-hour automatic monitor and alarm device for methane. (4)To lessen secondary pollution caused by floating dust and light garbage in the construction and operation periods, the construction shall make appropriate arrangements in construction and operation. Attention shall be made to reducing exposed land area, Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road. Hangzhou, P.R. China 59 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill watering frequently the traffic roads, operation surface and earth-gathering field, pressing while filling and covering earth, so as to limit floating dust pollution to the minimum. (5)Within the definitive distance for sanitary shelter, certain-wide greenbelts shall be built to decrease influences caused by odorous odors. (6)Start the layout of earth source as early as possible, ensure to timely cover earth over the surface of refuse heaps; (7)To prevent the breeding of mosquitoes, insects and flies, the construction company shall be strict with operation process and timely cover earth and sterilize. (8)Workers in the refuse landfill field shall be equipped with necessary labor protection appliances, including overall and dust respirators to ensure their health. (9)With the gradual accomplishment of filling layers, importance shall be attached to ecological recovery of the layers, according to different plants' ecological adaptability to the earth-covered refuse heap, efforts shall first be made to afforest the area and then to gradually plant species of vegetation with a better ecological benefits so as to stabilize the refuse and to lessen water loss and soil erosion. (IO)Attention shall be paid to perfecting the design of interception ditches and strengthening the management of operation work so as to avoid the rainfall in the interception ditches being contaminated by refuse or leachate, to improve separation of clean water and sewage, and to reduce sewage discharge. (11)Attention shall be paid to the administration of refuse-gathering process, use of garbage bags and sorting of gathered refuse, so as to reduce the amount of recoverable wastes in the refuse and to decrease the content of poisonous and harmful matters in refuse leachate, like heavy metals. (12)To prevent the ground water at the lower reaches from being polluted, it is critical to take the measure to prevent the horizontal and vertical percolation, and attention should be paid to the construction supervision. (13)To reduce the amount of refuse leachate generated after the Yard's enclosure, we suggest that percolation-preventive film should be covered on the refuse heap and importance be attached to ecological recovery over the film. To improve treatment effect, attention shall be paid to analogical experiments on the basis of the original experiences in sewage treatment, while considering the special property of refuse leachate, so as to find reasonable and reliable process parameters. The process parameters may be often adjusted for a better treatment effect. Importance shall be attached making best use of the sewage reservoir, find more rational sewage passages, and keep sewage in the reservoir as long as possible so as to lighten the burden of sewage treatment plant. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 60 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill (14)The accidental risk in the sewage disposal plant is the partial and complete failure of the disposal system. We suggest that leachate should be in the reservoir, repair the disposal system timely and forbid to directly discharge the wastewater into urban sewage pipeline network or Yanshan River. (15)A special organization in charge of environment in the Landfill shall be set up to strengthen environmental administration. Attention shall be paid to raising funds. Make out reasonable and reliable environmental monitoring plans, dynamically monitor the quality of surface water, ground water, air and sonic environment and the operation of sewage treatment plant, timely feedback, analyze their causes and find solutions to them. Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 61 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Register List of Approval For Environmental Protection of The Construction Project Serial No. Approval transactor: Prcij cc t Hangzhou No.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site Tianziling, Hangzhou City 1uUlangzhou Municipal Construction and Appearance ZipcodTel Construction Unit Adminstrative Bureau Z310003 l 0571-85102638 Category of Industry Municipal engineering for public use Nature of project / To be newly built rebuilt or expanded Technological reform Construction scale Treatment scale of 21,870,000 tons of refuse Type of report / Rport book Reporit list For the record Establishment authority of this Hangzhou Municipal Planning Committee Documental No. H.J.TZ [20011182 Date March2002 projectI Approval authority for the report Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Documental No. Date papcr IProtcction Bureau.. Project total investment RMB 339,320,000.00 Yuan Investment in environmental protection RMB 77,280,000.00 Yuan Percentage 22.77% Drawing unit of report paper Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province I Appraisal char I RMB 160,000.00 Yuan Current environmental quality Environmental quality standard Current discharge standard Air (GB 3095-1996) Grade 11 (GB 3095-1996) Grade II] (GB 14554-93) Grade H Surface water Worse than (GI-ZB 1-1999) Grade IV (GHZB 1-1999) Grade IV (GB 16889-1997) Grade HII Groundwater (GB/T14848-93) Grade [II (GB/T14848-93) Grade II1 Noise (GB3096-93) Grade 11 (GB3096-93) H (GB 12348-90) Grade H Scheduled accomplishment date Contact Person and Tel Zhang Jincheng 85102638 Pollution Control Indexes Original Newly Treated Treated Increased Discharge Permissible Reduced Density Assessed Permissible Control items discharged added volume volume discharge total discharge volume in before discharge discharge volume (I) volume (3) for the old volume (5) volume(6) volume (7) this area (8) treatment (9) density (10) density (11) (2) () project (4) vo_____ Waste water 38.91 15.84 15.84 54.75 NH3N 401.9 474.1 444.3 376.6 346.9 55 1600 100 Lead _ _._ . Arsenic _ Sexavalent chrome Cyanide Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. Ill, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 62 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill COD 997.3 7762.7 7277.5 935.0 547.5 16000 864 1000 Petroleum Exhaust gas Dust Smoke . _ Solid refuse I _ 0.0438 0.0438 _ Unit: exhaust gas volume: multiply 10 m / y; wastewater, solid waste volume are ten thousand tons/ y; Hg, Chrome, Lead, Arsenic, Sexavalent 3 chrome, Cyanide in water are Kg/ y, other items are tonly. The density of waste water is mg/I, exhaust gas is mg/m , SO2 in exhaust gas is tl/a. Note: this list is completed by appraisal unit, and attached to the last page of report book (list). The last item in this list is for characteristic pollutant. In this list: (5)=(2)-(3)-(4); (6)=(2)-(3)+(1)-(4) Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. III, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 63 Report on Hangzhou No. 2 Municipal Solid Waster Landfill Environmental Science Research & Design Institute Of Zhejiang Province No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China Report on Hangzhou Municipal No. 2 Refuse Landfill Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Science Design Institute No. 111, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, P.R. China 65