The Journal of Plastination

The official publication of the International Society for Plastination

ISSN 2311 -7761

In This Issue: Report of the 17th International Conference on Plastination – P6

Abstracts from the Scientific Sessions of the 17th International Conference – P11 Minutes of the ISP Business Meeting – P55 Update to the ISP Bylaws – P58

Volume 26 (1); July 2014 The Journal of Plastination 26(1):1-70 (2014)

The Journal of Plastination

ISSN 2311-7761 The official publication of the International Society for Plastination

Editorial Board:

Renu Dhingra Philip J. Adds New Delhi, India Editor-in-Chief Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy) Geoffrey D. Guttman St. George’s, University of London Fort Worth, TX USA London, UK

M.S.A. Kumar Robert W. Henry North Grafton, MA USA Associate Editor Department of Comparative Medicine Rafael Latorre College of Veterinary Medicine Murcia, Spain Knoxville, Tennessee, USA

Scott Lozanoff Selcuk Tunali Honolulu, HI USA Assistant Editor Department of Anatomy Ameed Raoof. Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI USA Ankara, Turkey Mircea-Constantin Sora Vienna, Austria Executive: Carlos Baptista, President Hong Jin Sui Rafael Latorre, Vice-President Dalian, China Selcuk Tunali, Secretary Joshua Lopez, Treasurer Carlos Baptista

Toledo, OH USA

Instructions for Authors

Manuscripts and figures intended for publication in The Journal of Plastination should be sent via e-mail attachment to: [email protected]. Manuscript preparation guidelines are on the last two pages of this issue.

i The Journal of Plastination 26(1):1 (2014)

Journal of Plastination Volume 26 (1); July 2014

Contents

Letter from the President, Carlos. A. C. Baptista 2

Letter from the Editor, Philip J. Adds, MSc, FIBMS 4

The 17th International Conference on Plastination, Dmitry Starchik 6

The 17th International Conference on Plastination, Carlos. A. C. Baptista 7

Photographs from The 17th International Conference on Plastination 9

Abstracts from The 17th International Conference on Plastination 11

Minutes of the 17th Biennial Business Meeting of the International 55 Society for Plastination

Bylaws and Constitution of the International Society for Plastination 58

Index of Authors 65

Instructions for Authors 68

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):2 (2014)

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Colleagues and Plastinators: On behalf of the International Society for Plastination I would like to thank Dr. Dmitry Starchik for the superb organization of the 17th International Conference on Plastination held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 14 to 18, 2014. I extend my gratitude also to his staff and colleagues for making our stay in Saint Petersburg memorable. I also would like to thank those who contributed to the Conference by participating with oral and poster presentations. Your participation is crucial to the success of our conferences.

New Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Plastination I am delighted to announce the appointment of Philip Adds as the new Editor-in- Chief of the Journal of Plastination. Phil is a Senior Lecturer in Anatomy in the Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom. He brings energy, commitment and innovation to the role. The Society Carlos A. C. Baptista, MD, PhD views The Journal of Plastination as a beacon for scientists and plastinators and is committed to its development to maintain its international reputation for excellence.

New ISP Secretary and Treasurer Please join me in congratulating and welcoming our new Secretary, Selcuk Tunali, and Treasurer Joshua Lopez as they begin their duties as officers of the ISP. My gratitude is extended to the departing Secretary Christoph von Horst and Treasurer Ameed Raoof for their heartfelt service and commitment to the International Society for Plastination.

New Bylaws and Constitution I encourage ISP members to read the new bylaws and constitution voted on by the membership last June and adopted by the general assembly of the society in July at Saint Petersburg. The bylaws are published in pages 58 to 64 in this issue of the Journal. These bylaws contain several changes including new categories of membership, and also changes to the governance of the Society.

Student Membership During the ISP Business meeting in Saint Petersburg it was suggested that we create a student membership. This category of membership will be proposed as an amendment to the by-laws in 2016. The general assembly approved the creation of student membership to be in effect immediately. To be a student member, the candidate must be sponsored by an ISP member in good standing. Please refer to pages 55 to 57 for the minutes of the general assembly for more information.

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The 18th International Conference of Plastination - 2016 It gives me great pleasure to announce that the general assembly unanimously chose the City of Pereira, Colombia, to host the 2016 ICP. The organization will take place under Dr. Ricardo Jimenez. A planning organizing committee for the Conference was created. It will be composed of: Ricardo Jimenez, Ameed Raoof, Constantin Sora, Dmitry Starchik, Robert Henry, Abrahim Albustanji, Nicolas Ernesto Ottone and the President.

New Members I would like to extend a warm welcome to our new members. Thank you for joining the ISP. Your enthusiasm and interest in plastination will spark a new exchange of ideas among both new and existing members of the ISP. I am grateful for the knowledge and dedication of our existing members as well, and am looking forward to a great year with our increased membership.

Finally, I would like to ask you to become actively involved in our society. Share your knowledge of plastination. Participate by attending the ISP sponsored conferences, joining the standing committees, contributing to the editorial board of the Journal, by submitting articles to the Journal of Plastination, or contributing to our ListServe. You will stimulate growth and help make the ISP a valuable instrument of knowledge, innovation and collaboration for the advancement of plastination.

With my warmest regards from Toledo, Ohio, USA

Yours Sincerely

Carlos A. C. Baptista President

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):4 (2014)

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Dear Readers, I feel hugely honoured to be appointed Editor of the Journal of Plastination. Carlos Baptista has been an inspirational interim editor for the last couple of years, and was responsible for the relaunch (one could almost say rebirth!) of the new-look Journal in 2010. I am sure I speak for the membership as a whole when I say that huge thanks are due to him for the healthy state of the Journal at present. I have had the pleasure working first with Ming Zhang, then with Carlos and Selcuk Tunali, since 2010 when the former ‘Journal of the International Society for Plastination’ morphed (almost!) seamlessly into the Journal of Plastination. It may be worth remembering a comment from Craig Goodmurphy at the 15th Biennial Business Meeting of the International Society for Plastination, held in Honolulu in July 2010. Craig suggested that “the objective of the Journal of Plastination be expanded to provide a medium for the publication of scientific Philip J. Adds, MSc, FIBMS papers dealing with all aspects of preservation of biological specimens including plastination, sectional anatomy and other anatomical techniques”. This was endorsed by many other members at the meeting, and is a sentiment I share as we look forward to the challenges ahead.

The original journal was born in 1987, under the editorship of Harmon Bickley (the cover page of the first issue is shown below). The first article to be published in the new Journal of the International Society for Plastination was by Karine Oostrom from Utrecht in The Netherlands: “Fixation of Tissue for Plastination: general principles”. The article goes on to discuss different methods of fixation, color preservation, color injection, health hazards and employee safety; it lists the PPE worn in Heidelberg – “rubber gloves, plastic aprons and goggles or gas masks” and finishes with this comment: “Those of you who attended the Third International Conference on Plastination in San Antonio will certainly recall the slide in which three young ladies modeled these fashionable accessories, and nothing else. The editor was adamant that we omit this illustration, however it would have served to show that even fixation can be fun.” It is nice to see that high editorial standards were set right from the start!

The first issue also contained a paper co- authored by Gunther von Hagens (Guhr et al., “Complete Examination of Mastectomy Specimens Using Sheet Plastination With Epoxy Resin”). Nearly thirty years later the ISP’s links with the von Hagens dynasty are still strong, and we are pleased to publish in this issue an abstract from his son, Rurik, who gave an excellent presentation at the 17th International Conference on Plastination in St. Petersburg earlier this year.

Other notable authors from 1987 include Bob Henry, whose first paper in a long line

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):5 (2014)

of distinguished contributions came in Volume 1, issue 2: “Plastination of an Integral Heart-Lung Specimen”; two years later, Volume 3 saw two papers from the current President of the ISP, Carlos Baptista: “Plastination of the Heart: Preparation for the study of the cardiac valves”, and “Plastination of the Wrist: Potential Uses in Education And Clinical Medicine”.

Enough of the past – what of the future? We intend to continue the tradition of bringing out two issues each year, and this issue will be swiftly followed by Volume 26 no. 2, which will include as many papers as possible from the presentations given in St. Petersburg, as well as other papers on aspects of plastination and tissue preservation. My goal is for The Journal of Plastination to have its impact factor listed, and for it to be indexed to PubMed. This cannot be achieved without more high-quality submissions from you, the members of the ISP, so please consider publishing your papers here first. For 2015, we are planning to bring out an updated version of the “cookbook”, Volume 22 (2007) – eight years on we will be asking the authors of those papers to revise and update their manuscripts so we can bring out a new, definitive practical guide to plastination in all its forms.

With best wishes,

Phil Adds Editor, The Journal of Plastination

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):6 (2014)

17th International Conference on Plastination St. Petersburg, Russia July 14-18, 2014

Dr. Dmitry Starchik International Morphological Centre Saint-Petersburg, Russia

In mid-July, 2014, The International Morphological Centre hosted the 17th ISP conference which was held in St. Petersburg, in the Courtyard Marriott hotel conference hall.

More than 80 participants from 21 countries arrived in the Northern capital of Russia (an informal name of the city on the banks of the river Neva) to make presentations and present visual displays (posters and wall charts) of their research results.

The conference organizers offered an extended social program including visits to the Hermitage, housing famous treasures of art, the Kunstkamera – a cabinet of curiosities – which was the first Russian museum of anatomy, Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (King’s village) with its amazing Amber Room, where the guests could also enjoy a walk in the Peterhof Palace park and admire its magnificent fountains.

The 17th conference combined interesting presentations and discussions with a friendly atmosphere and traditional Russian hospitality. Sunny weather and unforgettable “white nights” will also remain in the guests’ memory. When they were saying good-bye to St. Petersburg they could throw a coin into the Neva’s running waters – it is an old Russian tradition meaning that a person is sure to come back to the place again.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):7 (2014)

17th International Conference on Plastination Saint Petersburg, Russia July 14-18, 2014

Carlos A C Baptista Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo School of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, OH USA

Overview:

The 17th International Conference on Plastination was held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the Courtyard Marriott hotel conference hall from July 14-18, 2014. More than 80 participants (representing 21 countries) attended the four-day conference. The meeting brought together a wide range of distinguished experts as well as novices with an interest in plastination. Several distinguished faculty were present. The conference followed the tradition of previous conferences. It targeted the novice learner in plastination with oral presentations on the basic principles of plastination, and more advanced topics for the “mature” plastinator. Attendees were able to view an exhibit of plastinated specimens from the laboratory of The International Morphological Centre and several specimens from Dr. Christoph von Horst’s collection. Several posters were also displayed. The program brought together a wide range of distinguished experts from over 21 countries.

Program

The scientific component of the program extended over four days and included plenary sessions focusing on plastination as applied to anatomical education, as well as poster sessions.

A welcome presentation by Professor Nicolay Fomin, from the Military Medical Academy, representing Professor Lev Kolesnikov, President of the Russian Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists, opened the conference.

The morning session following the opening remarks was devoted to basic principles of plastination. Dr. Robert Henry presented the silicone cold temperature technique followed by Dr. Dmitry Starchik who presented the pros and cons of room temperature plastination. The last lecture of the morning session was about the necessary equipment and space to set up a modern laboratory of plastination given by Dr. Carlos Baptista. Subsequent presentations followed each day. There were 4 to 5 presentations each morning and afternoon. Professor Nicolay Fomin Many ISP members also presented their posters. Please refer to the abstracts published in this issue to learn more about the presentations given at the conference.

The social program, organized by Dr. Dmitry Starchik and his organizing committee, was outstanding. We had the opportunity to visit many of the touristic attractions that make St Petersburg so famous. The first visit was to the Kunstkamera (Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography) followed by a Night Boat Tour & Gala Dinner on the Neva River. On Thursday we visited the Peterhof, State Museum Reserve. Other tours included a bus sightseeing tour, a visit to the State Hermitage and a visit to the Catherine Palace, the Tzar’s village and Amber Room. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):8 (2014)

Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography:

The Kunstkamera is officially known as the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. It was the first museum in Russia and it is one of the oldest in the world. It was found by Peter the Great. The core of the collection is still made up of exhibits collected during Peter’s lifetime, including anatomical specimens and malformed fetuses.

Night Boat Tour and Gala Dinner:

The trip on the Neva River was a fantastic trip along the banks of the river and gave an outstanding view of St. Petersburg’s greatest landmarks. In addition it was an amazing night for fellowship.

Sea Tour of Peterhof and Fountains:

Peterhof was founded in 1705 as the Summer Palace of Peter the Great. Brilliantly designed and executed, the fountains of Peter the Great’s residence was named the Russian Versailles, one of the world’s masterpieces of park and palace design.

The Catherine Palace:

The Catherine Palace was the official imperial summer residence. Construction started in 1710 and it was a present of Peter the Great to his wife Catherine I. During the Second World War, it was occupied by the Nazis for twenty-eight months. Many objects of art including the famous mosaic panels of the Amber Room were stolen or lost forever.

The State Hermitage:

It was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and opened to the public in 1852. It is one of the largest and oldest museums in the world, in which only a small part of its collection is on display. It is said that it comprises over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings in the world.

These were some of the impressive places we had the privilege to visit while in St Petersburg. We are grateful to Dmitry Starchik, his staff and colleagues for their hospitality.

Thank you for making this week in July 2014 so memorable.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):9 (2014)

18, 2014

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July 14 July

Saint Petersburg, Russia Petersburg, Saint 17th International Conference on Plastination Plastination on Conference International 17th

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):10 (2014)

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Abstracts from The 17th International Conference on Plastination Saint Petersburg, Russia July 14-18, 2014

3-D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ETHMOIDAL ARTERIES OF THE MEDIAL ORBITAL WALL ADDS Philip J.

St George’s School of Medicine, University of London, London, UK

Purpose: The medial wall of the orbit is reported to contain anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, through which pass branches of the ophthalmic artery. These arteries are a potential source of bleeding during surgical procedures involving the medial orbital wall. However, recent research has revealed variable numbers of accessory ethmoidal foramina, which have also been shown to transmit vascular structures, making intraorbital surgery unpredictable and potentially hazardous. This study aims to elucidate the branching pattern of the arterial supply of the medial orbital wall, particularly in cases of multiple ethmoidal foramina. Methods: Orbits were retrieved from cadavers donated for anatomical examination. Red silicone was injected into the ophthalmic artery via the internal carotid. The medial wall was then dissected out and embedded in Biodur® Epoxy E12 resin. Sections of 0.3 mm thickness were cut with a slow speed diamond saw, and then photographed with a Nikon D3100 digital camera. Three-dimensional reconstructions were carried out using WinSURF software. Results: Using WinSURF, the outlines of the branches of the ethmoidal arteries and the bone lining the medial wall of the orbit were delineated. A three-dimensional model of the pattern of arterial branching was created. Conclusion: Surgeons operating along the medial wall of the orbit need to be aware that multiple branches of the ethmoidal artery may be encountered. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the branching pattern of the ethmoidal artery give a clearer understanding of the blood supply to the medial wall. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):12 (2014)

TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY STUDY OF UTERINE HORN AND OVARIAN BITCH BURSA BY MEANS OF ULTRATHIN SLICE PLASTINATION ALCANTARA1Arache Ivan Sigfrido, GUTIERREZ Trujillo Hugo Andres 1, 2, LATORRE Rafael1, LOPEZ- ALBORS Octavio 1

1Department of Anatomy and Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Spain; 2Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University National of Colombia

Purpose: The ovarian bursa of the bitch is characterized by complex topographic visualization due to the abundant infiltration of fatty tissue and by the relationship between the organs and the adjacent peritoneal dependencies. The objective of this study was the visualization of the topographic details of the ovarian bursa of a bitch by using ultrathin plastinated cross-sectional slices, which are otherwise too difficult to be seen in conventional dissection techniques and slices. Methods: Ultrathin cross-sectional slices (300µm) were obtained from two plastinated blocks containing the ovarian region of a bitch; these blocks went through the following steps: fixation, dehydration, degreasing, forced impregnation (Epoxy E12, E6, E600, Biodur®) and curing. The slices obtained from the blocks were used to make a casting using E12, E1 for 3 days at 45°C. The slices then were scanned at 300 dpi. Results: Two ovarian fimbriae were recognized with very good detail. The coalescence between the mesosalpinx, mesovarium and the proper ligament of the ovary were also observed. A hollow structure, corresponding to the epoophoron was indicated in relation with the mesovarium. The ovarian bursa surrounds the ovary completely and is closed ventrally. The mesosalpinx showed an abundant amount of blood vessels and smooth muscle fibers, and its dorsal relationship with the sublumbar muscle, a lateral relationship with the abdominal wall, and a medial relationship with the ovary and mesovarium. A limitation for this study was the impossibility of following the trajectory of the uterine tubes completely. Conclusion: The ultrathin cross-sections allowed observation of topographic details which have usually been shown as schematic images, like the ovarian fimbriae, the epoophoron and the coalescence between the tissues that form the ovarian bursa.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):13 (2014)

S10 PLASTINATION OF STAINED SECTIONS OF BRAIN: A NEW STAINING METHOD ASADI Mohammad Hossein1, BAHADORAN Hossein1, TAMEH Abolfazl Azami2

1Baghiyatallah university of Medical Sciences; 2Kashan medical university

Purpose: In recent years plastination has changed the way in which gross anatomy can be presented to students. Brain slices plastinated by the S10 technique require macroscopic staining to differentiate between the fiber tracts (white matter) and cell bodies (gray matter). The purpose of this work was to compare color fade of brain plastinates stained with Mulligan’s method and with our new modification of the Mulligan method. Materials and methods: Staining procedures were performed after fixation according to Mulligan’s method and our new modification of the Mulligan method. Specimen color was measured and compared before and after S10 plastination using ImageJ 10440 (National Health Institute, USA). Results: Plastination of the unstained brain slices as well as stained sections resulted in dry, clear, odorless and durable specimens. There was a little fade of color in stained slices exposed to light. Since the white matter areas did not react with the stain in this procedure there was satisfactory contrast between gray areas and the unstained white matter. Considering the low costs of the new staining method, these stained brain slices could be used for educational purpose in anatomy courses. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):14 (2014)

POLYMERIC EMBALMING IS AN INNOVATIVE METHOD IN TEACHING OF HUMAN ANATOMY AT MEDICAL UNIVERSITY "ASTANA" AUBAKIROV A.B., MAUL Y.A., KHAMIDULIN B.S., DOSMAMBETOVA K.K., SULEIMENOVA F.M., MINAIDAROV A.K., SISABEKOV K.E.

JSC “Medical University “Astana”, Kazakhstan

Purpose: The production of anatomical preparations by polymeric embalming produces specimens without toxic effects, without harmful action for professionals and teaching staff and students’ health; the specimens are life-like and durable. This method changes all the traditional representations about study of anatomy which are associated with formalin-fixed cadavers. Methods: Production of anatomical preparations by polymeric embalming consists of the following stages: 1. Fixing of the biological material. For polymeric embalming both fixed and unfixed material can be used. However, preliminary fixing of anatomical preparations is preferable, as the fixing solutions compact the tissues and decrease the shrinkage of anatomical structures during polymeric embalming. The fixative inactivates the tissues’ enzymes, which prevents the decomposition of the tissues, and does not prevent the polymerization of silicone. 2. The production of anatomical teaching specimens by dissection. This is the traditional manual production of preparations by standard techniques with removal of fat, connective tissue and display of the necessary structures. It is very difficult work but an important stage in the production of polymeric materials. 3. Dehydration and defatting. At these stages there is replacement of water by the intermediate solvent, and dissolution of fat tissues. In the capacity of dehydrating agent one can use such organic solvents as acetone or ethanol. As the degreasing agent we also use acetone which dissolves fat tissues very well at temperatures above 15 C 4. Impregnation by silicone. At this stage there is replacement of the intermediate solvent by liquid silicone in the organs and tissues. The process is carried out in the vacuum chamber at gradually reduced pressure and at room temperature. 5. Polymerization. At this stage under the action of temperature and a polymerizing agent, consolidation of silicone composition occurs in the organs and tissues. Before finishing polymerization the preparations are placed in the necessary position. Conclusion: All these above listed facts determine the great future for technology in polymeric embalming and promote its wider introduction in the educational process. The silicone preparations are ideal for exhibiting in anatomical museums and for practical lessons of medical students. At present anatomical silicone preparations are very widely used for the study anatomy not only in the Medical University “Astana” but in other medical schools and universities of Kazakhstan.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):15 (2014)

HOW TO SET UP A LABORATORY OF PLASTINATION BAPTISTA Carlos A. C.

University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA

Purpose: The establishment of a plastination lab requires more than just planning for space allocation and equipment but more importantly special attention to handling hazardous materials, waste generation and safety issues. The requirements for creating a laboratory of plastination will be discussed with reference to materials, equipment, waste management, hazardous material, safety issues and today’s other essentials for a modern plastination lab.

Methods: The first thing to consider when planning for a plastination lab is to think big but start small. Consider your initial budget. Make sure safety issues are the first to be addressed. You will not be able to get everything you want so establish priorities. If you are not experienced with plastination, start with the Silicone technique. It is easier and more reliable for the novice plastinator. Identify your limitations and confront them from the start so you can plan ahead. Involve the administration (Chair and Dean) in the process. Motivate them and they will help you. Basic instruments and materials for plastination are available through many vendors. Biodur® offers a complete set of plastination kits available in different sizes to beginners. Each kit contains a plastination Kettle (vacuum chamber), vacuum pump, silicone S10/S3/S6 and other materials. Silicone is available through several vendors: Biodur (Germany), VisDocta (Italy), Corcoran (USA), Silicone Inc. (USA), ShiEtsu Silicones (Japan), Plasmat (China). There are several safety issues that must be recognized before a plastination lab is constructed and during the operation of the lab. Documentation of the chemicals used must be at hand at all times. Recognize hazardous materials for safe keeping and also for disposal. Constantly monitor the exposure of the personnel to the acetone and other chemicals. Make sure the laboratory has proper ventilation and exhaust. The electrical outlets and light fixtures should be changed to give protection when levels of acetone are increased. Adequate fire protection and fire-safe storage should be addressed. Results: The material, equipment and space allocated for the plastination laboratory should be tied to the desired size of the laboratory. There are many sources of information available to the novice to help with technical aspects of building a laboratory. One of the best sources available is the International Society for Plastination and their experienced plastinators. Conclusion: Plastination has been available over 30 years. There are hundreds of laboratories of plastination around the world. A plastination laboratory is unique. It is different than a regular science laboratory because of the high amount of acetone that is used. Following safety guidelines is key to successfully establishing a laboratory of plastination. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):16 (2014)

PLASTINATION MUSEUM: ENGAGING THE NEXT GENERATION OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLIC BAPTISTA Carlos A. C.

University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA

Purpose: The main purpose of the Plastination Museum is to provide valuable educational resources for the University of Toledo students in the medical and related anatomical disciplines. The museum is located in the College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, at the University of Toledo. The museum provides a dynamic study and teaching space. The museum was named after Dr. Liberato DiDio, former chairman of the Department of Anatomy, and Dr. Peter Goldblatt, former chairman of the Department of Pathology. The establishment of the museum and its use will be discussed. Methods: The “construction” of the Plastination Museum started 20 years ago when several plastinated specimens were created as a source of the didactic material to advance the teaching mission of the department of anatomy. Funding for the project was through monies received by the plastination laboratory’s specimen preparation services to other institutions. The original project budget rationale involved the following: transfer of the plastination lab to a new location to free space for the museum, new wall painting, acoustic ceiling, and floor and new wood/glass cabinets installed. The museum was constructed in three months and now houses approximately 300 specimens comprising the anatomical and pathological collections of the College of Medicine. Each cabinet was divided according to function (digestion, breathing, circulation, filtration, control, support, development and comparative). Each cabinet has an android tablet containing explanations of each specimen providing a self-guided tour. Results: The space allocated to the museum, even though small, has been used appropriately by medical students and other healthcare students and professionals. Thousands of high schools students from the vicinity around Toledo and south of Michigan had tours arranged through the Student-to-Student Program. The student-to-Student program is an educational outreach program organized by 1st and 2nd year medical students that gives presentations and tours to more than 1500 undergraduate students from the community per year. In addition to students the museum is also open to the public upon request. Conclusion: The Plastination Museum was created with a limited budget but has been proven to be an excellent method for housing the anatomical and pathological collections of the college of Medicine in a single residence. The museum has proved to be an enormous asset to educate students and the public on normal anatomy and diseases.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):17 (2014)

USE OF MOLECULAR SIEVES TO RECOVER HIGHER YIELD OF PURE RECYCLED ACETONE BAPTISTA Carlos A. C.1, ZAK Peter W. 1, BITTENCOURT Athelson S.2

1University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; 2Federal University of Espirito Santo, Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Vitoria, Brazil

Purpose: This work introduces molecular sieves as a cost-effective method of transforming conventionally distilled acetone (95 - 97%) into acetone pure enough (99. 5 to 100%) to complete the dehydration of specimens for plastination. Methods: Used acetone (<95%) from freeze substitution and room temperature dehydration was recycled using conventional recyclers (BR Instruments and Omega Recyclers) yielding 97% purity. In order to remove the remaining water and increase the purity of recycled acetone to ~100%, molecular sieves were used. Twenty-two point five Kg (fifty pounds) of 3Å pore molecular sieves (http://www.interraglobal.com/) were used to distil 189 L (50 gallons) of acetone (1:1 ratio). A cylinder containing the molecular sieves was immediately transferred to the plastic 189 L (50 gallon) drum of acetone containing the 97% distilled acetone. Care was taken to ensure that the transfer to the container was made as fast as possible to avoid the sieve absorbing air humidity. Results: Acetone distilled using traditional methods with BR Instruments and Omega recyclers yielded acetone with approximately 97% purity. Both small-scale and large-scale treatments with molecular sieves yielded acetone purity of 99.5-99.9%. After 48 hours of treatment with molecular sieves, the purity of acetone remained constant. Conclusions: The use of molecular sieves to produce pure acetone will complement the dehydration of acetone using conventional distillation methods and has proved to be very efficient. Waste acetone is virtually eliminated, saving laboratories hundreds or even thousands of dollars in purchasing new acetone, recycling and disposal fees, in addition to being an eco-friendly process. The process is safe but when treating large volumes of acetone good ventilation and safe (spark proof) areas are desirable because of the acetone vapor that is produced in larger quantities. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):18 (2014)

NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION (NFC) DEVICES AND PLASTINATION: AN INTEGRATED TUTORIAL SYSTEM TOOL FOR SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING BAPTISTA Carlos A. C., TENBRINK Patrick

University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA;

Purpose: The purpose of integrating Near Field Communication (“NFC”) with plastination is to provide students with a self-directed learning tool that offers intelligible flexibility for the study of anatomy. The objective of this learning tool is to offer students an interactive learning environment outside of the usual academic setting. This self-directed learning tool allows students to point at different parts of the plastinated anatomical specimen, which are tagged with smart chips, directing students to a web-page that presents a description of the specific anatomical muscle, nerve, or artery to which the wand is directed. Methods: An application was designed to integrate the NFC reader, NFC tags, Android tablet device and plastinates. The NFC is a set of standards for radio communication between tablets, smartphones and similar devices that allows communication with each other by proximity or touch. We used a vWand (Sistelnetworks) in order to provide NFC connectivity for the Android tablet using Bluetooth connection. This wand allowed flexibility and uniformity within the system. Twenty-five structures were identified in a silicone- plastinated lower limb. Each anatomical description was entered in HTML format and stored as a webpage in the server. An NFC tag was attached to each structure and the URL web address of each structure was written into the tag using a VWand Pro Android app. When the tag was read by the vWand, an application launched the web browser containing a link to the webpage with the anatomical description of the structure. Results: The prototype consisted of 24 NFC tags implanted in a plastinated lower limb. Each tag when opened corresponded to a URL containing the description of the structure. Conclusions: The NFC device is a platform for self-directed learning that integrates plastinates with digital technology providing flexibility for the study of anatomy and pathology outside the usual academic settings. In addition, it provides an interactive environment, structure and guidance to the student and a powerful educational tool to promote meaningful learning through the integration of words, sounds and visuals.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):19 (2014)

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FIXATIVES ON PLANTS: OUTCOMES FOR FURTHER PLASTINATION. BİLGE Okan , BODUC Erengul

Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, İzmir-Turkey

Purpose: Preserving the natural color and texture are the main issues in plastination, and fixation is the first step for this purpose. Although there is little information about plastination of plants in the present literature, it is an important issue for plastination. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficiencies of different fixative solutions on plants to maintain their natural color and texture. Methods: We studied five different fixatives: Kaiserling, Klotz, Jore’s, 5% formalin and 5%+30% acetone mix on red and white miniature rose flowers (Rosaceae spp.) with their stems and leaves, orchid (Orchidaceae spp.) leaves and onion bulbs. Five sets of these plants were put in jars and filled with the fixatives listed above. Fixation was carried out at +4°C. Photographs were taken and crosschecked at 16th, 24th and 64th hours of fixation. Results: At the end of the fixation process, we found that Kaiserling and Jore’s solutions are better than the others fixatives. They protect the colors of the plants and their brightness. 5% formalin also protects colors but it made the plant surface a little dull. Klotz and 5%+30% acetone mix decolorizes the plants. Klotz adds some yellowish color. Fixed plants with 5%+30% acetone mix were paler and colors had faded. Conclusion: When it comes to plastination, perfection depends on a perfect fixation. The main function of tissue fixation is to prevent putrefaction and autolysis. Especially for plastination, it has to preserve the natural texture and color too. Plastination of plants is still a challenging issue and is not taking place in the literature sufficiently. We think that these data can be helpful for the development of a plastination process for plants. For preserving and displaying particularly endemic or endangered plant species for education, museums or exhibitions, plastination is the one realistic solution. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):20 (2014)

PREPARING BONES FOR PLASTINATION USING DERMESTID BEETLES: EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE IN THE GROWTH OF A DERMESTARIUM. BITTENCOURT A.P.S.1 ; BAPTISTA C.A.C2, BACELAR A.C.1, OUVERNEY T.N. 1, SANCIO L.B.1, BITTENCOURT A.S.1.

1Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil; 2University of Toledo, USA

Purpose: Plastination of bone structures is challenging. It requires bone preparation prior to plastination. Many techniques to clear the bone from other debris are commonly used such as dissection and macerations (chemical and heat). One of the major concerns in preparing bones for plastination is the remaining fat. Osteological preparations should have holes drilled through their cortex into the medulla to enhance defatting. If fat is retained it will result in greasy specimens years later. Dermestid beetles are well known, readily available, and used for forensic investigations and preparation of skeletons, mainly for zoology museums, and less frequently in human anatomy. In order to investigate a fast, accurate and effective method of preparation of bones for plastination, Dermestid beetles were evaluated with regard to the ideal temperature for the optimal functioning of the Dermestid colonies (dermestarium). Methods: The dermestarium was prepared with plastic boxes containing cotton on the bottom, covered with fine nylon screen, controlled temperature and low light environment. Prior to being introduced into the dermestarium, bones were clear of excess soft tissue, immersed in 70% alcohol and dried at 40° C in an oven for 72 hours. The cleaning of the bones by the Dermestid colony was monitored daily. The process was interrupted when the Dermestids reached the ligaments. The bones were removed from the colony, and at this point were ready for plastination. In order to identify the optimal temperature for the operation of the colony, 35 dermestaria were distributed in 5 groups (7 Dermestid colonies per group) and subjected to specific temperatures: DM1 (17 °C), DM2 (20 °C), DM3 (25°C), DM4 (30°C) and DM5 (35°C). Each dermestarium was made of 70 Dermestids (20 adults and 50 larvae). Each colony received 150 g of a substrate of a decapitated Wistar rat, gutted, skinned and dried. The dermestaria were monitored for 15 days. The weight of the digested material from each dermestarium was recorded and compared. Results: The digested weight (g) ± standard errors were the following: DM1 (0 g), DM2 (0 g), DM3 (109±11), DM4 (131±2) and DM5 (120±5). In the DM1 and DM2 colonies the larvae and adult Dermestids died resulting in inactivity of the colony. The DM3 (25°C), DM4 (30°C) and DM5 (35°C) grew as expected but there were no statistical differences in the weight of digested carcass (one-way ANOVA p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that temperatures in the range of 25-35° C have the greatest impact on the growth rate of the Dermestids. Supported by the grant of CNPq, FAPES.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):21 (2014)

WATERLOGGED ARCHAEOLOGICAL IVORY CONSERVATION: ELEPHANT TUSKS FROM BAJO DE LA CAMAPANA PHOENICIAN SHIPWRECK SITE, AT MUSEO NACIONAL DE ARQUEOLOGÍA SUBACUÁTICA BUENDÍA Milagros1, LATORRE Rafael2, LOPEZ-ALBORS Octavio 2

1National Museum of Underwater Archaeology, Cartagena, Spain; 2Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Spain

Purpose: The underwater archaeological project at the Bajo de la Campana site (San Javier, Murcia, Spain) was developed under the agreement signed between the Ministry of Culture of Spain and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas A&M University (TAMU), between 2007 and 2011. From this Phoenician shipwreck were recovered different types of materials, among of them 53 elephant tusk, some of them with inscriptions. The research goal for the conservation of waterlogged ivory, currently being developed, is to determine a conservation treatment that allows us to remove the excess water and provide mechanical strength with dimensional stability. We have started the research work with the analytical study of waterlogged archaeological ivory to determine its chemical composition, the hierarchical organization of its structural elements, the physical and mechanical properties and the impact on it of the underwater environment. The practical stage includes experimentation, characterization and evaluation of the different conservation methods, among which is plastination. Plastination, and a conservation procedure using polymers, developed by TAMU, are two of the treatments that stand out for their results. Methods: Two waterlogged archaeological ivory samples from Bajo de la Campana were used for the plastination assays. A 3D-CT scan study, control pictures and baseline weight were obtained from the samples before and after plastination in order determine the degree of change caused by this treatment process. After 5 days of dehydration with acetone at -25ºC samples were impregnated during 24h at room temperature, sample 1 with S15+S3 mixture (Biodur®) and sample 2 with PR10+CR20 mixture (Corcoran®). Curing of sample 1 with cross-linker S6 took one week in the gas-curing chamber, and curing of sample 2 with hardener CT32 was finished in one day. Results: Both silicone techniques were found to have produced a successful treatment. The procedures assessments were satisfactory; we have been able to remove water from samples with a remarkable dimensional stability, only 10% (sample 1) and 12% (sample 2) of weight lost after two months of plastination. Sample 1 was more natural looking with better color and texture than sample 2. Following treatment, no discernible changes were observed in the physical dimensions of either of the silicone- plastinated ivory samples. Both samples have acquired the necessary mechanical strength to make possible their study or display. The results from before and after plastination 3D-CT scans are under processing. Conclusion Plastination technique, traditionally linked to medicine or veterinary, could be applied on archaeological heritage conservation and will allow us to preserve the valuable information that these goods provide as historical documents. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):22 (2014)

UPPER LIMB PLASTINATED SECTIONS IN TOPOGRAPHY STUDIES BUSARIN Dmitry1, STARCHIK Dmitry1, USOVICH Alexandr2

1 International Morphological Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 2 Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus

Purpose: Further development of surgery requires more detailed study of structure and topography of upper limb neurovascular fascicles. The classical topographical anatomy method of studying frozen sections was suggested by Nikolay Pirogov. However, transparent plastinated sections are unchallengeable in terms of studying details of small anatomical structures. Methods: After morphometry of the upper limbs of 15 bodies (men and women, aged 48-70) they were placed in sagittal and frontal planes according to bone landmarks. Shoulder and forearm areas were marked out into 10 sections, and elbow joint areas into 3 areas. After being kept in a freezer at -25° C for 3 days the limbs were cut by a high-speed band saw into 10-15 mm sections according to the marks. The sections were then numbered and plastinated according to the E12 method. The end plastinates were examined by the naked eye and with a binocular loupe at low magnification using an adapted model of polar coordinates. Results: It was found that preparatory marking out of the limb helps to get similar series of transparent dissections for further studying and classification of anatomic structures and connections. The transparency of the plastinates allows thorough and detailed study of both large and small vessels and nerves in transmitted as well as backscattered/reflective light. A preparatory injection of a colored silicone into the arterial vessels makes the end dissections extremely revealing. A polar coordinates model provided exact data on the location of all the neurovascular structures of the shoulder, forearm and elbow joint. Conclusion: The study of transparent plastinated sections adds new data to the topography of muscles, vessels, nerves and fasciae in their natural location and state because they are not shifted as happens when classical methods of dissection are used. This new technique of using a polar coordinates model also makes mathematical and statistical analysis and data processing possible. Plastinated sections have an unlimited storage life and can be used for practical training of traumatologists, microsurgeons and radiologists.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):23 (2014)

COMPUTERIZED 3D ANATOMICAL MODELING USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT) SCANS OF PLASTINATED HEARTS CHANG Chih-Wei 1, ATKINSON Gregory 1, GANDHI Niket 1, LOZANOFF Beth K. 1, FARRELL Michael L. 2, TUNALI Selcuk 1,3, LABRASH Steven 1, NORTON Neil S 4, LOZANOFF Scott 1,2

1Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry & Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; 2ER3D Group LLC, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA; 3Department of Anatomy, TOBB University of Economics and Technology Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 4Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University, Omaha NB 68178 USA

Purpose: Computerized modeling of anatomical structures is an important aspect of computer-aided instruction in medical and allied medical education. Plastinated anatomical material provides an additional data collection approach since virtually any anatomical or pathological structure routinely obtained in a gross anatomy laboratory can be imaged. The purpose of this study was to establish a computer modeling approach utilizing plastinated anatomical material, specifically human hearts, combined with CBCT imaging. Methods: Four human hearts were collected following gross anatomical dissection and subjected to routine plastination procedures including dehydration (-25o C), defatting, forced impregnation, and curing at room temperature. Specimens were subjected to CBCT and DICOM slice images were subjected to 3D modeling utilizing ER3D software (espressoray3d.com, Honolulu, HI). A GPU-aided marching cubes algorithm was used to convert VOI (volume of interest) voxels into triangulated surface geometry complete with smoothed surface normals. Surfaces were shaded using a standard OpenGL-based Phong lighting model. The ER3D file format was utilized to store the medical imaging data alongside the surface mesh information in one file configuration. Surface models were exported for viewing on the iPad utilizing Verto Studio 3D application (vertstudio.com, San Diego, CA). Qualitative comparisons were conducted between plastinated hearts and their corresponding computer models based on a list of morphological cardiac features commonly identified in the gross anatomy dissection laboratory. A pair match 2x2 contingency analysis was utilized to test the hypothesis that correspondence does not occur (p<.01) between plastinations and computer models utilizing 25 external and 17 internal cardiac structures. Results: Qualitative observations confirmed that the heart displayed the expected surface morphological features typically observable through routine anatomical dissection. A correspondence of 98% achieved when comparing external features observable on the plastinated hearts with the corresponding computer models indicated a highly significant statistical relationship between plastinated and computer models. Conclusion: Results indicate that computerized models can be successfully generated from plastinated material that provides accurate representations for use in anatomical education. These models can be ported for visualization on various personal electronic devices including iPhones and iPads. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):24 (2014)

NEW MULTIDIMENSIONAL STAIN FOR PLASTINATION CONCHA Ismael 1, ILIFF Stanley 2, HENRY Robert W. 3

1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile, South America; 2 College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA; 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA

Purpose: A new non-toxic, water-soluble stain was developed from a natural pigment. The reddish stain is not flammable and no additives are needed. The stain can be diluted with water. It may be applied to the specimen during any aqueous state pre-dehydration, as well as in any siliconized state post-impregnation. Methods: The stain is shipped as a concentrated aqueous solution and then diluted with water, 1 part of stain + 9 parts of water. Fresh, fixed or impregnated tissues may be stained. Depending on the plan for the specimen, the entire specimen may be covered with the stain or stain applied only to select portions or areas of the specimen. Stain intensity may be decreased by diluting with more water. Once the stain is applied, the excess stain should be blotted. More information is available at: http://anato.cl/index.php. Results: The stained specimen will remain this color whether stored in water or formalin for cadaveric demonstration or if flushed with water to remove fixative prior to dehydration. If stained specimens are stored wet for over a year, they may need to have some stain reapplied. The stain intensity during dehydration is not altered. Neither impregnation, nor curing, changes the staining intensity or characteristics of the specimen. Stain may be applied at any time during its preparation. Conclusion: This new stain is useful for staining totally any type of specimen, or any portion thereof. Color intensity may be reduced prior to application by dilution with water. The stain may be applied during any step of the plastination process; but works best if applied prior to dehydration. The color of the stained specimen is not altered by acetone and is stable during impregnation and curing. This stain is a good alternative to other home-made or commercial stains.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):25 (2014)

USING CASTING AND CONSECUTIVE SHEET PLASTINATION, THE UNIQUE STRUCTURE OF THE VASCULAR PROCESSES IN THE GIRAFFE KIDNEY WAS ELUCIDATED. DALL Annette M, CHEMNITZ John

Department of Neurobiological science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark, Europe

Purpose: The giraffe has an extremely high blood pressure, which makes it anatomically and physiologically a very interesting animal. In regards of this, the vascularization of the kidneys is of special interest. Through a co-operation with the local zoo, we got the opportunity to study the structure of the kidneys using a combination of cast and sheet plastination. Methods: The fresh kidneys were cast by injection of red epoxy-resin in the renal artery and blue epoxy- resin in the renal vein. The procedure was done according to the “Heidelberg Plastination Folder” by Gunther von Hagens using E20 from Biodur®. Afterwards the kidney was fixed in 4% formaldehyde before being sliced into 3 mm thick sections. The sections were then dehydrated in acetone and impregnated with P40. Impregnated slices were cured by UV-light. Results: The anatomical division of the organ into cortical and a medullary parts was very distinct using the combination of casting and sheet plastination. The branching of the arteries at the medulla-cortex transition zone and the glomeruli in the cortical part of the organ were conspicuous and were examined at higher magnification. Furthermore, this combined technique was also suitable to study the encapsulation of the vascular processes, which we have previously shown, was prominent in S10 plastinated kidneys. Conclusion: The combination of casting and sheet-plastination enhances the potential to study the relations between the vascular system and the surrounding parenchyma in the giraffe kidney. Compared to the combination of casting and S10 plastination, it opens up the possibility to examine the structures at higher magnification; hence the P40 plastinated slices are suitable for microscopy or scanning. This study further supports the description of the giraffe renal arterial system by Maluf (Anat Rec 267:94- 111, 2002) but the technique is suitable for studying the kidneys from any species. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):26 (2014)

A NOVEL INSTRUCTIVE TOOL FOR TRAINING OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGISTS DIDENKO Maxim1, STARCHIK Dmitry2, MARCHENKO Sergey1, KHUBULAVA Gennady1, KAUTZNER Josef3

1Military Medical Academy, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; 2International Morphological Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; 3Institute for clinical and experimental medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

Purpose: Teaching of anatomy is usually realized using photographs, diagrams or CT and/or MR images. Spatial relationships could be best assessed employing heart specimens. Unfortunately, the use of fresh fixed hearts is problematic. Human plastinated hearts provide a unique tool to improve knowledge of relevant anatomy and topography for the electrophysiologists. Methods: Standard techniques of plastination (S 10, room temperature process, E12) of the hearts from cadavers that retain its original shape and yet enable specific preparation according to clinical requirements were used to prepare special demonstration specimens. The fixed hearts were exposed to impregnation with silicone or epoxy resin, as well as in combination with corrosion techniques. Demonstration pacing leads, catheters and lights were implanted either during dissection or after plastination. Results: The specimens were tested in educational courses and in training of cardiology fellows. Several modifications of clinical plastinated specimens were used: 1) hearts for demonstration of different structures in the chambers, as well as the valves and a variety of the heart’s blood vessels; 2) slices of the heart injected with colored silicone according to the typical fluoroscopic projections during electrophysiological procedures, to the long and short axes during transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography views as well as CT and MRI projections; 3) hearts with pacing leads and ablation catheters in different positions. All subjects provided high scores for the use of these specimens. Conclusions: Clinically oriented plastination of human hearts provides a variety of opportunities for the education of fellows. Is conceivable that better knowledge of anatomy will contribute to an improvement of quality of care in electrophysiology.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):27 (2014)

NIKOLAY PIROGOV– THE FOUNDER OF FROZEN BODY DISSECTION METHOD FOMIN Nicolay1, STARCHIK Dmitry2, NISHT Alexey1, BUSARIN Dmitry2

1Military Medical Academy, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; 2International Morphological Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

Purpose: One of the most remarkable works by Nikolay Pirogov, a great Russian surgeon and anatomist, was his “Topographical Anatomy of Frozen Body Dissections” (Anatomia topographica sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum triplici directione ductis illustrata, 1859) which became the basis for plastination techniques E12 and P40. Methods: Nikolay Pirogov had the idea to use frozen sections of the human body to study the topography of different organs, cavities and other anatomical structures when he saw a butcher cutting frozen pig bodies at the local market, Sennoy (which means “hay”) market, in St. Petersburg in 1849. At his Institute of Anatomy, Nikolay Pirogov did more than 1000 dissections of frozen human bodies in sagittal, frontal and horizontal planes 7-15 mm thick, using an ordinary saw. Then the artists used glass to copy the sections onto the sheets of paper where equal square boxes were drawn. Results: Pirogov’s method, unlike traditional dissection, does not ruin the organs’ connections and provides natural 3D anatomical structures. From 1849 to 1859 Nikolay Pirogov was busy writing and editing his atlas, which was published in 4 volumes: “Topographical Anatomy of Frozen Body Dissections”, with 970 dissection pictures and 224 tables with detailed comments. The atlas also presents a lot of research information on different pathologies, injuries and other physiological states, as well as aging changes and sex differences. In fact, besides becoming a breakthrough anatomy course and reference book, the atlas established new ways for topographical anatomy development. Conclusions: For more than 150 years, Pirogov’s dissection atlas has been an unsurpassed masterpiece and it is still a valuable manual for surgeons and anatomists. His brilliant technique started a new age in human body studies and has been used successfully at the initial stages of plastination processes E12 and P40. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):28 (2014)

S10 PLASTINATION OF OESTRUS OVIS AS A TEACHING TOOL. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS GONZÁLVEZ M1, LATORRE Rafael2, LÓPEZ ALBORS Octavio2, ORTIZ J1.

1Department of Animal Health (Parasitology); 2Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Spain

Purpose: Plastination is a well-known process used nowadays in anatomy and surgery teaching, but to date it has not been commonly used for parasite preservation. In fact, only two works have been found in this field, one focused on the human nematode Ascaris lumbricoides and another on 11 species of animal cestoda, nematoda and arthropoda. The aim of this study was to optimize the silicone technique for plastination of larvae of the parasitic sheep diptera Oestrus ovis for teaching purposes. Methods: Ten larvae of O. ovis containing a mixture of second or immature stages, and third or mature stages were used for the plastination assays. The standard method of S10 silicone technique was used. Results: After plastination of the larvae was finished several problems appeared. Only one of the parasites was successfully plastinated, while the others showed serious problems such as breakages of the cuticle and body collapse. Furthermore, specimens lost much weight. These problems could be due to incomplete dehydration or impregnation since the cuticle thickness and the powerful muscle fibers of the parasite might have limited complete acetone or silicone tissue embedding. Histological cross-sections of the larvae before and after plastination might be a useful tool to determine how the problem occurred, especially in macroscopic defective areas, by comparing the abnormal structure of the plastinated parasites with other non-plastinated in both types of larvae (mature and immature larvae). Conclusion: Although silicone plastinated larvae such as Oestrus ovis might be quite useful for teaching or research purposes, particular adaptations in the standard methodology, such as small cuts in the belly of the larvae, could help to standardize the technique for insect parasite species.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):29 (2014)

TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY STUDY OF UTERINE TUBE AND OVARIAN CAT BURSA BY MEANS OF ULTRATHIN SLICE PLASTINATION GUTIÉRREZ Trujillo Hugo Andrés1, 2, LATORRE Rafael 1 and LÓPEZ ALBORS Octavio 1

1Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Spain; 2Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University National of Colombia

Objective: In the cat female the topographical anatomy of the uterine tube with respect to the ovary is difficult to understand because the ovarian bursa is closed; the oviduct follows a coiled trajectory and traditional dissection is not very effective at this site. In this study epoxy ultrathin transverse slices were used to gain a deeper knowledge of the topographical relationship between the uterine tube, the ovary and ovarian bursa. Methods: Two cat body blocks of the ovarian region were prepared to obtain transverse ultrathin plastinated sections (300 µm). The blocks were prepared following these steps: fixation, dehydration, clearing, forced impregnation (Epoxy E12, E6, E600, Biodur®) and curing. Ultrathin slides were then obtained using a diamond saw and cast using the E12-E1 sandwich method (Biodur®) before polymerization for 3 days at 45° C. Each slide was scanned (Epson V 700) both sides at a 2500 dpi resolution. Some details of greater interest were photographed with a magnifying lens (Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000-C). Results: In the most cranial slices, the ovarian topography was identified in relation to the abdominal wall and the ovarian suspensory ligament. In a caudal sequence a detailed spatial relationship was established between the oviduct and the ovary, highlighting the location of the infundibulum and fimbria in relation with to medial ovarian aspect. The ovarian bursa, the sinuous oviduct trajectory both in the ampulla and isthmus, and the mesosalpinx were analyzed in all the sections. Conclusions: Plastinated ultrathin serial sections of the cat ovarian region contributed to substantially improving the comprehension of the topographical relationships between the uterine tube and the ovary, as well as giving essential information about the ovarian bursa peritoneal attachments. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):30 (2014)

PLASTINATION OF THE CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION BY DIFFERENT PROCESSES AND METHODS HAFFAJEE MR, MATHURA G.

University of KwaZulu Natal

Purpose: To obtain the best plastination preservation method(s) of the transverse and alar ligaments at the craniocervical junction (CVJ) in order to enable the characteristics of the ligaments to be studied, nine dissected specimens were plastinated using different methods. Methods: Specimens of the CVJ were obtained by en bloc removal of part of the base of the skull surrounding the foramen magnum together with the C1 (atlas) to C3 cervical vertebrae and their soft tissues. The surrounding muscular tissue was excised. Where possible the spinal cord was left in situ for orientation. Two specimens were prepared using the S10 technique on 3mm horizontally sectioned specimens. Three specimens were prepared using the E12 technique after cutting them in 3mm sections in the three anatomical planes. Two further specimens were decalcified first in 5% nitric acid in 10% formalin, and tested after 3-5 days for hardness or complete decalcification. Two specimens were cleared using KOH before plastination by the E12 technique. Sectioning of the specimens was done with the specimens at -20°C. Results: Sectioning of the specimens with the band saw was difficult because the specimens came apart in some cases. The S10 specimens became dark and the different tissues were not easily discernible. The E12 specimens were clear and the ligaments were identifiable, even under high power dissection microscopy. The remaining specimens were still being cleared before being plastinated and the efficacy of this process will be elaborated on at the presentation. Conclusion: The E12 method of preservation is able to differentiate tissues of the CVJ the best, so far. The method of clearing before plastination was incomplete at the time of submission and its results will be presented at the Conference. Sectioning of tissues should be done with the specimen embedded in a block of frozen formalin solution at -20°C to obtain whole specimens which do not become fragmented.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):31 (2014)

POLYESTER PLASTINATION: P40 TECHNIQUE HENRY Robert W.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA

Purpose: Polyester (P35) is the classic technique for plastination of brain slices and has routinely been used for three decades. Its differentiation of white and gray matter is un-paralleled. Modifications to the polyester process were made 20 years ago (P40) and 5 years ago (P50), but neither of these improved slice quality. However, ease of production of slices improved with P40 & P50 (Biodur™). Also, any region of the body may be sliced and the new resins used for slice production. Methods: P40-Specimen preparation: the brain is fixed with formalin only; addition of common additives will cause inferior results. The well-fixed brain is sliced on a “deli slicer” at your desired thickness (2-4 cm) and placed between grids (metal or plastic) and tied as a package with twine to allow ease of transfer from one solution bath to the next. Before dehydration, formalin is rinsed from slices in flowing tap water overnight. For body slices, the body is frozen (ultra cold) fresh and sliced on a band saw (2-3mm). As the slices are produced, sawdust must be scraped off and the clean slice placed between grids (metal or plastic) and tied as a package with twine and submerged in acetone. Dehydration is carried out in cold acetone. Depending on slice thickness, two or three changes of pure acetone every two to three days is usually sufficient. To enhance body slice clarity, defatting in room temperature acetone or methylene chloride after dehydration is recommended. Impregnation - the exchange of the dehydrant for the resin, is carried out in a vacuum kettle by decreasing pressure (increasing vacuum) at a rather fast pace (one or two days). By lowering the pressure, acetone vaporizes and leaves the tissue, assuring a tissue void which will allow the resin to enter the cells. Impregnation may be done at room temperature of in the refrigerator. Understanding vapor pressure (vp) principles will assure complete impregnation of the slices with polyester. At 5°C acetone’s vp= 85mm Hg (110 Torr) while at +25°C vp= 210mm Hg (300 Torr). Therefore, at room temperature impregnation (acetone removal) will commence at a higher pressure (210mm) than in the refrigerator. Impregnation may be done with only the P40 resin, or a hardener (A4) may be added to aid curing. Finally, once the acetone has been removed from the specimen, impregnation is complete and the impregnated slices are ready for casting (placing between two glass plates) and curing. The impregnated slices are placed between two glass plates (2-3 mm) with a gasket around the perimeter to seal the flat chamber and contain the resin and slice. The constructed flat chamber containing the impregnated slice is filled with P40, sealed and exposed to UVA light to harden the polyester filled slices. Curing P40 is an exothermic reaction and the heat must be controlled using a fan/ventilator to prevent damage to the slice. After curing, the flat chamber is dismantled and the sticky edges of the slice are trimmed with a saw. To enhance body slice clarity, defatting with methylene chloride or room temperature acetone is recommended. Results: Slices produced by the polyester (P40) technique are great teaching aids which show neuroanatomical detail, are student friendly and are useful for study with MR and CT images. Conclusion: Plastination has proven to be an excellent method for preservation of biological specimens for 35 years. The P35 Biodur™ polyester plastination process remains the gold standard for plastination of brain slices. The P40 modification is a user friendly process for brain slices as well as other thin sliced specimens of the body. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):32 (2014)

SILICONE PLASTINATION: COLD TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUE HENRY Robert W.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA

Purpose: The classic technique for silicone plastination has stood the test of time. A few modifications have been made in the past 25 years but these have not made a huge impact on plastination. The Biodur™/cold temperature process remains the gold standard. This process will be discussed with reference to today’s needs. Methods: Specimen preparation - remains the initial and very important step in silicone plastination and any other plastination or preservation technique. A specimen needs to be designed with an intended purpose with thoughts as to: why am I preparing this specimen? How will it be used? And what needs to be highlighted for this use? Hollow organs must be dilated to some degree and care taken not to over-dilate the organ. Dehydration - must be complete and carried out in cold acetone over a period of four to six weeks. It is beneficial to position specimens anatomically correct when dehydration is begun. Impregnation – the exchange of the dehydrant/intermediary solvent for the polymer-mix, must be done under decreasing pressure (increasing vacuum) at a slow pace (three to six weeks). By lowering the pressure, acetone leaves the tissue assuring a tissue void for the silicone-mix to enter and occupy. Since impregnation is dependent on vaporizing the solvent/acetone and the removal of such, it is important to know the vapor pressure (vp) of the solvent/acetone at the temperature at which the process is carried out. For instance at -20°C vp = 21mm Hg, at -15°C vp =28mm Hg, at 0°C vp =65mm Hg and at +25°C vp= 210mm Hg. Knowing the vp of acetone for your selected temperature during impregnation will help assure that you extract the solvent from the specimen by lowering the pressure enough. Finally, once the acetone/solvent has been removed from the specimen, impregnation is finished, and the silicone-filled specimens are brought to ambient pressure and temperature and excess polymer is allowed to drain from the specimens. After the excess polymer-mix is removed from the specimen, the specimen filled with silicone-mix is treated to a gaseous cross-linker/hardener. Once the silicone has cured/hardened, the specimen is ready to be used. Results: Specimens produced by the cold temperature silicone technique are superior, unique, durable, student-friendly and form an archive of normal or abnormal anatomy. Conclusion: Plastination has proven to be an excellent method for preservation of biological specimens for 35 years. The Biodur™/cold temperature plastination process remains the gold standard for plastination of biological tissue.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):33 (2014)

WOODPECKER (PICOIDES NUTTALLII) AND MAPANA (BOTHROPS ATROX) PLASTINATION USING SILICONE S10 JIMENEZ, Ricardo

Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Colombia

Purpose: The woodpecker and mapana are animal species endemic of the tropics. The former belongs to a population of native birds originally from the tropical and subtropical forests, sometimes with migratory characteristics; and the latter is widely distributed in regions of Central and South America where it is considered a public health problem for the high number of deaths related to its bite. The purpose of this work is the preservation of these two species using the technique of silicone S10 plastination according to von Hagens’ protocols, while presenting particular morphological characteristics (feathers and scales respectively) that determine important elements in the stages of dehydration and impregnation. Methods: The woodpecker specimen was found abandoned in a garden with evisceration of intestinal contents and signs of hemorrhage; the mapana was donated by a snake tamer, delivered in a container with 30 % ethyl alcohol. In both cases the specimens were washed with tap water and then immersed in baths of 100%isopropyl alcohol at room temperature. The alcohol concentration was determined with a calibrated alcoholmeter every two weeks; isopropyl alcohol was changed when its concentration was beneath 100% and until we did not find variation of the concentration in two consecutive measurements. The specimens were then immersed in methylene chloride for three days and then immersed in a mixture of curable polymer (silicone S10) with catalyst polymer (catalyst S3) in a ratio of 1 part of S3 per 100 parts of S10 for 24 hours. The next day the process of forced impregnation began, bubbles were observed and according to the protocol of von Hagens, we began gradually to decrease the vacuum pressure down to 3 mm Hg at which no bubbles were observed. The specimens were removed, the remnants of the mixture were drained, and they were then placed in a closed chamber with vaporizing gas curing polymer (S6). In the first week the specimens were dried with absorbent paper, they were then left in a closed gas curing chamber for six weeks. In both cases a natural position of the animal was preserved in their natural environment. Results: The plastination technique was applied to the woodpecker and mapana according to the protocol of von Hagens; this was conducted smoothly, and the specimens that were obtained retained their external morphological characteristics and are displayed in the Permanent Exhibition Area of the Morphology Department of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas in the city of Pereira, Colombia. Furthermore, the snake is now also useful as instructional material for medical students in the field of Clinical Toxicology. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):34 (2014)

RECOVERY WITH PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE OF FORMALIN FIXED ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS FOR TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION MORPHOLOGY OR MUSEUM EXHIBITION JIMENEZ Ricardo, FERNANDEZ Andrés, ORBES Jairo

Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Colombia

Purpose: The morphology courses taught in Colombia frequently use specimens and bodies that have been conserved for more than 10 years (this due to the lack of availability of cadavers and human organs and the traditional preserving techniques using formalin). The high cost of simulators and alternative techniques for fixing and preserving bodies impedes their implementation in higher academic education. Our main purpose was to recover old human specimens, fixed with traditional techniques, with silicone plastination for use in teaching in the anatomy lab. Methods: In the pursuit of resolving this problem, 24 specimens (due for incineration) were fixed with formaldehyde, immersed in regular water for a week and, a week later, in saline solution 0.9 %; afterwards the plastination technique was performed as follows: specimens were dehydrated with isopropyl alcohol for 12 weeks, cleared with methylene chloride, impregnated with silicone Biodur S10® (surplus silicone was removed with absorbent paper) and curing gas Biodur S3®- all using the protocol from the University of Murcia. Results: All specimens were recovered demonstrating a significant improvement in coloration, appearance and maintenance of morphological characteristics. Nowadays, the specimens are being used in the academic practices of Medical and Dentistry students. Conclusion: Plastination is very useful for recovering specimens fixed for long periods of time with formalin, obtaining optimums results. Specimens obtained are similar in color and appearance to other specimens with less fixation time using traditional techniques, and they are suitable for use in the teaching lab or exhibition.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):35 (2014)

THE KLINGLER PREPARATION TECHNIQUE AND PLASTINATION: ORIENTING STUDENTS TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL NEUROANATOMY JILWAN Andrew 1, SHUKLA Vipul 1, MASUKO Thelma 2, BAPTISTA Carlos A.C. 1

1The University of Toledo College of Medicine: Department of Neurosciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; 2Federal University of Bahia, Department of Morphology, Health Science Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Purpose: This project will discuss the Klingler preparation technique applied to plastination, as well as assess its potential benefits for orienting students to three-dimensional neuroanatomy. Methods: Four brains were fixed, dissected using the Klingler method, then subsequently plastinated. Results: The Klingler method was utilized to display the fiber tracts of the corpus callosum, brain stem and cerebellum. This technique revealed the numerous bilateral white matter tracts as well the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles. Conclusions: Since its inception, plastination has served as an adjunct in teaching anatomy. If used properly, plastinated specimens can augment students' understanding of neural architecture. Brains dissected following the preparation method by Klingler can be plastinated and utilized for visualization of fiber paths. This technique can be used to highlight complex structures and isolate neuroanatomical structures that students often have trouble visualizing in three dimensions, such as the corpus callosum. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):36 (2014)

USING PLASTINATION TO PRESERVE KOREAN MARTYRS’ CORPSES KWAK Dai-Soon, KIM Sang-Hyun, CHUNG In-Hyuk, KIM In-Beom

Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy / Department of Anatomy College of medicine, The Catholic University of Korea. Seoul, Korea

Purpose: Most Catholic martyrs’ corpses in Korean shrines are kept without preservative treatments, thus bodies are being damaged, oxidized, and becoming moldy and decomposed as time passes. It is also not feasible to store them in an airtight system because the installation and maintenance of such systems is too costly. Our goal is to preserve Korean martyrs’ whole corpses, not as muscular or organ specimens, using plastination, which doesn’t cause damage to the tissue, and makes it possible to preserve as semi- permanent, odorless, and tangible specimens. Methods: Forty corpses referred to the institution from 2008 to 2010 were studied. They were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 2 months, and washed for 2 days. Then, they were dehydrated with acetone for 20 days in order to remove residual moisture and fat tissue. They were then vacuum impregnated using silicone in room temperature and at 4oC, for 15 days each. In room temperature, excess silicone was eliminated for 7 days, and then the plastination was cured. Results: About 3 months were required to complete the plastinated specimen of the martyr’s corpses. Till now, the specimens are safely preserved and no traces of oxidization, mold, or discharge of silicone have been found. Bone surfaces are more hardened because of the silicone. Conclusion: Our results support that plastination can be an outstanding way of preservation, reducing expenditure for airtight systems.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):37 (2014)

CLINICAL PLASTINATION: INSIGHT INTO EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, SURGICAL AND SPATIAL ANATOMY OF THE AORTIC ROOT AND RELATED STRUCTURES MARCHENKO Sergey1, STARCHIK Dmitry2 , AVERKIN Igor1, DIDENKO Maxim1, SHIKHVERDIEV Nazim1, KHUBULAVA Gennady1

1Military Medical Academy, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; 2International Morphological Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;

Purpose: Clinical plastination is of particular interest in the field of cardiac surgery as it provides a variety of opportunities for widening of a clinical manner of thinking using plastinated heart specimens. Methods: For creating demonstration specimens of aortic root and related structures we used standard plastination techniques of hearts from cadavers while retaining their original shape. Different types of modern procedures (aortic root remodeling, re-implantation and its modifications) were performed. Innovative approaches have been implemented to enhance the quality of surgical anatomy for educational process. Results: Several modifications of anatomical dissections were developed: 1) modified types of surgical dissections to expose the aortic root and valve, coronary arteries and conduction system; 2) hearts with pathological changes of the aortic root and congenital malformations were plastinated; 3) slices of the heart were injected with colored silicone according to the long and short axis ultrasound views as well as MRI projections; 4) mechanical and biological valves were implanted. The distinctive feature is that the hearts are very pictorial and can be easily demonstrated. The cross-sectional and plastinated specimens of the natural hearts allow us to demonstrate all the details of spatial anatomy of the aortic root and related structures. Conclusions: In addition to the traditional anatomical methods, the clinical plastination technique should be available in clinical centers as it improves the effectiveness of education in ultrasound, radiographic and surgical anatomy, procedures and techniques. It is necessary to combine routinely-used diagnostic and surgical projections with heart slices and plastinated specimens as it gives a better understanding even to the specialists in terms of clinical necessities. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):38 (2014)

SILICONE-BASED COLORATION TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED TO HIGHLIGHT PLASTINATED SPECIMENS MCCREARY J., MCCREARY K., ILIFF S., HERMEY D., HENRY R.W.

Lincoln Memorial University – DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Harrogate, TN, USA

Purpose: To develop a coloration technique that allows the application of pigment to a fully plastinated specimen that can withstand the rigors of handling through transportation and teaching. Methods: Once fully plastinated using the Biodur® S10/S15 technique, a silicone-based mixture of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), silicone and various Biodur® dye pastes were applied. Once the solutions of silicone were made, ranging from 0 to 1.0g, aesthetic and durability tests were performed to discover the most desirable mixture. Durability testing was developed to mimic the usual handling of plastinated specimens through transportation as well as hands-on teaching of anatomy. These tests include frictional forces made with a gloved hand, scratching areas with a blunt pointer and scratching various areas with the back end of a scalpel blade. The final and possibly the most critical testing included discovering the most aesthetically pleasing amount of dye paste by holding both the MEK and silicone constant and adding incremental additions of the dye paste. Results: Throughout the initial testing of varying silicone levels various conclusions were made of both the aesthetics of the silicone composition as well as the durability. The silicone aesthetics testing, as well as the durability tests, resulted in choosing a solution under 0.4g. The last experiment, although a more subjective conclusion, revealed the best visuals results when adding 40μl of Biodur®AC51 for muscles, 80μl of Biodur®AC50 for arteries and 120μl of Biodur® AC40 for veins. Conclusion: This silicone-based coloration technique allows a plastinated specimen to don further life-like visual characteristics to better serve the duty for anatomy and medical education.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):39 (2014)

DEVELOPMENT AND INSTALLATION OF A PLASTINATION LABORATORY USING LOW COST EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS OTTONE Nicolás Ernesto1,2; BIANCHI Homero F.2; FUENTES FERNANDEZ Ramón1; AJA GUARDIOLA Santiago3; CIRIGLIANO Vanina2; OLORIZ Lucero2; BORGES BRUM Gonzalo2; BLASI Esteban2; ALGIERI Rubén Daniel2 & BERTONE Vicente Hugo2

1Centro de Plastinación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 2Laboratorio de Plastinación y Técnicas de Conservación Cadavérica, Instituto de Morfología J.J. Naón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Laboratorio de Plastinación. Facultad Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México

Purpose: The aim of this work is to report our experience at creating and assembling low cost plastination laboratories, seeking to improve the use of economic resources, that may be scarce in some institutions, and proving that it is possible to get high quality specimens with local materials. Methods: First, vacuum chambers for small, medium and large specimens were developed following the guidelines established by Gunther von Hagens in his early work on plastination. We also researched local procurement of polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane (silicone), dibutylin dilaurate (catalyst) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (hardener). Vacuum pumps from refrigeration systems were adapted for =utilization in the forced impregnation step. Results: Mounting a fully functional room-temperature plastination laboratory was achieved; it allows developing the technique and obtaining high durability specimens that are widely accepted by students and professionals. Conclusion: Plastination laboratories can be mounted for small, medium and large specimens, with local materials, at low cost and with perfect correlation with the elements used in the original techniques, ensuring the development of a plastination technique available to any institution. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):40 (2014)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WITH SILICONE OTTONE Nicolás Ernesto1,2; BIANCHI Homero F.2; FUENTES FERNANDEZ Ramón1; CIRIGLIANO Vanina2; OLORIZ Lucero2; CAAMAÑO Daniela2; LO TARTARO Maximiliano2 & MEDAN Carlos2

1Centro de Plastinación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 2Laboratorio de Plastinación y Técnicas de Conservación Cadavérica, Instituto de Morfología J.J. Naón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Purpose: The aim of this work is to present a room-temperature plastination technique developed in our laboratories and the results obtained there from. In this technique, we highlight the use of silicones, catalysts and generic hardeners, and some variations of the traditional technique, which resulted in a low- cost technique and also a high speed of implementation. Methods: Room-temperature plastination was carried out. Dehydration was performed in 1 month, first three weeks at cold temperature (-20°C) and the fourth week at room temperature, for defatting. After that, forced impregnation took place, where different specimens were exposed to Biodur silicone, North Carolina silicone and generic silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) obtained in our countries, with the generic catalyst, dibutylin dilaurate. The average process for each specimen lasted 3 or 4 days, 8 hours of daily work (active forced impregnation), stopping the forced impregnation overnight (passive forced impregnation). After reaching 5 mmHg without bubbling and ending the vacuum process, specimens were drained and positioned. Finally, curing was performed by exposing the specimens to tetraethyl orthosilicate vapor, also obtained in our countries. The different morphological characteristics of the specimens determined forced impregnation time variations, as well as curing. After polymerization was complete, specimens were stored in plastic bags, facilitating internal curing. Results: Several plastinated specimens were obtained (human and animals). Three kinds of resin were used: Biodur, North Carolina and a local production resin. Completely dry, rigid specimens were obtained, which retained the original color and anatomical shape. Some specimens had also been previously injected with natural latex, and it remained intact in the final pieces. Conclusion: Based on our technique, demonstrated in this work, we believe specimens of excellent quality and durability can be obtained, reducing costs and increasing the speed of production of plastinated specimens.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):41 (2014)

USE OF PLASTINATED MATERIAL IN DETRIMENT OF TRADITIONAL MODELS: VERIFICATION OF PREDILECTION OF HUMAN ANATOMY STUDENTS PEREIRA Kleber Fernando, BARROS Henrique Pereira, DA SILVA Ivan Nascimento, LIMA Fabiano Campos, SANT´ANA Hugo Gustavo Franco; FILHO Albérico José De Moura

Federal University of Goias

Purpose: The use of anatomical specimens is of fundamental importance for the study and learning of anatomy. Various types of anatomical parts are employed for this purpose, each with advantages and disadvantages. The objective of this field study was observational and cross-checked the preferences of undergraduate students in dentistry, nursing and physiotherapy, who attended the course of human anatomy that semester, totaling 338 students, in relation to the type of part to be studied. Methods: We used the heart laboratory study at the Anatomy Faculty of the Integrated Faculty Tiradentes - FITS, Brazil, with each group comprising synthetic specimens (group 1), glycerin (group 2), preserved in formaldehyde (group 3), plastinated (group 4) and plastinated stained (group 5). The specimens were prepared in the stands at random and each student chose at their discretion, the part that they found more attractive and would rather study, stating the order of preference and the reason for the choice. Results: We observed that most preferred group 5 (64.2 %), followed by group 4 (21.6%), group 1 (10.9%), group 2 (2.4 %) and group 3 (0.9%). The positive and negative reasons for their choice were listed and assigned 1 point for each positive item and -1 to negative: they are natural, anatomical accuracy, no unpleasant odor, similar to living organ staining, non-irritating to the nose and eyes, able to manipulate without gloves, leaving no residue on the hands and benches, availability of specimens in the institution. The results were: Group 5 received 6 points, followed by 1 to 4 groups each with 4 points; group 2 received note -2 three points. Conclusion: We conclude that plastinated specimens, mostly colored, represent major anatomic fidelity by being natural specimens and are very attractive to students, encouraging them and improving their learning, requiring however, that they should be more common in colleges of Brazil where the number is very limited or non-existent, and should replace the formalin and glycerin specimens that are unhealthy and unattractive for anatomical study. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):42 (2014)

THE FIRST DALIAN PLASTINATION WORKSHOP: A NEW APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING THE ART OF PLASTINATION RAOOF Ameed1, SUI Hongjin2

1The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; 2Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

Purpose: The workshop aimed at introducing participants to the basic concepts of plastination and its applications. Methods: The first Dalian plastination workshop was held at the Dalian Hoffen Plastination labs, China, August 12th-17th, 2013. There were 7 participants in the workshop, representing South Korea, China and Egypt in addition to the USA. The first couple of days were dedicated to low temperature silicone plastination, and the last couple of days were for sheet plastination using the P45 method, a modification of the P40 technique using a warm water bath to cure sections instead of UV light. Participants had several opportunities for hands-on experience starting from dissection, sectioning, positioning, and even doing the final trimming of the polyester sections. The most interesting part for me was a critique of several faulty preparations aimed to alert participants to avoid common mistakes during the plastination process. The workshop included an evaluation and feedback questionnaire to improve future Workshops (a workshop will be held again in August 2014), and was concluded by a visit to the ‘Mysteries of Life Museum’ in Dalian where a wide range of human and animal plastinated specimens are exhibited. Results: Participants had ample opportunities for dissecting and preparing specimens for plastination. Participants expressed obvious satisfaction with the workshop approach especially with the demonstration of faulty specimens. Conclusion: The workshop was a great success. The section on the critique of faulty specimens was very useful, informative, and represented an innovative approach to understanding plastination. Thanks to Dr. Sui and to his staff for their thorough and meticulous preparation and for their remarkable hospitality.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):43 (2014)

RESTORING AND REPAIRING PLASTINATED SPECIMENS TO PROLONG USEFULNESS AND ENHANCE EDUCATIONAL VALUE RAOOF Ameed

The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Purpose: The extensive and regular use of plastinated specimens in anatomy classes exposes these specimens to a significant degree of deterioration rendering them almost useless. At this stage they no longer serve the purpose they have been prepared for. We employed a basic technique to restore plastinated specimens where muscles and neurovascular structures are reconnected and re-painted to restore the original appearance and promote usability and significance in anatomy education. Methods: Human plastinated specimens, including whole bodies (male and female), torsos, upper and lower limbs and pelves have been extensively used in anatomy teaching for almost a decade in the Department of Physical Therapy at Mt. Saint Mary College, Los Angeles, California. The specimens were prepared at the University of Michigan Plastination laboratory. A large number of muscles had suffered detachment. Multiple nerves and vessels were disconnected, and several segments were discolored. A simple silicone glue was used to re-attach structures and water-based paint was used to re-color vessels and nerves. The restoration process took around 48 hours to complete. Results: The specimens’ appearance improved remarkably following the restoration process. Muscles and neurovascular structures were reconnected to recompose their normal anatomical shape. Conclusion: The restoration and repair process is essential in maintaining the usefulness and sustainability of plastinated specimens. Periodic restoration will prolong the lifespan of plastinated specimens for a much longer time and therefore fully serve the educational purpose for which they were initially prepared. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):44 (2014)

THE GROSS ANATOMY LAB IN USAGE OF DICOM DATA AND CORRELATION OF SHEET PLASTINATION SCHINDLER Nadine; IHLE Brit; DOLL Sara; KIRSCH Joachim

Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany

Purpose: The use of datasets from computerized tomography (CT) and their application in Anatomy classes is of special relevance at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology of the University of Heidelberg. Since winter term 2012/13 datasets from a multi-line CT are used to support a classical dissection course. Historically the dissection course was complemented by optional classes of “Virtual Anatomy” in which students study topographical Anatomy, using standardized CT-datasets. These datasets illuminate the regular Anatomy and selected pathological conditions. The additional usage of plastinated body sheets allows a direct comparison between imaging and Anatomy. Methods: Now the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology can generate a complete CT dataset from each body donor. This procedure not only enables detection of important anatomical changes or variations before embalming and dissection, it also enables the students to directly correlate imaging data with the conditions found during the dissecting classes. In this context it proved to be helpful to enhance the visualization of blood vessels by injection of contrast agents prior to embalming. Moreover, plastinated body sheets were also used to improve topographical knowledge and interpretation of CT data. Results: Thus, the students can toggle between different visualization methods and thereby improve their knowledge of topographical Anatomy as well as their skills in interpreting CT data. As an additional way to visualize anatomical data in a different modality, the Institute uses an “Anatomage Table” (Anatomage Inc., San Jose, Ca, USA) which allows the visualization of CT scans, as well as other anatomical images, with a body donor virtually lying on a table. Conclusion: Thus Heidelberg University applies a multi-modal and comprehensive method to guarantee that medical students receive a profound anatomical training, which by its own rights already points to forthcoming routine clinical procedures.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):45 (2014)

NEW DEHYDRATION METHOD IN PLASTINATION PROCESS SETAYESH MEHR Mohsen1, ESFANDIARI Ebrahim2, RABIEI Abbas Ali3

1Instructor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; 2Professor, Department of Anatomic Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; 3Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Purpose: Dehydration of specimens is an important step of plastination, a process of which exchanges the specimen fluid (water and fat) with an organic solvent. The dehydrating agent must be miscible with water. Cold acetone usually is the best solvent for dehydration. This process leads to huge amounts of waste acetone contaminated by water and fat, which produces the old acetone as a hazardous waste. Acetone is a colorless and highly flammable manufactured liquid. It is used as a solvent, in the plastics industry, and as a cleaning agent etc. Breathing acetone fumes can cause nose, throat, lung, and eye irritation. Also exposure to high levels of acetone can cause death, coma, unconsciousness, seizures, and respiratory distress. The purpose of this study is to establish a new method for the dehydration step in plastination to decrease the disadvantages associated with acetone. Methods: Each group of specimens was transferred to 99% acetone baths at -25˚C. 10 % (W) solid calcium chloride as the water absorbent was added to experimental container (E). Acetone purity was measured using acetonometer every two days. After a week, the acetone inside the control container (C) was replaced with pure acetone and the aqueous phase in the bottom of container E was removed and 10 % (W) solid calcium chloride was added to the container. This process was repeated until complete dehydration was achieved, i.e., when the acetone percentage remained constant for 2 containers. Results: The acetone used for group E was one third of group C. There was no significant difference between the E and C groups of plastinated specimens with regard to points of strength, flexibility and color. Conclusions: Our new method was found to be much more economical and safer than the conventional dehydration method. Properties of the specimens dehydrated by the new method were the same as the conventional method. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):46 (2014)

PRINCIPLES OF EPOXY PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE (E12) SORA Mircea-Constantin

Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Purpose: The E12 plastination process is a well-established preservation technique used for demonstration in teaching and also in research. Methods: Material and slicing: for E12 plastination we usually use fresh tissue which is frozen at –80°C for one week. In the next step slices with an average thickness between 3 and 5mm were cut. The slices were stored at -25°C overnight. Dehydration and degreasing: the acetone used for dehydration is cooled at –25°C. Each slice will be placed between soft plastic grids in order to allow better circulation of the dehydration fluid. The acetone was changed once after 3 days at a concentration of 96%, by using technical quality acetone. The final concentration of the dehydration bath was 99%. When dehydration was finished the freezer was disconnected. Next day, the acetone was changed with room temperature methylene-chloride (DCM) for degreasing. Degreasing was finished after 7 days. Impregnation: impregnation was performed at +5°C using the following epoxy (E12) mixture: E12/E1/AE10 (95:26:10 pbw). The slices were submerged in the E12 mixture and placed in a vacuum chamber. Pressure was continuously reduced over the next two days down to 2 mm Hg. The slices are cast between two sheets of tempered glass with a 4 mm flexible gasket used as a spacer. The slices are placed between glass plates, sealed, and the flat chambers were filled with casting mixture. They were then placed for one hour in a vacuum chamber at 3 mmHg to remove small air bubbles present in the resin. Large bubbles were removed afterwards manually. After bubble removal, the flat chambers were placed horizontally, inclined at 15°, and left for one day. The polymer became more viscous and sticky and after one more day the flat chambers containing the slices were placed in an oven at 45°C for 4 days. Results: The transparency and color of the slices were perfect and shrinkage was not evident. The finished E12 slices were semi-transparent, easy to orientate and offered a lot of anatomical details down to the submacroscopic level. Conclusion: The E12 technique was and still is the method of choice for producing transparent body slices. Transparent body or organ slices are used for teaching and research purposes, because they allow the study of the topography of all body structures in a non-collapsed and non-dislocated state. In addition, the specimens are useful in advanced training programs (CT and MRI).

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):47 (2014)

THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES BY USING PLASTINATED CROSS-SECTIONS SORA Mircea-Constantin

Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Purpose: Computerized reconstruction of anatomical structures is becoming very useful for developing anatomical teaching modules and animations. Although databases exist consisting of serial sections derived from frozen cadaveric material, plastination represents an alternative method for developing anatomical data useful for computerized reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to describe a method for developing a computerized model of different anatomical specimens by using plastinated slices. Methods: Different anatomical specimens (ankle, lumbar spine, skull, and shoulder joint) were used for this study. A tissue block containing the desired region was removed from the cadaver, then dehydrated, degreased and finally impregnated with a resin mixture E12/ E6/ E600. Using a band saw the E12 block was cut into 1 mm slices. Once scanned, these images of the plastinated slices are loaded into WinSURF and traced from the monitor. After all contours are traced, the reconstruction is rendered and visualized. Results: The generated 3D models display a morphology corresponding qualitatively to the actual cadaver specimen. The quality of the reconstructed images appeared distinct, especially the spatial positions and complicated relationships of contiguous structures. Soft tissue features were easily seen when displayed with the bones positioned in the background. All reconstructed structures can be displayed in groups or as a whole and interactively rotated in 3D space. Conclusion: Plastination provides a useful alternative for generating anatomical databases. The reconstructed model can be used for residency education, testing an unusual surgery, and for the development of new surgical approaches. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):48 (2014)

ADVANTAGES OF PLASTINATED SPECIMENS FOR TEACHING PATHOLOGY STARCHIK Dmitry

International Morphological Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation

Purpose: Plastinated specimens have been an integral part of general anatomy courses at medical schools in Russia for more than a decade. However, we are still to see extensive use of plastinates in teaching pathological anatomy.

Methods: The International Morphological Centre in Saint Petersburg, Russia, has produced more than 300 plastinated specimens to be used in pathological anatomy courses. Pathological material sampling was carried out in morbid anatomy departments of St. Petersburg hospitals in compliance with the requirements of a pathological department’s curriculum, covering all essential pathological bulk specimens. The specimen selection process included taking photographs of the specimen and tissue and organ fragment sampling for histological study. The selected specimen was dissected again and marked, then it was fixed in formaldehyde solutions with increasing concentration for 2 to 8 weeks. When fixation was completed and histological study results had been obtained, each specimen was used for producing both a three- dimensional silicone plastinate and transparent plastinated slices. The room temperature silicone impregnation technique was applied to produce three-dimensional plastinates, and the conventional flat chamber E12 method was used to make transparent plastinated slices.

Results: It has been found that the most efficient way to demonstrate pathological changes in organs is to present three-dimensional plastinates along with transparent plastinated slices. Some pathological states, e.g. recent myocardial infarction or chronic venous congestion, cannot be clearly seen in silicon plastinates after formaldehyde fixation, and thus transparent plastinated slices are the only way to demonstrate such phenomena. Silicone plastination should be applied to produce this type of specimen only after Kaiserling fixation, which preserves the natural color of organs and tissues. Transparent plastinated slices can efficiently be used when studied in transmitted light of a binocular loupe with low magnifying power.

Conclusion: Plastinated specimens have proved to be a highly efficient teaching resource in pathological anatomy courses, and they undoubtedly have a number of advantages when compared to conventional specimens, since the students demonstrated better understanding of pathological processes. Integrating plastinated specimens in a pathological anatomy curriculum gives more variety to teaching and empowers research techniques.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):49 (2014)

PROS AND CONS OF ROOM TEMPERATURE PLASTINATION TECHNIQUE STARCHIK Dmitry

International Morphological Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation

Purpose: The last decade has seen new room temperature plastination which is different from the classical cold method developed by Gunther von Hagens. Along with general plastination techniques the new method uses a different impregnation polymer compound and a different procedure during specimen hardening. Methods: A series of experiments was undertaken to plastinate anatomical specimens using Biodur-S10® and room temperature technique, IMC modification. At the same time, fixation, dehydration and degreasing were done according to the classical technique. Comparative criteria included polymer price, electricity costs, extra equipment, duration of impregnation and hardening, end-plastinates physical properties and external appearance, as well as workability and personnel safety. Results: One of the advantages of room temperature plastination is low viscosity of the polymer compound which facilitates impregnation and reduces its duration and also simplifies monitoring. Another advantage is that the polymer compound is nonreactive, which makes extra refrigerators and hardening chambers unnecessary, and, besides, results in lower electricity bills. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks too, namely – high cost of low-molecular silicone, complications when trying to get high elasticity specimens, a limited time frame for the hardening stage and lower transparency of the hardened specimens. Conclusion: The choice between cold and room temperature plastination depends on laboratory equipment and accessories as well as the objectives. We maintain that room temperature plastination can be recommended for medium-size laboratories that want to save on equipment cost and electricity, and for plastination of parenchymatous organs and brain. The major goal of this technique is to obtain results quickly. However, the classical method has more advantages at the hardening stage, uses more common polymers and is better to produce whole plastinated bodies and high elasticity hollow organs. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):50 (2014)

ANATOMIC, ULTRASONOGRAPHIC, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE CANINE ELBOW JOINT VILLAMONTE A. CH1, LATORRE R.2, SOLER M.1, Gil F.2, SARRIA R. 2, AGUT A. 1

1Department of Medicine and Surgery; 2Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy University of Murcia Spain

Purpose: Anatomical, ultrasonographic (US), computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the canine elbow joint have been reported separately. The purpose of this study was to assess the canine elbow joint by means of US (high frequency transducer of 18 MHz), CT and MRI and correlate the images with plastinated anatomical sections obtained on the same planes used in the imaging protocols. Methods: Anatomical study: 10 forelimbs obtained from 5 adult German Shepherd cross-breed dog cadavers were frozen at -70° C to obtain transparent sections (2mm thick) on the same planes as the imaging studies; anatomical sections were preserved using the E12 plastination technique. Ultrasonographic study: 10 elbow joints from 5 adult German Shepherd cross-breed dogs were evaluated using an 18 MHz linear array transducer. CT study: 6 elbow joints from 3 adult German Shepherd cross-breed dogs were evaluated, and reformatted images were obtained on the same planes as the ultrasonographic study. Magnetic resonance study: 6 elbows joints from 3 adult German Shepherd cross-breed dogs were evaluated using T1 and T2 weighted protocols. Correlations between imaging techniques results and anatomical sections were made. Results: The US study assessed, on the medial aspect of the joint, the insertion of the tendons of brachialis and biceps brachii muscles, the medial collateral ligament and the medial coronoid process. CT evaluated the cortical and subchondral bone of the medial coronoid process, the trochlear notch of the ulna, the radial incisures, the anconeal process and the humeral condyles. MRI assessed soft tissue structures such as cartilage, the flexor muscles and their tendons of origin, collateral ligaments, and the insertion of the tendons of brachialis and biceps brachii muscles. There was a good correlation between the images from diagnostic imaging techniques and the transparent anatomical sections. Conclusion: Our results agree with those obtained in previous studies where the canine elbow joint was evaluated by one imaging technique at a time. This work, however, combines anatomical plastination and three diagnostic imaging techniques at once. By means of a high frequency transducer a better ultrasonographic resolution of soft tissue structures was observed, especially the insertion of the tendons of biceps brachii and brachialis muscles on the ulna. US and MRI techniques were found to be suitable for soft tissue structures, whilst CT was more appropriate for assessing bone structures. Correlation of plastinated anatomical sections and images of three different diagnostic imaging techniques leads to a comprehensive understanding of the canine elbow joint.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):51 (2014)

SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF SHEET PLASTINATES AND ANATOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY VON HORST Christoph

HC Biovision – Institute for anatomical demonstration, Germany

Purpose: Sheet plastinates provide specific insights into anatomy. In addition the details and functional aspects recognizable in a real anatomical plastinate are far more authentic and fascinating than pictures in books or on the screen. This is particularly important if the anatomy is also to be presented in nature museums, secondary schools, etc. On the other hand the use of pictures has obvious advantages. The goal of this study was to find ways in which real sheet plastinates and pictures thereof can be combined with synergistic effects. Methods: Sheet plastinates of various animal species were prepared using the patented Tissue Tracing Technique (TTT), Selective Impregnation (SI) and regular flat chamber sheet plastination. Overview and high-resolution detail pictures were taken from finished sheet plastinates. The pictures were edited and labelled if necessary. Prints were produced in various sizes, on different materials and presented in combination with real sheet plastinates, acrylic-embedded prints and screen presentations. Results: Enlarged overview prints and labelled detail views of plastinates can highlight specific aspects and provide a better understanding of the anatomy than plastinates alone. A combination of a real sheet plastinate with high resolution detail images of the same specimen allows the user to track back any visible detail and given information to the real specimen. In an exhibition setting, the use of acrylic embedded prints or high quality picture prints seems most convenient. Interactive screen presentations that allow the user to highlight different fields of interest can be used in e.g. biology classes, but also in nature museums and other exhibitions. Conclusions: Combining the authenticity and fascination of a real sheet plastinate with labelled detail views and enlarged pictures produces a synergistic effect in two ways: Obviously structures in a real specimen can be identified more easily and functional aspects better understood with the help of a labelled photograph besides the real specimen. The other ways round people tend to verify the information provided in the pictures immediately by looking at the real specimen. When they succeed in tracking back the given information to what they can find and learn with their own eyes directly from nature, this can create a lot of trust and spark interest in science. Real specimens that are not exactly the same as the one in the picture can be used as long as structures can be clearly correlated, but the synergistic effect is much higher if the specimen shown in the pictures and presented in reality is identical. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):52 (2014)

DEFINITION OF THE “TO-BE-NAMED LIGAMENT” AND VERTEBRODURAL LIGAMENT AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE CIRCULATION OF CSF YU Sheng-Bo, SUI Hong-Jin, ZHENG Nan, YUAN Xiao-Ying, LI Yun-Fei, CHI Yan-Yan, GAO Hai-Bin, ZHAO Xin, SHARKEY John

Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technique Co. Ltd., Dalian, China

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of a connection between the dura mater and the posterior wall of the spinal canal at the level of C1-C2 and to examine its course and composition. Methods: Gross dissection was performed on the suboccipital region in 10 cadavers. Ten head-neck specimens were sliced, having been treated with the P45 plastination method. The P45 sheet plastination is a relatively new-patented technology in china. It is a special polyester resin corrosion method designed to preserve biological sectional specimens in situ and the P45 plastination sheet provides good light transmission, allowing the internal structure of the sheet to be shown clearly and intact. Results: Within all 10 specimens a dense fibrous band was clearly identified in the nuchal ligament. It arose from the tissue of the posterior border of the nuchal ligament and then projected anterosuperiorly to enter the atlantoaxial interspace. It was termed as the “to-be-named ligament” (TBNL). In all specimens the existence of a fibrous connection was confirmed between the dura mater and the posterior wall of the spinal canal at the level of C1-C2. It was identified as vertebrodural ligament (VDL). The VDL was subdivided into three parts. Five variations of the VDL were identified according to the anatomical differences of each part of the VDL. The TBNL and VDL firmly link the posterior aspect of cervical dura mater to the rear of C1- C2 and the nuchal region. Conclusion: According to these findings, the authors speculate that the movements of the head and neck are likely to affect the shape of the cervical dural sleeve via the TBNL and VDL in some manner. Based on the continuity of the connective tissues concerned this speculation seems to be reasonable. It is hypothesized that the muscle-VDL-dural sleeve complex, in the suboccipital region, may work as a pump to provide an important force required to actively move the CSF in the spinal canal.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):53 (2014)

SHEET PLASTINATION WITH BRAZILIAN COMMERCIAL CLEAR POLYESTER CASTING RESIN AND PROPANOL AS INTERMEDIARY SOLVENT ZIDDE Daniel H. 1, DE PAULA Rafael C. 2, SAMPAIO Francisco J.B. 3, HENRY Robert W. 4, PEREIRA- SAMPAIO Marco A. 2,3

1College of Physiotherapy, Serra dos Orgaos University, Teresopolis, RJ, Brazil; 2Department of Morphology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; 3Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; 4College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA

Purpose: In South America, local polymers are not available for plastination and must be imported, making plastination costly. A local source for inexpensive polymer would help make this technique financially viable. In Brazil, acetone – the recommended intermediary solvent, may only be purchased and used by a licensed organization. This license is difficult to obtain. Hence, to use acetone for an intermediary solvent is nearly impossible. This study evaluated a Brazilian commercial clear polyester casting resin for sheet plastination and propanol as an intermediary solvent.

Methods: Two canine heads (fixed and frozen) were sliced @3 mm on a band saw. Slices were divided into two groups and dehydrated in cold acetone or in propanol at room temperature. Acetone was changed 4 times every 3 days. Propanol baths started at 50% and changed weekly into 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% propanol. After dehydration, the slices were impregnated under vacuum, at room temperature. The Brazilian polyester casting resin was diluted with 1% styrene monomer to make the resin less viscous. Rapid bubbling was maintained for two to three hours. After impregnation was complete, the slices were placed between two acetate sheets with enough resin to cover both surfaces of the specimen. For hardening, the specimens were exposed to the sunlight (UV light) for 12 hours. After hardening the resin, the acetate sheets were removed and the resin sheets containing the specimen had their edges trimmed with a band saw. The slices were evaluated with respect to their overall appearance, transparency and usefulness.

Results: Both solvents dehydrated the slices. During impregnation, solvent extraction (bubble formation) in both groups was similar. Bubble production corresponded to intermediate solvent evaporation and extraction; and hence, the penetration of the resin into the tissue. Bubble production occurred at different pressures. Bubbles formation in acetone-dehydrated specimens started at 200 mm Hg (due to acetone’s high vapor pressure), while propanol-dehydrated specimens (due to propanol’s low vapor pressure) started at 27 mm Hg. However, this difference did not affect impregnation rate, which was completed in 2-3 hours. The general appearance of the slices was similar and all were useful for anatomical study, but the propanol- dehydrated slices were more transparent, providing better viewing through the resin.

Conclusion: Brazilian polyester casting resin was effective for sheet plastination. Propanol was an adequate intermediary solvent. It is concluded that propanol and Brazilian resin are a means to expand sheet plastination in South America, since it is 5 times less expensive than imported sheet plastination resins and propanol is much easier to purchase than acetone. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):54 (2014)

BODY DONATION FOR BODYWORLDS AND ANATOMICAL SCIENCES VON HAGENS Rurik

The Institute for Plastination, Heidelberg, Germany

Purpose: The program was started in 1983 at the University of Heidelberg, and transferred to the newly- established Institute for Plastination in 1993. A total of 14,499 donors have registered, of whom 13,067 are living. So far 1,432 bodies have been received.

Methods: Potential donors are provided with a brochure and questionnaire giving full details of the program. There is no financial incentive; within Germany the IfP covers the costs of transport of the deceased. Donors sign a ‘Declaration of Intent’ to donate: this is not a binding contract and can be revoked at any time. Regular meetings of body donors are held, and there is an ‘Independent Federal Association of Body Donors’ in Germany.

Results: Breakdown of donors according to age and sex: of the living donors, 7357 (56%) are female and 5710 (43%) are male; 604 (42%) of the deceased were female and 828 (57%) were male. The majority of the donors (69%) are over 51 years of age, 18% are between 41-50 years, 13% are aged 40 years or below. Just under a third of donors (31%) are also organ donors, and 35% have also agreed to tissue donation. Attitudes to anonymity were fairly evenly split, with 56% requesting that their body or body parts remain anonymous, and 44% not.

Conclusion: Motivation for donation is varied, with the most common reasons being altruistic. 88% of donors agreed with the statement “I would like to donate my body to a good cause”; an almost equal number (81%) agreed that “I would like to contribute to medical research”.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):55 (2014)

Minutes 17th Biennial Business Meeting of the International Society for Plastination held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 17th, 2014

1. Call to Order The 17th Biennial Meeting of the society was called to order at 10:00 a.m. by the President Carlos A.C. Baptista. There were 21 members present at the ISP meeting. The quorum was established.

2. Approval of the minutes of the 2012 business meeting The minutes were approved as printed / put online in the Journal of Plastination volume 25 (2013)

3. Reports of the Officers: President´s Report Report of the Meeting in Beijing 2012: the President referred to the meeting report published in the Journal of Plastination. He briefly presented some highlights concerning the speakers and the Dalian visit.

Treasurer´s Report Revenue and Expenses:

Balance as of July 31st, 2012 $22,866.72

Deposits from members (67) $4,826.23

Expenses $4,396.72

ISP account balance July 10th, 2014 $23,326.23

Membership Number of members: 206, but a significant number have not paid the membership fee for the last biennial period.

In the future there shall be two centers of payment: one will be located in the US and one in the EU (Spain) to avoid fees that are subtracted from the transferred sum and to make the payment easier in general.

Question from member: How can the member verify that the PayPal payment went through and was received by the ISP? Answer: PayPal issues a receipt / invoice which clearly states that the amount was paid. Apart from that the ISP treasurer can send a certificate of payment and membership if explicitly requested.

Question from member: Are all members paying the same membership fee? Are there different fees for different membership categories? Answer: All members pay the same membership fee except emeritus members. It was clarified who should be considered an emeritus member: All present members approved that only members who have completely retired from working shall be emeritus members and not pay membership fees. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):56 (2014)

4. Journal of Plastination Interim Editor Report (Dr. Baptista) Since the special issue Volume 24 of the Journal of Plastination was brought out for the years 2009 to 2012, two more Volumes 25-1 and 25-2 were published in paper and online formats. The Interim Editor, Carlos Baptista, reported that new ISSN numbers were issued for the online and paper copies of the Journal. Because the Journal of Plastination is a new name, the Journal had to be issued with a new number. The online version had never been given an ISSN number. Volume 26-1 shall be about the International Conference of Plastination 2014, including the abstracts of all poster and oral presentations and minutes of the ICP 2014 Business Meeting. For Volume 26-2 there are a number of articles in the process of being reviewed. It is intended that this issue shall be published by December 2014.

Since Ming Zhang resigned as editor of the Journal of Plastination, Carlos Baptista has served as Interim Editor. The President suggested the name of Philip J. Adds to serve as the next Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Plastination. Membership enthusiastically embraced and approved Philip J. Adds as the new Editor-in- Chief of the Journal of Plastination.

Question and suggestion from Robert Henry: Members should be able to receive hard copies of the journal if they like. An option would be a print-on-demand solution. It was agreed that there shall be a finalised complete hard copy version of the issues of the complete year available to members. Members will only get a hard copy if they explicitly request one and pay their dues.

5. Announcements Anyone who would like to host an interim meeting should please let the ISP governance know. The main goal of the interim meetings used to be workshops and practical training. As this is now achieved by the workshops in Murcia, Toledo and Dalian, Interim Meetings are not considered obligatory anymore. Nevertheless any suggestions for hosting an Interim Meeting are appreciated.

6. Old business No old business

7. New business 18th International Conference on Plastination (2016) Two candidates were presented: Durban, South Africa and Pereira, Colombia The President Carlos Baptista presented on behalf of Dr. Amaechi Okpara who could not be present at the meeting. Dr. Carlos Baptista presented the PowerPoint slides provided by Dr. Okpara as a candidate for the 18th ICP 2016. The conference would take place in July 2016 and would be hosted by the University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa. The presentation focussed on the good infrastructure of Durban and the conference location there. The idea of a conference in South Africa would stimulate and engage African Universities to diffuse plastination in the continent.

Dr. Ricardo Jimenez presented his concept of hosting the next International Conference on Plastination at the Fundation Universitaria Autonomia de las Americas in Pereira, Colombia. The presentation included a video about the University and the Risaralda region and a PowerPoint presentation about all relevant details of the concept. Ricardo Jimenez answered several additional questions from members.

A decision on which location should host the next conference was put to a vote. Unanimously the membership present voted for Colombia so the 18th International Conference on Plastination will take place in Colombia in July 2016.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):57 (2014)

A planning Organizing Committee for the Conference was created. It will be composed of: Ricardo Jimenez, Ameed Raoof, Constantin Sora, Dmitry Starchik, Robert Henry, Abrahim Albustanji, Nicolas Ernesto Ottone and the President.

The exact time and the preliminary program of the conference shall be announced by July 2015.

New membership procedure Workshop participants automatically get ISP membership for two years. Different alternatives for establishing a student membership were discussed. A decision was taken unanimously that student members shall pay no membership fees and have full access to the online journal. Student members have no right to vote. To join as student member, it will be required to obtain sponsorship of an ISP member in good standing. The creation of a student membership will be proposed as an amendment to the by-laws in 2016. Approved by the assembly the student membership is in effect immediately. Conference planning for the 19th International Conference The decision for the 19th International Conference on Plastination in 2018 shall be taken in 2016. For Interim Meetings please see (5) Announcements. Update of by-laws President Carlos Baptista presented the new By-laws approved in a previous vote. ISP Secretary Christoph von Horst presented the results of the online voting for the adoption of the by-laws: 80.88% voted for the adoption of the by-laws, 17.65 made no selection, 1.47% rejected the new by-laws.

8. Nomination Committee Report: Elections of Officers As the head of the Nomination Committee Anthony Weinhaus could not attend the conference, ISP Secretary Christoph von Horst presented the results of the elections of officers:

- Carlos A C Baptista was elected as president of ISP - Rafael Latorre was elected as vice-president of ISP - Selcuk Tunali was elected as secretary of ISP - Joshua Lopez was elected as Treasurer of ISP

Certificates of appreciation were presented by the President to the departing Treasurer Ameed Raoof and Secretary Christoph von Horst. The President welcomed the new Treasurer Joshua Lopez and new Secretary Selcuk Tunali.

The President thanked Dmitry Starchik for the superb organization of the Saint Petersburg conference and hospitality. The membership present enthusiastically thanked Dmitry for organizing an excellent meeting.

Bob Henry expressed his appreciation to President Carlos Baptista for serving as Interim Editor and reviving the Journal of Plastination. It was mainly due to his personal effort and initiative that the Journal got back to life.

The Business Meeting closed at 11:24 a.m. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):58 (2014)

Bylaws and Constitution of the International Society for Plastination

Article I. NAME

The name of the organization shall be: International Society for Plastination, hereafter referred to as the Society.

Article II. NATURE

The Society is a multidisciplinary organization, including persons within all fields of Science interested in the technique of Plastination. Plastination refers to the use of polymers to infiltrate and preserve any material for teaching, research or diagnostic purposes.

Article III. PURPOSE

The purpose of the Society, as contained in the Letters Patent shall be: a) To provide for and maintain an International Association for individuals and Institutions who perform plastination techniques, or are interested in plastination preservation methods; b) To serve as a forum for the exchange of information about plastination; c) To define plastination as a specialty area of professional activity, to encourage other institutions to adopt plastination preservation methods, and to invite individuals to learn and practice plastination as a career in the sciences; d) To publish the Journal of the International Society for Plastination on a regular basis; e) To hold regular meetings, workshops and conferences to promote and teach the techniques of plastination; f) To maintain a record of member institutions and individuals performing plastination, their particular specialty, and others interested in plastination. No part of any earnings of the Society shall inure to the benefit of, or be distributable to its members, officers or other private persons, except that the Society shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for services rendered and to make payments and distributions in furtherance of the purposes set out above.

Article IV. MEMBERSHIP

Section 1 – Class of members

The Society shall consist of four classes of membership: regular members, associate members, distinguished members and emeritus members. Unless otherwise stated, membership is by way of application to the Membership Committee.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):59 (2014)

Section 2 – Regular members

Any individual interested in plastination is eligible to apply for Regular membership. Regular Members shall be eligible to vote at General Meetings, hold any office in the Society and receive its publications.

Section 3 – Associate members

Government departments, University depart•ments, Libraries, Private Institutions and others shall be eligible to join as associate members. Associate members shall receive the publications of the Society, may appoint a delegate to attend General meetings and vote at General Meetings. Delegates may not hold office in the Society.

Section 4 – Distinguished members

At the Biennial General Meeting members may elect to the position of Distinguished Member, any Regular Member who, in the opinion of those present has made outstanding contributions to the field of Plastination. This is usually, but not exclusively, related to the organization of major Conferences, or other similar contributions. Such designation is purely honorary, and shall have no financial or other benefits.

Section 5 – Emeritus members

A Regular Member may become an Emeritus Member upon retirement and by submitting written notification to the Vice-president. Emeritus Members shall have all the rights of Regular Members.

Section 6 – Dues

The president, at the Biennial General Meeting, and with the majority vote of members present, shall set the biennial dues according to the needs of the Society. Membership dues shall be paid by January 1 in the year of the biennial general meeting. New members’ dues received, in the year after the biennial general meeting, shall have their dues credited as payment to the next renewal period. Emeritus members shall not be billed for membership.

Section 7 – Membership Status

Active or Member in Good Standing. Unless otherwise specified in the Bylaws, all members in good standing are considered to be Active and shall have the right to vote, hold office, serve on committees, and receive all member privileges. To be in good standing and Active, a member must pay his/her dues for the current year prior to the start of the Annual Scientific Meeting and have no other outstanding financial obligations to the Association.

Inactive. Active Members in all dues paying categories and classes who do not pay their dues by the conclusion of the Annual Scientific Meeting will have their status re-classified to Inactive. Inactive Members do not receive the official journal and are not eligible to vote, hold office, and serve on committees. Inactive members can reinstate their Active status by making a dues payment and becoming a paid-up member prior to the end of the fiscal year in which they became Inactive.

Discontinued. On January 1st, following the Biennial General Meeting all Inactive members who are in arrears will have their membership status changed indefinitely to Discontinued. Discontinued members will The Journal of Plastination 26(1):60 (2014) be listed in the Association's website Directory but have no other privileges of membership. Members in discontinued status for less than two years will have their standing, privileges and Active membership status reinstated upon receipt of a dues payment for the current fiscal year. Those in discontinued status for longer than two years will reapply as new members

Section 8 – Expulsions

Membership of any member of the Society may be terminated for just cause by a two-thirds affirmative vote of the eligible voting members at the General Meeting.

Article V. MEETINGS

Section 1 – Biennial meetings

The Society membership shall regularly meet at the Biennial International Conference, or at such other time and place as designated by the president. A meeting of officers and a Biennial General Meeting shall be held to conduct the business of the Society.

Section 2 – Other meetings

Special meetings of the membership may be called by the Executive or on written request of 20% of the membership.

Section 3 – Conduct of Business

Business of the Society shall be transacted at the Biennial General Meeting. Conduct of the meeting shall adhere to "Robert's Rules of Order" (revised) in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with the bylaws or other rules adopted by the Society. Every resolution shall be determined by a majority of votes unless specifically provided by statute or these bylaws. The executive committee may carry out necessary official business by Online voting software *(see footnote).

Section 4 – Notice of meetings

The President shall give written notice of Biennial General Meetings and Special Meetings of the membership as a whole by emailing to each member a notice stating the place, date and hour of the meeting and, in case of a Special Meeting, the purpose of which the meeting is being called, and give sufficient information to members about such purpose to allow them to form a reasoned judgment on any decision to be taken. Written notice *(see footnote) of Special Meetings and Biennial General Meetings shall be given not less than sixty days before the date of the meeting.

Section 5 – Quorum

A quorum for transaction of business shall be not less than 20% of Regular Members in good standing, delegates for Associate Members in good standing, Distinguished Members in good standing, Emeritus members and assigned proxies attending the Business Meeting.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):61 (2014)

Section 6 – Voting and Representation

Each Regular Member, each delegate who is appointed by an Associate Member, each Distinguished Member and each Emeritus Member who is present, shall be entitled to one vote on each issue at any duly convened Business Meeting of the Society or mail ballot* (see footnote). Regular Members, delegates of Associate Members, Distinguished Members and Emeritus Members who cannot be present at a Business Meeting may designate another Member in good standing to vote on his/her behalf with an assigned proxy. Proxies are to be in writing.

Article VI. OFFICERS

Section 1 – Executive Officers

The Executive Officers of the Society shall be the President, the Vice-president, the Secretary, and the Treasurer. All officers shall be elected by the membership in accordance with Article VII. The term of office for all officers shall be for two years. Any officer shall be eligible for re-election. The term of office shall conclude with the online election and at the end of the Biennial General Business Meeting.

Section 2 – President

The President shall be the chief executive officer of the Society, shall preside at business meetings of the Society, shall be responsible for executing policies determined at the business meetings, shall act as spokesperson for the Society, be its legal representative and be an ex-officio member of all committees.

Section 3 – Vice-President

The Vice-president shall assist the President in the performance of his/her duties and assume these duties in his/her absence. The Vice-president shall also chair the Membership Committee.

Section 4 – Past-President

When a new President is elected, the current President assumes the office of Past President at the close of the Annual Business Meeting. The Past President serves on the Membership Committee, and is available to assume the duties of President if the vice-president is not available. A vacancy in the office of Past President shall be filled by a former Past President approved by a majority of the Council. After receiving a nomination from the President, other Officers and Councilors may nominate additional Past Presidents. The ballot will consist of all seconded nominations.

Section 5 – Secretary

The Secretary shall be responsible for the minutes of all business meetings of the society and answer all general correspondence directed to the Society.

Section 6 – Treasurer

The Treasurer shall be responsible for all moneys and valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Society, and for full and accurate accounting of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Society. The Treasurer shall have signatory powers and shall disburse the funds of the Society as may The Journal of Plastination 26(1):62 (2014) be ordered by the Executive. He or she presents periodic reports on the financial status of the Association to the Council and a full report to the membership at the Annual Business Meeting. The full report presented to the Annual Business meeting should have the audit approval or endorsement of the council. The treasurer should also present a report when requested by the Executive.

Section 7 – Resignations.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the President.

Section 8 – Replacement of Officers.

In the event of death, incapacity or resignation of officers other than the president, the President will appoint a replacement to serve until an election is held.

Article VII. COUNCIL

Section 1

The Council shall be the principal governing body of the Association. The Council shall consist of the Officers and four Councilors.

Section 2 – Quorum.

A quorum shall consist of one more than half the current number of voting Council members and must include at least two (2) Officers. Neither the presence nor absence of an ex officio non-voting member of the Council is counted when calculating a quorum.

Section 3 – The term of office

Councilors may serve two (2) years and are ineligible to serve as a Counselor for one (1) term. Members may serve as a Counselor for an unlimited number of non-consecutive terms. The nomination and election process for Councilors is described in Article VIII.

Article VIII. ELECTIONS

Section 1 – Time and Place.

Election of all officers and council shall take place biennially at the General Business Meeting, and shall be the last order of business at this meeting.

Section 2 – Nominations.

The months prior to the Biennial General Meeting, the nominating committee shall mail *(see footnote) out to each member, a call for nominations, and call for venue of the next biennial meeting. Each member may nominate one person for each Executive Office and council and shall mail such nomination(s) back to the Nominating Committee to be received not later than three months prior to the biennial general meeting. The nominating member must have the affirmation of the nominee to be placed on the ballot. The Nominating Committee shall then prepare a slate of no more than three and no less than two names for each position according to the response of the members.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):63 (2014)

Section 3 – Voting Process.

Voting shall be by secret ballot. A secured, electronic ballot shall be activated on the Society's website, along with instructions for electronic voting. All ballots must be electronically submitted to the website or received in the mail by the Chairman of the Nominating Committee on or before midnight Eastern Time (GMT minus five hours) on the day of the election to be counted. The chair of the nominating committee will be in charge of overseeing the process. The voting should take place not later than thirty (30) days prior to the biennial meeting. Each member is eligible to cast one vote for each office. A majority of the vote cast is required to declare a winner. In the event of a tie vote, the members attending the general biennial meeting and their proxy votes will determine the winner.

Section 4 – Change of the Executive Committee.

The new executive and council shall take office at the conclusion of the General Meeting.

Article IX - COMMITTEES

There shall be five permanent committees of the Society and the President as required may appoint other standing or ad hoc committees.

Section 1 – Executive Committee

The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, the Vice-president, the Past-President, the Secretary, the Treasurer and the four councilors. They shall be responsible for the general running of the Society and ensure the various sub-committees perform their duties.

Section 2 – Membership Committee

The Membership Committee shall consist of the Vice-president (chairman), the Treasurer and each regional representative. Regional representatives shall be appointed by the Executive, and shall assist in the recruiting of members and the collection of dues in their own area of responsibility. The current regions with representatives are: U.S.A., Canada, Europe and Australia. This committee shall receive all applications for membership, remit dues to the treasurer and maintain a list of members.

Section 3 – Nominations Committee

This Committee shall consist of four members at large, appointed by the Executive. They shall be responsible for preparing nominations for the next biennial meeting, as described in Article VIII.

Section 4 – Journal Editor

The Editor of the Society's journal shall be appointed by the President and shall be responsible for obtaining articles, selecting and editing copy, layout, printing and distribution of the journal. The editor shall also be the chairperson of the editorial board. A further function shall be the publication of a newsletter, to be distributed quarterly if possible, or as warranted. Members of the Society shall receive these publications without charge. Non-members may purchase the journal or the Newsletter for a price set by the executive committee. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):64 (2014)

Section 5 – Editorial Board.

The President in consultation with the Journal Editor shall appoint the Editorial Board. It shall be the responsibility of the board to review all articles and papers submitted for publication. It shall be their responsibility to ensure that all submissions meet current standards for scientific journals.

Section 6 – Conference Planning Committee.

This Committee should consist of 4 - 6 members at large appointed by the President to assist the host sponsor. The committee shall report on its progress to the executive committee.

Article X. AMENDMENTS

The Bylaws of the Society not embodied in the Letters Patent may be repealed or modified by a bylaw enacted by a majority of members present at a General Business Meeting, provided that notice of motion of such change be sent to all members at least 60 days prior to the Meeting.

Article XI. DISSOLUTION

In the event of dissolution, the assets and property of the Society remaining after payment of expenses and the satisfaction of all liabilities shall be distributed as determined by the Executive Committee and as approved by a court of competent jurisdiction, to charitable organizations then qualified under Section 501 (c) (3) of the code. Any of the Societies assets not so distributed shall be disposed of for such purposes as approved by a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State having jurisdiction over the Society.

Article XII. SEAL

The Society shall have an official seal which shall contain the words: "International Society for Plastination”. The seal shall be in the custody of the Secretary of the Society.

Article XIII. APPROVAL OF ARTICLES

These articles became binding and effective when they were duly accepted by the eligible voting membership at the Fourth Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Plastination in Graz, Austria, July 28, 1994. Amended and accepted by the eligible voting membership at the Tenth Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Plastination in St Etienne, France, July 4, 2000. Amended and accepted by the eligible voting membership at the Twelfth Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Plastination in Murcia, Spain, July 16, 2004. Amended and accepted by the eligible voting membership at the Seventeenth Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Plastination in St. Petersburg, Russia, July 18, 2014

*Footnote: Members will be notified initially by email (or postal mail if they do not have email). A second notice will be sent to members by postal mail if they do not respond to the initial notice

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):65 (2014)

Index of Authors

ADDS PJ ...... 11 CAAMAÑO D ...... 40

AGUT A ...... 50 CHANG C-W ...... 23

AJA GUARDIOLA S ...... 39 CHEMNITZ J ...... 25

ALCANTARA AIS ...... 12 CHI Y-Y ...... 52

ALGIERI RD ...... 39 CHUNG I-H ...... 36

ASADI Mohammad H ...... 13 CIRIGLIANO V ...... 39,40

ATKINSON G ...... 23 CONCHA I ...... 24

AUBAKIROV AB ...... 14 DA SILVA IN ...... 41

AVERKIN I ...... 37 DALL AM ...... 25

BACELAR AC ...... 20 DE PAULA RC ...... 53

BAHADORAN H ...... 13 DIDENKO M ...... 26, 37

BAPTISTA CAC ...... 14, 19, 34 DOLL S ...... 44

BAPTISTA CAC ...... 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 35 DOSMAMBETOVA KK ...... 14

BARROS HP ...... 41 ESFANDIARI E ...... 45

BERTONE VH ...... 39 FARRELL ML ...... 23

BIANCHI HF ...... 39, 40 FERNANDEZ A ...... 34

BİLGE O ...... 19 FILHO AJM ...... 41

BITTENCOURT APS ...... 20 FOMIN N...... 27

BITTENCOURT AS ...... 17, 20 FUENTES FERNANDEZ R ...... 39, 40

BLASI E ...... 39 GANDHI N ...... 23

BODUC E ...... 19 GAO H-B ...... 52

BORGES BRUM G ...... 39 GIL F ...... 50

BUENDÍA M ...... 21 GONZÁLVEZ M ...... 28

BUSARIN D ...... 22, 27 GUTIERREZ THA ...... 12, 29 The Journal of Plastination 26(1):66 (2014)

HAFFAJEE MR ...... 30 MAUL YA ...... 14

HENRY RW ...... 24, 31, 32, 38, 53 MCCREARY J...... 38

HERMEY D ...... 38 MCCREARY K ...... 38

IHLE B...... 44 MEDAN C ...... 40

ILIFF S ...... 24, 38 MINAIDAROV AK ...... 14

JILWAN A ...... 35 NISHT A ...... 27

JIMENEZ R ...... 33, 34 NORTON NS ...... 23

KAUTZNER J ...... 26 OLORIZ L ...... 39, 40

KHAMIDULIN BS ...... 14 ORBES J...... 34

KHUBULAVA G ...... 26, 37 ORTIZ J ...... 28

KIM I-B ...... 36 OTTONE NE ...... 39,40

KIM S-H ...... 36 OUVERNEY TN ...... 20

KIRSCH J ...... 44 PEREIRA KF ...... 41

KWAK D-S ...... 36 PEREIRA-SAMPAIO MA ...... 53

LABRASH S ...... 23 RABIEI AA ...... 45

LATORRE R ...... 12, 21, 28, 29, 50 RAOOF A ...... 42, 43

LI Y-F ...... 52 SAMPAIO FJB ...... 53

LIMA FC ...... 41 SANCIO LB ...... 20

LO TARTARO M ...... 40 SANT´ANA HGF ...... 41

LOPEZ-ALBORS O ...... 12, 21, 28, 29 SARRIA R ...... 50

LOZANOFF BK ...... 23 SCHINDLER N ...... 44

LOZANOFF S ...... 23 SETAYESH MEHR M ...... 45

MARCHENKO S ...... 26, 37 SHARKEY J...... 52

MASUKO T ...... 35 SHIKHVERDIEV N ...... 37

MATHURA G ...... 30 SHUKLA V ...... 35

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):67 (2014)

SISABEKOV KE ...... 14 VILLAMONTE AC ...... 50

SOLER M ...... 50 VON HAGENS R ...... 54

SORA M-C ...... 46, 47 VON HORST C ...... 51

STARCHIK D ...... 22, 26, 27, 37, 48, 49 YU S-B ...... 52

SUI H ...... 42, 52 YUAN X-Y ...... 52

SULEIMENOVA FM ...... 14 ZAK PW ...... 17

TAMEH AA ...... 13 ZHAO X ...... 52

TENBRINK P ...... 18 ZHENG N ...... 52

TUNALI S ...... 23 ZIDDE DH ...... 52

USOVICH A ...... 22

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):68 (2014)

Journal of Plastination  Technical brief notes Instructions for Authors  Review - by invitation only (Revised January 2013)  Legacy – institutions and people  Correspondence JOURNAL OF PLASTINATION is owned and  Editorial controlled by the International Society for Plastination (ISP). Acceptance of a submission implies the transfer of Goals - The Journal of Plastination (ISSN 1090-2171) copyright from the authors to the publisher. It is the is to provide a medium for the publication of author's responsibility to obtain permission to scientific papers dealing with all aspects of reproduce illustrations, tables and figures from plastination and preservation of biological other publications. specimens. Copyright Transfer Form may be downloaded from Submission Guidelines http://www.journal.plastination.org/downloads/copy right.pdf. After the form is completed and signed by All manuscripts must be submitted to the Editorial all the authors, it should be submitted to the Editorial Office via the e-mail: Office ([email protected]) as a pdf or [email protected]. If you experience jpeg file via an e-mail attachment. any problems or need further information, please contact Philip J. Adds, [email protected]. Manuscript preparation Cover Letter Authors must have an e-mail address at which they The cover letter should include a statement of may be reached. authorship, notification of conflicts of interest, Necessary Files for Submission Include: ethical adherence, and any financial disclosures.  Cover letter Cover letters may be addressed to the Editor-in-  Manuscript (including references and figure Chief, Journal of Plastination. legends) Manuscript  Table(s) (when appropriate) The manuscript should consist of subdivisions in the  Figure(s) (when appropriate) following sequence:  Copyright Release Form (after acceptance) Title Page Note: The above items should be prepared as Abstract with keywords separate files. Each file must contain a file extension Text (.doc, tif, jpg, eps). Introduction  File formats appropriate for text and table Materials and methods submissions: Microsoft Word Results  File formats appropriate for figure submissions: Discussion TIFF, JPEG (JPG) and EPS References Figure Legends Categories of submissions: Title Page Articles published in Journal of Plastination are The first page of the manuscript should include: grouped into general article types (listed below).  Title of paper Final designation of a manuscript’s article type is  Each author’s name determined by the EDITOR.  Institution from which paper emanated, with  Original Research – Plastination city, state, and postal code. Each affiliation  Original Research – preservation should be listed as a separate entity, with a  Education superscript number that links it to the individual  Case reports author.

The Journal of Plastination 26(1):69 (2014)

For example: Where quantities are specified, S.I. units should be 1 2 1 S. D. HOLLADAY *, B. L. BLAYLOCK and B. J. SMITH used. Equivalent Imperial or U.S. units, if desired, 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and should follow in parentheses e.g. 1 Kg (2.2 pounds). Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute References: and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442,  References to published works, abstracts and USA. books must include all that are relevant and 2College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, necessary to the manuscript. University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA  Citations in the text should be in parentheses 71209, USA. and listed chronologically; e.g. (Bickley et al., 1981; von Hagens, 1985; Henry and Haynes,  Corresponding Author’s name, address, 1989) except when the authors name is part of telephone and telefax numbers, and e-mail a sentence; e.g. "…von Hagens (1985) reported address. that…" When references are made to more For example: than one paper by the same author published in *Correspondence to: Dr Shane D. HOLLADAY, the same year, designate each citation as 1999 Department of Biomedical Sciences and a, b, c, etc. Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of  Literature cited may only include the Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications, which are cited in the text. and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, References are to be listed alphabetically using USA. Tel.: +001 404 739 6403; Fax.: +001 404 739 abbreviated journal names according to Index 6492; E-mail: [email protected] Medicus. Page numbers of the citation must be included. It is the corresponding author’s responsibility to  Examples of the reference style are as follows: notify the Editorial Office of changes of address.  For a journal article: Only the corresponding author should communicate Bickley HC, von Hagens G, Townsend FM. 1981: with the Editorial office for matters regarding each An improved method for preserving of teaching manuscript. specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:674-676.  For a book section: Abstract & Key Words: Henry R, Haynes C. 1989: The urinary system. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. It In: Henry R, editor. An atlas and guide to the should contain a description of the objectives, dissection of the pony, 4th ed. Edina, MN: materials and methods, results, and conclusions. Alpha Editions, p 8-17. The abstract should include a section on  For other publications: technique/technical development if the paper is Von Hagens G. 1985: Heidelberg plastination significantly technical in nature. The abstract must folder: Collection of technical leaflets for be written in complete sentences and be intelligible plastination. Heidelberg: Anatomiches Institut without reference to the rest of the paper. No 1, Universität Heidelberg, p 16-33. references should be used in the abstract. Figure legends On the same page, list, in alphabetical order, five  Legends for all figures should be brief, specific Key Words that reflect the content of the and not be a substitute listing for the result manuscript. Consult the Medical Subject Headings section, and appear on a separate page at the for appropriate key words. Key words should be set end of the manuscript, following the list of in lower case (except for essential capitals), references. separated by a semicolon and bolded.  Legends must be numbered consecutively as

they first appear in the text. Text The body of the text should be written using American English spelling. The Journal of Plastination 26(1):70 (2014)

 All symbols or abbreviations appearing in any Figures figure must be defined in the legend.  All figures must be cited in the text and must have legends. Tables  Each figure should be attached as a separate file  All tables must be cited in the text and have and labeled with the appropriate number. titles. Table titles should be complete but brief.  Figures should be created, saved and submitted Information other than that defining the data as either a TIFF, JPEG (JPG) or an EPS file. should be presented as footnotes.  Line drawings must have a resolution of at least  Create tables using the table creating and 1200 dpi, and electronic photographs, scanned editing feature of Microsoft Word. Do not use images, radiographs, CT and MRI scans must Excel or comparable spreadsheet programs. have a resolution of at least 300 dpi.  Each table should be simple and uncomplicated,  The size of each figure should be at least 8.25 with NO vertical and as few horizontal lines as cm / 3.25 inches (one-column width) or 16 cm / possible. 6 inches (two-column width).  Each table is to appear on a separate page and  Magnification must be recorded and have a must include the table title and appropriate “scale bar” in the photo. Since reproduction of column heads. illustrations is costly, authors should limit the  Save each table in a separate word document number of figures to those which adequately file and upload individually, like figures. present the findings, and add to the  Do not embed tables within the body of the understanding of the manuscript. manuscript.  Figures that are submitted in color must be published in color. Authors are responsible for the costs of any color reproductions. Contact the editor for details.