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8. Remsen, J. V. & Parker, T. A. is rarely seen in the field. Few salt licks (saladeros) at Tiputini (1984) Arboreal dead-leaf- nests have been found9 and very Biodiversity Station has recorded searching of the little is known about the species’ N. urumutum primarily in the Neotropics. Condor 86: breeding biology in the wild. afternoon (15h30–17h30), with 36–41. At 16h50 on 22 May 2018, in a few records in early morning 9. Remsen, J. V. & Robinson, hilly terra firme forest at Tiputini (06h30–06h45; D. Mosquera pers. S. K. (1990) A classification Biodiversity Station, Orellana comm.2). Transects of vocalising scheme for foraging behavior province, north-east Ecuador, birds at Tiputini have detected of birds in terrestrial under a clear sky, together with N. urumutum in pre-dawn / habitats. Stud. Avian Biol. two companions, I turned a sharp early morning hours1. The birds 13: 144–160. corner in the trail as it crested a I observed did not appear to be 10. Roda, S. A. (2008) Philydor hill (c.00˚37’55”S 76˚09’23”W; 240 foraging, as no fruit was found novaesi Teixeira & Gonzaga, m). On the trail c.2 m in front of in the vicinity, but they may 1983. In: Machado, A. B. me I had a clear view of an adult have been in transit to a food M., Drummond, G. M. & N. urumutum. I identified the source. Surveys of forested areas Paglia, A. P. (orgs.) Livro by its uniform rusty head subject to low hunting pressure vermelho da fauna brasileira (except a black crest), neck, breast using vocalising birds to estimate ameaçada de extinção, 2. and wings, slaty tail with buff densities have revealed that N. Belo Horizonte: Fundação terminal band, distinct crescent urumutum is broadly as abundant Biodiversitas & Brasília: of bare yellow skin above the as other large-bodied cracids MMA. eye, and orange-red bill4. It had with which it co-occurs3,6,9. One 11. Roda, S. A., Pereira, G. apparently just emerged from explanation for the low frequency A. & Albano, C. (2011) dense herbaceous cover along of N. urumutum sightings is its Conservação de aves the trail which, coupled with the propensity to freeze or to flee by endêmicas e ameaçadas slope, may have obscured my running into cover, rather than the do centro de endemismo approach. The adult ran a few more typical response of Pernambuco. Recife: steps, then stopped in the trail, flying to perches when disturbed9. Ed. Universitária da gave a single-note squawk, raised The species’ chicks are unusual Universidade Federal do its crest, and crouched while among cracids in having primary Pernambuco. fanning its wings and tail. I then and secondary flight feathers on 12. Schubart, O., Aguirre, A. C. & noted three chicks running with hatching4; nevertheless, the chicks Sick, H. (1965) Contribuição the adult. They were dark and I observed escaped by running. para o conhecimento da dusky overall; I did not see any The group of chicks alimentação das aves markings. I estimated them to accompanying the adult was larger brasileiras. Arq. Zool. 12: be 16–18 cm tall. Initially, they than expected based on the clutch 95–294. ran under the cover of the adult’s size of two eggs (occasionally 13. Teixeira, D. M. & Gonzaga, fanned wings and tail. The chicks three) reported for N. urumutum4. L. P. (1983) Um novo emitted high-pitched peeps and The four chicks I observed were of Furnariidae do nordeste do ran away from me along the trail approximately equal size. Either Brasil: Philydor novaesi sp. and off into the vegetation, while the clutch was unusually large, nov. (Aves, Passeriformes). the adult remained with wings or the adult was accompanying Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio and tail fanned. It then resumed chicks from more than one nest Goeldi (Sér. Zool.) 124: 1–22. its normal posture and ran after (behaviour otherwise unknown in the chicks. At this point, a fourth ). I did not see or hear Carlos Otávio Araujo Gussoni chick ran from the cover from other adults in the area; however, Rua 12-B, 621, Rio Claro, São where the adult had originally as adult N. urumutum sometimes Paulo, , CEP 13506-746. appeared, and fled after the latter. travel in small groups7 it is E-mail: [email protected]. We scanned the area for c.10 m possible that two or more adults from the initial encounter without were present. Based on their size Received 19 January 2018; final seeing or hearing additional birds, and plumage, the chicks I observed revision accepted 27 June 2018; nor did we relocate the birds I had were probably c.4 weeks old (D. published online 21 June 2019 seen. There was no fallen fruit Brooks pers. comm.). I estimate evident on the ground in the area they hatched in late April, with A Nocturnal Curassow we searched. eggs laid in late March (assuming Nothocrax urumutum with Although N. urumutum incubation period of 28 days4). chicks in eastern Ecuador vocalises from elevated perches at At Tiputini, rainfall generally Nocturnal Curassow Nothocrax night, it is increasingly recognised increases in March following a urumutum inhabits wet forests to be not strictly nocturnal7. relatively dry period in November– of upper and middle Amazonia. There are reports of birds feeding February2. The timing of N. Captive studies and field records on fallen fruit in the morning urumutum breeding at Tiputini suggest that N. urumutum often and before dusk9. The network might therefore track the seasonal forages in daylight, but the species of camera traps on trails and at availability of food resources.

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Following a peak in tree and liana Population densities of Sean O’Donnell flowering that ends in December8, , guans, and Drexel University, Dept. ripe fruit availability on trees is chachalacas (Cracidae): of Biodiversity Earth & highest in March5, presumably effects of body size, habitat, Environmental Science and followed by peak abundance of season, and hunting. Condor Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, fallen fruit available to ground- 118: 24–32. USA. E-mail: [email protected]. feeding curassows. 7. Medrano-Vizcaíno, P. & Rueda, A. (2018) Nuevo Received 9 October 2018, final Acknowledgements registro altitudinal del revision accepted 23 January 2019; José Macanilla and Siobhan Pavón Nocturno Nothocrax published online 21 June 2019 O’Donnell assisted in the field. urumutum (Cracidae) y notas Thanks to Daniel Brooks, Harold sobre su historia natural. New records of Puna Ibis Greeney, Diego Mosquera, Kelly Rev. Ecuatoriana Orn. 3: Plegadis ridgwayi in the Swing and Jason Weckstein 15–19. Bolivian lowlands for commenting on the paper 8. Mena, Z. A. (2004) Flowering Puna Ibis Plegadis ridgwayi and / or sharing information on on community level in a terra occurs in the highlands of central cracid biology. My research was firme forest in Ecuadorian Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and supported by the Drexel University Amazon. Lyonia 7: 115–123. north-west Argentina, and is a Office of International Programs, 9. Parker, T. A. (2002) Behavior, non-breeding visitor to, and a local Tiputini Biodiversity Station, and habitat, and status of breeder, on the Peruvian coast1,2,5. the Universidad San Francisco de the Nocturnal Curassow In Bolivia, it has been recorded Quito. (Nothocrax urumutum) in in every department except northern Peru. Orn. Neotrop. Pando, Beni and Santa Cruz, at References 13: 153–158. 1. Blake, J. G. & Loiselle, B. A. 1,500–4,600 m (exceptionally to (2015) Enigmatic declines 700 m), and in four ecoregions: in bird numbers in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador may be a consequence of climate change. PeerJ 3: e1177. 2. Blake, J. G., Mosquera, D., Guerra J., Loiselle, B. A., Romo, D. & Swing, K. (2011) Mineral licks as diversity hotspots in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador. Diversity 3: 217–234. 3. Brooks, D. M., Pando, V. L., Ocmin, P. A. & Tejada, R. J. (2001) Resource separation in a Napo-Amazonian gamebird community. In: Brooks, D. M. & González- García., F. (eds.) Biology and conservation of cracids in the new millennium. Misc. Publ. Houston Mus. Nat. Sci. 2. 4. Delacour, J. & Amadon, D. (2004) Curassows and related birds. Second edn. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions & New York: American Museum of Natural History. 5. Di Fiore, A. (2004) Diet and feeding ecology of woolly monkeys in a western Amazonian rain forest. Intern. J. Primatology 25: 767–801. 6. Kattan, G. H., Muñoz, M. C. Figure 1. New localities for Puna Ibis Plegadis ridgwayi in Bolivia reported in this & Kikuchi, D. W. (2016) paper. Ecoregions follow Ibisch et al.4.

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