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October 17, 2013 American English edition Issue Number 208 In this issue

US Special Forces operations Migrant boats in Mediterranean President reelected in Azer- baijan General Giap dies Golden rice and vitamin A Ada Lovelace Day Jungle wildlife in Suriname Ibrahim Prize - no winner Hajj pilgrimage Jellyfish solution? Cyclone strikes Orissa World Solar Challenge Nuclear fusion breakthrough The OPCW’s director general speaking after his organization had been awarded the 2013 Two prizes for Malala APEC Bali summit CHEMICAL WEAPONS WATCHDOG WINS PEACE PRIZE Ancient women artists? Water outside Solar System This year’s winner of the Nobel Peace best known for inventing dynamite. No- Naming New Zealand’s Prize was announced on October 11. bel became a very wealthy businessman. islands The prize was awarded to the Organi- Before he died he arranged for some of The Feds’ new boss sation for the Prohibition of Chemical his fortune to pay for the prizes that were Glossary Crossword and Weapons (OPCW). Currently several named after him. Wordsearch Puzzle teams of OPCW officials, or inspec- At the time of Nobel’s death the same tors, are working in . Their job king ruled and Sweden. This is to record and destroy all of Syria’s explains why both countries have a part LEVEL UP! chemical weapons. in awarding the prizes. A committee, or Each year the Nobel Peace Prize is group, of academics from Sweden, choos- Use given to the person or organization that es the winners of the prizes for medicine, is thought to have made the greatest literature, chemistry and physics. A group contribution to world peace. Other im- of five people, selected by Norway’s par- ONLINE EXTRA portant Nobel prizes are awarded around liament, awards the Peace Prize. the same time. These are given to people It is not unusual for the Peace Prize Newsademic.com who are judged to have made the great- to be given to an organization and not a est contributions to medicine, literature, person. The OPCW is an example. Past chemistry and physics. winners have included the Red Cross The first Nobel Prizes were awarded and the (U.N.) peace- in 1901. They were the idea of a Swed- keeping forces. Last year’s Peace Prize ish chemist called Alfred Nobel (1833 – went to the (EU). At TO JOIN VISIT WWW.NEWSADEMIC.COM 1896). As well as the Nobel Prizes he is the time most people admitted to being October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 2 surprised by this choice. The group destroy them. Although the CWC Over the last two years many coun- that makes the award explained that was signed in 1993 it did not start, tries have declared that they want the the EU had helped to keep the peace or come into force, until 1997. This rebels to win. These nations include in Europe since 1945, or after the was when the OPCW was set up. the U.S., Britain, France and several end of the Second World War. The OPCW is what’s known as Arab countries, such as Qatar and The OPCW was set up in 1997. an intergovernmental organization Saudi Arabia. Its headquarters are in , (IGO). This means that the money Until last month Syria was one a city in the . A director needed to run it comes from the of the few countries that had not general leads the organization, which countries that signed the CWC. signed the CWC. Even though it had has about 500 members of staff. The These are called CWC members. never admitted it, Syria was known current director general is Ahmet Therefore, even though the OPCW to have stores of chemical weapons. Üzümcü, who is from Turkey. works closely with the United Na- The rebels have been claiming Certain types of chemicals were tions (U.N.) it is not part of it. that the Syrian army has used chemi- first used as weapons during the First One of the OPCW’s jobs is to cal weapons several times. The larg- World War (1914 – 1918). Yet in the make sure that all CWC members est attack happened 1920s an international treaty was that have stores of chemical weap- two months ago, in a place called signed that banned all chemical weap- ons have destroyed them. Members Ghouta. This is a part of the city of on attacks. Today, both making and also have to close any factories used Damascus. Some say that it killed using chemical weapons is unlawful. to make these weapons. Historically, 1,400 people, including many wom- the two biggest holders of chemical en and children. The U.N. arranged weapons have been the U.S. and Rus- for OPCW inspectors to go to Syria sia. A recent OPCW report says that, to carry out some tests. Later, the since 1997, the U.S. has destroyed OPCW confirmed that a type of poi- 90% of its chemical weapons. In sonous gas had been used in Ghouta. Russia the figure is 70%. Both coun- Soon afterwards the leaders of tries should have gotten rid of all of the U.S. and France threatened to them by the end of this year. Russian launch airstrikes at Syrian army bas- officials have said that this will now es. This, they said, would be a pun- OPCW’s headquarters in The Hague be done by 2015. ishment for using chemical weap- Modern chemical weapons in- Because the OPCW carries out ons. Eventually, an agreement, or clude highly poisonous, or toxic, inspections in other countries it is deal, was organized by Russia and nerve gases. These are very danger- often called “the chemical weapons the U.S. Syria said that it would sign ous and can quickly kill many thou- watchdog”. The word watchdog is the CWC. It also let OPCW moni- sands of people. The weapons can used to describe a person or organi- tors into Syria so they could destroy be put inside artillery shells or rock- zation that reports and stops others its chemical weapon supplies. Most ets. They can also be dropped from from doing something unlawful. people believe that President al- planes and fitted to both short- and Recently, the OPCW has been in Assad agreed to this to stop the U.S. long-range missiles. Chemical weap- the news. This is because of its work and France attacking his country. ons are often described as Weapons in Syria. Fighting in Syria broke out Many people think that the OP- of Mass Destruction (WMD). about two and a half years ago. On CW’s job in Syria will be very dif- In 1993, most countries in the one side is the Syrian army. It sup- ficult. This is because it will have to world agreed to a new chemi- ports the country’s president, Bashir work while there is fighting in many cal weapons treaty. It is called al-Assad, and his government. On parts of the country. the Chemical Weapons Conven- the other side are several groups After hearing the news that his or- tion (CWC). This treaty says that that dislike Mr. al-Assad. These ganization had won the Peace Prize making, storing and using chemi- opposition groups are often called Mr. Üzümcü made a short speech. cal weapons is illegal. Further- the “rebels”. He said that the award “would en- more, any country that already had Traditionally, Russia has always courage his staff to help rid the stores of chemical weapons had to supported Syria and its government. world of all chemical weapons”.  October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 3

SPECIAL FORCES RAIDS It’s thought that American agents believe that people should follow have been searching for Mr. al-Liby very strict Islamic laws. Al-Shabaab On October 5, two groups of spe- for 15 years. In the past a reward of has admitted that it organized the re- cially trained American troops car- $5 million was offered to anyone cent terrorist attack on the shopping ried out secret operations. One took who helped to catch him. mall in Kenya. place in Libya and the other in So- Mr. al-Liby was outside his house During the night, after landing malia. Later, American officials said when he was captured. He had just from boats, the American team at- that one man had been captured in returned from morning prayers at a tacked a house near the beach. How- Tripoli, the capital of Libya. Yet nearby mosque and was parking his ever, many armed men were near the they admitted that the operation in car. Suddenly several other cars ar- building. Fierce fighting broke out. Somalia had been unsuccessful. rived. Men with their faces covered, The American forces then decided pointed guns at Mr. al-Liby and to withdraw. forced him into one of their cars. It Military officials in the U.S. de- then sped off. clared that the two Special Forces’ Many think that Mr. al-Liby was raids were unconnected. It was, they secretly flown by helicopter to an said, a coincidence that they hap- American warship in the Mediter- pened on the same day.  ranean Sea. The men who captured Mr. al-Liby belonged to a group called Delta Force. Soldiers trained MEDITERRANEAN MIGRANT BOATS Memorial in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city, to for these types of secret operations those killed in the embassy bomb attack in 1998 are known as Special Forces. On October 15, the governor of the The Libyan man seized in Trip- The following day Libyan gov- island of Sicily announced that he oli is Anas al-Liby. He is believed ernment officials asked the U.S. had declared a state of emergency. to have planned the bombing of for an explanation. Many people This island is part of Italy. The gov- the American embassy in Nairobi, believe that these types of secret ernor said that the increasing num- Kenya’s capital city, in 1998. On the operations in other countries are ber of migrants is now a very serious same day another bomb exploded illegal. On May 14, it was an- problem. The migrants are people at the American embassy in Dar es nounced that Mr. al-Liby had ar- who are trying to cross the Mediter- Salaam. This is the largest city in rived in the U.S. It’s likely that ranean Sea to get from North Africa Tanzania. American officials claim he will now be put on trial for the to Europe. that this attack was also organized 1998 bombings. FRANCE by Mr. al-Liby. A group called Seal Team Six ITALY The bomb in Nairobi killed 212 carried out the raid in Somalia. SPAIN people. Hundreds of others were Members of this team are also Spe- GREECE Lampedusa injured. Eleven people died in Tan- cial Forces. They come from the Sicily zania. Both attacks were aimed at American navy. Seal Team Six is the MALTA Mediterranean Americans. Yet nearly all of those same group that attacked Osama bin TUNISIA Sea killed were local people who worked Laden’s house in Pakistan in 2011. in the two embassies. Then, bin Laden was al-Qaeda’s ALGERIA LIBYA Officials in the U.S. claim that leader. In the surprise attack he was Mr. al-Liby is a member of al- shot and killed. On the same day that the gov- Qaeda. This is the militant Islamic It’s thought that Seal Team Six ernor made his announcement Ital- group that carried out the attacks was trying to capture one of al- ian navy and coastguard ships had on New York City and Washington Shabaab’s leaders. This Islamic rescued about 370 migrants in three DC in 2001. Since then these attacks militant group is based in Soma- old boats. In the previous ten days have become known as “9/11”. lia. Some people believe that al- several boats full of people had cap- This is because they occurred on Shabaab and al-Qaeda work to- sized near the islands of Lampedusa September 11. gether. Supporters of both groups and Malta. One boat was carrying October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 4 around 500 people. Over three hun- the prime minister of Italy, and José first started operating in the country dred of them drowned. Another 30 Manuel Barroso visited Lampedusa. in the 1840s. died when a different boat sank. Mr. Barroso is the president of the In 2005, a new oil pipeline to the In recent years there have been European Commission. This is the Mediterranean Sea was completed. many political problems in North organization that runs the EU. From Azerbaijan the pipeline goes African countries. Because of these Around 25,000 migrants from Af- through Armenia and Turkey. This problems thousands of migrants are rica have landed in Italy since the be- means that oil from Azerbaijan can trying to get to European Union ginning of the year. Mr. Barroso said be loaded onto ships and taken to (EU) member countries. They do that more money would be provided other countries. Most of the nation’s this in the hope of improving their to help to look after them. However, oil and natural gas is sold to - lives and finding a good job. many people argue that the African pean countries. Lampedusa is one of a group of migrants should not be allowed into small islands, called the Pelagie Is- the EU. These people say that there lands. Even though they are only are already 26 million people in EU about 70 miles (113 kilometers) from countries who do not have a job. Tunisia, the islands belong to Italy. Joseph Muscat, the prime minister Lampedusa has a population of about of Malta, wants other EU members 6,000. Most make a living from fish- to help Italy and his country. He said ing. As the islands are part of Italy it that if nothing is done to solve the is the Italian government’s responsi- migrant problem the Mediterranean bility to look after people who land Sea would be like a cemetery.  Flame Towers, in Baku on them. Many of the migrants who In the early 1800s Azerbaijan reach Lampedusa are then taken to became part of the Russian Empire. special camps in Sicily. ELECTION IN AZERBAIJAN For a few years after Russia’s de- Malta is a separate country. Like feat in the First World War (1914 – Italy it is one of the 28 member A presidential election was held in 1918) it was a separate country. In countries of the EU. If the migrants Azerbaijan on October 9. The elec- 1920, communist, or Soviet, Russia manage to reach Lampedusa or Mal- tion was run by an organization invaded Azerbaijan. The Russian ta they may eventually be allowed called the Central Election Com- leaders at that time wanted to con- to live in a EU member country. mission. After all the votes had been trol the country’s large oil supplies. To get to Lampedusa or Malta counted the commission announced Azerbaijan remained part of the the migrants first travel to Libya that Ilham Aliyev had won with al- Russian-led Soviet Union for the or Tunisia. Nowadays, many are most 85% of the votes. next 70 years. It became an inde- coming from far away African pendent country again in 1991 after countries. These include Ethiopia, the Soviet Union began to break up. Eritrea, Mali and Somalia. After Today, Baku, the country’s capital, arriving at the coast they have to is a modern city. One well-known find a boat. Criminal gangs in Tu- modern building in the city is called nisia and Libya charge the migrants Flame Towers. The building has thousands of dollars to take them to three tall flame-shaped towers. At Lampedusa or Malta. Yet the small night, lights on the outside of these boats they use are old and in need of towers make it look as if they are a repair. When they set off the boats huge fire. are overloaded. So there is always a Ilham Aliyev, president of Azerbaijan (WEF) The president, who is elected for danger of them sinking. About 9.3 million people live in a term of five years, runs the country. Of the 300 people who drowned Azerbaijan. It is one of the countries Mr. Aliyev also won the last election most were from Eritrea and Somalia. that surround the Caspian Sea. To- in 2008 as well as the one before in The boat had sailed from Libya. The day Azerbaijan is a large producer 2003. He took over from his father day after the accident Enrico Letta, of both oil and natural gas. Oil wells who had been the president for the October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 5 previous ten years. Therefore Mr. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821). was worried that if North Vietnam Aliyev’s family has controlled the Giap was able to describe how Na- succeeded other countries in this country for the last 20 years. Some poleon defeated his opponents in part of Asia would also be taken people now describe Azerbaijan as a most of the battles he fought. over by communist supporters. “family dictatorship”. Napoleon was a military and This was the start of what is Because of a change in the rules political leader. Apart from a few known as the Vietnam War. Most of Mr. Aliyev can now take part in presi- months, he ruled France from 1804 the fighting was in South Vietnam. dential elections as many times as he to 1815. Napoleon led his armies to On one side was the South Vietnam- wants. This change was made after he many victories in Europe. An army ese army helped by the U.S. On the won the last election in 2008. Before commanded by the British, and made other were guerrilla, or unofficial, this a person could only be the presi- up of soldiers from several European forces known as the Viet Cong. This dent for a maximum of ten years. nations, finally defeated him. This group was made up of soldiers from There were ten candidates in battle took place near Waterloo, a North Vietnam and men and wom- the election. Jamil Hasanli came small town in Belgium, in 1815. en from the South who supported second. He got just over 5% of the Vietnam was a French colony for the North. votes. After the election result was many years. Yet during most of the announced Mr. Hasanli complained. Second World War (1939 – 1945) He said that the election was not the country was occupied by Ja- “free or fair”. The government con- pan. In the 1930s Giap met Ho Chi trols all the television stations. This Minh. Later, the two men formed a meant that there was little cover- new communist party. This became age of opposition parties and what known as the Viet Minh. They set changes they would like to make. up secret jungle bases. Under Giap, A number of monitors from Eu- Viet Minh’s forces began attacking ropean countries travelled to Azer- Japanese soldiers. In 1945, after General Giap baijan to check on the election. Japan surrendered to the U.S., Ho Several other communist coun- Their report criticized the Election and Giap declared Vietnam to be an tries such as Russia and China Commission. It said that there had independent communist country. supplied many of the Viet Cong’s been cheating and many votes had However, French leaders were weapons. Between 1964 and 1973 been miscounted.  unhappy. Now that the Second soldiers from the U.S. fought along- World War had finished they wanted side the South Vietnamese army Vietnam to continue to be a French against the Viet Cong. The Ameri- GENERAL GIAP FUNERAL colony. In 1946, French and Viet can air force bombed Hanoi and Minh forces began attacking each many other towns in North Vietnam. A national funeral was held in Ha- other. In 1954, General Giap’s “jun- In 1973, the U.S. left South Vi- noi, the capital of Vietnam, on Oc- gle” army managed to surround etnam after a peace agreement was tober 12 and 13. The funeral was for thousands of French troops at a signed. Yet the war didn’t finally General Vo Nguyen Giap, who had place called Dien Bien Phu. Eventu- end until North Vietnam invaded the died, aged 102, on October 4. ally, the French force surrendered. South in 1975. The invasion led to General Giap was a successful After several more defeats the the collapse of the South Vietnamese military commander. With soldiers French decided to leave Vietnam. government. The North then finally who were often badly equipped, he The country was then divided in two: took control of the whole country. managed to defeat more powerful ar- The Democratic Republic of Vietnam Nearly 60,000 Americans were mies. These included military forces (North Vietnam) and the Republic of killed and over 150,000 wounded. from Japan, France and the U.S. Vietnam (South Vietnam). Some historians believe that Giap was born in 1911. Then Vi- North Vietnam, under Ho Chi General Giap was one of the world’s etnam was a colony of France. When Minh, then planned to take control best military leaders. Yet, three mil- he was a young man he taught his- of the South. Fighting broke out be- lion soldiers, under his command, tory at a school. He greatly admired tween them. By the 1960s the U.S. died during the war. October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 6

Thousands of people took part in in the foods they eat. In some less deficiency. For instance, it claims General Giap’s funeral. Afterwards wealthy areas of the world people that after golden rice has been cooked his body was taken to his home still mainly eat rice. This is what it contains little vitamin A. However, town. There he was buried close to happens in parts of Asia and Africa. these environmental organizations his relatives and ancestors.  Around two billion people in the agree that people who do not get world eat rice as their main source enough vitamin A need assistance. of carbohydrate. This is needed for They say that a better idea would be GOLDEN RICE ARGUMENT energy. Many of these people are to help them to grow other types of able to afford other types of food crops that contain vitamin A.  In recent years plant scientists have such as fruit, vegetables and greens. managed to create a new type of These are important, as they contain rice. It has been nicknamed “golden the nutrients and vitamins that peo- ADA LOVELACE DAY rice”. Many believe that it could ple need to keep healthy. help thousands of people in the The people who mainly eat rice On October 15, people in many dif- world who suffer from a lack, or but little else are likely to have a ferent countries celebrated the fifth deficiency, of vitamin A. Yet others vitamin A deficiency. It’s estimated Ada Lovelace Day. Many people do disagree. This is because golden rice that around 124 million people in the not know who Ada Lovelace was. is what’s known as a GM (geneti- world suffer from a lack of vitamin Yet she is sometimes described as the cally modified) plant. A. There are between one and two “world’s first computer programer”. million deaths from this deficiency Surprisingly she lived long before every 12 months. It is also believed to computers were invented. be the cause of about 500,000 people Ada Lovelace was born in Brit- losing their sight each year. Vitamin ain in 1815. Her family name was A deficiency affects pregnant women Ada Gordon. Her father, George and younger children more than oth- Gordon, became Lord Byron, the fa- ers. Young children who become mous poet. Ada married the Earl of blind because of a lack of vitamin A Lovelace when she was 19. In Brit- often die within 12 months. ain “Earl” is a high-ranking title that White rice and golden rice (IRRI) Scientists say that golden rice can be given by a king or queen. Af- Nowadays, scientists are able was created to help to solve this ter her marriage she became known to modify, or change, the genes of problem. They genetically modi- as Ada Lovelace. Sadly Ada died of plants. This means that GM plants, fied normal white rice by adding a cancer in 1852. At the time of her or crops, can be made that produce gene to the rice’s DNA. This is the death she was only 36 years old. more food, grow with less water, or same gene that gives corn its yellow Unusually for a woman at that will not be eaten by certain insects. color, or makes carrots and pump- time Ada was very good at maths. Not everyone agrees that GM kins orange. Adding this gene to Her mother was also a keen math- crops are a good idea. People who rice makes it change color. It also ematician. One of Ada’s teachers in- distrust them claim that not enough means that the rice contains some troduced her to a man called Charles research has been done to see if they vitamin A. The scientists claim that Babbage. He was trying to build damage other plants. They also be- golden rice would help those who several giant clockwork calculating lieve that much more work is needed suffer from vitamin A deficiency. machines. Ada and Babbage began to find out if GM crops affect those They therefore want these people to work together. who eat them. However, supporters to plant golden rice instead of their Babbage was a brilliant math- insist that there is nothing danger- normal rice. ematician, engineer, inventor, and ous about GM crops. They claim Some environmental organiza- philosopher. Much of his work was that many people are already eating tions such as Greenpeace disagree. done during the time known as the them and they do not do any harm. Greenpeace is unhappy about all GM Victorian era. This period of Brit- To stay healthy people need to foods. It believes that golden rice ish history is named after Queen have certain nutrients and vitamins will not help those with vitamin A Victoria. She reigned between 1837 October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 7 and 1901. During the Victorian era Most experts agree the Analytical characteristics and decide on new many new inventions were put into engine was a “computer”. Amazing- names. Once this has been done use. These included trains, steam- ly, the first modern computers were the species has been “discovered”. ships, gas lighting, electricity sup- not built until 100 years later in the These scientists also study how new plies, and photography. 1940s. The experts say that, if it had species behave. For example, they At that time humans did all the been finished, Babbage’s machine, find out what they eat, how they re- arithmetic. Those who were very good using Ada’s programs, would have produce and where they like to live. at it could make their living from add- been more accurate than these first So far around 1.2 million species ing up and working out mathematical computers. have been officially discovered or problems. They were known as “com- Susan Charman-Anderson started registered. Some taxonomists esti- puters”, or “people who compute”. Ada Lovelace Day. She is a journalist mate that there may be as many as and communication software expert ten million species in the world that from Britain. Ms. Charman-Ander- are yet to be “found”, or classified. son said that she wanted to have an New ones are being discovered all the Ada Lovelace Day for two reasons. time. Many, such as different types One is to celebrate the achievements of bacteria, are very small. These can of many women in science. The other only be seen with a microscope. is to encourage more women to study maths, science and engineering. 

EXPEDITION IN SURINAME Ada Lovelace In the 1820s Babbage designed An international team of research- a machine that he named a “Differ- ers has recently completed a three- ence engine”. However, only parts week expedition. The researchers of this machine were built. This was were studying wildlife in the remote Cocoa frog (Conservation International) because Babbage decided to start jungles of Suriname, near the border A group of 30 local people, who work on a new device, which he with Brazil. They believe that they live in the jungle, helped the re- called the Analytical engine. may have found as many as 60 crea- searchers during their expedition. The Analytical engine was dif- tures that might be new species. The team travelled by boat along ferent from his previous inven- Suriname is the smallest inde- several rivers, which flow through tion. This is because it could be pendent nation in South America. this remote area. The researchers re- “programed” to do many things. It is a former colony of the Neth- corded nearly 1,400 types of plants, It also had a memory and printer. erlands. It used to be called Dutch insects, mammals, fish, and am- The codes, or programs, were made Guiana. Suriname’s population is phibians. Nets were used to find out from “punch cards”. A person could about 560,000. Most people live what fish were living in the rivers. therefore “write” a punch card pro- close to the coast. Much of the Of the 60 species that may be gram and then the Analytical engine country is covered in jungle. new, six are different types of frog. would do all the computing. When a species is “found” or Others are fish and insects. One of The codes for Babbage’s ma- “discovered”, it means that it is new the possible new insects is a small chines were written by Ada. Only to science. Local people may already dung beetle. It is only 0.09 inches a few parts of the Analytical engine know the species. Yet scientists, (2.3 millimeters) long. This means were ever built. Much of the engine called taxonomists, have yet to spend that it is one of the smallest beetles was to be made out of brass and time studying and describing it. in South America. iron. It was to be powered by steam. Taxonomists study new types of One of the “new” frogs was giv- If it had been completed the engine animals, insects and plants to try to en the nickname “cocoa frog”. This would have been about the size of a work out which other species they is because its brown color looks like steam train. are related to. They record their chocolate. The cocoa frog lives in October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 8 trees. Another possible new frog ten illegally. He therefore decided to president of Mozambique, Joaquim is poisonous. It secretes a type of set up the Ibrahim prize. It is meant Chissano. The only other person to toxin. Local people use this poison to encourage leaders to hand over have won the prize is Festus Mogae. for hunting. They put it on the tips power when their term has finished, Before being given the prize he was of their arrows. or when people have voted for a dif- Botswana’s president. One of the researches said that it ferent leader. As well as awarding the prize Dr. would be exciting to find so many Ibrahim’s organization, or founda- new types of frog. This is because tion, creates a list of the 52 countries many frog species, in other parts in Africa. This is called the Ibra- of the world, are becoming endan- him Index of African Governance gered.  (IIAG). Each nation is given marks for a number of reasons. These in- clude how the country is run and NOBODY WINS IBRAHIM PRIZE how well its people are looked after. The highest total mark is 100. The winner of an annual award called Dr. Mo Ibrahim This year Mauritius came top the Ibrahim Prize for Achievement The prize is given to former Af- with a score of 83. Botswana was in African Leadership is usually an- rican leaders who have peacefully second with 78. Other countries near nounced in October. However, on handed over power to a successor. the top were Cape Verde, the Sey- October 14, Dr. Mo Ibrahim de- To win the award they must have chelles and South Africa. Somalia, clared that, for the second year run- also made a good job of governing with a score of eight, was last. Oth- ning, there was no winner. their country. So, during their time ers at the bottom of the IIAG were Dr. Ibrahim, who is a very as leaders, winners must have been the Democratic Republic of Congo, wealthy businessman, set up the honest and run their nations law- Eritrea, Central African Republic, prize in 2007. He was born in Sudan fully. They also must have helped, and Chad.  and studied in Egypt. Dr. Ibrahim or tried to have helped, everyone made a large fortune in 2006 when living in their countries. he sold the cell phone company he The prize is awarded by a spe- MECCA’S HAJJ PILGRIMAGE had set up. cially chosen group of people. This Dr. Ibrahim wanted to use some group does not include Dr. Ibrahim. Around two million Muslims trav- of his money to help the 52 countries The IbrahIbrahim Prize is one of the elled to Mecca to take part in this that are part of Africa. MManyany mostmost valuable awards in the year’s Hajj. Mecca is the Islamic re- African nations have valu-alu- world.wo Winners receive a ligion’s holiest and most important able resources. Preciousus paymentpa of $5 million. city. The Hajj is an annual pilgrim- metals and stones suchch In addition they are paid age, which lasts for five days. as gold, diamonds andnd $200,000$ every year for This year the Hajj began on Oc- rubies are found in some.e. theth rest of their lives. tober 13. It takes place during the Other countries in Africaca The last person to be final, or 12th, month of the Islamic have large supplies of oill and ggivenive the awarded was Pe- calendar. This is a lunar calendar, natural gas. Yet many people living dro Pires in 2011. He is a former so it is based on the cycles of the in these nations are still very poor. president of Cape Verde. Cape Verde Moon. The lunar calendar is shorter Dr. Ibrahim believes that this is be- is a group of islands, or archipelago, than the international, or Gregorian, cause of bad leadership and a lack of in the Atlantic Ocean. It used to be one. This is why the Hajj happens good democratic government. a colony of Portugal and became at slightly different dates each year. Dr. Ibrahim thinks that some Af- an independent nation in 1975. For example, last year’s Hajj was rican leaders do not want to hand The population of Cape Verde is between October 24 and 29. over power to anyone else. This about 500,000. There are about 1.6 billion Mus- is so they can use their control to The prize was first awarded in lims in the world. It is the duty of make large amounts of money, of- 2007. Then it went to a previous all Muslims to travel to Mecca for October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 9 the Hajj at least once in their lives. ceremony. They walk around the been caught in the oceans and seas. This is as long as they are healthy Kaaba, a cube-shaped building Certain types of fish will eat baby jel- enough, and can afford to go on draped with black cloth. This is in the lyfish before they grow bigger. Like the pilgrimage. center of Mecca’s Grand Mosque. jellyfish, other fish also eat zooplank- The Hajj is what’s known as one This mosque is what Muslims face, ton. These are tiny marine creatures. of the “five pillars” of Islam. This wherever they are in the world, when If there are fewer fish, jellyfish have means that it is one of the most im- they take part in daily prayers. The more zooplankton to feed on. portant, or fundamental, things on pilgrims walk round, or circle, the which Islam is based. A pilgrimage Kaaba contraclockwise. This is so to Mecca is a spiritual journey. It is their hearts face towards it. meant to help Muslims commit to This year there were some wor- their faith and cleanse their souls. ries about a virus called MERS (Mid- The pilgrims perform ceremo- dle East respiratory syndrome). This nies that represent important ideas virus causes flu-like symptoms. Yet of the Islamic faith. As well as visit- it can be much more dangerous. A ing Mecca, they travel to Mina and doctor in Egypt first discovered this the valley of Mount Arafat to per- virus last year. So far it is known to Jellyfish swarm form different rituals. For instance, have killed 60 people. Of these 51 Another reason for more jelly- at Mina, pilgrims throw stones at have been in Saudi Arabia. fish is what’s known as “nitrogen pillars called the Jamarat. This rep- People from over 180 countries run offs”. This nitrogen comes from resents throwing stones at the Devil. normally travel to Mecca for the fertilizers that are used on farms. It Mina is about three miles (five kilo- Hajj. Some feared that these people washes into rivers that then flow out meters) from Mecca. might help to spread the virus to to sea. Jellyfish also eat phytoplank- their home countries. However, offi- ton. These are tiny marine plants. The cials from Saudi Arabia insisted that extra nitrogen from the fertilizers this was very unlikely to happen.  mean that phytoplankton reproduce more quickly. Therefore, the jellyfish have a better supply of food. JELLYFISH SHREDDER Another problem is shipping goods around the world. This has Scientists from South Korea re- been changing some ocean ecosys- cently announced that they had suc- tems. Large cargo ships, which are cessfully tested several new robots. empty, may take on seawater in spe- The Grand Mosque during the Hajj (Al Jazeera) They have been named JERO. This cially built tanks. This is called bal- Nowadays, pilgrims travel to stands for Jellyfish Elimination Ro- last. The weight of the ballast keeps Mina by road, using one of the botic Swarm. The floating robots the ship stable. A cargo ship may take 20,000 buses, or on a specially built have been designed to find and then on ballast in one part of the world and electric train. Yet many still decide “chop up” swarms of jellyfish. then release it in another. If this bal- to walk. At Mina, Saudi Arabian Giant swarms of jellyfish are of- last contains jellyfish they can be car- authorities have built a camp for the ten called “blooms”. Many people ried to other areas of the world. pilgrims. It has 45,000 large tents. believe that jellyfish numbers have Some jellyfish can sting. These Each is made from a special mate- been increasing. Nowadays, it is stings can be very painful and rial that cannot catch fire. This year not unusual to hear reports of large sometimes even dangerous to hu- about 100,000 soldiers were on duty blooms of jellyfish in different parts mans. Recently, several towns on during the Hajj. They help to make of the world. the coast of Australia and around the sure that the pilgrims are safe and Some researchers believe that Mediterranean Sea have had to stop there are no problems. there are several reasons for these people swimming in the sea because At the end of the Hajj, pil- jellyfish swarms. One is overfishing. of swarms of stinging jellyfish. In grims return to Mecca for a special In recent years too many fish have some places long nets are used to October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 10 stop the jellyfish from getting too cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons hit looked as if the huge storm covered close to the shore. land they gradually weaken. the whole of the Bay of Bengal. Some nuclear power stations have When these powerful storms In Orissa over 600,000 people, also had problems with jellyfish first form they are given a nick- who live near the coast, were or- blooms. These power stations use name. The storm that hit Orissa was dered to leave their homes. Officials large amounts of seawater to cool called Phailin (pronounced pailin), said that they had to move to higher their reactors. If it contains a lot of which means sapphire in the Thai ground farther inland. Others were jellyfish the cooling systems may language. A sapphire is a valuable instructed to go to specially built cy- stop working. When this happens a gemstone that is blue in color. clone shelters. Many worried about a power station has to shut down. In re- storm surge. Powerful cyclones can cent years “jellyfish” shutdowns have AFGHANISTAN CHINA cause the level of the seawater to be happened in India, the U.S., Britain, much higher than normal. This can Sweden, the Philippines, and Israel. PAKISTAN then flood inland. When Phailin hit One power station in Japan had to NEPAL BHUTAN the coast its wind speeds were about remove around 150 tons of jellyfish BANGLADESH 130 miles (209 kilometers) per hour. from its cooling pipes in one day. In Orissa hundreds of thousands INDIA MYANMAR The scientists in South Korea say Orissa Bay of homes were damaged. Many of that each of their floating robots can Bengal electric power lines were blown suck up and destroy about one ton Path of down. Fallen trees blocked roads Cyclone Phailin of jellyfish every hour. The robots and railway lines. The heavy rainfall work in groups of three. They are caused serious flooding. Thousands Andaman controlled by GPS (Global Position- Islands of square miles of rice fields, or SRI ing System). INDIAN OCEAN LANKA paddies, were ruined. Crops of veg- Some researchers say that JERO etables, corn and peanuts were also may not be such a good idea. Certain Phailin first started as a small badly damaged. jellyfish species may “regenerate” af- storm in the Gulf of Thailand. It ter being cut up. So if they are cut into then moved into the Bay of Bengal. four pieces there may be four new jel- When these types of storms travel lyfish. Shredding other species might over the sea they usually get much release huge amounts of eggs and bigger and more powerful. Cyclone sperm into the water all at the same Phailin passed close to the Andaman time. If these meet even more jelly- Islands and then began to head to- fish blooms could appear.  wards India’s western coast. In 1999, a similar sized cyclone hit Orissa. Then, 15,000 people CYCLONE PHAILIN died and over 1.5 million lost their homes. Around 400,000 farm ani- Satellite picture of Cyclone Phailin (NASA) A powerful cyclone struck the east mals were killed and large areas of People feared that, similar to 14 coast of India on October 12. The crops destroyed. years ago, there would be many worst affected area was the state of Because of what happened 14 deaths. Yet this did not happen. Orissa. Local officials said that it years ago local officials began to Officials said that about 20 people was one of the largest storms to hit get ready for the storm several days were killed by the storm. Even the this part of India for 20 years. before it arrived. Nowadays, the sci- storm surge was lower than expect- Cyclones are storms that bring entific equipment used for tracking ed. This was because the cyclone hit powerful winds and heavy rainfall. these storms is much better. Satel- at low tide. The early warnings were Similar storms in the Atlantic and lite pictures showed that the cyclone probably the main reason why there eastern Pacific Oceans are known covered a wide area. It was about were far fewer deaths. Also, the as hurricanes. In the western Pacific 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) moving of people inland from the Ocean they are called typhoons. Once across. From satellite images it coastal areas was well organized.  October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 11

WORLD SOLAR CHALLENGE Technology, in the Netherlands. This the winner of the Cruiser Class com- university is often called TU Delft. petition. A German group came sec- On October 10, an unusual car was “” means “now” in Icelandic. ond. The winning car does not have the first to cross a finishing line in TU Delft first entered the World So- to cross the finishing line first. This the city of Adelaide, in Australia. lar Challenge in 2001. Then, its solar- is because the cars are given extra The solar-powered car, called Nuna powered car, called Nuna 1, came points for things such as number of 7, had won the Bridgestone World first. Since then TU Delft has won the passengers and luggage space. Solar Challenge. race another four times. The next World Solar Challenge The World Solar Challenge takes This year Nuna 7 took a total of will be in 2015.  place every two years. The first 33 hours and 5 minutes to travel one was held in 1987. Teams from from Darwin to Adelaide. The solar universities and companies, from car travelled at an average speed NUCLEAR FUSION MILESTONE around the world, are invited to take of 56.4 miles (90.7 kilometers) per part. The Bridgestone Company hour. A car built by students from Scientists working at the National sponsors the race. Bridgestone is a Tokai University, in Japan, was Ignition Facility (NIF), in Cali- large Japanese company that makes second. Their car reached Adelaide fornia, in the U.S., have recently tires for cars, buses and trucks. about two hours after Nuna 7. A to- completed an important experiment. tal of ten cars took part. Not all com- Reports say that the result of this pleted the race. experiment is an important step, The last Solar Challenge was won or milestone, in the quest to create by Tokai University. This year’s win- electric power from nuclear fusion. ning time was slower than the one in Building work on the NIF be- 2011. This was because the organiz- gan in 1997. Inside the ten-story ers changed the rules. Now, all cars building is a specially built, very have to have four wheels. Before they strong concrete chamber. Within could have three. A four-wheeled car this chamber scientists hope to be Nuna 7 (Nuon Solar Team) means that the driver sits in a more able to recreate what happens inside The race starts in the city of Dar- upright position. Therefore, the wind the Sun. This is a process called win and finishes in Adelaide. So the resistance is greater. nuclear fusion. competitors drive across Australia Everything around us is made of from north to south. The total dis- tiny particles called atoms. In turn, tance is 1,877 miles (3,021 kilome- each atom is made of even small- ters). The route crosses the desert ar- er particles. The largest of these eas of central Australia. Few people are called electrons, protons and live in this part of the country, which neutrons. The atoms of different sub- Australians call the “Outback”. stances contain different numbers of The cars taking part in the compe- electrons, protons and neutrons. tition do not use gasoline. They have In ordinary nuclear power plants, to run on . However, the Winner of the Cruiser Class competition atoms are split using a process cars are allowed to generate some This year a new competition was called nuclear fission. Uranium at- power from their own movement. introduced. Called “Cruiser Class”, oms are bombarded with neutrons, The race began on October 6. this is for solar-powered cars that making the uranium atoms split into Those taking part could drive from look more like normal vehicles. two. This releases more neutrons eight o’clock in the morning to These cars also carry passengers. and large amounts of energy. five o’clock in the evening. Dur- Cars like Nuna 7 are designed to However, nuclear power stations ing the night the drivers camped by be as fast as possible. Cruiser Class create radioactive waste. This is dif- the roadside. cars are slower. ficult and dangerous to get rid of The Nuna 7 was designed and built A team from the city of Eindhoven, or store. These power stations can by students from Delft University of in the Netherlands, was judged to be also leak dangerous radioactivity if October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 12 damaged in an accident or attack. For pea. This capsule contains a mixture Malala was shot one year ago example, two and a half years ago a of deuterium and tritium. For a tiny on October 9. Afterwards she was Japanese nuclear power station was fraction of a second, these lasers can quickly taken to a local hospital. struck by an earthquake and tsunami, emit 500 trillion watts of energy. If Malala was then flown to Britain for or giant wave. Since then workers this makes the hydrogen atoms in the special treatment and several opera- at the plant have found it difficult to capsule join together a large amount tions. These were done at a hospital stop some radiation leaks. of energy is created. in Birmingham, one of the biggest Nuclear fusion is the opposite of However, a lot of energy is need- cities in the country. Now Malala nuclear fission. It is the process by ed to power the lasers. Scientists and the rest of her family all live which stars like the Sun release en- at NIF have been trying to achieve in Birmingham. ergy. In fusion, atoms join together what they call ignition. This is when rather than split. energy produced by the reaction Inside the Sun, hydrogen atoms is more than the energy needed to join to make a gas called helium. work the lasers. If this happens some This releases a huge amount of en- of the energy could be used for the ergy. At the NIF, scientists are using lasers and the “extra” used to make two forms of hydrogen for fusion. electricity. This is what’s known as One, called deuterium, is found in a self-sustaining reaction. seawater. The other, tritium, can be The NIF’s recent experiment is made from lithium, which is found believed to be a breakthrough. For in soil. Deuterium and tritium can the first time, the energy created by President , his wife, one of their daughters and Malala at the White House combine to make helium. the fusion reaction was more than that needed to power the lasers. Malala was given one of the The big advantage of nuclear fu- awards on October 5. The presen- sion is that it could make “clean” tation took place in London, the energy. It does not produce carbon capital of Britain. The prize is called dioxide like power stations, which the Anna Politkovskaya Award. It is burn oil, natural gas or coal. Also, awarded by an organization called unlike today’s nuclear (fission) Reach All Women in War, or RAW power stations, it does not create in WAR. The prize is named after a dangerous radioactive waste.  journalist from Russia. Politkovskaya was shot and killed in 2006. The person who murdered Scientists inspect the chamber, in the NIF ALALA AWARDED TWO PRIZES her is yet to be caught. At that time building, where lasers create nuclear fusion M Russia was fighting a war in one of The Sun’s nuclear fusion hap- (pronounced u- its small southern republics called pens at extremely high pressure and sef-zai) has recently been awarded Chechnya. Islamic groups in the re- at temperatures of more than 18 two prizes. Most people know Ms. public wanted Chechnya to become a million°F (ten million°C). Scientists Yousafzai by her first name. Malala separate country. Many people think can increase the pressure in their ex- is a teenage girl from northern Paki- that Politkovskaya was murdered be- periments, but cannot equal that of stan. She survived being shot in the cause of some of the news stories she the Sun. Instead, the NIF scientists head by a Taliban supporter. wrote. These criticized what the Rus- are able to increase the temperature Malala had been campaigning sian army was doing in Chechnya. to more than 180 million°F (100 for better education for girls in her The Anna Politkovskaya Prize has million°C). To do this they use 192 country. The Taliban believe that been awarded each year since 2007. laser beams. These come from the people should follow very strict RAW in WAR says that the prize is world’s most powerful laser. Islamic laws. One of the Taliban’s given to women who help people in In the chamber all the lasers can beliefs is that women should not go a war, when there is a risk that they be directed at a capsule the size of a to school or university. might be killed or badly injured. October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 13

On October 10, the European The European Parliament is people. Yet, these Pakistanis say, no- Parliament announced that Malala based in Brussels, the capital of Bel- body remembers those who died or had been awarded the Sakharov gium. It set up the Sakharov Prize were injured in these attacks.  Prize. This prize is named after in 1988. Each year it is given to (1921 – 1989). people or groups who have worked Sakharov was a Russian nuclear for human rights and “freedom APEC IN INDONESIA scientist. In the 1950s he helped of thought”. Freedom of thought to design some of Russia’s most means being able to have your own The APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic powerful nuclear weapons. Then, ideas, or views. Cooperation) leaders’ summit, or Russia was a communist country On October 11, Malala visited annual meeting, took place between and the Russian-led Soviet Union the White House in Washington DC, October 5 and 7. It was held on the was an enemy of the U.S. and many the capital of the U.S. This is where island of Bali, which is part of In- European nations. the American president lives. Mala- donesia. APEC is an economic and Later, Sakharov became worried la was invited to the White House to political organization. Susilo Bam- about his work and, if there was a meet with President Barack Obama bang Yudhoyono, the president of nuclear war, the effect it might have and his wife Michelle. Indonesia, hosted the summit. on the world. He then tried to make Malala has now become well- APEC has 21 member countries, people aware of the dangers of Rus- known all around the world. Howev- although it prefers to call them sia and the U.S. making more and er, some people in Pakistan say that “member economies”. Most mem- more nuclear weapons. This got him they do not understand why. They bers are countries that have coast- into trouble with the Soviet authori- complain that in recent years there lines around the Pacific Ocean. ties. After this he was not allowed have been many American drone at- Today APEC member economies to leave the small apartment that he tacks in the north of the country. These are estimated to have about 40% of lived in. have killed a number of innocent the world’s population. Roughly 44%

UK IRELAND NETHERLANDS THE

FRANCE ITALY USA SPAIN MALTA AZERBAIJAN PAKISTAN SOUTH KOREA LIBYA SAUDI ARABIA INDIA CAPE VIETNAM VERDE

SOMALIA SURINAME KENYA

TANZANIA INDONESIA

MAURITIUS AUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND

This map shows countries to which news stories refer in this issue. Visit www.newsademic.com for more detailed world maps. October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 14 of world trade, or items that are made in one country and then exported to APEC MEMBER ECONOMIES another, comes from APEC countries. Australia Japan Russia APEC members include large Brunei Malaysia Singapore countries such as Canada, Rus- Canada Mexico South Korea sia and Australia as well as much smaller ones like Brunei and Singa- Chile New Zealand Taiwan pore. The countries with the three China Papua New Guinea Thailand largest economies in the world, Hong Kong, China Peru The U.S. the U.S., China and Japan, are all Indonesia Philippines Vietnam APEC members. The first APEC meeting took live on the island follow the Hindu in Japan, Hawaii (which is part of place in Australia in 1989. One rea- faith. It is a popular place for holi- the U.S.) and Russia, this didn’t son the organization was set up was days. Many tourists from all over the happen. Suits were worn instead. to try to make it easier for member world visit Bali. Nowadays,, many of Mr. Yudhoyono decided to re- countries to trade with each other. these visitors come from China. vive, or bring back, the tradition. Decisions at APEC meetings are Most of the talks and discus- Each of the leaders was given a made by consensus. This means that sions during the summit were about Batik shirt to wear for a group it is unusual for there to be disagree- trade. However, the 21 leaders were photograph. This picture included ments at the annual meeting. also able to relax. Mr. Yudhoyono their spouses. Batik is a colorful, is known to like singing. He has patterned type of cloth, which has even recorded several love songs. been made in Indonesia for over one The Indonesian president found out thousand years. that the last day of the meeting, Oc- APEC members take turns to tober 7, was Vladimir Putin’s 61st host the annual summit. Next year’s birthday. Encouraged by the other meeting will be held in China.  leaders, Mr. Yudhoyono played the guitar and sang “Happy Birthday” to the Russian president. WOMEN CAVE PAINTERS? Photographers take pictures of the APEC One past tradition of the APEC leaders in Batik shirts during the summit in Bali summit was a special group pho- An American archaeologist called This year Barack Obama, the tograph. In it, the 21 leaders wore Professor Snow has recently complet- president of the U.S., did not attend the national dress of the host coun- ed a study on ancient cave paintings. the summit. Instead rep- try. The photograph then often ap- He examined the hand pictures found resented America. Mr. Kerry is the peared on the front pages of interna- in certain caves in part of Europe. U.S.’s secretary of state and there- tional newspapers the day after the Professor Snow says that his work fore one of America’s most impor- meeting. The American president suggests that women, and not men, tant politicians. Mr. Obama decided Bill Clinton started this tradition created many of these cave paintings. not to go to the summit because of in 1993. Then the APEC meeting Cave paintings that are thousands political problems in the U.S. At the was held in the U.S. He persuad- of years old are found in many parts time, the two main parties in Ameri- ed the leaders to wear American of the world. These include Africa, ca, the Republicans and Democrats, leather flight jackets for a special Australia, North and South America were unable to agree on the govern- group photograph. and India. ment’s spending plans, or budget. In following years APEC leaders Some of the world’s best-known While they argued about the budget were photographed wearing many cave paintings are in northern Spain the government was unable to pay different types of clothing. These in- and southwest France. These date many of its workers. cluded Korean and Vietnamese na- back to a time called the Upper Indonesia is a Muslim country. tional dress and Peruvian ponchos. Palaeolithic, or Late Stone Age, be- Bali is unusual as most of those who Yet for the last three APEC meetings tween 40,000 and 10,000 years ago. October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 15

The paintings are on cave walls and Many years ago a biologist from This is the first time water and ceilings. Many are of animals such Britain made a discovery. He no- rock have been found together out- as boars, bison, mammoths, deer ticed that women’s ring and index side our Solar System. To make and horses. Those that date back to fingers are about the same length. their discovery the scientists used 40,000 years ago are believed to be Yet men’s ring fingers are usually NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. the world’s oldest. longer than their index fingers. Hu- Researchers believe that life The people who created these mans have five digits on each hand. might exist on some rocky planets paintings are known as hunter-gath- The first is the thumb. The next is that orbit a star. This would be more erers. They did not grow crops but called the index finger, after that the likely if the planets are about the travelled around hunting for food middle finger, then the ring finger same distance at which the Earth and collecting fruit, nuts and berries. and finally the little finger. goes round the Sun. They have nick- Researchers know quite a lot named this distance the “Goldilocks about how and when the paintings zone” after a famous children’s in Spain and France were created. story. In it, Goldilocks tries some Some of the pigments, or colors, bowls of porridge belonging to three were made from different types bears. One is too hot, another is too of clays. For example, the color cold, and the third is “just right”, not reddish-brown was made out of a too hot and not too cold. type of clay called ochre. Burned Our Solar System has both rocky wood or charcoal was used for black and gas planets. The rocky ones are colored outlines. Spotted horse cave painting in France with hand Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Mars. outlines above and on the left No one really knows what the Mercury and Venus are closer to the cave paintings were for. Some re- Professor Snow measured 32 Sun than the Earth. So they are too searchers think that it was a record of hand pictures in eight different hot to support life. The Earth is in the the animals people hunted and killed. caves. He says that 24 of these were Goldilocks zone, where it’s not too Others believe that making the paint- women’s hands. Like many others hot and not too cold for there to be liq- ings was some type of ritual. Yet it Professor Snow thinks a handprint uid water. Researchers think that for cannot have been easy creating them. next to a picture is like a signature. any complex forms of life to exist on Many paintings are in parts of caves If true, his work seems to show that, a rocky planet, there must be water. that are difficult to get to. Some were in this part of Europe, women did Planets that orbit a star outside painted on cave roofs or other inac- most of the cave paintings. Many our Solar System are known as cessible places. What’s more it must people were surprised by the profes- exoplanets. European astronomers have been very dark. The only light sor’s study. Most researchers pre- discovered the first exoplanets or- the hunter-gatherers had would have sume that men painted the pictures. biting distant stars in 1995. Since been simple fire torches. This is because men are believed to then around 1,000 exoplanets have It’s thought that the paintings have done the hunting.  been found. Most are thought to be were made in one of two ways. One either gas planets or rocky ones not was using a hollow tube, such as a within their star’s Goldilocks zone. piece of bone. This was filled with WATER DISCOVERED OUTSIDE So far, signs of water have not been the paint mixture and then blown SOLAR SYSTEM detected on any of them. onto the wall. The other was a person The asteroid the scientists have putting the mixture in their mouth Scientists from Britain and Germany been studying is orbiting a white and then, by blowing through closed say that they have discovered rocky dwarf. A white dwarf is a dying star lips, spraying it onto the rock. Next pieces of debris that contain water. that has used up most of its fuel. to some of the paintings are outlines The debris comes from a large aster- Many millions of years ago this of hands. It looks as if someone oid, or space rock, which is roughly white dwarf, which has been named placed their hand against the rock 56 miles (90 kilometers) across. The GD 61, was similar to our Sun. and then “blew” or “sprayed” paint asteroid is about 150 million light The Hubble telescope was able at it. years from the Earth. to detect what elements are in the October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 16 debris around GD 61. This comes probably already been “eaten”. One live there. Most came from Britain. from the large asteroid. It is being day a similar thing will happen to the In 1840, Maori leaders and offi- gradually pulled, or ripped, apart by Earth when our Sun becomes a white cials from Britain signed an agree- the force of gravity, which comes dwarf. Yet this will not happen for at ment. This is known as the Treaty from the dying star. Eventually the least another five billion years.  of Waitangi. The treaty officially whole asteroid will be “eaten” or made New Zealand part of the Brit- pulled into the white dwarf. ish Empire. In return the govern- Hubble worked out that the aster- NZ ISLANDS OFFICIALLY NAMED ment of Britain said that it would oid’s debris contained magnesium, protect the Maori people’s rights to silicon, iron and oxygen. This is On October 17, each of the two main their lands. what rocks are made of. Yet sur- islands of New Zealand were offi- For many years there have been prisingly the telescope found much cially given two names. In English arguments about what the treaty more oxygen than expected. they are to be called North Island of Waitangi really says. Some be- and South Island. They will also lieve that the British broke, or did be known by their Maori names: not honor, it. One problem is that Te Ika-a-Maui (North Island) and the English language version of the Waipounamu (South Island). treaty is slightly different from the The Maori are the native people Maori version. This has led to disa- of New Zealand. They first settled greements. The treaty was signed on the two main islands around 800 on February 6. This date, which is years ago. The Maori are believed to known as Waitangi Day, is the coun- have originally come from several try’s national day. Today around 4.2 Polynesian islands. Polynesia is the million people live in New Zealand. name used to describe over 1,000 About 15% are Maoris. islands in the central and southern For many years most New Zea- Artist’s impression of a white dwarf Pacific Ocean. In the past many of landers have called the two islands The scientists are sure that this the people who lived on these Pa- North and South Island. However, extra oxygen comes from water. The cific islands were expert sailors. about ten years ago, government amount of oxygen means that the as- They used the stars in the night sky officials discovered that they had teroid is about 26% water. This means to navigate, or work out which way never been formally named. that it is similar to Ceres. Ceres is the to travel. On early maps the islands have largest space rock in the asteroid belt, different names. On some they are which is between Mars and Jupiter. called New Ulster and New Mun- The Earth is roughly 0.02% water. PACIFIC OCEAN ster. Ulster and Munster are two

Most researchers believe that bil- North Island provinces on the island of Ireland. lions of years ago there was no water Te Ika-a-Maui When the maps were made both on our planet. The water was then provinces were part of Britain. Peo- brought, or delivered, to the Earth ple who left these Irish provinces NEW ZEALAND by asteroids and comets, which AOTEAROA to go to live in New Zealand gave crashed into it. The scientists think them these names. Today Munster is South Island that the water-rich asteroid shows Waipounamu in the Republic of Ireland and Ulster water might have been delivered to remains part of Britain. planets in GD 61’s solar system in Stewart Island On other old maps the southern Rakiura the same way. island is marked “Middle Island”. A star having asteroids but no This is because there is another is- planets is very unlikely. There may The first European explorers ar- land to the south of it. This much therefore have been at least one rived in New Zealand in 1642. Yet smaller island is called Stewart rocky planet with liquid water or- it was not until the early 1800s that Island. Its Maori name is Rakiura. biting GD 61. If so this planet has large numbers of them began to One government map, made in the October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 17

1950s, includes the Maori names for city. The headquarters of the Federal reduce the number of their workers. the North and South Islands. Reserve is in Washington DC. How- Some are forced to close down. A government official said that ever, the ECB is based in Frankfurt, If countries’ economies slow people could now use either name one of the largest cities in Germany. down it means that their govern- for both of the main islands. Most As the American economy is the ments collect less money in taxes. people in New Zealand agree with largest in the world the boss of the This is a big problem, as in a re- this decision. Federal Reserve is a very powerful cession governments actually have The translation of Te Ika-a-Maui person. The leaders of central banks to spend more money. This extra is “the fish of Maui”, Waipounamu in other countries often look to the money is needed to help people “the waters of greenstone” and Rak- Chair of the Fed for help and advice. who have lost their jobs and cannot iura “glowing skies”. The Maori find new ones. Furthermore, to get name for their country is Aotearoa. their economy growing again gov- This means “the land of the long ernments are often advised to build white cloud”.  new roads, railways and buildings. Ms. Yellen is an economist and professor. In the past she taught eco- NEW FEDERAL RESERVE BOSS nomics at Harvard University. She has worked for the Federal Reserve On October 9, Barack Obama, the for many years. In 2010, she became American president, announced that vice-chair of the Fed. This meant that he wanted Janet Yellen to be the new she was one of Mr. Bernanke’s senior Chair, or boss, of the Federal Re- assistants. Ms. Yellen’s husband is serve. The U.S.’s Federal Reserve also a well-known economist. Their was set up about 100 years ago. If Janet Yellen son teaches economics at a univer- Ms. Yellen becomes its new boss The Chair of the Federal Reserve sity in Britain. she will be the first woman to do is appointed for a term of four years. Before she takes up her new job the job. Ben Bernanke has been the Feds’ Ms. Yellen’s appointment will have The Federal Reserve, nicknamed boss since 2006. After completing to be approved by members of the “the Fed”, is America’s central two four-year terms he is due to Senate. This is the upper house of bank. Most countries have a central stand down at the end of January America’s Congress, or parliament. bank. For example, Britain’s central next year. This is when Ms. Yellen Most people believe that the major- bank is the Bank of England and the will take over. ity of the Senate will agree with Mr. Japanese central bank is the Bank of Mr. Bernanke has been in charge Obama’s choice.  Japan. The 17 countries that use the of the Fed during a very difficult euro as their currency have a “joint” time. He has had to deal with a Newsademic.com central bank. It’s called the Euro- number of serious problems. 2008 Editor: Rebecca Watson pean Central Bank (ECB). was the start of what many people American Editor: Chris Tarn Central banks work alongside now call “the banking crisis”. A their country’s government. They number of large banks, in both the Acknowledgements: usually control the amount of mon- U.S. and several other countries, got News story photographs by gettyimages ey in use, and set the interest rate. into difficulties. For further details about Newsademic This is the minimum amount of Because of the banking crisis and subscription prices visit interest companies or people need many countries went into reces- www.newsademic.com to pay when they borrow money sion. All governments try very hard SCHOOL SUBSCRIBERS MAY from banks. Central banks also keep to avoid recessions. This is when PHOTOCOPY ANY PART OF THIS a check on all the other banks in a country’s economy gets smaller NEWSPAPER FOR USE WITHIN which people keep their money. instead of bigger. Normally, in a re- THEIR SCHOOL ONLY. Normally the central bank’s head- cession people tend to spend much quarters is in the country’s capital less money. Companies may have to © Newsademic 2013 October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 18

INSTRUCTIONS:  Complete the crossword. The answers are ISSUE 208 highlighted in orange in the news stories. There are 25 words highlighted and you need 20 of them to complete the LOSSARY UZZLE crossword.  Once you have solved the crossword go to G P the word search on the next page 

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ACROSS DOWN 5 Noun Action or words performed or spoken frequently as 1 Noun A journey to a holy place part of a ceremony 2 Verb Directed many things at something or someone 9 Adjective Impossible or very difficult to reach 3 Noun A search for something that takes time and is 12 Noun (Plural) Animals able to live both in water and on difficult land 4 Noun (Plural) Peoples’ marriage partners 13 Noun Journey for a particular purpose 6 Adjective Skilled at examining things very thoroughly and 14 Noun A force that tends to slow down the speed of methodically something 7 Noun Important source of nutrition and energy for 16 Noun Sudden important development or success animals 17 Noun An area of land where people are buried 8 Noun The complete removal of something 18 Noun Something you do or give that helps to produce or 10 Verb Overturned accidentally achieve something 11 Noun The process of making something begin to burn 19 Noun (Plural) The signs of an illness or medical condition 15 Noun A general sense of agreement among all members 20 Verb Produces and releases a substance of a group October 17, 2013 Newsademic.com™ – American English edition page 19

INSTRUCTIONS:  Find 19 of the 20 ISSUE 208 crossword answers in the word search. Words can go vertically, horizontally, diagonally and back to front.  After GLOSSARY PUZZLE CONTINUED finding the 19 words write down the 20th (or missing) word under the puzzle. HGUORHTKAERBYEEUJ I DTUB I I XNCVSPLPETTN Demics are tokens that Individual TSECRETESMOADF L L LA and Family Subscribers can earn. They are awarded for answering this EXPEDI T I ONMCE I I XSC Glossary Puzzle and/or the Daily GJHI OFETDPEAUEMHBC News question – accessible by logged in users – correctly. Demics earned AHMGPRPCHUNYWGI VLE can be used by Family and Individual MMODDMP I NAAEGQNXSS Subscribers in the Newsademic I GTUYEBNLATTGGAMSS online store. RNWSPI ZYMATQWTTDUI GET EXTRA GOFFAAT I RFHSYQI PSB * L I XNRI QDSSPE I POFNL DEMICS I TSXCGYYXPSMGSNWEE P I LARHEROZAERQEESQ * Only applies to those who have purchased a Newsademic Individual or Family Subscription MNLOOHLXQANCS I I RNU TGEBSJGQTGDFBUTYOE If you wish to earn additional Demics log in to www.newsademic.com, go to the B I RDEDRABMOBDKOUCS Prize Competitions area and submit the AAGWBKMI V I BLYUXPAT missing word. Puzzle entries must be submitted by 10 pm on October 30, 2013 CONT R I BUT I ONFQGMS L (GMT/UTC).*

MISSING WORD ANSWER = I

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15 ANSWERS I D C O M P E N S A T I O N CPHTUAPOCROEST I UAR N E T M U I ENESRSDBTXNNHBDOL 16 17 C D I S Y M M E T R I C A L EPNCPPNQHDI I J LZQQP TYOSEMGI DZOOZYSUUG I O N B E 18 UY LRUURHNDEDNEPSUS D N T N S 19 LOOFNS LFPGHMFSDPSK E C O S Y S T E M S S I AUHMWNTNEMSSESSASN 20 A C Q U I R E D SYMMETRI CALKZYYSGK S G E ACQUIRED