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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Martial Arts UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Martial Arts, Apocalypse, and Counterrevolutionaries: Huidaomen and Rural Governance in Modern China, 1919-1961 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Yupeng Jiao Committee in charge: Professor Karl Gerth, Co-Chair Professor Paul Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor David Jordan Professor Richard Madsen Professor Micah Muscolino 2020 Copyright Yupeng Jiao, 2020 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Yupeng Jiao is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California San Diego 2020 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... vii VITA ............................................................................................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ...................................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: BANDITS, MARTIAL ARTS, AND THE RISE OF SELF-DEFENSE ASSOCIATIONS ........40 CHAPTER 2: A DIVIDED COUNTY: XIEDOU, FACTIONAL COMPETITION, AND THE LOCAL HUIDAOMEN IN POYANG .....................................................................................................................................80 CHAPTER 3: RESISTING THE INTRUDERS: SELF-DEFENSE ASSOCIATIONS AND THE CCP IN 1949 .....................................................................................................................................................................................121 CHAPTER 4: OUTSIDERS, CLASS DIFFERENTIATION, ILLNESS, AND GENDER: ORIGIN AND RISE OF TONGSHANSHE AND YIGUANDAO IN POYANG ...................................................................................161 CHAPTER 5: ANTICIPATING THE APOCALYPSE: RUMORS AND MILITARIZATION OF REDEMPTIVE SOCIETIES ...................................................................................................................................202 POSTFACE: END OF THE OLD SOCIETY: CCP’S ANTI-HUIDAOMEN CAMPAIGNS ..........................249 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................................................275 GLOSSARY OF CHINESE TERMS ......................................................................................................................282 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCP Chinese Communist Party CCPM Database for the History of Contemporary Chinese Political Movements, 1949-. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. KMT Kuomintang [The Nationalist Party] NPYXZ (New) Poyang xianzhi [Poyang County Gazetteer]. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe. PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China PSB Public Security Bureau PYGADA Poyang xian gonganju dangan [Poyang County Public Security Bureau Archives], Special Collection of Contemporary Chinese Historical Sources at Shanghai Jiaotong University. PYXZ (Republican) Poyang xianzhi [Poyang County Gazetteer]. Poyang County Archives. TCMC Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic TSS The Society of Goodness (Tongshanshe) XTD The Way of Anterior Heaven (Xiantiandao) YGD The Way of Pervading Unity (Yiguandao) ZGHDMSLJC Zhongguo huidaomen shiliao jicheng [A collection of Historical Materials on the Chinese Huidaomen]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Categorization of All Huidaomen Groups ........................................................................ 9 Table 2: Numbers and Locations of the Yellow Crane Society in Poyang .................................. 62 Table 3: New Yellow Crane Assembly Halls Established by Jie Deshan and the Lame ............. 95 Table 4: Major Elections Poyang Politicians Participated in Since 1936 ................................... 105 Table 5: Martial Arts Leaders and Their Political Factions in Poyang ....................................... 110 Table 6: Members of the Thirteen Taibao .................................................................................. 112 Table 7: Rural Districts in Poyang .............................................................................................. 124 Table 8: Years of Major Flood in Poyang from 1912 to 1949 .................................................... 134 Table 9: Hierarchical Organization of Tongshanshe .................................................................. 164 Table 10: Hierarchical Organization of Yiguandao .................................................................... 169 Table 11: Social Composition of Tongshanshe Members .......................................................... 173 Table 12: Social Composition of Yiguandao Members .............................................................. 175 Table 13: Huidaomen Membership in Selected Cities and Provinces ........................................ 251 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Huidaomen, a term that I have given up the temptation of translating it into English, indicates the ambiguity and difficulty of doing such a dissertation project in a non-Chinese language. I am fortunate, however, to have been supported by loving and friendly mentors, classmates, friends, and scholars. This project would not be possible without them. At the University of California, San Diego, my mentors Paul Pickowicz and Karl Gerth have cultivated my knowledge and insights in the field of Modern Chinese History. I am grateful to them not only for the professional training of being a historian but also for their efforts in making the Modern Chinese History program at UCSD like a home. Sarah Schneewind vividly showed me the high standard of being both a good scholar and a teacher. Every conversation between us taught me something new. Weijing Lu opened the door of Chinese history to me when I took a Chinese history seminar with her before becoming a PhD student. Her encouragement left so many unforgettable memories that always warm my heart. Richard Madsen helped me expand my knowledge of religion and sociological theories. David Jordan commented extensively on my project from a perspective that differs fundamentally from a historian’s. His free books also help expand my interest in religious studies. Emily Baum helped organize my dissertation workshop and offered me precious feedback on an early draft of my dissertation. Suzanne Cahill, Nancy Caciola, Micah Muscolino, Lei Guang, and Ping-hui Liao all inspired my research from different angles and perspectives. During my years at UCSD, I was also lucky to be surrounded by a group of caring and loving classmates, including Matthew Wills, Peter Braden, Chuchu Wang, Thomas Chan, Lin Yang, Ben Kletzer, HC, Shiyan Sun, and Niall Chithelen. I would never forget Matt’s poem, Pete’s Thanksgiving Party, Thomas, the vii Liverpool boy (Liverpool is the worst team in the world), Lin’s cats, Shiyan’s dogs, and Chuchu’s warm encouragement. In China, I am extremely grateful to Cao Shuji of Shanghai Jiaotong University for giving me all the rare sources on huidaomen. My project would just be a dream without his help. Faculties at East China Normal University generously hosted UCSD students in the past summers for doing research in Shanghai. From them, I also learned historical methodologies that are significantly different from American universities. My thanks also go to the staff at the UCSD Geisel Library, the Stanford East Asia Library, the Center for Chinese Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Sichuan Provincial Archives, the Sichuan Library, the Shandong Provincial Archives, the Shandong Library, the Hubei Provincial Archives, the Hubei Library, the Beijing Municipal Archives, the Chongqing Municipal Archives, the Henan Library, Shanghai Jiaotong University, and Sichuan University. My research project would not have been possible without the generous funding provided by a pre-dissertation summer research grant on Chinese Studies from the Henry Luce Foundation and the American Council of Learned Societies, a research grant of the China and Inner Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies (supported by the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation), a Stanford East Asia Library Travel Grant, and several summer travel grants from the Department of History at UCSD. A small portion of the Postface was published in “The People’s Living Guanyin Bodhisattva: Superstition, Entrepreneurship, Healthcare, Rural Economic Control and Huidaomen in the Early PRC,” The Chinese Historical Review, May 2020. The dissertation author was the primary investigator
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