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Publication 10 05 2011 2 THE IMPACT OF TRANSNATIONAL PRIVATE REGULATION: A Case Study of Forest Certification in Russia Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2009 vorgelegt von Olga Malets aus Gatchina, Russland Referent: Prof. Dr. Jens Beckert Koreferentin: Prof. Dr. Renate Mayntz Tag der Promotion: 3. Juli 2009 Contents 3 Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................................6 ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................7 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................8 1.1 Research Questions ...............................................................................................................8 1.2 Private Regulation in the Global Economy .........................................................................11 1.3 Introducing the Case: The Forest Stewardship Council ......................................................15 1.4 The Structure of the Thesis..................................................................................................19 2 AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................21 2.1 Transformation of Regulation in the Era of Globalization ..................................................21 2.2 The Classification of Forms of Transnational Private Regulation.......................................30 2.3 Identifying a Research Gap: A Review of the Certification Literature ...............................34 2.4 Lessons from Policy Implementation Research ..................................................................40 2.5 From Implementation to Translation...................................................................................44 2.6 Translation in a Multi-Level Governance System...............................................................47 2.7 The Role of Actors in the Translation of Transnational Standards into Practice.................52 2.8 How Does the Market Nature of Private Rules Affect Their Translation?..........................56 2.9 Understanding the Translation of Certification Standards: An Analytical Framework.......59 3 CASE SELECTION, EMPIRICAL IMPLICATIONS AND METHODS.............................65 3.1 Case Selection: Forest Certification and the Forest Stewardship Council in Russia...........65 3.2 The Multi-Level Structure of the FSC’s Forest Certification System .................................72 3.3 Translating Global FSC Standards into Local Practices: A Case-Study Preview ...............78 3.4 Methods and Sources of Data..............................................................................................82 4 THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL .......84 4.1 Deforestation and Forest Degradation as Global Environmental Problems ........................86 4.2 Deforestation and Forest Degradation as Global Political Problems...................................93 4.3 The Rise of Forest Certification ........................................................................................105 4.4 Discussion .........................................................................................................................120 5 FORESTRY PROBLEMS IN RUSSIA ..................................................................................125 5.1 The Characteristics of Russia’s Forest Resources .............................................................125 5.2 A Brief History of Forestry in Russia: The Late 19th Century – 1991..............................128 5.3 Forests and Forestry in the Transition Period: 1991 – 2009..............................................133 5.4 Discussion .........................................................................................................................140 Contents 4 6 THE HISTORY OF FOREST CERTIFICATION IN RUSSIA........................................... 145 6.1 The Weakness and the Strength of the Russian Environmental Movement...................... 145 6.2 The First Discussions of Forest Certification in Russia .................................................... 149 6.3 The Development of FSC National Standards .................................................................. 153 6.4 The Start of Forest Certification ....................................................................................... 161 6.5 The Emergence of the Demand for Forest Certification ................................................... 169 6.6 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 180 7 THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTS OF FOREST CERTIFICATION ............... 186 7.1 Implementing Environmental Requirements: Environmental Effects............................... 188 7.2 Implementing Social Requirements: Social Effects.......................................................... 193 7.3 Systematizing Implementation: Modes of Translation...................................................... 197 7.4 Evaluating the Effects of Forest Certification................................................................... 203 7.5 Bringing Together Standards and Practices ...................................................................... 222 7.6 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 227 8 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................... 231 8.1 Summary of the Thesis Findings....................................................................................... 231 8.2 Theoretical Implications of the Study of Translation........................................................ 239 8.3 The Effectiveness of Certification as Private Market-Driven Regulation......................... 249 8.4 A Final Remark................................................................................................................. 253 APPENDIXES .................................................................................................................................... 255 Appendix 1 List of Interviews......................................................................................................... 255 Appendix 2 Map of the Russian Federation .................................................................................... 259 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................... 261 Tables and Figures 5 Tables Table 1: Factors Facilitating and Debilitating the Adoption of the FSC Forest Certification ................38 Table 2: Types of Institutional Work Aimed at Creating Institutions ....................................................55 Table 3: The Forest Stewardship Council Principles for Forest Stewardship ........................................73 Table 4: Production, Exports and Imports of Timber Products in Russia, 2000-2004 .........................126 Table 5: Leading Social Movement Organizations Promoting Forest Certification in Russia.............150 Table 6: Types of High Conservation Value Forests............................................................................157 Table 7: EPERT Members and Their Suppliers in the Arkhangelsk Region........................................170 Table 8: Leading Forest Industries in 2007 (by total turnover in billion EUR)....................................173 Table 9: Certification Bodies Operating in Russia ...............................................................................213 Table 10 Types of Institutional Work Aimed at Creating Institutions: The Case of Certification .......242 Figures Figure 1: The Structure of the FSC’s Forest Certification System.........................................................77 Figure 2: Translation in a Multi-Level Standards and Certification System ........................................244 Acknowledgments 6 Acknowledgments I am indebted to the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne for the invaluable intellectual and financial support of my research project. I am particularly grateful to my thesis advisor Prof. Dr. Jens Beckert for providing guidance to my work. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee Prof. Dr. Renate Mayntz and Dr. Raymund Werle for carefully reading my dissertation and providing helpful comments on earlier drafts. I am grateful to my colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for creating a lively and inspiring atmosphere. I was happy to be a part of it. I thank Birgit Apitzsch, Elena Bogdanova, Saskia Freye, Philipp Klages, Guido Möllering, Sascha Münnich, Geny Piotti, Britta Rehder, Armin Schäfer and Hendrik Zorn for their exceptional support. I am very grateful to Sigrid Quack and her working group for their helpful ideas and engagement. I greatly appreciate the support of the members of the Environmental Sociology Group at the Center for Independent Social Research, St. Petersburg and its head Maria Tysiatchniouk who helped me during my field research. The people I interviewed for my study generously shared their time and knowledge with me. Their contribution to this project is enormous and is gratefully
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