Il Furto Della Gioconda

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Il Furto Della Gioconda Silvano Vinceti IL FURTO DELLA GIOCONDA Un falso al Louvre? ARMANDO EDITORE Sommario Capitolo primo Una nuova avventura 7 Una telefonata inaspettata 7 6 giugno. L’incontro con Ballinari in un piccolo bar 11 alle porte di Varese Il ritorno a Roma 16 Inizia la ricerca storica 19 Capitolo secondo Alla scoperta dei primi protagonisti 23 Il marchese di Valfierno 23 Il pittore Yves Chaudron 32 I giorni a venire: l’attesa dei documenti fiorentini 37 Il ritorno a Cadero 42 Capitolo terzo Peruggia, “l’eroe italiano” millantatore 51 Finalmente Firenze risponde: i primi ostacoli 51 Le basi della ricerca 56 L’interrogatorio a Peruggia e la mia interpretazione 61 Il Peruggia spogliato di autorevolezza: quel quadro “rottolato” 84 Capitolo quarto Una diversa versione del furto 93 La lettura degli interrogatori francesi e dell’articolo di Karl Decker 93 Il sodalizio tra Peruggia e i fratelli Lancellotti 108 Le infelici novelle 127 L’inaspettato bussa alla porta 129 Capitolo quinto La Gioconda vera o falsa? 139 La perizia sulla Gioconda 139 Si apre il sipario sui falsari 150 Il Salai 180 Un finale con il botto 191 Capitolo primo Una nuova avventura Una telefonata inaspettata L’intreccio imprevisto di eventi che formano l’ordito su cui si sviluppa buona parte della nostra vita, è imbevuto di casualità. Un gioco misterioso e indecifrabile di accadimenti che ci attraversano e travalicano i nostri tenui e caduchi tentativi di previsione. Essi danno scacco matto al nostro bisogno di governare e controllare razionalmente il futuro prossimo. Dovremmo avere il coraggio del funambolo senza rete di accettare e vivere l’imprevedibile, di svi- luppare la virtù del precario e dell’inaspettato. Erano questi i pensieri che frullavano nella mia mente dopo aver ricevuto una telefonata da un certo Ballinari di Varese. Era riuscito ad avere il mio numero di telefono da un amico di Milano. Nella telefonata, mi riempì di complimenti per aver tentato di far rientra- re la Gioconda in occasione della ricorrenza dei cento anni dal suo rinvenimento, avvenuto a Firenze nel 1913. Un breve ritorno, che acquisiva però un significato simbolico, storico e di riconoscenza da parte del governo francese per il ritrovamento realizzato dalle au- torità italiane. Era altresì un’occasione per permettere di ammirarla a tutti gli amanti di Leonardo che, per età avanzata o scarsi mezzi finanziari, non potevano recarsi a Parigi. Completata questa prima parte, di sinceri ed entusiasti apprezzamenti, il Ballinari mi chiese la disponibilità per un incontro ove m’avrebbe narrato alcuni impor- tanti episodi inerenti il furto della Gioconda. Ricordo bene questa 7 telefonata avvenuta nel 2016, il tono fluente e squillante della sua voce, le vibrazioni appassionate che emanava. Trascinato dall’en- tusiasmo del mio interlocutore, diedi la disponibilità a incontrarlo. Il Ballinari mi anticipò alcuni fatti che mi colpirono assai: rispet- to alla versione del furto commesso da Vincenzo Peruggia, raccontò un’altra storia di contenuto completamente diverso. Il vero artefi- ce del furto era un certo Vincenzo Lancellotti, amico del Peruggia, come lui emigrato in Francia in cerca di fortuna e proveniente dalle valli della provincia di Varese. Al fine di cogliere eventuali frammenti d’inautenticità, ascoltai molto attentamente le sue parole, il modo in cui le esponeva, il tono della voce. Sospettare e dubitare delle testimonianze faceva parte del mio metodo di indagine storiografica. Questo atteggiamento si acuiva maggiormente nei riguardi di testimonianze orali fatte da persone sconosciute, prive di alcun riscontro oggettivo. Fui molto colpito quando disse che secondo alcune prove in suo possesso, il quadro della Gioconda, poco dopo il furto avvenuto al museo del Louvre, aveva preso la via dell’Italia per giungere a Cadero, un piccolo paesino collinare in provincia di Varese. Lì era rimasto per circa due anni, poi, il Peruggia lo portò a Firenze e qui venne recuperato. Ascoltare queste notizie lievitò enormemente la mia curiosità, che sgorgò spontaneamente in una serie di domande. Il Ballinari, con tono fermo e pacato, mi disse che nel nostro incontro mi avrebbe esposto tutto dettagliatamente. Avrebbe raccontato le testimonianze che la cognata di Vincenzo Lancellotti, Maria Monaco, aveva rila- sciato a suo padre. Maria si era sposata giovanissima con Michele ed era emigrata in Francia per seguire i suoi impegni lavorativi; negli anni del furto e della scomparsa del dipinto, aveva avuto, insieme al marito, quotidiani rapporti con il cognato. Non nascosi che le affermazioni del Ballinari mi produssero una ridda di vibranti emozioni, una spontanea spinta a interessarmi alla vicenda. Conoscevo bene la narrazione ufficiale del furto, dove si identificava nel Peruggia l’unico protagonista. A tal riguardo, avevo letto alcuni libri, tutti concordi nella narrazione sulla centralità del 8 protagonista. Dei fratelli Lancellotti non vi era traccia, se non mar- ginale e secondaria. In quegli anni, avevo concentrato il mio impegno di ricercatore sulla scoperta dei resti mortali della prima modella usata da Leonar- do: la Lisa Gherardini, detta Monna Lisa del Giocondo. Insieme al Comitato di cui ero e sono presidente, agli inizi del 2011, avevo ini- ziato un’avventurosa ricerca nel convento di Sant’Orsola a Firenze, il luogo dove Lisa Gherardini era stata sepolta. Era stata un’indagine archeologica e antropologica molto impegnativa, che mi aveva assi- duamente occupato sia nelle ricerche storiche che nel coordinamen- to dello staff scientifico del Comitato. Oltre a questa ricerca, altre strade legate alla Gioconda mi avevano completamente assorbito, e ora arrivava questa inaspettata telefonata, i cui contenuti potevano delineare una diversa storia del furto. Il mio carattere impulsivo, l’attrazione fatale per il mistero, il fascino indiscreto emanato dalla Monna Lisa e dal furto avvenuto nel 1911, crearono un effetto esplosivo. Da quel momento, preso da una permanente eccitazione, cuore e mente vennero monopolizzati dal desiderio di rivisitare la storia del furto. Il primo passo era incontrare il Ballinari per acquisire tutte le testimonianze storiche che gli erano state trasferite dall’anziano pa- dre, amico della moglie di Michele Lancellotti, che visse il suo ul- timo periodo a Cadero in Val Veddasca. Sapevo che immergermi in questa avventura storica mi avrebbe totalmente coinvolto e avrebbe richiesto una lunga, rigorosa, documentata ricerca storica. Ero con- sapevole che in quest’ultimo secolo erano stati scritti molti libri sul furto ed erano stati realizzati documentari televisivi, film, articoli e saggi giornalistici. Alcune vibranti domande mi attraversavano la mente: nei libri scritti, nei documentari realizzati, la storia del furto era sempre la stessa? Possibile che gli storici che avevano raccolto i materiali e fatto ricerche di eventuali testimonianze trasmesse a voce o scritte non avessero trovato traccia dei Lancellotti? Era verosimile che que- sto Ballinari non avesse scoperto nessuna notizia di quel passato? In- formazioni che, se verificate, avrebbero modificato completamente 9 la dinamica del furto. Se, come lui stesso mi ripeté più volte, ha cercato di raccontare questa storia senza essere creduto o preso sul serio, io, attribuendogli ora una certa credibilità, non correvo il peri- colo di cadere nella trappola di un mitomane o di un personaggio in cerca di notorietà e di fama? Anche se le incertezze erano molte, dentro di me avevo preso la decisione di dedicarmi alla storica ricostruzione. Era una scelta di sentimento e di emozione, prima ancora che di ragione. Una scelta non sufficientemente ponderata, fondata su alcuni dati certi o su do- cumenti che avevo a disposizione; nulla di tutto questo, il cuore era sovrano e giustificava la scelta irrazionale. Un paradosso rispetto al mio modo razionale d’operare ma, nell’intimo, sentivo e sapevo che molte scelte importanti della nostra vita procedono in tal guisa. Dopo quella telefonata, i giorni a seguire furono caratterizza- ti da onde di incertezza e ripensamenti. Giorni psicologicamente fluttuanti e attraversati da idee che occuparono il mio palcosceni- co mentale. Un’emozione in particolare ricalcava una parola usata spesso da Leonardo nei suoi scritti: passione. Senza passione non si realizza nulla di grande. Senza il forte sentimento non si offre alla ragione e alla volontà il coraggio di osare, di rischiare, di zittire la stessa ragione con le sue domande, i suoi dubbi e incertezze. Alla fine, fu la passione a vincere. Era il mese di maggio, un periodo dove il Sole romano si pre- senta già addobbato delle sue vesti estive, ove la primavera inoltrata amoreggia con i primi rintocchi dell’estate. In quel mese, iniziava un’altra cavalcata intellettuale alla ricerca di una verità, forse, persa e deformata. Chiamai il Ballinari e fissai per la prima decade di giugno un incontro a Varese. Poi, chiamai un mio collaboratore Roberto e gli diedi una ricca lista di ricerche, libri da recuperare, documentari te- levisivi e film sul furto da visionare. Per dirla con una frase celebre: “il dado era tratto”. Il viandante del passato iniziava il suo cammino. L’argonauta era alla ricerca del Vello d’oro. Una nuova storia poteva venire alla luce per scacciare quella precedente pervasa d’oscurità e deformazione. 10 6 giugno. L’incontro con Ballinari in un piccolo bar alle porte di Varese Nei giorni a venire, richiamai il Ballinari e concordammo di in- contrarci il 6 giugno. Nel frattempo, cominciai a visionare i primi documenti che il mio collaboratore aveva acquisito e, in particolare, il libro Ho rubato la Gioconda1. Iniziai con questa pubblicazione perché l’autore era lombardo, delle zone dove erano nati sia il Pe- ruggia che i fratelli Lancellotti. L’opera, inoltre, era ricca d’estrapo- lazioni di documenti originali presenti nella Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze. Diversi furono i contenuti che ritenni interessanti, in par- ticolare, alcuni stralci dell’interrogatorio di Peruggia realizzato dal determinato e solerte ispettore di polizia francese Vignolle, e altri conseguiti dal pronto ed efficace Barisone, comandante della sta- zione di Luino, nella cui giurisdizione cadevano il paese natale del Peruggia (Dumenza) e dei fratelli Lancellotti (Cadero).
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