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Chapter 3 the Synchrotron Radiation Detector 26 3.1 Principle Considerations Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Design and construction of the Prototype synchrotron radiation detector Author(s): Grimm, Oliver Publication Date: 2002 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004322330 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library EIH Dissertation ETH No. 14576 Eidgenosslsche Technische Hochschuie Zurich Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology Zurich Design and Construction of the Prototype Synchrotron Radiation Detector A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Ziirich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Oliver Grimm Dipl. Phys., University of Hamburg, born 24 May 1972 in Buchholz, Germany Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. A. Rubbia, examiner Prof. H. Hofer, co-examiner Prof. G. Viertel, co-examiner April 2002 Design and Construction of the Prototype Synchrotron Radiation Detector Oliver Grimm PhD Thesis Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Labor fur Hochenergiephysik 8093 Zurich April 2002 Abstract The Prototype Synchrotron Radiation Detector (PSRD) is a small-scale experiment designed to measure the rate of low-energy charged particles and photons in a near-earth orbit. It is a precursor to the Synchrotron Radiation Detector (SRD), a proposed addition to the upgraded second version of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02). The SRD utilises the earth's magnetic field to identify electrons and positrons with energies above 1TeV by detecting the synchrotron radiation they emit in this field. This is an astrophysically interesting energy range not well covered by the remaining components of AMS-02. The SRD can discriminate against protons as they radiate only weakly. Electrons and positrons of such high energy efficiently lose energy by inverse Compton scattering off cosmic microwave background and starlight photons and by synchrotron radiation in galactic magnetic fields. For a particle of 1TeV, a lifetime of 2.1.105 years is estimated, during which a distance less than 1kpc from the creation point can be travelled by diffusion. Therefore, information on the acceleration mechanism (or else, the creation) of these particles within our relative galactic neighbourhood can be extracted from precise spectra and ratios of electrons and positrons. As an example, the mechanism conventionally assumed to be responsible for the acceleration of cosmic rays up to tens of TeV, supernova shock fronts, accelerates the material of the interstellar gas that is practically devoid of positrons. In that case, only positrons created as secondary reaction products should be present in the spectra. The number and energy of the synchrotron photons that the SRD needs to detect are both small. A typical electron event around 1 TeV will only result in 2 to 3 synchrotron photons in the keV energy range hitting a detector of several square metre in area. These few photons need to be discriminated against a large background consisting of electrons and photons also in the keY range. This can be achieved with a good time resolution, as the synchrotron photons will arrive in coincidence with the high-energy charged particle, uncorrelated with the background. Measurements on the photon background exist, by themselves calling for a time resolution of the order of 10 ns. Data on low-energy electrons, on the other hand, are very scarce and incomplete. Since a sufficiently precise knowledge of these rates is essential for the construction of the large-scale SRD, a measurement in space was indispensable. The main objective of the PSRD is, therefore, this background measurement. The detector employs components resembling, as far as practical, the current design ideas of the SRD, which allows, beyond the main goal, a realistic test in space of these components. The detector was designed to fly as a secondary payload on a Space Shuttle, within the Shuttle Small Payloads Project. The flight on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour took place 5 -17 December 2001, with a total running time of about 110 hours. The main focus of this work is the detailed description of the design and construction of the PSRD, including specific experimental studies carried out in support of this. This main part is preceded by a concise account on the current status of cosmic-ray physics, and by a brief overview of AMS-02 and the SRD. Zusammenfassung Der "Prototype Synchrotron Radiation Detector" (PSRD) ist ein kleines Experiment mit der Aufgabe, die Rate von niederenergetischen geladenen Teilchen und Photonen in einer erdnahen Umlaufbahn zu messen. Es ist ein Vorlaufer des "Synchrotron Radiation Detector" (SRD), einer neuen Komponente, die fur die erweiterte, zweite Version des "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" (AMS-02) vorgeschlagen ist. Der SRD nutzt das Erdmagnetfeld, um Elektronen und Positronen mit Energien oberhalb von 1 TeV anhand der Synchrotronstrahlung nachzuweisen, die sie in diesem Feld emittieren, und um sie von Pro­ tonen zu unterscheiden, die kaum emittieren. Dieser Energiebereich ist durch die ubrigen Komponenten des AMS-02 ungenugend abgedeckt und astrophysikalisch interessant. Elektronen und Positronen mit derart hoher Energie verlieren Energie auf effiziente Weise durch inverse Compton-Streuung an der kosmischen Mikrowellen-Hintergrundstrahlung und an Sternenlicht und durch Synchrotronstrahlung in galaktischen Magnetfeldern. Fur ein 1 TeV Teilchen wird eine Lebensdauer von 2.1.105 Jahren abgeschatzt, wahrend derer eine Entfernung von weniger als 1kpc durch Diffusion vom Ursprungsort zuruckgelegt werden kann. Daher konnen Aussagen uber den Beschleunigungsmechanismus oder die anderweitige Erzeugung dieser Teilchen in unserer galaktischen Umgebung aus genauen Spektren und dem Ratenverhaltnis von Elektronen und Positronen gewonnen werden. Der Mechanismus beispielsweise, der ublicherweise fUr die Beschleunigung von kosmischen Teilchen bis zu einigen zehn TeV herangezogen wird, Schockfronten von Supernovae, beschleunigt Material des interstellaren Gases, das nahezu keine Positronen enthalt. In diesem Fall sollten nur sekundare Positronen (Reaktionsprodukte) zu den Spektren beitragen. Sowohl die Anzahl als auch die Energie der Synchrotronphotonen, die der SRD nachweisen solI, sind klein: Bei einem typischen Elektronenereignis von etwa 1 TeV werden lediglich 2 bis 3 Synchrotronpho­ tonen mit Energien von wenigen keV einen Detektor von einigen Quadratmetern Flache treffen. Diese geringe Anzahl Photonen muB gegen einen groBen Untergrund aus Elektronen und Photonen, ebenso im keY Bereich, unterschieden werden. Dies kann durch eine gute Zeitauflosung erreicht werden, da die Syn­ chrotronphotonen in Koinzidenz mit dem hochenergetischen geladenen Teilchen eintreffen, unkorreliert mit dem Untergrund. Messungen des Photonuntergrundes existieren, die allein eine Zeitauflosung von etwa 10 ns fordern. Daten uber niederenergetische Elektronen sind allerdings kaum vorhanden, und da eine hinreichend ge­ naue Kenntnis dieser Raten von grundlegender Bedeutung fur die Realisierung des umfangreichen SRD­ Projektes ist, war eine Messung im Weltraum unumganglich. Die hauptsachliche Zielsetzung des PSRD umfaBt daher die Messung dieses Untergrundes. Der Detek­ tor wurde unter Verwendung von Komponenten gebaut, die denen des derzeitigen Entwurfes fur den SRD so nahe wie moglich kommen, um neben dem Hauptziel auch einen realistischen Test dieser Komponenten im Weltraum zu erlauben. Die Konzeption ist darauf ausgerichtet, den Detektor als sekundare Nutzlast an Bord des Space Shuttles im Rahmen des "Shuttle Small Payloads Project" zu fliegen. Der Flug mit der Raumfahre Endeavour fand zwischen dem 5. und 17. Dezember 2001 statt, wobei die gesamte Datennahmezeit etwa 110 Stunden betrug. Das Hauptanliegen dieser Arbeit ist die detaillierte Beschreibung des Entwurfs und der Konstrukti­ on des PSRD, unter EinschluB von einzelnen unterstutzenden experimentellen Studien. Dem Hauptteil vorangestellt ist ein kurzer AbriB des derzeitigen Status der Physik der kosmischen Teilchen und ein Uberblick uber AMS-02 und den SRD. Contents Introduction 9 Chapter 1 Cosmic Rays 11 1.1 Measurements................. 12 1.1.1 Energy spectrum ........... 12 1.1.2 Elemental and isotopic composition 12 1.2 Models . 14 1.2.1 Creation and acceleration . 14 1.2.2 Propagation through space 15 1. 2.3 Local influences ....... 17 1.3 High energy electrons and positrons 17 Chapter 2 The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 21 2.1 Scientific objective . 21 2.2 Detector description ............... 22 Chapter 3 The Synchrotron Radiation Detector 26 3.1 Principle considerations . 26 3.1.1 General . 26 3.1.2 Synchrotron radiation 27 3.1.3 Backgrounds 29 3.2 Detection principle ..... 32 3.2.1 Scintillators ..... 32 3.2.2 The YAP scintillator 34 3.2.3 Photomultiplier 35 3.3 Tentative design ... 39 3.3.1 General lay-out 39 3.3.2 Light shield 41 3.3.3 Electronics 41 Chapter 4 The Prototype Synchrotron Radiation Detector 44 4.1 Motivation . 44 4.2 Design overview . 45 4.3 Material and structural issues 48 5 6 CONTENTS 4.4 X-ray cassette . 49 4.4.1 Small YAP array . 49 4.4.2 Large YAP crystals. 52 4.4.3 Solar cells ...... 59 4.5 Silicon macrostrip detector 60 4.6 'frigger detector 61 4.7 Electronics 61 4.7.1 SRDYAP 63 4.7.2 SRDAPV 64 4.7.3 SRDSAB+TRG. 65 4.7.4 SRDSOL .... 67 4.7.5 SRDHVC+SLO. 67 4.7.6 SRDPWR .... 68 4.7.7 SRDPOW+LED 68 4.7.8 Grounding requirements 69 4.8 PCj104 computers . 69 4.9 Hard disks . 71 4.10 Hitchhiker data link . 74 4.11 Flight control program 77 4.12 Data rates . 80 4.13 Provisions for ground testing 80 4.14 Space-qualification tests ... 81 Chapter 5 Experimental Studies for PSRD and SRD 87 5.1 Time resolution . 87 5.1.1 Simplified model for the expected time resolution. 87 5.1.2 Measured time resolution ..... 90 5.2 Light yield of different YAP(Ce) crystals 90 5.3 X-ray absorption of wrapping materials 92 5.4 Detection efficiency for 511 keV photons 94 5.5 Afterpulse measurements ..... 97 Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusion 102 6.1 Experimental results .. 103 6.2 PSRD mission summary 104 6.3 Concluding remarks .
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