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2015 Minerals Yearbook [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior April 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Zimbabwe By James J. Barry

Zimbabwe’s real (GDP) increased commenced at British -based African by 1.1% in 2015 compared with 3.8% growth in 2014. The Minerals Ltd.’s (Premier’s) RHA tungsten mine. Production real GDP at market prices was about $12.3 billion in 2015. decreased for a number of mineral commodities, including Zimbabwe’s diverse mineral output included about 2.7% of the refined nickel, by 79%; vermiculite, 66%; chromite, 49%; world’s diamond production (by weight), 4.8% of the world’s ferrochromium, 46%; coal, 25%; coke, 25%; diamond, 27%; palladium output, and 7% of the world’s platinum production. sulfur, 27%; and nitrogen, 25%. There was no refined copper Zimbabwe was the world’s third-ranked producer of platinum, production in 2015 owing to insufficient feedstock to RioZim fifth-ranked producer of palladium, and eighth-ranked producer Ltd.’s Empress nickel refinery. Reported and estimated production of diamond (Ministry of Finance, 2016, p. 6; Kimberley Process for the other commodities was relatively unchanged (table 1). Certification Scheme, 2016; Loferski, 2017). Structure of the Mineral Industry Minerals in the National Economy Domestic and international investment companies, domestic In 2015, the mining and quarrying sector accounted for about and international mining companies, Government-owned 8.8% of real GDP. Estimated real GDP growth in the mining companies, mining cooperatives, multinational cement and quarrying sector was −2.5%, contributing to the slowed companies, and small-scale miners conducted mineral overall growth rate of Zimbabwe’s economy. Minerals were operations in Zimbabwe in 2015. With some negotiated projected to account for about 56% of the total value of exports, exceptions, ownership of mineral operations in Zimbabwe with gold, platinum-group metals (PGMs), nickel, and diamond by domestic or international nonindigenous corporations or accounting for about 21%, 18%, 8%, and 5%, respectively, of people was limited by statute. State-owned companies involved the total value of exports. Fuel products, such as diesel and in the mineral sector included MMCZ, Zimbabwe Mineral petrol, were projected to account for 19% of total imports. For Development Corporation (ZMDC) and its subsidiaries, 2015, the formal mining and quarrying sector accounted for an and subsidiaries of the state-owned Industrial Development annual average of 36,800 employees (Ministry of Finance, 2015, Corporation of Zimbabwe, which produced industrial minerals p. 24; Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, 2016; Zimbabwe National and mineral-based commodities (table 2). Statistics Agency, 2016, p. 12, 19). The Ministry of Mines and Mining Development manages the Commodity Review mineral sector in accordance with the Mines and Minerals Act Metals (chapter 21:05), the Mining (General) Regulations, 1977, and their amendments. Licensing and regulation of the petroleum Chromium and Ferroalloys.—In 2011, the Government industry is covered under the Petroleum Act of 2001, though reinstated its ban on the export of chromite ore, including there is no current petroleum production. Mining operations are briquettes and concentrate. The ban was instituted to encourage regulated by numerous other acts, amendments, regulations, the construction of new smelters, which would allow Zimbabwe statutory instruments, and general notices. In accordance with to export value-added ferrochrome instead of chromite ore. In the Minerals Marketing Corp. of Zimbabwe Act [as modified by June 2015, the Government lifted the ban owing to the adverse the Minerals Marketing Corp. (Exemption) Regulations, 1983, effect that it had on artisan producers and because it did not and the Precious Stones Trade Act, 1978], state-owned Minerals generate new domestic smelting operations. Additionally, Marketing Corp. of Zimbabwe (MMCZ) officially marketed the Government removed a 20% export tax on chromite ore. much of the mineral production of Zimbabwe. A notable official Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Co. (Zimasco) had scaled exception was PGMs. Mining companies that produced PGM back production in 2014 and ceased production throughout concentrates and smelter matte in Zimbabwe directly shipped 2015. By yearend, however, Zimasco had signed a $12 million the PGM concentrates and matte to processing facilities in lease agreement with Portnex International of to South Africa. Corporate income taxes ranging from 15% to 25% operate Zimasco’s furnaces at its plant in Kwekwe. Production and mining royalties of 1% to 15%, which were based on the was expected to resume in January 2016 (Chidakwa, 2015; value of minerals or mineral-bearing products that were shipped Lovemore and Mangisi, 2015; Mhlanga, 2016). from the mine site, were payable to the Zimbabwe Revenue Copper and Nickel.—In 2015, Zimbabwe’s copper production Authority (Ministry of Mines and Mining Development, 2004, decreased slightly to 8,218 metric tons (t) of copper concentrate 2016; Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe, 2017). from 8,261 t produced in 2014. In 2015, nickel production was Production 16,109 t compared with 16,633 t in 2014, which was a decrease of about 3%. Most of Zimbabwe’s copper and nickel production In 2015, production increased for gold by 30%, and silver, was from Bindura Nickel Corp.’s (BNC’s; a subsidiary of 30%, compared with that of 2014, and initial tungsten production Asa Resources Group PLC of the ) Trojan zimbabwe—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 45.1 Mine, which is located about 100 kilometers (km) northeast of than expected grade, which proved to be uneconomical and led Bulawayo. Copper and nickel were also produced as coproducts the company to move to underground mining. The mine plan for of PGM production (table 1; Asa Resource Group PLC, undated). the RHA tungsten mine already included underground mining of In 2015, there was very little production of refined copper higher grade ore. Premier intended to begin mining underground or nickel. In March it was announced that a $20 million bond after the more easily accessible open pit resources were depleted. was issued in advance of a December restart; however, the Premier announced that the mine would likely resume operations BNC smelter and refinery remained on care-and-maintenance in 2016 (Premier African Minerals Ltd., 2015, p. 2; 2016, p. 2). status. Base-metal production at the Empress nickel refinery was limited to 617 t of refined nickel, which was a 79% decrease Industrial Minerals from that of 2014. The decrease in production was a result of very limited supply from the refinery’s sole supplier of copper- Diamond.—In 2015, diamond production decreased by nearly nickel smelter matte, BCL Ltd. of , which underwent 27% to just under 3.5 million carats compared with that of a series of shutdowns in 2014 (Dzirutwe, 2015; RioZim Ltd., 2014. During the past several years, the alluvial diamond in the 2015, p. 9; 2016, p. 14). surface and near surface was rapidly extracted from the Marange Platinum-Group Metals.—In 2013, the Government diamondfield. According to Zimnisky (2014), diamond remained announced that it expected that, by yearend 2014, the three in the underlying conglomerate rock; however, extraction of most domestic PGM mining companies would establish a PGM of the diamond was not economically feasible. Additionally, in refinery in Zimbabwe that would conform to the Government’s October, the Government declared all licenses in the Marange desire to produce value-added mineral commodities in Zimbabwe diamondfield expired. This was done as part of the Government’s instead of exporting ores and smelter matte for beneficiation. To efforts to consolidate the diamond mining companies to increase encourage the construction of processing facilities for PGMs in the economies of scale and to enable the continued and more Zimbabwe, the Government proposed to tax exports of several efficient production of diamond. The consolidation would merge unprocessed minerals (including PGMs) or to ban the export all diamond producers into the Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond of unprocessed minerals. The Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe Corp. The merger was expected to be completed in 2016, estimated that domestic platinum production would have to with the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. being a 50% exceed 16 metric tons per year to justify the cost to build and owner and the merged companies sharing the remaining 50% operate a PGM refinery. In 2015, the Government (table 1; Mangudhla, 2015). suspended a 15% export tax on raw platinum ore for 2 years. Zimbabwe imposed the tax as an effort to create incentives Outlook for domestic processing of the ore. The 2-year suspension Zimbabwe has abundant mineral resources and a well- gave more time for platinum-mining companies to construct developed transportation system. The rehabilitation of the smelters and refineries. Zimplats Holdings Ltd. (Zimplats) of mining industry and the expansion of production could be [United Kingdom] was in the process of refurbishing a basis for the growth of Zimbabwe’s GDP. Mineral sector its Selous Metallurgical Complex base-metal refining plant. In activities are expected to continue to be constrained by ongoing 2015, platinum production was 12,564 kilograms (kg), which political issues, however, especially the implementation of was a 0.6% increase from the 12,483 kg produced in 2014, and the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act, which palladium production was 10,055 kg, which was a 0.8% decrease has been inconsistently applied to corporations, discouraging from the 10,138 kg produced in 2014 (table 1; Chinamasa, 2013, investment; export taxes on chromium, diamond, and platinum; p. 172; Makichi, 2013; Thomson Reuters, 2014; Jamasmie, 2015; bans on exports of raw mineral resources; and decreases in Mataranyika, 2016). global mineral commodity prices. Shortages of electrical power, In February, Mimosa Holdings completed a prefeasibility fuel, and skilled employees also are expected to continue to study on the Mtshingwe expansion of the Mimosa Mine adversely affect mineral sector operations in the near term. (Mimosa). The expansion was expected to cost $182 million during a 5-year period and to increase Mimosa’s reserve base References Cited by 55%. In October, it was announced that Sibanye Gold Ltd. of South Africa was in the process of acquiring the 50% Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 2015, Full year results for the financial year ended interest in Mimosa held by Aquarius Platinum Ltd. of . 30 June 2015: Hamilton, Bermuda, Aquarius Platinum Ltd., June, 32 p. (Accessed February 24, 2017, at http://www.stockproinfo.com/CP/2014/ The other 50% was held by Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd. BMG0440M1284_2014_20150813_EN_C-SDS.pdf.) of South Africa. In 2015, Mimosa produced about 3,650 kg Asa Resource Group PLC., undated, Bindura Nickel Corp. (BNC) Web page. of platinum, 2,880 kg of palladium, 317 kg of rhodium, and (Accessed January 30, 2017, at http://www.asaukplc.com/operations-and- 3,470 t of nickel (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 2015, p. 15; Impala exploration/zimbabwe/bindura-nickel-corp-bnc.) Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe, 2017, Mining law: Harare, Zimbabwe, Platinum Holdings Ltd., 2016, p. 58, 59, 61; Sibanye Gold Ltd., Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe Web page. (Accessed January 13, 2017, at 2016, p. 8; 2017). http://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/mining-affairs/mining-law/.) Tungsten.—In June, Premier commenced operation of the Chidakwa, W.K., 2015, Press statement on the lifting of the ban on export of open pit RHA tungsten mine, which was located about 270 km chrome ore: Harare, Zimbabwe, Ministry of Mines and Mining Development press release, June 8. (Accessed January 30, 2017, at http://www.mines.gov. northwest of Bulawayo. By early November, however, production zw/?q=press-statement-lifting-ban-export-chrome-ore.) was suspended as Premier was unable to produce ore at a Chinamasa, P.A., 2013, The 2014 national budget statement: Harare, Zimbabwe, sustainable grade. Ore recovered from the open pit was of lower Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 262 p. (Accessed January 13, 2017, http://www.dpcorp.co.zw/assets/2014-national-budget.pdf.)

45.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 Dzirutwe, MacDonald, 2015, Zimbabwe’s Bindura Nickel sees December Ministry of Mines and Mining Development, 2004, Mining law: Harare, smelter restart: Harare, Zimbabwe, Thom.son Reuters, March 3 (Accessed Zimbabwe, Ministry of Mines and Mining Development Web page. January 30, 2017, at http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/ (Accessed November 6, 2015, at http://www.mines.gov.zw/?q=legal-dept.) idAFL5N0W51U120150303?sp=true.) Ministry of Mines and Mining Development, 2016, Mining taxation in Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 2016, Integrated annual report 2015: Illovo, Zimbabwe: Harare, Zimbabwe, Ministry of Mines and Mining Development South Africa, Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., October 20, 76 p. (Accessed Web page. (Accessed November 13, 2017, at http://www.mines.gov. February 24, 2017, at http://www.financialresults.co.za/2015/implats- zw/?q=mining-taxation-zimbabwe.) iar-report-2015/downloads/Implats%20IAR%202015_HiRes%204%20 Premier African Minerals Ltd., 2015, Unaudited interim results for the six WEB_20%20Oct.pdf.) months ended 30 June 2015: , British Virgin Islands, Premier Jamasmie, Cecilia, 2015, Zimbabwe platinum export tax shelved for now: African Minerals Ltd., September 30, 19 p. (Accessed February 28, 2017, Vancouver, British Columbia, , Mining.com, August 10. (Accessed at http://www.premierafricanminerals.com/ul/Premier%20June%2030%20 February 24, 2017, at http://www.mining.com/zimbabwe-platinum-export- 2015%20Interims%20Final.pdf.) tax-shelved-for-now/.) Premier African Minerals Ltd., 2016, Annual report and accounts 2015: Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2016, Annual global summary—2015 Tortola, British Virgin Islands, Premier African Minerals Ltd., June 23, 51 p. production, imports, exports, and KPC counts: Kimberley Process (Accessed February 28, 2017, at http://www.premierafricanminerals.com/ul/ Certification Scheme, June 10, 1 p. (Accessed October 26, 2016, at Premier%20African%20Minerals%20AR%202015.pdf.) https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/public_statistics/2015/2015G Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, 2016, Compilation of balance of payments statistics lobalSummary.pdf.) in Zimbabwe: Harare, Zimbabwe, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, 6 p. (Accessed Loferski, P.J., 2017, Platinum-group metals: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral January 13, 2017, at http://www.rbz.co.zw/assets/balance-of-payments.pdf.) Commodity Summaries 2017, p. 126–127. (Accessed November 13, 2017, at RioZim Ltd., 2015, Annual report 2014: Harare, Zimbabwe, RioZim Ltd., 90 p. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/mcs-2017-plati. (Accessed January 30, 2017, at http://www.riozim.co.zw/?wpdmact=process pdf.) &did=MjguaG90bGluaw==.) Lovemore, Zigara, and Mangisi, Dosman, 2015, Zimasco signs $12m lease RioZim Ltd., 2016, Annual report 2015: Harare, Zimbabwe, RioZim Ltd., 92 p. agreement: The Herald, [Harare, Zimbabwe],, December 18. (Accessed (Accessed January 30, 2017, at http://www.riozim.co.zw/?page_id=74.) January 30, 2017, at http://www.herald.co.zw/zimasco-signs-12m-lease- Sibanye Gold Ltd., 2016, Annual financial report 2015: Westonaria, South agreement/.) Africa, Sibanye Gold Ltd., March 18, 109 p. (Accessed February 24, 2017, at Makichi, Tinashe, 2013, Govt bans unrefined gold exports: The Herald http://reports.sibanyegold.co.za/2015/download/SGL-AFR15.pdf.) [Harare, Zimbabwe], December 20. (Accessed April 14, 2017, at Sibanye Gold Ltd., 2017, Mimosa: Westonaria, South Africa, Sibanye Gold Ltd. http://www.herald.co.zw/govt-bans-unrefined-gold-exports/.) Web page. (Accessed February 24, 2017, at https://www.sibanyegold.co.za/ Mangudhla, Taurai, 2015, Marange diamond licenses have now expired— our-business/platinum/mimosa/history.) Minister: The Independent [Harare, Zimbabwe], October 30. (Accessed Thomson Reuters, 2014, Zimbabwe sets mid-January deadline for platinum February 28, 2017, at https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/10/30/ refinery proposals—President Robert Mugabe last year threatened to ban marange-diamond-licences-have-now-expired-minister/.) raw exports: Thomson Reuters, January 9. (Accessed April 14, 2017, at Mataranyika, Memory, 2016, Zimbabwe extends platinum tax deadline to end- http://www.voanews.com/a/reu-zimbabwe-sets-mid-january-deadline-for- 2017: Rivonia, South Africa, Miningmx, December 8. (Accessed February 24, plantinum-refinery-proposals/1825619.html.) 2017, at http://www.miningmx.com/news/platinum/28639-zimbabwe-extends- Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 2016, Quarterly digest of statistics—1st platinum-tax-deadline-end-2017/.) Quarter 2016: Harare, Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Mhlanga, Blessed, 2016, Zimasco reopens: NewsDay [Harare, Zimbabwe], May, 87 p. (Accessed October 26, 2016, at http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/ February 18. (Accessed January 30, 2017, at https://www.newsday.co.zw/ default/files/img/publications/Digest/Qtr1_2016.pdf.) 2016/02/18/zimasco-reopens/.) Zimnisky, Paul, 2014, Zimbabwe miners to shut down after diamond resources Ministry of Finance, 2015, The 2016 national budget statement: Harare, exhausted: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Mining.com, 2. Zimbabwe, Ministry of Finance, November 26, 302 p. (Accessed (Accessed February 28, 2017, at http://www.mining.com/web/zimbabwe- October 26, 2016, at http://www.zimtreasury.gov.zw/index.php/budget-policy- miners-to-shut-down-after-diamond-resource-exhausted.) statements?download=28:2016-budget-statement.) Ministry of Finance, 2016, 2017 budget strategy paper: Harare, Zimbabwe, Ministry of Finance, October 6, 30 p. (Accessed October 26, 2016, at http://www.zimtreasury.gov.zw/index.php/investment-promotion- files?download=43:2017-budget-strategy-paper.)

zimbabwe—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 45.3 TABLE 1 ZIMBABWE: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 METALS Chromite, gross weight3 599,079 408,475 355,142 408,425 208,328 Cobalt, metal content3, 4 174 195 319 358 355 Copper: Mine output, concentrate, Cu content 6,000 e 6,300 e 8,285 3 8,261 3 8,218 3 Metal, refinery output, refined/cathode, primary 4,355 3 2,869 3 3,360 e 3,300 e -- Gold3 kilograms 12,949 14,745 14,001 15,385 20,023 Iron and steel: Metal: Steel, crude -- r -- r -- r -- r -- Ferroalloys, ferrochromium:3 140,000 137,534 150,060 214,110 115,586 Nickel: Mine output, concentrate, Ni content3 7,992 7,899 12,962 16,633 16,109 Refinery output, refined metal: Refined from imported materials3 3,715 1,754 2,845 2,915 r 617 Platinum-group metals:3 Iridium kilograms 398 412 520 544 507 Palladium do. 8,422 8,136 10,153 10,138 10,055 Platinum do. 10,827 10,524 13,066 12,483 12,564 Rhodium do. 940 891 1,146 1,140 1,128 Ruthenium do. 823 787 1,012 983 977 Total do. 21,410 20,750 25,897 25,288 25,231 Silvere do. 550 600 590 648 r 843 Tungsten concentrate, W content ------NA 5 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Asbestos -- 30 377 -- -- Cement, hydraulice thousand metric tons 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,300 Clays, common 700 700 700 700 700 Diamond3 carats 8,502,648 12,060,163 10,411,818 4,771,637 3,490,881 Graphite3 7,252 7,022 6,934 6,853 6,362 Lithium minerals, gross weighte 48,000 53,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Mica 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Nitrogen, N content of ammoniae 26,000 25,000 27,000 20,000 r 15,000 Perlite 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Phosphate rock, marketable concentratee 60,000 20,000 6,100 9,000 9,000 Stone, sand and gravel: Granite, black3 thousand metric tons 500 171 r 174 r 180 r 182 e Limestonee do. 50 50 55 60 60 Sulfur, byproduct acid, metallurgical and coal process gas, S contente 1,000 1,000 1,100 1,100 800 Vermiculite -- 21,625 r 28,808 r 29,500 e 10,000 e MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Coal, bituminous3 thousand metric tons 2,562 3,500 e 3,114 5,783 4,336 Coke, including metallurgicale do. 240 370 200 550 r 400 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. NA Not available. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through March 17, 2017. 2In addition to the commodities listed, secondary aluminum; clays; corundum; feldspar; such gemstones as amethyst, aquamarine, emerald, iolite, and tourmaline; kaolin; kyanite; secondary lead; mica; perlite; and ores of antimony, tantalum, and tin may have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 3Reported figure. 4Includes metal content of cobalt compounds recovered from exported ore and smelter matte. Does not include cobalt compounds recovered from the Ngezi Mine or cobalt sulfate recovered from the Unki Mine. Data for 2011–13 reported by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency and may include cobalt recovered in Zimbabwe from imported materials. 5Production commenced at the RHA Tungsten mine in June 2015, but available data were not sufficient to make a reliable estimate of output.

45.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2 ZIMBABWE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Asbestos African Associated Mines (Private) Ltd. Shabanie Mine, 2,400,000 1 Do. do. , 1,400,000 1 Cement: Clinker Portland Holdings Ltd. [Pretoria Portland Cement Colleen Bawn, about 115 kilometers 1,000,000 Company Ltd. (PPC)] southeast of Bulawayo Portland Lafarge Cement Zimbabwe Ltd. (LafargeHolcim, S.A.) Harare 450,000 Do. Portland Holdings Ltd. [Pretoria Portland Cement Bulawayo 800,000 Company Ltd. (PPC)] Do. Sino-Zimbabwe Cement Company Ltd. (China Building Gweru 250,000 Material Industrial Corporation for Foreign Econo-Technical Cooperation and Industrial Development Corp.) Chromite Local cooperatives and small-scale miners Mines on the southern Great Dyke 340,000 1 Do. do. Mines on the northern Great Dyke 230,000 1 Do. Zimbabwe Alloys Ltd. (Zim Alloys) Inyala Mine 60,000 1 Do. Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Co. (Private) Ltd. (Zimasco) Mining operations near Darwendale, 300,000 1 [Zimasco Consolidated Enterprises Ltd. (ZCE)] Lalapanzi, Mutorashanga, Ngezi, and south of Shurugwi Coal Chilota Colliery Hwange 1,800,000 Do. Coal Brick (Private) Ltd. Coal Brick mine, Hwange 500,000 Do. Coal Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) , about 130 kilometers 1,200,000 Ltd.) southeast of Do. Hwange Colliery Company Ltd. [Government, 36.77%; Messina 3 Main Underground Mine, plus the 5,000,000 Investments Ltd., 16.468%; Mittal Steel African Investments, Chaba open pit mine, and the JKL 9.68%; National Social Security Authority, 6.23%; Hamilton and open pit mine, Hwange Hamilton Trsutees LTD-NNR, 5.13% Do. Makomo Resources (Private) Ltd. Entuba coalfields, near Hwange 2,400,000 Do. Sengwa Colliery (Private) Ltd. (RioZim Ltd.) Sengwa Colliery, about 5,000,000 1 200 kilometers northeast of Kadoma Do. South Mining Hwange 144,000 Do. Tulicoal (Private) Ltd. [Senzile Mining (Private) Ltd.] Sengwa Colliery, about 1,200,000 1 200 kilometers northeast of Kadoma Cobalt: Ore, cobalt content Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (Asa Resources PLC, 74.73%; Trojan Mine at Bindura and 800 common shares, 25.27%) Shangani Mine,1 about 100 kilometers northeast of Bulawayo Do. Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., Impala Mimosa Mine, east of 88 Platinum Holdings Ltd., and Zvishavane Community Share Zvishavane Ownership Trust) Do. Unki Mines (Private) Ltd. (Anglo Platinum Ltd.) Unki Mine, southeast of Shurugwi NA Do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Ngezi Mine, which includes the NA Holdings Ltd.) Ngwarati Mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi Mine (Portal 2), the Mupfuti Mine (Portal 3),2 and the Bimha Mine (Portal 4) Hydroxide BSR Ltd. (Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd., 100%) Bindura 700 1 Do. Empress Nickel Refinery (RioZim Ltd.) Eiffle Flats, near Kadoma NA Coke Hwange Coal Gasification Company (Private) Ltd. [Taiyuan Hwange 144,000 Sanxing Coal Gasification Co., Hwange Colliery Company Ltd., and Stoat Mining (Private) Ltd.] Do. Hwange Colliery Company Ltd. [Government, 36.77%; Messina do. 230,000 Investments Ltd., 16.468%; Mittal Steel African Investments, 9.68%; National Social Security Authority, 6.23%; Hamilton and Hamilton Trsutees LTD-NNR, 5.13% See footnotes at end of table.

zimbabwe—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 45.5 TABLE 2—Continued ZIMBABWE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Copper: Ore, copper content Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (Asa Resources PLC, 74.73%; commTrojan Mine at Bindura and NA shares, 25.27%) Shangani Mine,1 about 100 kilometers northeast of Bulawayo Do. Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., Impala Mimosa Mine, east of 3,000 Platinum Holdings Ltd., and Zvishavane Community Share Zvishavane Ownership Trust) Do. Unki Mines (Private) Ltd. (Anglo Platinum Ltd.) Unki Mine, southeast of Shurugwi 1,000 Do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Ngezi Mine, which includes the 3,000 Holdings Ltd.) Ngwarati Mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi Mine (Portal 2), the Mupfuti Mine (Portal 3),2 and the Bimha Mine (Portal 4) Refined Empress Nickel Refinery (RioZim Ltd.) Eiffle Flats, near Kadoma 6,000 1 Diamond carats Anjin Investments (Private) Ltd. [joint venture of Anhui Foreign Marange deposit in the Chiadzwe NA 3 Economic Construction Group and Matt Bronze (Private) Ltd.] Do. do. Diamond Mining Corporation (Private) Ltd. [joint venture of Pure do. NA 3 Diam and Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. (ZMDC)] . Do. do. DTZ-OZGEO (Private) Ltd. (Joint venture of Development Chimanimani NA Trust of Zimbabwe and JSC Zarubezhgeologia) Do. do. Gye Nyame Resources [joint venture of Zimbabwe Marange deposit in the Chiadzwe NA 3 Mining Development Corp. (ZMDC) and Bill Minerals ] area Do. do. Kusena Diamonds [Zimbabwe Mining Development do. NA 2, 3 Corp. (ZMDC)] Do. do. Marange Resources (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe Mining do. NA 3 Development Corp. (ZMDC)] Do. do. Mbada Diamonds (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe Mining do. NA 3 Development Corp. (ZMDC), 50%; remaining 50% split between Grandwell Holdings Ltd., MarangeResources (Private) Ltd., and Transfrontier Mining Company Ltd.] Do. do. Murowa Diamonds (Private) Ltd. (Rio Tinto plc4, 77.8%; and Murowa Mine, near Zvishavane 403,000 RioZim Ltd., 22.2%) Do. do. Limpopo Minerals Resources Ltd (Rani Investment LLC, 80%, and River Ranch Mine, near Beitbridge NA 1, 3 Khupukile Resources Ltd., 20%) Do. do. Sino Zimbabwe Development (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe Mining Marange deposit in the Chiadzwe NA 3 Development Corp. (ZMDC)] area Gold kilograms Artisanal miners, including small-scale miners and syndicates Various locations 3,000 e Do. do. Bilboes Holding (Private) Ltd. The Bubi, the Isabella, the McCays, 10 e and the When Mines Do. do. Blanket Mine (1983) (Private) Ltd. [Caledonia Mining Corp., 49%; Blanket Mine, about 140 kilometers 1,300 e National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund, 16%; south of Bulawayo Fremiro, 15%; Blanket Employee Trust Services (Private) Ltd., 10%; Gwanda Community Share Ownership Trust, 10%] Do. do. Casmyn Mining Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (New Dawn Mining Turk-Angelus Mine, 56 kilometers 550 e Corp.) northeast of Bulawayo Do. do. DTZ-OZGEO (Private) Ltd. (joint venture of Development Placer mining operations at 400 e Trust of Zimbabwe and JSC Zarubezhgeologia) Penhalonga, about 15 kilometers northwest of Mutare Do. do. Duration Gold Ltd. (Clarity Capital Group) Vubachikwe Mine, near Gwanda 200 e Do. do. do. Athens Mine, Mvuma 100 e Do. do. do. Gaika Mine, Kwe Kwe 30 e Do. do. do. Sunace Mine, about 31 kilometers 5 e north of Bulawayo Do. do. Falcon Gold Zimbabwe Ltd. (New Dawn Mining Corp.) Golden Quarry Mine, about 300 e 7 kilometers north of Shurugwi See footnotes at end of table.

45.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2—Continued ZIMBABWE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Gold—Continued: kilograms Falcon Gold Zimbabwe Ltd. (New Dawn Mining Corp.) Dalny Complex, about 33 kilometers 250 e, 1 northwest of Chegutu Do. do. F.A. Stewart (Private) Ltd. Jessie Mine, east of Gwanda 150 e Do. do. Jena Mine (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. Jena Mine 400 e (ZMDC)] Do. do. John Mack and Co. Golden Valley Mine 500 e Do. do. Matebeland Minerals (Private) Ltd. Turk Mine 600 e Do. do. Metallon Gold Zimbabwwe (Private) Ltd. (Metallion Corp.) Arcturus Mine, 32 km east of Harare 500 1 Do. do. do. How Mine, about 24 kilometers 1,300 e southeast of Bulawayo Do. do. do. Mazowe Mine, Mazowe 400 e Do. do. do. Redwing Mine, Penhalonga 200 e Do. do. do. Shamva Mine, Shamva 700 e Do. do. Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., Impala Mimosa Mine, east of NA Platinum Holdings Ltd., and Zvishavane Community Share Zvishavane Ownership Trust) Do. do. Asa Resource Group PLC Freda Rebecca Mine, Bindura 3,700 e Do. do. Olympus Mines Ltd. (Central African Gold Ltd.) Camperdown Mine, north of Shurugwi 50 e Do. do. do. Old Nic Mine, Bulawayo 100 e Do. do. Pan Reef Mining Company (Private) Ltd. Indarama Mine 50 e, 3 Do. do. RioZim Ltd. Mine, 75 kilometers 1,000 e south-southeast of Masvingo Do. do. Sabi Gold Mines [Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. (ZMDC)] Sabi Mine 200 e Do. do. Unki Mines (Private) Ltd. (Anglo Platinum Ltd.) Unki Mine, southeast of Shurugwi NA Do. do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Ngezi Mine, which includes the NA Holdings Ltd.) Ngwarati Mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi Mine (Portal 2), the Mupfuti Mine (Portal 3)2, and the Bimha Mine (Portal 4) Graphite Zimbabwe German Graphite Mines (Private) Ltd. [Graphite Lynx Graphite Mine, Karoi NA Kropmühl division of AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V., 50%; Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. (ZMDC), 50%] Iron and steel: Ferroalloys, ferrochromium CINA Smelter at Gweru 5,000 e Do. Jin An Corp. and Xin Yu Mining Corp. do. 5,000 e Do. Maranatha Ferrochrome (Private) Ltd. Smelter at Eiffel Flats 28,000 1 Do. MonaChrome Smelter at Chegutu 5,000 e, 1 Do. Olliken Ferro Alloys (Private) Ltd. Smelter at Kwekwe 25,000 1 Do. Wel Mining Smelter at Gweru 5,000 e, 1 Do. Zimbabwe Alloys Ltd. (Zim Alloys) do. 45,000 Do. Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Co. (Private) Ltd. (Zimasco) Smelter at Kwekwe 180,000 [Zimasco Consolidated Enterprises Ltd. (ZCE)] Iron: Iron ore, gross weight NewZim Minerals Private Ltd. (Essar Africa Holdings Ltd., 80%, Ripple Creek Mine, near Redcliff 600,000 1 and Government, 20%) Sponge iron Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) Masvingo 54,000 Steel: Crude steel NewZim Steel Private Ltd. (Essar Africa Holdings Ltd., 53.4%, Blast furnace at Redcliff, near Gweru 72,000 1 and Government, 35.6%) Do. Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) Electric arc furnace at Redcliff 15,000 Rolled steel Lancashire Steel (Private) Ltd. [Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Wire rod mill at Kwekwe 120,000 Company (Private) Ltd. (Zisco)] Do. Steelmakers Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Steelmakers Ltd.) Rolling mill at Redcliff 36,000 See footnotes at end of table.

zimbabwe—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 45.7 TABLE 2—Continued ZIMBABWE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Lithium Bikita Minerals (Private) Ltd. Bikita Mine, 60 kilometers 55,000 east of Masvingo Nickel: Ore Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. (Asa Resources PLC, 74.73%; Trojan Mine at Bindura and 500,000 e common shares, 25.27%) Shangani Mine1, about 100 kilometers northeast of Bulawayo Ore, Ni content Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., Impala Mimosa Mine, east of 3,000 Platinum Holdings Ltd., and Zvishavane Community Share Zvishavane Ownership Trust) Do. Unki Mines (Private) Ltd. (Anglo Platinum Ltd.) Unki Mine, southeast of Shurugwi 1,000 Do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Ngezi Mine, which includes the 4,000 Holdings Ltd.) Ngwarati Mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi Mine (Portal 2), the Mupfuti Mine (Portal 3),2 and the Bimha Mine (Portal 4) Refined metal BSR Ltd. (Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd., 100%) Bindura 15,600 1 Do. Empress Nickel Refinery (RioZim Ltd.) Eiffle Flats, near Kadoma 9,000 Nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) Sable Chemical Industries Ltd. [TA Holdings Ltd., 51%; Chemplex Electrolysis plant north of Kwekwe 240,000 Corporation Ltd., 36%; Yara Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd., 12%) Phosphate rock: Dorowa Minerals (Private) Ltd. (Chemplex Corporation Ltd.) Dorowa Mine, 90 kilometers 155,000 1 west of Mutare Fertilizer Zimbabwe Phosphate Industries Ltd. (Chemplex Corporation Ltd.) Msasa plant, Harare 45,000 Platinum-group metals: Ore kilograms Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Ngezi Mine, which includes the 5,100,000 Holdings Ltd.) Ngwarati Mine (also known as Portal 1), the Rukodzi Mine (Portal 2), the Mupfuti Mine (Portal 3),2 and the Bimha Mine (Portal 4) Do. do. Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 50%; Impa Mimosa Mine, east of 2,400,000 Platinum Holdings Ltd., 50%) Zvishavane Do. do. Unki Mines (Private) Ltd. (Anglo American Platinum Ltd.) Unki Mine, southeast of Shurugwi 1,600,000 Concentrate do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Holdings Ltd.) Ngezi concentrator, Ngezi Mine 3,400,000 Holdings Ltd.) Do. do. do. Selous concentrator, Selous 2,180,000 Metallurgical Complex Do. do. Mimosa Holdings (Private) Ltd. (Aquarius Platinum Ltd., 50%; Mimosa concentrator, east of 1,900,000 Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., 50%) Zvishavane Smelter matte do. Zimbabwe Platinum Mines (Private) Ltd. (Zimplats Selous smelter, Selous 72,000 Holdings Ltd.) Metallurgical Complex 192,000

Tungsten (WO3 content) Premier African Minerals Ltd. RHA Tungsten Mine, 270 km northwest of Bulawayo Pyrite Iron Duke Pyrites (GAT Investments (Private) Ltd.) Iron Duke Mine NA Vermiculite Samrec Vermiculite Zimbabwe (Private) Ltd. (Imerys Group) Shawa Mine, near Dorowa 39,000 Do. Dinidza Vermiculite Mining Co. (Private) Ltd. Dinidza Mine, near Dorowa 10,000 eEstimated. Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available. 1Operations suspended. 2Under development or redevelopment. 3Ownership disputed. 4In June 2015, Rio Tinto sold its 77.8% stake in Murowa Diamonds to RZ Murowa Holdings Ltd.

45.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015