DOCSLIB.ORG

Properties of Common Tropical Hardwoods for Fretboard of String Instruments Meihong Liu, Limin Peng, Shaoyi Lyu and Jianxiong Lyu*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Properties of Common Tropical Hardwoods for Fretboard of String Instruments Meihong Liu, Limin Peng, Shaoyi Lyu and Jianxiong Lyu* Liu et al. J Wood Sci (2020) 66:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-01862-7 Journal of Wood Science ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Properties of common tropical hardwoods for fretboard of string instruments Meihong Liu, Limin Peng, Shaoyi Lyu and Jianxiong Lyu* Abstract Fretboards of string instruments are usually made of rare woods that commonly have a high density, strength, and hardness; further, they are wear resistant, uniform in texture, and feature an elegant color. To reduce the consump- tion of scarce timber resources, especially of endangered tropical hardwood species, suitable replacement materials should be identifed. The substitute can be either common tree species having similar characteristics, or fast-growing plantation wood that has undergone modifcations to match the performance of precious woods. This study com- pares the anatomical structure, physical features, mechanical properties, and surface color of three precious woods traditionally used in fretboards (ebony, Indian rosewood, and African blackwood) against maple, which is used for the backboard, ribs, and necks of string instruments. Based on the data, a set of performance evaluation indices for select- ing alternative materials for fretboards is proposed. In specifc, the replacement wood should be a difuse-porous tropical hardwood with few vessels and a smaller diameter, thick fbrous walls, and a cell wall rate of more than 50%. In terms of physical properties, it should have low swelling coefcients for moisture and water absorption, and dimen- sional stability. The replacement should also display hardness values greater than 9.0 kN in the cross-section and greater than 6.0 kN in the tangential and radial sections. Further, it should have a high modulus of rupture (> 149 MPa) and elasticity (> 14.08 GPa), good impact bending strength, and good wear resistance (80–150 mg/100 r). To satisfy the traditional aesthetics, the wood surface color should be black, dark brown, or dark purple-brown, with colorimet- ric parameters in the range of 0.0 < L* < 30.0, 0.0 < b* < 6.0, and an a* value as small as possible. The evaluation indica- tors used for searching potential high-quality alternative tree species are not the same as those for replacing tradi- tional fretboard materials using modifed fast-growing plantation wood. The physical and mechanical properties and the surface color of traditional precious fretboard wood are important evaluation indicators for whether the modifed fast-growing plantation wood can replace the traditional fretboard wood. Keywords: Tropical hardwoods, Fretboard, String instruments, Wood anatomy, Mechanical properties, Color parameters Introduction have a long growth cycle, the yield is low, and the wood Te fretboard of traditional string instruments is mainly is easily damaged during production. In addition, Indian made of tropical hardwoods, such as ebony, Indian rose- rosewood and African blackwood used for fretboard wood, African blackwood, and other precious woods are included (in Appendix ΙΙ of the CITES) [3], so these that are characterized by a high density, high strength, woods and their products are restricted in world trade [4, and hardness, good wear resistance and dimensional sta- 5]. Ebony’s long growth cycle, low yield, and vulnerability bility, and a beautiful color [1, 2]. However, these trees also limit its applications in musical instruments. Tere- fore, it is urgent to seek sustainable alternative woods with similar properties. Another option is improving the *Correspondence: [email protected] Research Institute of Wood Industry of Chinese Academy of Forestry, function of fast-growing plantation wood using physical, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Efective Utilizing of Wood & chemical, and biological treatments [6–9] to match the Bamboo Resources, Beijing 100091, China performance of precious wood. © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. Liu et al. J Wood Sci (2020) 66:14 Page 2 of 11 When musicians play string instruments, they adjust similar in color and texture that it is difcult to distin- the pitch by pressing the strings to the fretboard. Te guish them. Tis is an important reason why African fretboard is often marked by frets to determine the pitch blackwood has been widely used in the market [1]. While positions [10]. Te poor contact between the strings Indian rosewood is also a popular choice for fretboards, and the fretboard can afect the tone and pitch, such as Sproßmann et al. considered its performance only in the noise and wolf sounds [11]. Te rigid fretboard has bet- soundboard. In the previous experiments, it was found ter resistance to bending and torsional deformation that the acoustic vibration performance of the fretboard caused by the tension of diferent strings and the com- wood is not an important factor, and the corresponding pressive force of the strings and fngers [12]. Over time, requirements are much lower than those for the sound- the fretboard’s surface can become abraded, leaving pits board wood. or grooves especially in the high-pitched parts. Moreo- Tis paper systematically analyzes the anatomical ver, the fretboard is glued to the neck and increases the characteristics, physical and mechanical properties, and overall stifness of neck. Te stif fretboard can inhibit surface color of three commonly used fretboard woods the reduction in the resonance frequency of the sound- [21], and summarizes the important criteria for fretboard board, making the instrument sound stronger and more selection. Tese results will not only help identify alter- uniform [13]. Tus, the wood used for fretboards should native timbers for fretboards in the future, but also pro- have good wear resistance, high hardness, and high stif- vide the guidelines for improving the surface color and ness while maintaining excellent fexibility. physical and mechanical properties of fast-growing plan- Te researchers have comprehensively examined the tation wood to match the precious woods. performance requirements and evaluation indices of soundboard wood. However, corresponding studies on Materials and methods the fretboard are still insufcient and unsystematic [14]. Materials Paté et al. [15, 16] studied two guitars that only difer in Te heartwood of three tropical hardwood species and the fretboard material (ebony or Indian rosewood). Te one control was analyzed: ebony (Diospyros crassifora well-known “dead spot” phenomenon was observed, J. Kenig ex Retz., from Indonesia), Indian rosewood where a frequency resonance of the string and the (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., from Indonesia), African main structure at the coupling point lead to an abnor- blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr., from mal damping of the note. Te two guitars showed strik- Tanzania), and hard maple (Acer saccharum, from the ingly diferent behavior in the dead spots in terms of the United States). Te wood (1.5 m in length) was taken afected notes as well as how much they were afected from the main trunks of three trees approximately 50 cm [17]. Trough a comparative study of sound and driving- in diameter at breast height. Te wood was provided by point conductance of these two guitars, it was observed a string instruments’ manufacturer. Te sizes of samples that the fretboard wood had an infuence on the location were 5 × 5 × 5 (all dimensions are presented as the radial of and the susceptibility to dead spots. When a frequency (R) × tangential (T) × longitudinal (L) in units of mm) resonance of the string and the main structure at the cou- for measuring anatomical features; 20 × 20 × 20 for den- pling point occurs, the string damping may be bigger for sity; 20 × 20 × 300 for the modulus of elasticity (MOE), guitars with rosewood fretboards [18]. Tis indirectly modulus of rupture (MOR), and impact toughness; proves that fretboard wood will afect the timbre of the 50 × 50 × 70 for hardness tests; 7 × 7 × 15 for the hard- string instrument. Hiziroglu et al. used ebony, Brazilian ness test of wood cell walls, 20 × 100 × 100 for tribologi- rosewood, and Indian rosewood in violin fretboards and cal properties; and 20 × 50 × 50 for wood color analysis. compared the resultant tonal qualities. Tey found that the diferent woods led to diferent sound characteris- Measurement of anatomical features tics: the timbre was clear and harmonious for the ebony Before microstructure observation, three samples of each fretboard, while it was delicate and soft for the rosewood species were softened in a boiling mixture of water, glyc- fretboard [19]. Sproßmann et al. studied the use of Afri- erin, and ethanol (1:1:1) for 30 days. Ten, the samples can blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Roxb.) instead were cut into 20-μm-thick slices along the tangential and of ebony (Diospyros crassifora Hiern.) in the fretboards cross-directions using a sliding microtome. Tese slices of classical guitars, and that of ziricote to replace Indian were stained using safranin to make permanent sec- rosewood in the soundboard. African blackwood was tions for the measurement of anatomical characters. We found to be similar or superior to ebony in terms of the used a Leica DM 2000 microscope connected to a digital physical, mechanical, and acoustic properties; and there- camera (Leica DFC 295) and attached to a personal com- fore, the former is more suitable for use in the fretboard puter to acquire the microscopic images.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dalbergia Proposal Guatemala (Rev.2)
    CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Inclusion of the genus Dalbergia in CITES Appendix II with exception to the species included in Appendix I. The UNEP-WCMC assessed the Dalbergia species of Latin America and concluded: “… all populations of Dalbergia spp. from South and Central America appear to meet the criteria for listing in CITES Appendix II” (UNEP-WCMC, 2015). Including the whole genus in Appendix II will be essential for the control of international trade by eliminating the arduous task of enforcement and customs officers of differentiating between the hundreds of Dalbergia species listed and not listed in CITES. The inclusion will help ensure that legal trade does not become a direct cause of the extinction of these highly threatened species and will help curb illegal trade. Considering that CITES Appendix II must include all species, which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival, it is important to include the genus Dalbergia in CITES Appendix II. a) Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2 a, Criterion A - ”It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that the regulation of trade in the species is necessary to avoid it becoming eligible for inclusion in Appendix I in the near future”. b) Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2 a, Criterion B - ”It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that regulation of trade in the species is required to ensure that the harvest of specimens from the wild is not reducing the wild population to a level at which its survival might be threatened by continued harvesting or other influences”.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Index of Common Names: Supplement to Tropical Timbers of the World (AH 607)
    Complete Index of Common Names: Supplement to Tropical Timbers of the World (AH 607) by Nancy Ross Preface Since it was published in 1984, Tropical Timbers of the World has proven to be an extremely valuable reference to the properties and uses of tropical woods. It has been particularly valuable for the selection of species for specific products and as a reference for properties information that is important to effective pro- cessing and utilization of several hundred of the most commercially important tropical wood timbers. If a user of the book has only a common or trade name for a species and wishes to know its properties, the user must use the index of common names beginning on page 451. However, most tropical timbers have numerous common or trade names, depending upon the major region or local area of growth; furthermore, different species may be know by the same common name. Herein lies a minor weakness in Tropical Timbers of the World. The index generally contains only the one or two most frequently used common or trade names. If the common name known to the user is not one of those listed in the index, finding the species in the text is impossible other than by searching the book page by page. This process is too laborious to be practical because some species have 20 or more common names. This supplement provides a complete index of common or trade names. This index will prevent a user from erroneously concluding that the book does not contain a specific species because the common name known to the user does not happen to be in the existing index.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Rosewood Case Study
    MARCH, 2014 SITUATION OF GLOBAL ROSEWOOD PRODUCTION & TRADE – GHANA ROSEWOOD CASE STUDY PRESENTED BY HENRY COLEMAN - DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS, TIMBER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, FORESTRY COMMISSION Presentation Outline • INTRODUCTION • ROSEWOOD OCCURRENCE IN GHANA • HARVESTING REGULATIONS • PRODUCTION AND TRADE • ROSEWOOD MANUFACTURING (UTILIZATION) • TIMBER (ROSEWOOD) EXPORT PROCEDURES • ROSEWOOD EXPORT BAN • CHALLENGES IN ROSEWOOD PRODUCTION & TRADE IN GHANA • WAY FORWARD • CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION (I) • In Ghana Rosewood (known locally as Krayie/Kpatro) is a common name for timber exploited from the species Pterocarpus erinaceus. • The Chinese buyers/traders in Ghana also call it Kosso. INTRODUCTION (II) • The species belongs to the family Fabaceae – Papilionoideae. • Pterocarpus erinaceus is a medium- sized, generally deciduous tree 12-15 m tall, bole often of poor form. INTRODUCTION (III) • The bark surface is finely scaly fissured, brown- blackish with thin inner bark. It produces red sap when cut. INTRODUCTION (IV) • Traditionally, the species is used for the production of high quality charcoal and for building construction especially by local people. Rosewood Occurrence in Ghana (I) • The species occurs mostly in the forest savannah transitional zone and parts of the northern savannah woodland ecological zone. • Found in open forest and wooded savannah. Rosewood Occurrence in Ghana (II) • There are ten regions in Ghana. • Rosewood occurs in six of these regions, namely, Asha nti, Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upp er East, Upper West and Volta regions. HARVESTING REGULATIONS • Generally, Timber resource allocation & harvesting is based on Timber Resources Management Act, Act 547 of 1998 and the related Regulation LI 1649 of 1999. • For Rosewood, the issuance of permit to contractors prior to exploitation and monitoring exploitation once the permit has been issued have been the main regulatory mechanism since the surge in its export.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID
    Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY. Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra Affiliations: - Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB) - Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of Brasília (AQQUA – UnB) - Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF MAY, 2020 Brasília – Brazil 1 Project number: S1-32QTL-000018 Host Country: Brazilian Government Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore Project start: September 2019 Project duration: 24 months 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 05 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07 3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07 3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08 4. RESULTS 4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10 4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10 4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11 4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 13 4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 14 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6. REFERENCES 20 APPENDICES 22 APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M.
    [Show full text]
  • Cocobolo Samuel J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Yale University Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin Series 1923 Cocobolo Samuel J. Record George A. Garratt Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yale_fes_bulletin Part of the Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Record, Samuel J., and George A. Garratt. 1923. ocC obolo. Yale School of Forestry Bulletin 8. 42 pp. + plates This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Bulletin Series by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Note to Readers 2012 This volume is part of a Bulletin Series inaugurated by the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1912. The Series contains important original scholarly and applied work by the School’s faculty, graduate students, alumni, and distinguished collaborators, and covers a broad range of topics. Bulletins 1-97 were published as bound print-only documents between 1912 and 1994. Starting with Bulletin 98 in 1995, the School began publishing volumes digitally and expanded them into a Publication Series that includes working papers, books, and reports as well as Bulletins.
    [Show full text]
  • Rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 the New Listings Entered Into Force on January 2, 2017
    Original language: English CoP18 Inf. 50 (English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Geneva (Switzerland), 17-28 August 2019 IMPLEMENTING CITES ROSEWOOD SPECIES LISTINGS: A DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE FOR ROSEWOOD RANGE STATES This document has been submitted by the United States of America at the request of the World Resources Institute in relation to agenda item 74.* * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. CoP18 Inf. 50 – p. 1 Draft for Comment August 2019 Implementing CITES Rosewood Species Listings A Diagnostic Guide for Rosewood Range States Charles Victor Barber Karen Winfield DRAFT August 2019 Corresponding Author: Charles Barber [email protected] Draft for Comment August 2019 INTRODUCTION The 17th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP-17) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), held in South Africa during September- October 2016, marked a turning point in CITES’ treatment of timber species. While a number of tree species had been brought under CITES regulation over the previous decades1, COP-17 saw a marked expansion of CITES timber species listings. The Parties at COP-17 listed the entire Dalbergia genus (some 250 species, including many of the most prized rosewoods), Pterocarpus erinaceous (kosso, a highly-exploited rosewood species from West Africa) and three Guibourtia species (bubinga, another African rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 The new listings entered into force on January 2, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Micropropagation of Dalbergia Melanoxylon Guill
    American Journal of Research Communication www.usa-journals.com Micropropagation of Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.: A Threatened Tree Species Francis Kiondo1, 2*, Tileye Feyissa2, Patrick A. Ndakidemi2, Miccah Seth3, Kusirieli Lema3 1Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) Agency, P.O. Box 40832, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 447, Arusha, Tanzania 3 Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania *Corresponding Author. Email: [email protected] Abstract Dalbergia melanoxylon is an economically and ecologically important timber yielding tree species. It is propagated through seeds, but is not successful because of poor seed germination that limits its multiplication. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop efficient micropropagation protocol for this species. Cotyledonary nodes were used as explants. The highest (85.33%) explants initiated shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg/l 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/l -Naphthaleneα acetic acid (NAA) of the culture revealed greatest shoot multiplication (6.12 ± 0.13) from nodal segments. The shoots rooted best (92%) on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l NAA with 5.89 ± 0.47 roots per microshoot. Plantlets were planted in pots containing sterilized forest soil and sand mixture (1:1) and acclimatized in greenhouse. After four weeks of acclimatization in greenhouse, 84.6 % of plants survived. This protocol could be useful for large-scale multiplication and conservation of this ecologically and economically important multipurpose tree. Key words: African Blackwood, Dalbergia melanoxylon, In vitro seedlings, Threatened species {Citation: Francis Kiondo, Tileye Feyissa, Patrick A.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama’S Illegal Rosewood Logging Boom from Dalbergia Retusa
    Global Ecology and Conservation 23 (2020) e01098 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Ecology and Conservation journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/gecco Original Research Article Panama’s illegal rosewood logging boom from Dalbergia retusa * Ella Vardeman a, b, d, , Julie Velasquez Runk a, c a University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA b City University of New York, Graduate Center, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA c Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama d The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG), Institute of Economic Botany, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458, USA article info abstract Article history: Over the last decade, illegal rosewood logging has surged worldwide, with much attrib- Received 9 December 2019 utable to an uptick in Chinese demand. For the last seventy-five years, Panama’s main use Received in revised form 30 April 2020 of cocobolo rosewood (Dalbergia retusa) was in small pieces for artisanal carvings, its state Accepted 30 April 2020 of conservation favoring merchantable timber for recent exploitation with the surging market. Panama’s cocobolo rosewood boom was from 2011 to 2015 and, given regulations, Keywords: was largely illicit. However, no data on cocobolo logging have been made public. Here, we Dalbergia retusa assess Panama’s cocobolo logging. We used a media analysis of Panamanian and inter- Panama Media analysis national reports on cocobolo logging from January 2000 to February 2018 coupled with Illegal logging long-term socio-environmental research to show how logging changed during the boom. We conducted a content analysis of articles to address four specific objectives: 1) to assess how cocobolo logging intensity changed over time; 2) to determine what topics related to logging were important for the press to relay to the public; 3) to show how logging changed geographically as the boom progressed; 4) to demonstrate how Panama and the international community responded to the global boom with new policies on rosewood governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Guitar Models
    14.04.2011 HOHNER - HISTORICAL GUITAR MODELS page 1 [54] Image Category Model Name Year from-to Description former retail price Musima Resonata classical; beginners guitar; mahogany back and sides Acoustic 129 (730) ca. 1988 140 DM (1990) with celluloid binding; 19 frets Acoustic A EAGLE 2004 Top Wood: Spruce - Finish : Natural - Guitar Hardware: Grover Tuners BR CLASSIC CITY Acoustic 1999 Fingerboard: Rosewood - Pickup Configuration: H-H (BATON ROUGE) electro-acoustic; solid spruce top; striped ebony back and sides; maple w/ abalone binding; mahogany neck; solid ebony fingerboard and Acoustic CE 800 E 2007 bridge; Gold Grover 3-in-line tuners; shadow P7 pickup, 3-band EQ; single cutaway; colour: natural electro-acoustic; solid spruce top; striped ebony back and sides; maple Acoustic CE 800 S 2007 w/ abalone binding; mahogany neck; solid ebony fingerboard and bridge; Gold Grover 3-in-line tuners; single cutaway; colour: natural dreadnought western guitar; Gruhn design; 20 nickel silver frets; rosewood veneer on headstock; mahogany back and sides; spruce top, Acoustic D 1 ca. 1991 950 DM (1992) scalloped bracings; mahogany neck with rosewood fingerboard; satin finish; Gotoh die-cast machine heads dreadnought western guitar; Gruhn design; rosewood back and sides; spruce top, scalloped bracings; mahogany neck with rosewood Acoustic D 2 ca. 1991 1100 DM (1992) fingerboard; 20 nickel silver frets; rosewood veneer on headstock; satin finish; Gotoh die-cast machine heads Top Wood: Sitka Spruce - Back: Rosewood - Sides: Rosewood - Guitar Acoustic
    [Show full text]
  • English Cop17 Inf. 47 (English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
    Original language: English CoP17 Inf. 47 (English only / Únicamente en inglés / Seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Johannesburg (South Africa), 24 September – 5 October 2016 TRADE STUDY OF SELECTED EAST AFRICAN TIMBER PRODUCTION SPECIES This document has been submitted by Germany* in relation to agenda items 62, 77 and 88. * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. CoP17 Inf. 47 – p. 1 Anthony B. Cunningham Trade study of selected east African timber production species BfN-Skripten 445 2016 Trade study of selected east African timber production species Handelsstudie zu ostafrikanischen Holzarten (FKZ 3514 53 2003) Anthony B. Cunnigham Cover picture: A worker of a sawmill in front of Dalbergia melanoxylon logs in Montepuez/Mozambique (A.B. Cunningham) Author’s address: Dr. Anthony B. Cunningham Cunningham Consultancy WA Pty Ltd. 2 Tapper Street Au-6162 Fremantle E-Mail: [email protected] Scientific Supervision at BfN: Dr. Daniel Wolf Division II 1.2 “Plant Conservation“ This publication is included in the literature database “DNL-online” (www.dnl-online.de) BfN-Skripten are not available in book trade. Publisher: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Konstantinstrasse 110 53179 Bonn, Germany URL: http://www.bfn.de The publisher takes no guarantee for correctness, details and completeness of statements and views in this report as well as no guarantee for respecting private rights of third parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Cutting Type in the Rooting of Dalbergia Melanoxylon in Tanzania
    International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 4(4):256-259, April 2014 www.inacj.com ISSN: 2228-6322© International Academic Journals Effective Cutting type in the Rooting of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Tanzania Washa B.* Washa Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O. Box. Private Bag Iringa Tanzania. *Author for corespondence (email: [email protected]). 0752 356 709 Received February 2014; accepted in revised form March 2014 ABSTRACT A study was conducted to assess the effective type of cutting in rooting of Dalbergia melanoxylon, a woody and non-domesticated species but of highly valued wood and wide spread in tropical Africa and overharvested. Softwood, semi-hardwood, hardwood and root cuttings were excised in wet season and dry season 2010. Soil rhizosphere of the sampled plants was used as potting media in a non-mist propagator in a split plot design. Rooting test was monitored for 3 months during the two seasons. Parameters recorded during the experiment included the proportion of cuttings that rooted, callused, sprouted and the number of roots per cutting. The data were analyzed according to objectives and variables of the study using SPSS software. Results from each experiment were analyzed separately using ANOVA in SPSS software, while differences between treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results indicated 100% rooting softwood cuttings, 37% in root cuttings and none of the semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings rooted. Softwood cuttings of less than 15gms outperformed others in rooting of D. melanoxylon followed by root cuttings. Plant propagators are advised to use softwood cuttings. Keywords: Dalbergia melanoxylon, non-mist propagator, root cuttings, semi-hardwood, softwood INTRODUCTION species.
    [Show full text]
  • Malagasy Precious Hardwoods Scientific and Technical Assessment to Meet CITES Objectives
    Malagasy Precious Hardwoods Scientific and technical assessment to meet CITES objectives World Resources Institute 8 July 2016 Photo credit: Annah Peterson Agenda • Introduction on precious hardwoods: Rosewood and Ebony • Summary of the history and CITES Action Plan • Objectives of this assessment • Results • Recommendations • Conclusions • Discussion Back to School: Botany 101 Coconut Palm, Cocos nucifera How do you know? Leaves Habitat Fruits Trunk Coconut Palm, Cocos nucifera Which photo is Cocos nucifera? A) B) C) D) Cocos nucifera Vetchia arecina Ravenala madagascariensis Washingtonia robusta Photos: Catalogues des plantes vasculaires de Madagascar, TROPICOS Which photo is Dalbergia? A) B) C) D) Tectona grandis Dalbergia emirnensis Canarium madagascariensis Tambourissa sp. indet. Photos: Catalogues des plantes vasculaires de Madagascar, TROPICOS Malagasy Precious Woods Rosewood and Pallisander (Dalbergia spp.) Ebony (Diospyros spp.) Photos: The Guardian, Dec 23, 2013; An Introduction To Wood Species, Part 9: Ebony, Sept 11, 2013 Dalbergia and Diospyros Brazilian rosewoord, Dalbergia nigra Persimmon (kaki), Diospyros kaki Photos: Globaltrees.org; Global Survey of ex-situ ebony collections, BGCI Dalbergia and Diospyros Source: Discover Life, Global Mapper Brief History Precious Woods Industry in Madagascar • 1900’s: First documentation of the export of Malagasy rosewood • 1975: Law prohibiting the export of rosewood logs • 1991: Madagascar National Environmental Action Plan • 2000 and 2006: A moratorium on the export of rosewood and
    [Show full text]