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Chapter 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT for SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT for SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Concepts Outline © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems chapter 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Concepts Outline he body of an herb contains just three basic parts: leaves, stems, ■ Concepts and roots (Figure 5-1). When the first land plants evolved about © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett■ Basic Types Learning, of Cells and LLC Tissues 420NOT million FOR SALE years ago, OR theyDISTRIBUTION were basically just algae that eitherNOT FOR SALE■ Parenchyma OR DISTRIBUTION T ■ Collenchyma washed up onto a shore or were left there as lakes and streams evap- orated. They had no roots, stems, or leaves, and they just lay on the ■ Sclerenchyma mud. As the shores gradually became crowded with such plants, some ■ External Organization of Stems © Jonesgrew & overBartlett others, Learning, shading them.LLC Any plant that had© a Jonesmutation & Bartlettallow- Learning,■ Internal LLC Organization of Stems ■ Arrangement of Primary Tissues NOT FORing it SALE to grow OR upright DISTRIBUTION into the sunshine above the NOTothers FOR had SALEa selec -OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Stem Growth and Differentiation tive advantage. However, being upright is not easy: Elevated cells are Box 5-1 Alternatives: Familiar Plants and out of contact with the moisture of the mud; therefore, water must be Some Confusing Look-Alikes transported up to them. Elevated tissues act as a sail and tend to blow Box 5-2 Plants and People: Parenchyma, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Sclerenchyma,© Jones and& Bartlett Food Learning, LLC down, so supportive tissueNOT FORis necessary. SALE OR Absorptive DISTRIBUTION cells in mud are BoxNOT 5-3 Plants FOR Do Things SALE Differently: OR DISTRIBUTIONOrgans: Replace Them or Reuse Them? Box 5-4 Alternatives: Simple Plants Chapter Opener Image: Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are an unusual type of stem called a tuber. Box 5-5 Plants Do Things Differently: Tubers are short and broad, they stop elongating when they reach a particular length, and they have tiny, Plants and People Grow Differently almost unrecognizable© Jones leaves & Bartlett because they Learning,grow underground LLC where there is no light for photosynthesis.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC A potato plantNOT has FORother, ordinary SALE stems OR that growDISTRIBUTION upright above ground with large leaves that carry NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION out photosynthesis. The plant transports excess sugars downward from the photosynthetic leaves to the tubers where it is stored as starch—underground where animals cannot see it. The tuber’s “eyes” are buds that can germinate and establish new potato plants in the springtime, which is useful because the above-ground part of the plant usually dies in the winter. Because angiosperms have diversified so much, some use stems for one thing, others use stems for another, so we must be careful when thinking about © Jonesthe &functions Bartlett of organs. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 93 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,2ND LLC. NOTPAGES FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. Flower © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesInternode & Bartlett Learning, LLC Flower NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Leaf Blade Petiole © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Leaf blade NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Stem Internode Node Rhizome © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Tap roots© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Root LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Branch rootsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (a) (b) Figure 5-1 ​(a) The primary body of an herb like this geranium consists of roots, stems, and leaves; buds are located in the axil of each leaf and may grow to be either a vegetative branch or a set of flowers.© Jones (b) This Iris &is also Bartlett an herb and Learning, never produces woodLLC or bark. Almost all flowering plants© Jonesare either broadleaf & Bartlett plants (eudicots) Learning, like LLC the geranium or plants with grass-likeNOT leaves FOR (monocots) SALE like the OR Iris. DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION shaded and cannot photosynthesize; thus, sugars must be trans- Leaves ported down© Jones to them. & Shortly Bartlett after Learning,plants began livingLLC on land, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC distinct, specializedNOT FOR tissues SALE and organs OR began DISTRIBUTION to evolve. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION As early populations of land plants continued to evolve and became taller, their stems functioned primarily as transport and support structures, as they do still. But, stems of modern flow- ering plants have additional roles. They produce leaves and hold © Jonesthem & in Bartlett the sunlight, Learning, and during LLC winter, they store sugars and© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORother nutrients,SALE OR such DISTRIBUTION as the sugary sap of maples. Stems may alsoNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION be a means of survival: Underground bulbs and corms remain alive when above-ground leaves die. Stems of many species are a means of dispersal. They spread as runners or vines, or pieces break off and are carried by animals or water to new areas where they sprout roots and grow into© Jones new plants. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Although all flowering NOTplants possessFOR leaves,SALE stems, OR andDISTRIBUTION roots, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION these parts have been modified so extensively in some species that they may not be recognizable without careful study. For example, cacti are often described as leafless, but they actually have small green leaves between 100 and 1000 mm long (Figure 5-2). Large, broad leaves© Joneswould be &selectively Bartlett disadvantageous Learning, for LLC these desert © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC plants becauseNOT the FOR extensive SALE surface OR area DISTRIBUTION of such leaves gives up so NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION much water to the dry air that the plant would desiccate. Figure 5-2 This prickly pear (Opuntia) shows that one plant can have two Similarly, all flowering plants have stems, but in some, they types of shoot: the “pad” is the main shoot, and the spine clusters are highly are only temporary, reduced structures. Orchids such as Campy- modified axillary branch shoots. One of the spine-bearing branches has been locentrum pachyrrhizum and Harrisella porrecta consist of a mass stimulated to develop into the first type of shoot and become a pad-like branch. © Jonesof green & Bartlett photosynthetic Learning, roots connected LLC to a tiny portion of stem;© JonesThe plant & alsoBartlett has two types Learning, of leaves: (1) smallLLC fleshy green leaves on the NOT FORroots constituteSALE OR almost DISTRIBUTION the entire plant body (Figure 5-3). TheNOT youngFOR buds SALE and (2) spinesOR onDISTRIBUTION the axillary branches. 94 CHAPTER 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems © Jones & Bartlett Learning,2ND LLC. NOTPAGES FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Leaves © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Pseudobulbs (swollen stems) Figure 5-3 This orchid plant of the genus Polyradicion lindenii is composed © Jonesalmost & completely Bartlett of photosynthetic Learning, roots; LLConly a small portion of shoot remains. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORUnlike most SALE roots, these OR occur DISTRIBUTION above ground and are green, being rich in chloroplasts.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-4 Most epiphytic orchids resist the stresses of temporary drying because shoot becomes active only when flowers are to be produced. One their shoots are fibrous and have a thick cuticle composed of cutin and wax. hypothesis is that this unusual© Jonesbody evolved & Bartlett because theLearning, ances- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tors of these species had rootsNOT that FOR were more SALE resistant OR toDISTRIBUTION water NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION stress than their stems were. Such plants could occupy drier habi- biology reveals how the structure and metabolism of a particu- tats if either of two things happened: (1) Mutations were selected lar organ are adaptive, how modifications affect other plant parts, that caused stems and leaves to be more water conserving—this and how organs have subtle functions not always obvious in more happened in most orchid species (Figure 5-4), or (2) mutations “typical” plants. occurred that enhanced the root’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The flowering© Jones plants & Bartlett discussed Learning,here are formally LLC classified and carry out photosynthesis.
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