“THE PRIDE, THE GLORY OF BRITAIN

AND THE DIRECT END OF ITS CONSTITUTION

IS POLITICAL LIBERTY.”

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

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CAPE COD: When I approached this house the next summer, over the PEOPLE OF desolate hills between it and the shore, which are worthy to have been the birthplace of Ossian, I saw the wizard in the midst of CAPE COD a cornfield on the hillside, but, as usual, he loomed so strangely, that I mistook him for a scarecrow. This was the merriest old man that we had ever seen, and one of the best preserved. His style of conversation was coarse and plain enough to have suited Rabelais. He would have made a good Panurge. Or rather he was a sober Silenus, and we were the boys Chromis SILENUS and Mnasilus, who listened to his story. CHROMIS “Not by Hæmonian hills the Thracian bard, MNASILUS Nor awful Phœbus was on Pindus heard With deeper silence or with more regard.” There was a strange mingling of past and present in his conversation, for he had lived under King George, and might have remembered when Napoleon and the moderns generally were born. He said that one day, when the troubles between the Colonies and the mother country first broke out, as he, a boy of fourteen, was pitching hay out of a cart, one Doane, an old Tory, who was talking with his father, a good Whig, said to him, “Why, Uncle Bill, you might as well undertake to pitch that pond into the ocean with a pitchfork, as for the Colonies to undertake to gain their independence.” He remembered well General Washington, and how he rode his horse along the streets of Boston, and he stood up to show us how he looked. “He was a r–a–ther large and portly-looking man, a manly and resolute-looking officer, with a pretty good leg as he sat on his horse.” –“There, I’ll tell you, this was the way with Washington.” Then he jumped up again, and bowed gracefully to right and left, making show as if he were waving his hat. Said he, “That was Washington.” He told us many anecdotes of the Revolution, and was much pleased when we told him that we had read the same in history, and that his account agreed with the written. “O,” he said, “I know, I know! I was a young fellow of sixteen, with my ears wide open; and a fellow of that age, you know, is pretty wide awake, and likes to know everything that’s going on. O, I know!”

OSSIAN JOHN DRYDEN KING GEORGE NAPOLEON HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1738

June 4, Sunday (Old Style): George, son of Frederick Louis, , was born in London. George was not intelligent; he would be unable to read until he was eleven. However, his tutors would of course praise him for the amount of effort he put into solving whatever academic problems he was able to solve. George would be but twelve when his father would die, and his mother’s friend the Earl of Bute would become an important influence on his future development. He would become King George III, the one we would mention unapprovingly in our Declaration of Independence. He didn’t yet look like this:

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

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1757

In Rhode Island harbors during this year, it has been estimated by Alexander Boyd Hawes, some 8 vessels were being fitted out for the international slave trade. If an average cargo of slaves was 109 –as we have estimated on the basis of a number of known cargos– then a total of 872 souls were transported during this year in Rhode Island bottoms alone. Examples from this year include the Rhode Island sloop Dolphin,1 carrying a cargo of 80 slaves, the sloop Gambia, carrying a cargo of 140, the schooner Sierra-Leone, carrying 70, the snow Two Brothers, carrying 150, and a brig of unknown name, carrying 70.

A Quaker clerk turned over the blank volume in which the Friends Monthly Meeting of South Kingstown had been keeping since 1740 a record of its white births, white deaths, white marriages, and white removals, and upside down and backward in the back, began something very different from all that white stuff. What was begun upside down and backward at the end of the volume was — a record of the manumissions of the black slaves of these white Rhode Island Quakers. We learn that the 1st local Quaker to manumit a slave was Friend

1. Thomas Robinson was part owner of the negrero Dolphin. He was a Quaker in good standing, of Newport. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Richard Smith of Groton, Connecticut, who in this year manumitted an 18-year-old named Jane.

Friend Richard explained that the “Negrow Girl” in question had been become the property of his wife, Friend Abigail Gardner Smith, by the will of her father Stephen Gardner, “in Order to be a Slave all her Days According to the common Cuſtom of Slavery.” The document is so totally eloquent in its lengthy expression of antislavery sentiments that I will copy it all here: I Richard Smith of Groton2 in the County of New London and Colony of Connecticut upon Conſideration and Knowing it Required of me I have written this in Order to Shew the reaſon and make it manifest to mankind why that I Diſcharge & Sett free my Negrow Girl named Jane at Eighteen Years of Age Daughter of Sarah which is now in Slavery with her Other Children among the Heirs of Stephen Gardnor of Norwich Deceaſed this Girl Jane was Given to my Wife Abigail3 by her Father Stephen Gardnor by will in order to be a Slave all her Days According to the common Cuſtom of Slavery. But the falling into my hand by my Wife and the Lord by his free Goodneſs having Given me a clear Sight of the Cruelty of makeing a Slave of one that was by Nature as free as my Own Children and no ways by any Evil She had Committed brought her Self into Bondage and Slavery and therefore can no ways be Gilty of Slavery, and to argue because her Mother was made a Slave being by force and Violence brought Out of her Own Land against her mind and Will and Deprived of What She had there & made a Slave of her Should be a Sufficient Reaſon that her posterity Should be oprest in bondage with Slavery. I see no Justice for 2. Friend Richard Smith of Groton deceased 28 of 8 mo 1800 “in the 96th year of his age.” 3. Friend Abigail Smith of Groton deceased 15 of 6 mo 1799. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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it nor mercy in so Doing but Violent Oppreſsing the ^ Inocent without Cause For this thing of Servants it hath pleased God to Sett before me in a Clear manner the case of Servants and Especially the Unreasonableneſs of theſe matters and miſtreſses who profeſs to be the followers of Christ how they will buy & Sell and be pertakers in making marchandize in Great Babylon of the Slaves that in the bodys of men and womon and of theſe Strangers as Indians & Negrows that are taken Out of their Own Country [page] Country or taken in War one among a nother and Sent out which when brought here [word marked out] in Sed of being Released are Sold into Slavery all there Days and their Poſterity after them they being never so Innoſent in Ronging of any and theſe maſters and miſtreſses that buy them or other ways by their parents have them, all this while profeſs them selves to be the followers of Christ or Chriſtians and yet how they will plead the Reaſonableſs of Keeping them in Slavery and their poſterity after them But when they have pleaded all they can and used the beſt arguments they have, it is Only to have there work done with eaſe & they to be great and to be Lord over there fellow Creatures, Because they have power & authority to oppreſs the helpleſs by a Cuſtomary Law of the Nations to keep them in Bondage under Slavery, Quite Renounſing and Rejecting and Hating to obey the Law & command of there great Lord and Maſter Christ as they call him who charge them saying Therefore all things whatſoever Ye would that man ſhould do to You do ye even so to them for this iſ the Law and the prophets said Our Great Lord Matt. 7 & 12. Now if it ſhould be aſked of any of theſe maſters or miſtreſses if they in like Mannor with these Children ſhould be carried away unto any Strange People in the world and be ſold into Slavery whether they would be willing to serve a strange nation in Slavery & their Children after them and be Deprived of what they Injoyed in there own Country (for this is the Case) I ſuppoſe there anſwer would be no nor any of our Children upon any acc.:t no not if it were in a Christian Land as they call this well then how can any of them plead the Reaſonables of Keeping of any of them in Slavery with there Poſterity and would set them free in a Rea ſonable Time ^ as they themſelves with their Children would be willing to be done by according to Chriſts words above mentioned for by Nature all nations are free one from the other and the apoſtle Saith God is no Reſpecter of perſons, the apoſtle Likewiſe Saith that God hath made of one Blood all Nations of men to Dwell on all the face of the Earth Acts 17 & 26 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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So [new page] So that by Nature & blood wee are no better in Gods Sight than they and it is plain that Chriſt taught a Doctrine that was to Releive Oppreſsed and to Unbind heavy Burdens and let the Innoſent priſoner go free, and hath commanded us to love our Enemys, and to entertain Stranger, & not to oppreſs them in Bondage with Slavery and said, he came not to Deſtroy mens Lives but to save them Luke 9 & 56 So that the way that brings them into Slavery is forbidden by Chriſt for by war violence & stealth and tradeing in them is the way by which they are first Ordered to go into Slavery, and they that buy them or other ways have them and keep them in Slavery as they do there Beaſts, for to do there Labour & not to Releive them and set them free, are partakers of the same evil, Therefore I Leave this as a faithfull Teſtimony in the fear of the living God against all such wicked proceedings, and upon true Conſideration of what is above written I hereby Declare that now at this Time that my Negrow Girl Jane hath arrived to Eighteen Years of Age that ſhe Shall now go out Free from Bondage and Slavery as free as if she had been free born and that my Heirs Executors or Administrators ſhall have no power over her to make a Slave of Her or her poſterity no more than if she had been [word lined out] free born, for I freely give her her freedom now at the arrival of the afores.d age which is now fullfilled in this preſent Year 1757 as witneſs my hand Richard Smith Some time after I had written this Discharge I had it in Conſideration which way was proper to make it manifest & secure and it appeared to me very proper to lay it before Friends at the preparative meeting, as buiſineſs to the Monthly Meeting, to see if the Monthly Meeting would think proper that it might be put on Record or would forward Untill I might Know what might be done by Friends on this acc.t for this thing hath had weight on my mind ever since this Girl [new page] Girl was put into my hands to prove me in this part of Self Denial whether I would be faithfull or not [flourish] Now my Friends to tell you plainly some Years before this my Intent was to have bought some negrow Slaves for to have done my work to have saved hireing of help But when I was about buying them I was forbidden by the same power that now cauſes me to set this Girl at Liberty for the matter was set before me in a Clear manner more Clear than what mortal man Could have done, and Therefore I believe it is not write for me to Think or hide in a thing of so HDT WHAT? INDEX

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great Concernment as to give my Conſent to do to others Contrary to what we our selves would be willing to be done unto our selves if we were in Slavery as many of them are at this day & under such maſters and miſtreſses too as would be willing to be called Chriſts true followers and make a large profeſsion of some of his Truths but if we truly Conſider God will have no part kept back for he call for Juſtice and mercy and his Soul Loathes the Oppressing of the Inocent and poor & helpleſs and such as have none to help and will aſsuredly avenge their cauſe in Righeouſneſs These things I have found on my mind to lay before Friends as a matter worth due [word lined out] Conſideration and so lay it before this meeting as Buiſineſs [flourish] Richard Smith [flourish]

We note that the 1st draft of the Declaration of Independence, in taking the King of England to task for having insisted on the continuation of the international slave trade (“He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, capturing and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur a miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce.”4), may be better understood by referring back to the debate in this year over banning the importation of slaves into Virginia. In this year, the question of a ban on the further importation of new slaves did come before the House of Burgesses, and it was not a debate over benevolence or over human rights. The primary sponsors of such a ban were the large planters of the Northern Neck region of Virginia, including the family of Richard Henry Lee, while the main opposition to it came primarily from smaller planters closer to the frontier, many of them affiliated with the John Robinson faction. Not long after this debate began, the legislators abandoned the possibility of a total ban and the discussion turned toward imposing a 10% tariff or head tax on newly imported Africans as a means of raising revenue to defray Virginia’s expenses for the Seven Years’ War. We do have some evidence that this situation in Virginia was then discussed with the British government, for after Francis Fauquier would become governor of Virginia, the topic would come up in his correspondence with the Board of Trade. Fauquier would on June 2, 1760 mention that this proposal had been made by some “old settlers who have bred large quantities of slaves and who would make a monopoly of them by a duty which they hoped would amount to a prohibition.” In council on December 10, 1770, King George III of England would direct them not to thus interfere with the importation of new slaves from Africa — but this was not cruelty offsetting a colonial benevolence, for in this debate, the first consideration had been the business of making money, the second consideration had been the business of making money, and the third consideration had been the business of making money. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE

4. Although the sentences in question are confidently asserted to have been authored by Jefferson, and confidently asserted to have been stricken from the draft by others, I know of no evidence to support any such speculation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1759

When George, heir to the British throne, fell in love with Sarah Lennox, a descendent of King Charles II, the Earl of Bute persuaded him to bring the relationship to an end and instead arranged for him to get married with a German princess, Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitz (in the course of their wedded bliss Queen Charlotte would give birth to a total of 15 children).

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1760

October 25, Saturday: “The King is dead; Long live the King!” George III succeeded his grandfather, George II, as King of England. At the coronation, which did not cost a whole lot as these things go, they overlooked the need for chairs for the king and queen to use before they ascended to the throne (it appears also that His Royal Highness had forgot to bring along his sword of state).

They had a horse that had been trained to back up so that, as it departed, it would never be presenting its ass to the throne, although something went very much awry — this talented backass-horse insisted upon performing its trick while approaching rather than while receding from its monarch.

George III 1760 1820

Regency 1811 1820

George IV 1820 1830

William IV 1830 1837

Victoria 1837 1901

Never mind, a good time was had by all.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

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1761

King George III of England arranged for the Earl of Bute, who had been such an important influence during his childhood, to be named as Prime Minister. Unfortunately, a general attitude in the Parliament was that the earl was an incompetent, and he would be able to remain in this office only one year.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1762

King George III of England purchased the Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo, a 17th-Century patron of the arts and sciences. Preserved by the Albani family, this “museum” contained more than 7,000 science illustrations, including highly accurate depictions from the Lincean Academy that would prove invaluable to later historians of science. THE SCIENCE OF 1762

August 12, Thursday: George Augustus Frederick was born at St James’s Palace in London, the eldest son of King George III. At birth he automatically became and . He would become popularly known as “Prinny” because a few days later the infant would be anointed as Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester, and heir apparent to the British throne. George, the eldest son of George III, was born in 1762. George rebelled against his father’s strict discipline. At the age of eighteen he became involved with an actress, Mrs. Perdita Robinson. This was followed by a relationship with Lady Melbourne. The Prince of Wales also rebelled against his father’s political views. Whereas George III preferred Tory ministers, George, Prince of Wales, was friendly with the Whigs, Charles Fox and Richard Sheridan. In 1784 the Prince of Wales, met a fell in love with Mrs. Maria Fitzherbert, a Roman Catholic. Fitzherbert refused to become his mistress and eventually George agreed to marry her. The marriage was kept a secret as under the terms of 1772 Royal Marriages Act, it was illegal for a member of the royal family to marry a Roman Catholic. By the 1780s the Prince of Wales had become a gambler, a womanizer and a heavy drinker. He was deeply in debt and when Parliament agreed to increase his allowance, George III remarked that it was “a shameful squandering of public money to gratify the passions of an ill-advised young man.” The Prince of Wales continued to overspend and my 1795 he had debts of ?650,000. In an effort to persuade Parliament to pay off his debts, George agreed to marry his cousin, Caroline of Brunswick. After the birth of a daughter, Princess Charlotte, on 7th January 1796, the couple lived apart. In 1811 King George III suffered another bout of insanity. He was no longer able to continue with his royal duties and the Prince of Wales was appointed regent. For years the Prince of Wales had been making promises to the Whigs that he would favour their party when he replaced his Tory father. However, this did not happen, and he quickly became an ultra Tory supporting the policies of Lord Liverpool and his government. In his youth the Prince of Wales agreed with his friend Charles Fox about the unfairness of the laws that discriminated against Roman Catholics and Protestant Nonconformists. Once in power George changed his views and became a strong opponent of Catholic Emancipation. He also abandoned his support for those Whigs who were arguing for parliamentary reform. The Prince of Wales was impressed by the work of the architect, John Nash. He commissioned him to design Regent’s Park and its environs of curved terraces. He also arranged for Nash to create Buckingham Palace out of Buckingham House and the rebuilding of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton. On the death of his father in 1820 George became king. Caroline returned to England to claim her rights as HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Queen. George IV persuaded Lord Liverpool and his government to bring in an Act of parliament to deprive her of the title Queen and to declare the marriage “for ever wholly dissolved, annulled and made void”. The Whigs opposed the measure and their were public demonstrations against the new king. Queen Caroline appeared at George’s coronation but she was turned away from the doors of Westminster Abbey. This resulted in further public demonstrations but this came to an end when Caroline died suddenly on 7th August 1821. George’s indulgent lifestyle seriously damaged his health. By the 1820s he was extremely overweight and was addicted to both alcohol and laudanum. George IV also began showing signs of insanity. He told people that he had been a soldier and insisted he had fought at the Battle of Waterloo. The king became more and more a recluse at Windsor Castle and eventually died in 1830.

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1772

Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Lee, and other leading men of the Virginia colony were desiring to “get rid of the great evil” represented by the presence of black people in America. “The interest of the country,” it was said in a discussion in the Virginia House of Burgesses –by “interest of the country” meaning of course not the interests of people in general but merely the interests of the white male propertied citizens of that colony– “manifestly requires the total expulsion of them” — by “them” meaning of course not merely slaves but black people in general. The governor of Virginia, Francis Fauquier, had in correspondence with the Board of Trade on June 2, 1760 mentioned that some “old settlers who have bred large quantities of slaves and who would make a monopoly of them by a duty which they hoped would amount to a prohibition” had proposed the difficulties be placed in the way of the importation of new Africans. The Virginia Assembly needed to address King George III of England on this because, in council on December 10, 1770, he had warned them not to interfere with the importation of slaves. They pleaded with him on April 1, 1772 to remove his restraints upon their efforts to stop the importation of slaves, which they referred to for some reason as “a very pernicious commerce” (we don’t know, they may have meant that it was damaging the lives of black people, or perhaps they may have meant that it was damaging the lives of white people). The monarch who “stood in the path of humanity and made himself the pillar of the colonial slave-trade” made no reply to this appeal of the Virginians (we don’t know, he may have desired to damage the lives of black people, or he may have simply desired that he and his friends continue to make inordinate profits on their participation in the international slave trade). The conduct of the King would cause the initial draft of the Declaration of Independence to contain a complaint that “He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, capturing and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur a miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce.” (This embarrassing paragraph would of HDT WHAT? INDEX

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course need to be stricken from a succeeding draft the Declaration!5)6

George Washington was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses during this year while it drafted a petition to the English throne, labeling the importation of slaves into the colonies from the coast of Africa “a trade of great inhumanity” that would endanger the “very existence of your Majesty’s American

5. Although the sentences in question are confidently asserted to have been authored by Jefferson, and confidently asserted to have been stricken from the draft by others, I know of no evidence to support any such speculation. 6. For this and other such maps: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/search.html HDT WHAT? INDEX

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dominions.”

Maybe this did or maybe this didn’t reflect his personal viewpoint (we know that in this very year the guy was purchasing five additional slaves for labor on his plantations), but we know that a couple of years later he would be personally involved in the composition of the July 1774 “Fairfax Resolves,” one of which was that slaves not be imported into British colonies. He would be one of the signatories “declaring our most earnest Wishes to see an entire Stop forever put to such a wicked cruel and unnatural Trade.” One resolution to this conundrum would be simply that he was one of those who were in favor of slavery and also in favor of restricting fresh imports — because this would effectively protect the market value of slaves already here, and their saleable future progeny.7 INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE W.E. Burghardt Du Bois: Next to South Carolina, Virginia had probably the largest slave-trade. Her situation, however, differed considerably from that of her Southern neighbor. The climate, the staple tobacco crop, and the society of Virginia were favorable to a system of domestic slavery, but one which tended to develop into a patriarchal serfdom rather than into a slave-consuming industrial hierarchy. The labor required by the tobacco crop was less unhealthy than that connected with the rice crop, and the Virginians were, perhaps, on a somewhat higher moral plane than the Carolinians. There was consequently no such insatiable demand for slaves in the larger colony. On the other hand, the power of the Virginia executive was peculiarly strong, and it was not possible here to thwart the slave-trade policy of the home government as easily as elsewhere. Considering all these circumstances, it is somewhat difficult to determine just what was the attitude of the early Virginians toward the slave-trade. There is evidence, however, to show that 7. In this year, it has been estimated by Alexander Boyd Hawes, a record number of ships, 28, were sailing from Rhode Island for the coast of the continent of Africa to obtain fresh bodies for the international slave trade. If an average cargo of slaves was 109 – as we have estimated on the basis of a number of known cargos– then a total of well over 3,000 souls were being transported in Rhode Island bottoms alone. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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although they desired the slave-trade, the rate at which the Negroes were brought in soon alarmed them. In 1710 a duty of £5 was laid on Negroes, but Governor Spotswood “soon perceived that the laying so high a Duty on Negros was intended to discourage the importation,” and vetoed the measure.8 No further restrictive legislation was attempted for some years, but whether on account of the attitude of the governor or the desire of the inhabitants, is not clear. With 1723 begins a series of acts extending down to the Revolution, which, so far as their contents can be ascertained, seem to have been designed effectually to check the slave-trade. Some of these acts, like those of 1723 and 1727, were almost immediately disallowed.9 The Act of 1732 laid a duty of 5%, which was continued until 1769,10 and all other duties were in addition to this; so that by such cumulative duties the rate on slaves reached 25% in 1755,11 and 35% at the time of Braddock’s expedition.12 These acts were found “very burthensome,” “introductive of many frauds,” and “very inconvenient,”13 and were so far repealed that by 1761 the duty was only 15%. As now the Burgesses became more powerful, two or more bills proposing restrictive duties were passed, but disallowed.14 By 1772 the anti-slave-trade feeling had become considerably developed, and the Burgesses petitioned the king, declaring that “The importation of slaves into the colonies from the coast of Africa hath long been considered as a trade of great inhumanity, and under its present encouragement, we have too much reason to fear will endanger the very existence of your Majesty’s American dominions.... Deeply impressed with these sentiments, we most humbly beseech your Majesty to remove all those restraints on your Majesty’s governors of this colony, which inhibit their assenting to such laws as might check so very pernicious a commerce.”15 Nothing further appears to have been done before the war. When, in 1776, the delegates adopted a Frame of Government, it was charged in this document that the king had perverted his high office into a “detestable and insupportable tyranny, by ... prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us, those very negroes whom, by an inhuman use of his negative, he hath refused us permission to exclude by law.”16 Two years later, in 1778, an “Act to prevent the further importation of Slaves” stopped definitively the legal slave-trade to Virginia.17

8. LETTERS OF GOVERNOR SPOTSWOOD, in VA. HIST. SOC. COLL., New Ser., I. 52. 9. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, IV. 118, 182. 10. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, IV. 317, 394; V. 28, 160, 318; VI. 217, 353; VII. 281; VIII. 190, 336, 532. 11. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, V. 92; VI. 417, 419, 461, 466. 12. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, VII. 69, 81. 13. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, VII. 363, 383. 14. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, VIII. 237, 337. 15. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, 1672-1865, in VA. HIST. SOC. COLL., New Ser., VI. 14; Tucker, BLACKSTONE’S COMMENTARIES, I. Part II. App., 51. 16. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, IX. 112. 17. Importation by sea or by land was prohibited, with a penalty of £1000 for illegal importation and £500 for buying or selling. The Negro was freed, if illegally brought in. This law was revised somewhat in 1785. Cf. Hening, STATUTES AT LARGE OF VIRGINIA, IX. 471; XII. 182. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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April 1, Wednesday: The House of Burgesses sent a petition to King George III of England, asking that no more new black slaves be shipped from Africa to Virginia, referring to the international slave trade for some reason as “a very pernicious commerce.” (We might be tempted to suppose that these white-guy Virginia slavemasters were having an attack of human benevolence or of indigestion, unless we hark back to their debate of 1757 in which the primary consideration had been that possibly they could make better profits by breeding slaves locally than by shipping them in, and in which the secondary consideration had been that possibly a tariff on these imports would be a good source of income for their colonial government, and in which there had been no tertiary consideration whatever of humanity or human benevolence.) “ ... The importation of slaves into the colonies from the coast of Africa hath long been considered as a trade of great inhumanity, and under its present encouragement, we have too much reason to fear will endanger the very existence of your majesty’s American dominions.... Deeply impressed with these sentiments, we most humbly beseech your majesty to remove all those restraints on your majesty’s governors of this colony, which inhibit their assenting to such laws as might check so very pernicious a commerce.” JOURNALS OF THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES, page 131; quoted in Tucker, DISSERTATION ON SLAVERY (repr. 1861), page 43.

GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 4, Monday: The Rhode Island General Assembly made it the first of the English colonies in America to renounce allegiance to King George III of England. In December the British navy would occupy Newport and all of Aquidneck Island, where they would remain until they would voluntarily shift their base of operations toward the south in October 1779.18

18. In Algonquian, “Aquidnet” means “a place of security or tranquility,” from “aquene” or “aquidne” meaning secure or peaceful, and “et” meaning place. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Fearful that the guns of the warships anchored nearby had been aiming in directly at his Second Congregational Church, the Reverend Ezra Stiles had in March gone to live in Dighton. Aquidneck never would recover its commercial prosperity after this occupation, as too many of the state’s commercial operatives had already shifted their headquarters to Providence. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 12, 1776 North Carolina Instructions April 22, 1776 Cumberland County, Virginia Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly April 23, 1776 Charleston, South Carolina, Judge Drayton’s charge to the Grand Jury April 23, 1776 Charlotte County, Virginia Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly April 24, 1776 James City County, Virginia Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly May 4, 1776 Rhode Island Act repealing another securing allegiance May 6, 1776 Georgetown, South Carolina presentment to the Grand Jury May 13?, 1776 Buckingham County, Virginia Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly May 13?, 1776 Declaration of Chelmsford, Massachusetts May 15, 1776 Virginia Instructions May 20, 1776 Cheraws District, South Carolina presentment to the Grand Jury May 20, 1776 Declaration of Plymouth, Massachusetts May 20, 1776 Declaration of Watertown, Massachusetts May 20, 1776 Declaration of Brookline, Massachusetts May 21, 1776 Declaration of Lynn, Massachusetts May 22, 1776 Declaration of Rowley, Massachusetts May 23, 1776 Declaration of Plympton, Massachusetts May 23, 1776 Declaration of Billerica, Massachusetts May 23, 1776 Declaration of Boston, Massachusetts May 27, 1776 Declaration of Dedham, Massachusetts May 27, 1776 Declaration of Malden, Massachusetts May 29, 1776 Declaration of the New-York Mechanics in Union May 31, 1776 Declaration of Brunswick, Massachusetts May 31, 1776 Declaration of Newburyport, Massachusetts May 31, 1776 Declaration of Newbury, Massachusetts (undated) 1776 Declaration of Stockbridge, Massachusetts (undated) 1776 Declaration of Pittsfield, Massachusetts June 3, 1776 Declaration of Taunton, Massachusetts June 4, 1776 Declaration of Scituate, Massachusetts June 5, 1776 Declaration of Wrentham, Massachusetts June 6, 1776 Declaration of Hanover, Massachusetts June 7, 1776 Declaration of Tyringham, Massachusetts June 7, 1776 Declaration of Alford, Massachusetts June 7, 1776 Declaration of Norwich, Massachusetts June 8, 1776 Pennsylvania Instructions to Assembly June 10, 1776 Declaration of Ipswich, Massachusetts HDT WHAT? INDEX

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June 10, 1776 Declaration of the Associators, 1st Battalion (militia) of Chester County PA June 10, 1776 Declaration of the Associators of Colonel Crawford’s Battalion, Lancaster County PA (undated) 1776 Declaration of the Associators, Elk Battalion Militia of Chester County, Pennsylvania June 10?, 1776 Declaration of Associators, 4th Battalion (militia), City and Liberties of Philadelphia June 10?, 1776 Declaration of Associators, 5th Battalion (militia), City and Liberties of Philadelphia June 12, 1776 Declaration of Salem, Massachusetts June 12, 1776 Declaration of Andover, Massachusetts June 13, 1776 Declaration of Beverly, Massachusetts June 13, 1776 Declaration of Amherst, Massachusetts June 14, 1776 Connecticut Instructions June 14, 1776 Declaration of Acton, Massachusetts June 14, 1776 Declaration of Hubbardston, Massachusetts June 14, 21, 1776 Declaration of Topsfield, Massachusetts June 15, 1776 New Hampshire Instructions June 15, 1776 Delaware Instructions June 17, 1776 Declaration of Palmer, Massachusetts June 17, 1776 Declaration of Bedford, Massachusetts June 17, 1776 Declaration of Murraysfield, Massachusetts June 17, 1776 Declaration of Marblehead, Massachusetts June 17, 1776 Declaration of Boxford, Massachusetts June 17, 1776 Frederick County, Maryland Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly June 18, 1776 Declaration of Weston, Massachusetts June 18, 1776 Declaration of Leverett, Massachusetts June 18, 1776 Declaration of Danvers, Massachusetts June 19, 1776 Declaration of Gageborough, Massachusetts June 20, 1776 Declaration of Natick, Massachusetts June 20, 1776 Declaration of Bradford, Massachusetts June 21, 1776 Declaration of Southampton, Massachusetts June 22, 1776 New Jersey Instructions June 22, 1776 Anne Arundel County, Maryland Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly (undated) 1776 Charles County, Maryland Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly (undated) 1776 Talbot County, Maryland Instructions to Provincial Convention or Assembly June 24, 1776 Declaration of the Town of King’s District, New York June 24, 1776 Pennsylvania Instructions to Provincial Congress June 24, 1776 Declaration of Spencer-Town [Albany], New York June 24, 1776 Declaration of Gloucester, Massachusetts HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 24, 1776 Declaration of Williamstown, Massachusetts June 25, 1776 Declaration of Northbridge, Massachusetts June 25, 1776 Declaration of Haverhill, Massachusetts June 27, 1776 Declaration of Sturbridge, Massachusetts June 28, 1776 Maryland Instructions June 28, 1776 Declaration of Ashburnham, Massachusetts June 29, 1776 Preamble, Virginia constitution June 30, 1776 Declaration of Hanover, Massachusetts July 1, 1776 Declaration of Amesbury, Massachusetts July 1, 1776 Declaration of Fitchburg, Massachusetts July 1, 1776 Declaration of Ashby, Massachusetts July 1, 1776 Declaration of Greenwich, Massachusetts July 2, 1776 Preamble, New Jersey constitution July 4, 1776 Declaration of Bellingham, Massachusetts July 4, 1776 Declaration of Winchendon, Massachusetts (undated) 1776 Declaration of Eastham, Massachusetts July 6, 1776 Maryland’s “A Declaration” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1783

August 12, Tuesday: As George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales came to be 21 years of age, the British Parliament granted him an annual royal stipend of £60,000, and his father King George III granted him an additional annual stipend of £50,000. He would establish his residence at Carlton House and there live a profligate life.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1788

Summer: The mental health of King George III of England deteriorated. He was, however, still allowed to discharge some of his duties, and so he would declare the Parliament to be prorogued from September 25th to November 20th. During this prorogation he would become so deranged as to pose a threat to his own life.

November 5, Wednesday: King George III physically assaulted his high-spirited eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, attempting to smash his head against a palace wall. They needed to muscle the monarch into a straight-jacket. One observer would assert that foam had been issuing from the king’s mouth, and that his bloodshot eyes had the appearance of currant jelly. Eventually the doctors would have a special iron chair constructed to restrain their patient. They would be placing poultices of Spanish Fly and mustard all over the body of the monarch in order to draw out “evil humours.”

November 20, Thursday: The body of Henry Headley was interred in the cemetery of North Walsham, Norfolk near his father and two sisters. His widow Elizabeth Carmody Headley would remarry, but shortly afterward she also would die. The inscription on the headstone would read “Henry Headley, A.B., Died 15th November, 1788, aged 23.”

When the Parliament of England reconvened, King George III was unable to deliver the customary Speech from the Throne. The Parliament found itself in a considerable bind, for it was a well established tradition that it could not proceed to business before the delivery of this address. Nevertheless, it began to debate the formation of a Regency. In the House of Commons, the attitude of Charles James Fox was that George, Prince of Wales was automatically entitled to exercise sovereignty during the King’s incapacity. Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, however, argued that, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, the right to choose a Regent inhered in the Parliament. He asserted that although said Prince of Wales might be the nation’s obvious choice as Regent, without parliamentary authority he could have “no more right ... to assume the government, than any other individual subject of the country.”

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1789

April: By this point the doctors of King George III had managed to persuade themselves that their monarch had recovered from his madness, and he was allowed to resume his royal duties. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1795

April 8, Wednesday: The problem of George, Prince of Wales’s debts, which by this point amounted to the extraordinary sum of £630,000, was being reduced at least temporarily by a grant from the English Parliament of an additional stipend of £65,000 per annum. His father King George III had been refusing to come to his aid unless he got married with his squat cousin, Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Finally the Prince of Wales became acquiescent and this unlikely couple underwent a wedding of convenience at the Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace. The bridegroom was drunk. The relationship would be consummated twice on the 1st night and once on the 2d, but the couple would formally separate after the birth in 1796 of their child Princess Charlotte Augusta Hanover of Wales. They would live separately for the remainder of their lives and Caroline would be prevented from attending her husband’s coronation (her subjects hissing her as her entry was being blocked by 20 enormous prizefighters attired as royal pages). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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The John Fitch after whom Fitchburg, Massachusetts would choose to consider that it had been named died at the age of 87.

JOHN FITCH AN EARLY SETTLER OF ASHBY AFTER A CONTEST WITH THE INDIANS IN WHICH TWO SOLDIERS WERE SLAIN JENNINGS & BLODGETT WAS WITH HIS FAMILY TAKEN TO CANADA JULY 1746 WAS RANSOMED 1747 & AFTER HIS RETURN PROCURED THE INCORPORATION OF ASHBY MARCH 1767 WAS THE FIRST MODERATOR THE FIRST CONSTABLE & WITH J. LOCKE & J. JONES WAS SELECTMAN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE TOWN. DIED APR. 8. 1795. ÆT 87 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1800

At age 15, Thomas De Quincey’s translation from Horace’s TWENTY-SECOND ODE won 3d prize in a contest and was published in The Monthly Preceptor. Accidentally, he encountered King George III in the Frogmore gardens near Windsor Castle. During his summer holiday he went to Ireland. He was sent to the Manchester Grammar School because in that establishment he might after studying for 36 months qualify for a scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford (he would not, however, complete this agenda, for after 19 months he would run away in an attempt to make contact with William Wordsworth).

May 15, Thursday: King George III had made himself deeply unpopular and several assassination attempts had already been made. During the day a shot intended for him, in Hyde Park, struck the man standing beside him. On this evening two pistol shots rang out while he was in the royal box of the Drury Lane Theatre. The bullets only just missed but we have a report that the monarch remained in the box, nodding off at one point during the performance. The assailant would be captured and adjudged insane. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1801

King George III continued in ill-health and in this year there was another mental breakdown. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1804

There was a custody dispute over the child Princess Charlotte Augusta Hanover of Wales, the product of the official marriage of George, Prince of Wales with Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, .

This portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence indicates that (although she definitely did have bad teeth and halitosis and inadequate standards of personal hygiene) the princess had not yet become middleaged or obese. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1806

May 29, Thursday: The Prime Minister, Lord Grenville, presented evidence to King George III of the various indiscretions of Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Wales, and the monarch authorized a Secret Commission of cabinet ministers to examine the witnesses who had provided the damning testimony. The matter would come to be referred to as the “Delicate Investigation.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: May Meeting in town 29 of 5 M / In the silent part of our first meeting my mind was uncommonly favor’d to keep from roving thoughts & near to the sorce of life. I beg to be duly sensible & thankful for all my favors which are many It is a precious enjoyment to feel an easy access to the fountain Dear Abigail was sweetly concerned in supplication, Whereby I felt inwardly helped & it seem’d as if my spirit join’d with hers in a remarkable manner In the last meeting the business labor’d. & I feel very thankful for not having said any thing to wound my own mind or the cause tho’ I had like to have spoken once as would have done me much hurt. ——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 1, Sunday: Bavaria officially became a kingdom under the terms of the Treaty of Pressburg.

The “Delicate Investigation” into the indiscreet conduct of Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Wales, estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, formally began.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1 day 1 of 6 M 1806 / It has been a day of deep exercise, even deep trial... In the morning meeting D Buffum deliver’d a short testimony impressing the necessity of the improvement of our time from the Parable of the ten Virgins... In the afternoon we were silent & after meeting went in company with Obadiah Williams Phebe Earle & Mary Ann Smith out to D Buffums, & tho’ my company was agreeable & of the best kind yet could not join much in conversations. ——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1807

With George, Prince of Wales’s encouragement, his wife Caroline was falsely accused of bearing a bastard child, and this led to a officious Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Princess Caroline’s conduct and a revelation that although she had not produced any such child, she was indeed being extraordinarily indiscreet. This would lead to the little girl in question being placed under the care of King George III. (However, that monarch continued in ill-health and there would be yet another mental breakdown.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1810

Late in the year: Following the death of his youngest daughter, Princess Amelia, King George III of England was once again overcome by his affliction. This time there would be no return from the insanity and to the horror of the nation his embarrassment of a son George, Prince of Wales would need to be appointed regent, to carry on after a fashion the royal duties. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1811

January 5, Saturday: George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales, began to serve as Regent of the United and Ireland due to the incapacitation of his father King George III (it is now inferred that the father’s incapacitating illness, an illness which had turned his urine blue and had resulted in episodes of insanity, had been porphyria). For most of George’s regency and subsequent reign, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, as Prime Minister, would be in de facto control of the British government, while George, as “His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,” gave himself over as always to self-indulgence.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 5 of 1 Mo// Occupied at Trade Sister Eliza & Mary were our visitors today. - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1817

November 5, Wednesday: Princess Charlotte Augusta Hanover of Wales, heir presumptive to the throne of Great Britain, after 50 hours of labor gave birth to a stillborn male infant.

The British forced Daulat Rao Sindhia to sign a Treaty of Gwalior requiring him to aid the British against the Pindaris.

The Peshwa destroyed the British residency at Poona, which would result in the 3d Maratha War.

November 6, Thursday: Milosh Obrenovic became Prince of Serbia, replacing George Petrovic who had died on July 25th.

Princess Charlotte Augusta Hanover of Wales, the only legitimate child of Prince Regent George who had been destined since her birth to become eventually the Queen of Great Britain, instead died at the age of 21 at Claremont House, Esher, in Surrey, of post-partum hemorrhage and shock early in the morning, after having been delivered the previous day of a stillborn male infant. This funeral would of course be promoted as a national tragedy or media event — even the undertakers would get drunk. The mother Caroline was not duly informed of her daughter’s death, nor invited to the funeral. When she would find out about it courtesy of a traveler, she would faint. The proto-queen’s body would be interred in St. George’s Chapel of Windsor with her stillborn male infant at her feet. Percy Bysshe Shelley immediately began “Address to the People on the Death of the Princess Charlotte” somewhat in the manner in which Elton John would in this century celebrate the untimely death of the Princess Diana in a Paris auto accident, adding of course a few rough touches in the HDT WHAT? INDEX

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mode of Diana’s brother’s funeral declarations about the social context of her demise: We cannot truly grieve for every one who dies beyond the circle of those especially dear to us; yet in the extinction of the objects of public love and admiration, and gratitude, there is something, if we enjoy a liberal mind, which has departed from within that circle.... But this appeal to the feelings of men should not be made lightly, or in a any manner that tends to waste, on inadequate objects, those fertilizing streams of sympathy, which a public mourning should be the occasion of pouring forth. This solemnity should be used only to express a wide and intelligible calamity, and one which is felt to be such by those who feel for their country and for mankind; its character ought to be universal, not particular.

Shelley would compare and contrast this express “private grief” to the lack of affect being displayed by the public and by the press in regard to the hangings, drawings, and quarterings being carried out at virtually the same time of three laborers, Jeremiah Brandreth, Isaac Ludlam, and William Turner, who had been detected in Luddite activities (that is, had been incited to lead the Pentrich Rising): Let us follow the corpse of British Liberty slowly and reverently to its tomb: and if some glorious Phantom should appear, and make its throne of broken swords and sceptres and royal crowns trampled in the dust, let us say that the Spirit of Liberty has arisen from its grave and left all that was dross and mortal there, and kneel down and worship it as our Queen. The Princess Charlotte’s obstetrician, Sir Richard Croft, who had correctly diagnosed a transverse lie of the baby during labour but had somehow failed to resort to forceps as would have been the standard procedure during that era, would three months later commit suicide. For the details as to Princess Charlotte Augusta in the early 19th Century, refer to Stephen C. Behrendt’s ROYAL MOURNING AND REGENCY CULTURE: ELEGIES AND MEMORIALS OF PRINCESS CHARLOTTE, Macmillan / St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Public exercises in mourning were great and widespread, a huge number of poems, sermons, and other literary and quasi-literary texts appeared almost immediately, commemorative ceramic objects, textiles, coins, sculptures, and music followed. That princess had been widely regarded as an attractive domestic alternative to the Prince Regent, her widely unpopular father, as well as to his largely disgraced estranged wife Caroline of Brunswick, and this HDT WHAT? INDEX

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untimely death was therefore a most grievous blow to those who had invested this princess with the symbolic significance of “England’s Hope.” Much as Elton John has reinvented Diana as “England’s Rose,” Charlotte would be apostrophized in that period as “Albion’s Rose.” Anna Laetitia Aikin Barbauld’s COLLECTED WORKS published in 1825 would have a poem for Princess Charlotte which is very much in the mode of sensibility and emphasizes the universal mourning the death occasioned except in the case of the mad George III who no longer has the capacity for grief. Charlotte’s funeral resembled Diana’s laying in state in Westminster Abbey.

The parallels are rich because Charlotte was fashioned in the public mind as a sort of precursor to the “domestic virtues” we later associate with the Victorian era — and indeed, it was her death, at the stillbirth of her only child, that would ensure that, 20 years later, a princess named Victoria would ascend the throne of England.

ON THE DEATH OF THE PRINCESS CHARLOTTE. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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—— Yes, Britain mourns, as with electric touch, For youth, for love, for happiness destroyed, Her universal population melts In grief spontaneous, and hard hearts are moved, And rough unpolished natures learn to feel For those they envied, leveled in the dust By Fate’s impartial stroke ; and pulpits sound With vanity and woe to earthly goods, And urge and dry the tear. — Yet one there is Who midst this general burst of grief remains In strange tranquillity ; whom not the stir And long-drawn murmurs of the gathering crowd, That by his very windows trail the pomp Of hearse, and blazoned arms, and long array Of sad funereal rites, nor the loud groans And deep-felt anguish of a husband’s heart, Can move to mingle with this flood one tear : In careless apathy, perhaps in mirth, He wears the day. Yet is he near in blood, The very stem on which this blossom grew, And at his knees she fondled in the charm And grace spontaneous which along belongs To untaught infancy : — Yet O forbear ! Nor deem him hard of heart ; for awful, struck By Heaven’s severest visitation, sad, Like a scathed oak amidst the forest trees, Lonely he stands ; — leaves bud, and shoot, and fall ; He holds no sympathy with living nature Or time’s incessant change. Then in this hour, While pensive thought is busy with the woes And restless change of poor humanity, Think then, O think of him, and breathe one prayer, Form the full tide of sorrow spare one tear, For him who does not weep !

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 6th of 11 M / Silent Meeting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1820

January 23, Sunday: Edward Augustus Hanover, and Strathern, 4th son of King George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of Hanover and father of the princess who would become Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India, died of pneumonia in Woodbrook Cottage at Sidmouth in Devon, England. The princess would be raised by her mother.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 23rd of 1 M / Our Morning was pretty well attended by male & female considering that the ground is coverd with Snow Father Rodman & Hannah Dennis were engaged in lively testimonys. —Silent in the Afternoon, but I believe true Worship was performed. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

In France, the Princess of Wales, estranged wife of Prince Regent George, was making plans to return to Italy when King George III of England died and her husband was acknowledged as King George IV of England. Here the dude is, as he was depicted in this year in a savage woodcut by George Cruikshank:

She would therefore demand to be recognized as Queen of England! George IV would try to dissolve the marriage, insisting that a Bill of Pains and Penalties be introduced in the House of Lords. The bill accused her of adultery and although adultery would not have denied him his title, it would have denied her the title. Henry Peter Brougham, her legal adviser, would successfully defend her against the government charge — it must HDT WHAT? INDEX

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have all been some sort of misunderstanding.

After three months the bill would be abandoned for lack of support. An offer would be made to increase her annuity to £50,000 on the same terms as before, that she stay away. When George IV would be crowned on July 21, 1821, still refusing to recognize Caroline as his queen, he would ensure that she would be denied admittance to the ceremony as elsewhere described. (A few weeks later she would die of an intestinal HDT WHAT? INDEX

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obstruction, resolving the crisis.)

READ ABOUT THIS CASE

January 29, Saturday: In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 29th of 1st M / Attended the funeral of Mary Williams, a considerable number of friends & others were there, but not as many as would have been had the weather been good — I served as a bearer. — Serious reflections, & my mind was lead to examine many subjects. — Mary Was a woman capable of great usefulness, “fitted to shine.” & was useful in many respects. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Upon the 8:32PM demise of the demented King George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of Hanover at Windsor Castle, George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales, who had been serving as Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since 1811 due to his father the king’s incapacitation, became George IV, King of Hanover and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Ever the fancy dresser (if you can imagine this, he had attended his first House of Lords debate in 1783 attired in a black velvet suit embroidered with gold and pink spangle, with a pink satin lining, accessorized by high- heel pink footwear), his coronation crown was to sport 12,314 diamonds. The new king, obese, was possibly addicted to laudanum. He would become seriously ill and would reign only a decade before his own demise. His coronation would need to be postponed on account of his official wife Lady Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Wales, a squat lady who was refusing to bathe or to change her underwear, who would manage despite discouragements to make her way to London — and would be greeting enthusiastic crowds.

George III 1760 1820

Regency 1811 1820

George IV 1820 1830

William IV 1830 1837

Victoria 1837 1901 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 30, Sunday: King George IV, noting that the national mourning that had gone on during part of 1818 and all of 1819 after the deaths of the Duke of Kent and King George III had been having an adverse effect on the clothing trade, had decreed that it would conclude with this day. Party hardy!

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 30th of 4 M / In our forenoon meeting Jonathon Dennis & Hannah Dennis & Daniel Buffum were engaged in public testimony & it was a season of favor for which I desire to be thankful. - In the Afternoon we were silent. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1821

July 19, Thursday: The delayed coronation banquet for King George IV, “George the Fourth, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,” was finally staged in Westminster Hall. Although the coronation of King George III had cost only about £10,000, this one would sum up to about £243,000. His squat official wife, Lady Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Wales, had returned to England for the occasion but was not welcome at his coronation. She would be turned away at 6AM dressed to the nines at the doors to the East Cloister of Westminster Abbey, then at the doors to the West Cloister, and then at the main entrance to Westminster Hall itself. The king had hired a bunch of bodybuilders and attired them in page costumes, and this group under the command of the champion pugilist Gentleman Jackson was charged to stand sturdily in blockage of her path. Bayonets were held under her chin and the Deputy Lord Chamberlain had the doors closed in her face. She then proceeded to a door near Poet’s Corner, where she was persuaded to desist and rode away in her carriage to the jeers of onlookers: “Back to Pergami!” She went home and after a dinner party which she spoiled by copious weeping, took a dose of milk of magnesia and some drops of laudanum and went off to bed. The monarch would refuse to recognize her as his Queen and would oblige the British ambassadors to ensure that monarchs in foreign courts did the same. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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By royal command Caroline’s name would be omitted from the Book of Common Prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England.

When the monarch would seek a divorce, however, he would be warned that any divorce proceedings might well involve the publication of sordid details relating not only to the Queen’s extensive series of adulteries, but also to the King’s. The monarch would spend most of his later reign in seclusion at Windsor Castle. Numerous statues of him would be erected during his reign (a bronze on horseback by Sir Francis Chantrey in Trafalgar Square, for instance, and another outside the Royal Pavilion in Brighton), and such statues would hold still and remain silent and represent considerable improvements on the presence of the actual royal personage.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 19th of 7 M / Our Meeting was a silent comfortable time In the last (preparative) we had no buisness but what [was] usual. — This Afternoon rode to Portsmouth to Uncle Saml Thurstons — I was under appointment to visit Hannah Brown (late Lawton) for marrying out of the order of society - Jethro Mitchell & I went together & before we got thro’ it was too late HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

to come home so I lodged at Jethro’s & 6th day Morng walked home before breakfast. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1827

January 5, Friday: An die untergehende Sonne, a song by Franz Schubert to words of Kosegarten, was published by Diabelli, Vienna as his op.44.

Death of Prince Frederick, and Albany, a 2d son of King George III who had been after King George IV next in line to inherit the British throne. The new next-in-line would be another brother, a 3d son of King George III: Prince William, , who eventually would in fact reign as William IV.

King George IV established the measure for an (imperial) acre of land. One acre was to be equal to 43,560 square feet, or 1/640 of a square mile. Although this would be the standard unit of measurement in the United Kingdom, the hectare (approximately 2.5 acres) would of course continue to be used throughout Europe.

During a 2d imprisonment for debt, Benjamin Robert Haydon witnessed a prison incident that gave him an idea for a painting, entitled “Mock Election” (King George IV would award him £525 for this, after he had already made £321 merely by exhibiting it). Before me were three men marching in solemn procession, the one in the centre a tall young, reckless, bushy-headed, light- hearted Irishman, with a rusty cocked-hat under his arm, a bunch of flowers in his bosom, his curtain-rings round his neck for a gold chain, a mopstick for a white wand, tipped with an empty strawberry-pottle, bows of ribbons on his shoulders, and a great hole in his elbow; on his right was another person in burlesque solemnity, with a sash and real white wand; two others, fantastically dressed, came immediately behind, and the whole followed by characters of all descriptions, some with flags, some with staffs, and all in perfect merriment and mock gravity, adapted to some masquerade. I asked what it meant, and was told it was a procession of burgesses, headed by the Lord High Sheriff and Lord Mayor of the King’s Bench Prison, going in state to open the poll, in order to elect two members to protect their rights in the House of Commons. I returned to my room, and laughed and wept by turns! Here were a set of creatures who must have been in want and in sorrow, struggling (with a spiked wall before their eyes) to bury remembrance in the humour of a farce.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: King George III HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2014. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: November 19, 2014 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: KING GEORGE III PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.