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Article Download wjpls, 2017, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 612-627 Research Article ISSN 2454-2229 Williams etWorld al. Journal of Pharmaceutical World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences and Life Sciences WJPLS www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 4.223 DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY OF HYPSELOBARBUS KURLALI (MENON AND REMADEVI, 1995) Sherly Williams E.*1 and Vishnu Nair M.S.2 1Environmental sciences, Aquaculture and Fish biotechnology lab, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Fatima mata National College (Autonomous), Kollam. 2Mariculture division, CMFRI, Kochi. Article Received on 10/01/2017 Article Revised on 01/02/2017 Article Accepted on 23/02/2017 *Corresponding Author ABSTRACT Sherly Williams E. Captive breeding of Hypselobarbus kurali was performed and the Environmental sciences, fertilized eggs so got started development into its further level to attain Aquaculture and Fish the larval stage. The division was from two celled stage, to four, eight, biotechnology lab, PG and 16 and so on with the progress of time and then by 12 hour time scale Research Department of Zoology, Fatima mata the division turned on to the gastrula stage, then to neurula and National College blastulation procedures. The organogeny started by the somite stage (Autonomous), Kollam and the early and late embryonic stage was progressing and by 48 hours the eggs started hatching. KEYWORDS: Hypselobarbus kurali, neurula and blastulation procedures. INTRODUCTION Once after fertilization and formation of fertilization membrane the eggs of all species start its development. The embryonic developmental stage begins from fertilized egg membrane formation, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryonic body formation, optic vesicle and auditory vesicle formation, blastopore closing, tail formation and hatching stages were observed and examined in general. In the period of larval development after hatching, until the end of the yolk sac absorption period (pre-larvae) and subsequently till the end of metamorphosis (post-larval) the growth is tremendous and is too much complicated (Faruk et al, 2011). In the fish egg, little attention has to been paid to the changes taking place in the egg membrane at the time of fertilization. This may be due to the fact that the egg membrane is already present on the unfertilized egg and is merely elevated upon fertilization (Eizo, www.wjpls.org 612 Williams et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 1956). According to the evidence presented by Yamamoto (1939-1954), the cortical alveoli embedded in the cortical layer break down upon fertilization and this change is subsequently followed by the elevation of the egg membrane. The fertilization membrane formation itself is the beginning of development of egg, where the eggs which had undergone the gametic fusion will absorb water to a very high level resulting in the bulging of the cell membrane, which in turn is termed fertilization membrane. The development of zygote to different stages from morula to early embryo, then late embryo and finally hatchling is a time consuming process. The development stages are entirely different at different time scale. Once the male and female gametes fuses and fertilizes the egg soon starts to develop. The development procedure is a complicated sequence of events. For proper development and better survival, the fertilized eggs are incubated, where in they are placed under the favorable conditions for normal development. The fertilization membrane formed during fertilization of eggs will act as the shell for the complete development of embryo. Once the development is completed the larvae will hatch out breaking the external egg shell. In fish eggs, cleavage occurs only in the blastodisc, a thin region of yolk-free cytoplasm at the animal cap of the egg. Most of the egg cell is full of yolk. The cell divisions do not completely divide the egg, so this type of cleavage is called meroblastic. Since only the cytoplasm of the blastodisc becomes the embryo, this type of meroblastic cleavage is called discoidal. Scanning electron micrographs show beautifully the incomplete nature of discoidal meroblastic cleavage in fish eggs. The calcium waves initiated at fertilization stimulate the contraction of the actin cytoskeleton to squeeze non-yolky cytoplasm into the animal pole of the egg. This converts the spherical egg into a more pear-shaped structure, with an apical blastodisc (Leung et al. 1998). Early cleavage divisions follow a highly reproducible pattern of meridional and equatorial cleavages. These divisions are rapid, taking about 15 minutes each. The first 12 divisions occur synchronously, forming a mound of cells that sits at the animal pole of a large yolk cell. These cells constitute the blastoderm. Initially, all the cells maintain some open connection with one another and with the underlying yolk cell so that moderately sized (17- kDa) molecules can pass freely from one blastomere to the next (Kimmel and Law 1985). After fertilization and membrane formation the egg swells in size. When an egg is stimulated by s spermatozoon arriving at the vitelline surface through the micropyle, a transient wave of increase in cytoplasmic free calcium starts at the point of sperm attachment (Gilkey et al., 1978 and Yoshimoto et al., 1986). The cortical alveoli in the vicinity of the micropyle also begin to break down (exocytosis of alveolar contents) about 9 s after sperm attachment (Iwamatsu et al., 1991). The wave of exocytosis begins to propagate over the whole egg www.wjpls.org 613 Williams et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences surface and ends at the vegetal pole 154 s after its beginning. As a result of the exocytosis of cortical alveoli into the narrow space between the chorion and the vitellus, the chorion thins and hardens (Ohtsuka, 1960) as it separates from the vitellus to form a wide perivitelline space. Swollen spherical bodies secreted from the cortical alveoli are faintly visible in the perivitelline space. A transient „contractile wave‟ of cortical cytoplasmic layer follows the wave of exocytosis (Iwamatsu, 1973 and Iwamatsu and Hirata, 1984). Due to the oscillatory contractions following this distinct contractile wave, the cortical cytoplasm progressively accumulates toward the animal pole to form a thick cytoplasmic layer (Abraham et al., 1993 and Sakai, 1964). At 7–8 min after sperm entry, the second polar body is extruded onto the surface of the cytoplasm at the center of the area where the germinal vesicle broke down during oocyte maturation. The embryonic development of fishes proceeds under the protection of rigid egg membranes which preserve the embryo from mechanical injury. Salmonid fishes bury their eggs in sandy and stony ground so that they are particularly liable to mechanical damage. This is apparently the reason why the membrane of the salmonid embryo is extremely strong, resisting a load of 3-4 kg/ovum (Gray, 1932; Hayes, 1942, 1949; Hayes and Armstrong, 1942; Zotin, 1953a). This mechanical property of the membrane does not appear immediately after fertilization or activation but is preceded by a whole set of processes which are elicited in the membrane by external factors and by the fertilized or activated egg itself. Thus, according to Manery, Fisher and Moore (1947), hardening of the egg membranes in the speckled trout sets in 2 hours after the release of the egg into water. Fertilized eggs of the lake salmon and trout have been shown by Zotin (1953a, 1958) to secrete substances which are indispensable for the increase of membrane toughness. The secretion of these substances requires a short exposure to water to activate the egg. The activating effect of water upon unfertilized salmon eggs has often been described (Yamamoto, 1951; Soin, 1953; Disler, 1954). The secretion of substances eliciting hardening or solidification of egg membranes after fertilization or activation has been described in some sea-urchin species (Motomura, 1941; Runnstrom, 1947, 1952) and in sturgeons (Zotin, 1953) as well as in the teleostean fish Oryzias latipes (Nakano, 1956). Solidification of the membranes of the sea-urchin egg likewise requires the presence of Ca ions (Hobson, 1932). The animal pole rises as a small bulge on the yolk and the colour varies. On the basis of the temperature of water in which the eggs are incubated the eggs starts its cleavage, first cleavage in which the one celled animal pole successively becomes two, then four, eight, sixteen, thirty two and finally sixty four celled stage. This www.wjpls.org 614 Williams et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences stage is called morula stage. As the cell division progresses the morula develops to blastoderm, which is a single layer of cell. Later on the blastoderm divides forming several layered structures the blastomeres. As the number of blastomeres increase the size of cells becomes comparatively smaller. After this a segmentation cavity formation occurs in between the yolk and cell mass. The whole structure is thus called the blastula. The blastula cells arrange themselves on the top of the yolk to form a cup like structure. The whole yolk mass will be covered by the developing cells formed as a result of cell divisions. There will be only one opening in the whole blastula, which is the blastopore, which closes later on during different stages of development. This stage is called the transition point to the embryonic development stage from the initial germ cell to the development stages. The developing cells are highly sensitive to even minor shakes during the morula stage which will result in embryonic death. Later on the cell mass develops and thickens in the form of a semi ring opposite to the blastopore, with a head and tail buds at the two ends. By the time the head and tail becomes clearly visible followed by the clarity of the first segment. „Optic vesicle‟ will be formed in place of eyes on the head, eventually the tail bud starts to grow length wise.
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