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Resolution 1373 Resolution 1373 W.J.M. Aerdts 0243752 November 2008 Supervisor: G.G. de Valk Preface During my internship at the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations I was assisting the attaché who was responsible for all legal matters. Among others, we dealt with the counter-terrorism efforts of the United Nations, and more specifically, the efforts of the United Nations Security Council. After this internship I obtained a Master degree in International Public Law. While my internship taught me countering terrorism in practice, the LL.M. program offered me the legal references of counter-terrorism. Stimulated by, and with the consent of, Giliam de Valk, I used my first thesis* as a basis for this thesis. With this thesis I hope to integrate the historical aspects of terrorism with the legal implications. Furthermore, I would not only like to give a historical and legal view on countering terrorism by the United Nations, but also to give a more political perspective on the implementation of the United Nations counter-terrorism measures. I would like to thank my grandparents for providing me with the space and possibility to write this thesis in their house, surrounded by their love and support. To end, I would like to thank Giliam for supervising me while writing this thesis. November 2008, Willemijn Aerdts * Resolution 1373, Cornerstone or „cul de sac‟?, Willemijn Aerdts, April 2007. 2 Table of contents Preface ............................................................................................................... 2 Table of contents ................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Status questionis .......................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Lack of an agreed definition of terrorism .................................................... 7 1.1.2 Multidisciplinary approach ........................................................................ 8 1.1.3 Importance of Resolution 1373 ................................................................. 8 1.1.4 Role of the United Nations regarding counter-terrorism ............................... 9 1.1.5 Sanctions as a instrument to counter terrorism .........................................10 1.2 Inquiry question ..........................................................................................11 1.3 Structure of the thesis ..................................................................................12 2. How is terrorism defined in science and international politics? .................... 13 2.1 Evolution of the definition of terrorism in science .............................................14 2.1.1 The „waves of terrorism‟ .........................................................................16 2.2 Evolution of the definition of terrorism in international politics ...........................17 2.2.1 Unification of criminal law before the 1930s ..............................................17 2.2.2 League of Nations Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (1937) ..........................................................................................................18 2.2.3 ILC Draft Code (1954) ............................................................................19 2.2.4 ILC Draft Code of Crimes (1991 and 1996) ...............................................20 2.2.5 Draft Rome Statute (1998) .....................................................................21 2.2.6 High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004) .......................23 2.2.7 Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism ..................................................25 2.3 Summary and conclusions ............................................................................26 3. How did international society counter terrorism before the adoption of Resolution 1373? .............................................................................................. 30 3.1 How was terrorism countered internationally during the first wave of terrorism? ..30 3.1.1 What is the socio-historical context of the first wave of terrorism? ...............31 3.1.2 What were the characteristics of terrorism during this period of time? ..........32 3.1.3 What did the international community do? ................................................32 3.1.4 Conclusions...........................................................................................34 3.2 How was terrorism countered internationally during the second wave of terrorism? ......................................................................................................................34 3.2.1 What is the socio-historical context of the second wave of terrorism? ...........34 3.2.2 What were the characteristics of terrorism during this period of time? ..........35 3.2.3 What did the international community do? ................................................35 3.2.4 Conclusions...........................................................................................37 3.3 How was terrorism countered internationally during the third wave of terrorism?.38 3.3.1 What is the socio-historical context of the third wave of terrorism? ..............38 3.3.2 What were the characteristics of terrorism during this period of time? ..........39 3.3.3 What did the United Nations do? ..............................................................39 3.3.4 Conclusions...........................................................................................44 3.4 How is terrorism countered internationally during the fourth wave of terrorism? ..44 3.4.1 What is the socio-historical context of the fourth wave of terrorism? ............44 3.4.2 What were the characteristics of terrorism during this period of time? ..........45 3.4.3 What did the United Nations do so far? .....................................................46 3.4.4 Conclusions...........................................................................................53 4. How were the aims of Resolution 1373 defined and what has been accomplished so far? ........................................................................................ 58 4.1 Resolution 1373 ..........................................................................................58 4.2 What makes Resolution 1373 different from other counter terrorism resolutions? 59 4.3 What are the competencies of the United Nations according to Resolution 1373 and what happened so far? .......................................................................................59 4 4.3.1 The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its method of working .....................59 4.3.2 Co-operation of United Nations member states ..........................................64 4.3.3 Increase of the amount of state parties to the international conventions and protocols on counter-terrorism ........................................................................64 4.3.4 Ensuring that counter-terrorism stays high on the agenda ..........................65 4.3.5 International co-operation between organisations ......................................65 4.3.6 Roadmap for the implementation of resolution 1373 ..................................66 4.3.7 Co-ordinating body ................................................................................66 4.4 Summary and conclusions ............................................................................67 5. What are the challenges in reaching the objectives set out in Resolution 1373? ............................................................................................................... 69 5.1. CTC‟s focus on written reports ......................................................................69 5.2 Overlap between different SC bodies ..............................................................69 5.3 Resources ...................................................................................................70 5.4 Assistance ..................................................................................................71 5.5 Absence of an agreed definition .....................................................................72 5.6 Protection of human rights ............................................................................72 5.7 Maintenance of support ................................................................................74 5.8 Consistent UN policy ....................................................................................75 5.9 Non-compliance of states .............................................................................76 5.10 Summary and conclusions ...........................................................................77 6. Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................... 79 6.1 Short summary ...........................................................................................79 6.1.1 How is terrorism defined in science and international politics? .....................79 6.1.2 How did society counter terrorism internationally before the adoption of Resolution 1373? ...........................................................................................80 6.1.3 How were the aims of Resolution 1373 defined and what has been accomplished far? ..........................................................................................81
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