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Documento Completo Descargar Archivo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Licenciatura en Turismo Tesis de Licenciatura Couchsurfing: Un estudio exploratorio de las motivaciones en la experiencia turística Mayra Eugenia Sierra Legajo: 83103/3 [email protected] Directora: María de los Ángeles Bacigalupe 15 de diciembre de 2018 1 Agradecimientos A mi familia, por confiar en mí y darme ánimo. A mi compañero Emanuel, por el apoyo incondicional. A los amigos de la facultad y los de siempre, por acompañarme en el proceso. Al equipo del Departamento de Turismo, por alentarme a avanzar. A las personas entrevistadas y encuestadas que me brindaron su tiempo de forma desinteresada. Y un especial agradecimiento a Marián, mi directora, por darme las herramientas necesarias para avanzar, por ser mi guía y enseñarme tanto. ¡Gracias! 2 Tabla de contenido Resumen .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introducción .......................................................................................................................... 6 Metodología .......................................................................................................................... 9 Objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 11 Capítulo 1: Marco Teórico ................................................................................................... 12 Conceptos que aborda la tesis ........................................................................................ 12 Couchsurfing ................................................................................................................ 12 Reciprocidad ................................................................................................................ 12 Turismo ........................................................................................................................ 13 Turismo tradicional y turismo alternativo ...................................................................... 15 Viajero, visitante y turista ............................................................................................. 15 Anfitrión ....................................................................................................................... 16 Turismo relacional ........................................................................................................ 17 Interacción social ......................................................................................................... 17 La interacción turística ................................................................................................. 17 Comunicación e interculturalidad ................................................................................. 18 Hospitalidad ................................................................................................................. 19 Autenticidad ................................................................................................................. 20 La experiencia turística ................................................................................................ 22 Motivación .................................................................................................................... 25 La motivación turística ................................................................................................. 26 Capítulo 2: Estado del arte .................................................................................................. 31 Capítulo 3: La comunidad Couchsurfing ............................................................................. 37 ¿Qué es Couchsurfing? ................................................................................................... 37 ¿Cómo participar en Couchsurfing? ................................................................................ 39 Programa de Embajadores .............................................................................................. 40 La ciudad de La Plata y su comunidad Couchsurfing ...................................................... 41 Sistema de referencias .................................................................................................... 42 Contextualización histórica .............................................................................................. 43 Capítulo 4: Análisis e interpretación de resultados .............................................................. 46 Instrumentos empleados en el trabajo de campo ............................................................ 46 Análisis de las entrevistas ............................................................................................... 46 La motivación de los couchsurfers ................................................................................... 47 Categoría 1: Crecimiento y desarrollo personal............................................................ 49 3 Categoría 2: La interacción social como una motivación .............................................. 52 Categoría 4: El intercambio cultural ............................................................................. 64 Categoría 5: Búsqueda de la autenticidad.................................................................... 68 Categoría 7: Razones financieras ................................................................................ 71 Ser hospitalario y brindar ayuda a otras personas ....................................................... 73 Otras motivaciones encontradas .................................................................................. 77 Análisis de los cuestionarios ............................................................................................ 79 Análisis documental ......................................................................................................... 85 Capítulo 5: Discusión y conclusiones .................................................................................. 92 Couchsurfing como una práctica turística alternativa al turismo tradicional ..................... 92 La experiencia Couchsurfing ........................................................................................... 94 La paradoja de la comunidad global ................................................................................ 95 Conclusiones y recomendaciones ................................................................................... 95 Referencias Bibliográficas ................................................................................................... 98 Anexos .............................................................................................................................. 103 Anexo 1: Tablas de frecuencias ................................................................................. 103 Anexo 2: Categorización de los resultados del análisis documental ........................... 109 Anexo 3: Modelo de entrevistas en profundidad......................................................... 110 Anexo 4: Conexiones entre las motivaciones de los couchsurfers ............................. 112 Anexo 5: Modelo de cuestionario online ..................................................................... 113 Anexo 6: Argumentos del análisis documental ........................................................... 118 4 Resumen El turismo contemporáneo ha traído consigo muchos cambios en el comportamiento de consumo de los turistas. En los últimos años es notable la aparición de numerosas plataformas de consumo colaborativo, definido por Bostman (2010) como una reinvención del comportamiento de consumo vinculado a la tecnología, donde las personas comparten, intercambian, prestan y regalan bienes y servicios a través de internet. Couchsurfing es una plataforma colaborativa de intercambio de hospitalidad que permite a los individuos crear un perfil en línea y conectar con anfitriones locales de distintos puntos turísticos del mundo. Este trabajo de tesis tiene como objeto de estudio la motivación de una muestra de usuarios de la ciudad de La Plata que utilizan la plataforma Couchsurfing para la realización de sus viajes. Se realizó una investigación exploratoria con método mixto que permitió indagar los motivos de viaje de los couchsurfers a través de entrevistas en profundidad, encuestas y análisis documental. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que los principales motivos que impulsaron la decisión de participar en Couchsurfing fueron el intercambio cultural, la interacción social, las razones financieras y la búsqueda de autenticidad. Se discute la diferenciación de esta forma de viaje con el turismo tradicional y las diferentes motivaciones, llegando a la conclusión de la existencia de un segmento de mercado que busca experiencias únicas y diferenciadas, y a su vez, se aleja de la oferta turística convencional. Palabras Clave: Couchsurfing, hospitalidad, autenticidad, interacción social 5 Introducción El presente trabajo de tesis de grado estudia las motivaciones de los usuarios de la plataforma Couchsurfing para realizar actividades de turismo bajo las características que rigen el sistema, analizando principalmente la interacción social entre anfitriones y viajeros como una motivación, y teniendo en cuenta la experiencia de viaje. Se indagó particularmente en la comunidad Couchsurfing de La Plata debido a un interés por la mirada
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