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VIII. Observations Upon the History of Hand Fire-Arms, and Their Appurtenances; by SAMUEL RUSH MEYRICK, Esq

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VIII. Observations Upon the History of Hand Fire-Arms, and Their Appurtenances; by SAMUEL RUSH MEYRICK, Esq VIII. Observations upon the History of Hand Fire-arms, and their Appurtenances; by SAMUEL RUSH MEYRICK, Esq. LL. D. and F. S. A. in a Letter to HENRY ELLIS, Esq. F. JR. S. Secretary. Read 22nd February 1827. 20, Upper Cadogan Place, 7th Feb. 1827. MY DEAR SIR, IT has been suggested to me, that by collecting the scattered notices to be found in military writers on the subject of Hand Fire-arms and their appurtenances, and adding thereto my own inferences from actual observation, I might form a Paper calculated to elucidate the matter, and perhaps afford some entertainment. I have done so, but whether it be of that high order that is befitting to be read to the Society of Antiquaries, I ought to leave to your critical acumen rather than your friendly partiality to determine. The enumeration of what I so endeavour to explain will stand thus ; almost all of which have been engraved by Mr. Skelton, in his " Speci- mens of Arms and Armour," in a manner, both for taste and fidelity, highly creditable to his talents as an artist. Hand-cannon. The Wheel-lock. The Mousquetoon Hand-gun. Currier. Fowling-piece Arquebus. Snaphaunce. Petronel. Arquebus a croc. Caliver. Blunderbus. Haquebut. Carabine. Dragon. Demi-haque. Esclopette. Hand-mortar. Musquet. Fusil. Dag. GO Observations upon the History of The Pistol. The Musket Arrows. The Bandoliers. Tricker-lock. Match box. Cartridges. Fire-lock. Powder-horn and Patron. Self-loading gun. Flask. Sweyne's Feathers, Fancy-gun. Touch-box. Bayonet. The true date of the origin of hand fire-arms has been very errone- ously stated by writers on the subject, notwithstanding we have the authority of an eye-witness for the very year of their invention. It was in 1430, says Billius, that they were contrived by the Lucquese, when besieged by the Florentines; and we shall find that not only is the credit of the first conception of these weapons due to the Italians, but most of the subsequent improvements. Robert Lambe, in note 254 to the Poem on the battle of Flodden, edited by him in 177"*, says, Muskets, called hand-cannon, were used in the army of the Duke of Orleans in 1411, and Grose, in his Military Antiquities, assigns the same date. This is given on the authority of Juvenal des Ursins, Bishop of Laon in 1443, and afterwards Archbishop of Rheims. It is true that his work comprises the reign of Charles the Sixth, and he was acquainted with Alain Chartier, who lived during the time of Charles the Seventh and wrote a Chronique of his Gestes; but as he was in existence so late as the year 1468, he must not be regarded as cotemporary authority, and consequently not of equal weight with Billius. Mr. Lambe, however, conceives that he has discovered a cor- roboration of his statement, in the fact that " at the siege of Arras in 1414, the besieged killed many with bullets." In translating from the French it should always be borne in mind, that " bullet" signifies a cannon-ball, and that what we term a bullet is in that language called " balle." This quotation therefore does not in the least make for his subject, and as hand-cannons had become quite common during the life-time of Juvenal des Ursins, we must not be surprised at his beino- guilty of an anachronism, a fault common to all writers of the middle ages. But he refers to field-pieces not hand-cannons. Hand Fire-arms and their appurtenances. 61 The Hand-cannon. The tubes from which the Greek fire had been ejected, were termi- nated so as to resemble the heads of dragons, serpents, and other ideal monsters, venomous reptiles, or birds of prey, and as the power of that destructive invention was often experienced by the Crusaders, it gave rise to the tales of knights encountering fiery dragons, serpents vomit- ing brimstone, and the like. The bombards, and larger kind of cannons made for the same pur- pose, and intended as substitutes for military machines to throw large stones in parabolic curves, were simple and plain in their forms; but the smaller sort, used often in the field and on ship-board, and some of the hand fire-arms, had their ornaments copied from these, as they were conceived, appropriate decorations. Hence their distinctive appella- tions, as colubrina or culverine, serpentine, faulcon, falconet, saker, &c. It was no doubt the recollection of the fact that small tubes had been sometimes used for casting the Greek fire, that induced the Lucquese to conceive, that though they could not supply their want of large artillery, yet that they might manufacture these for gunpowder; and hence the origin of the hand-cannon. The learned Milanese nobleman who has handed down to us the fact of the invention, has described the hand-cannon as a simple tube, fixed on a strait stock of wood about a cubit and a half in length, which was charged with gunpowder and an iron bullet, and as to express this he uses the Latin word " glans," we can form a pretty accurate idea of the diameter of the bore. The iron tube, engraved by Mr. Skelton as the hand-cannon, is fur- nished with touch-hole, trunnions, and cascable precisely like a large cannon; but Pere Daniel, who found a similar one preserved in the cabinet of arms at Chantilly, conceived it to be the arquebus a. croc, and that it was held on a swivel placed on three legs. There are, however, several objections to such a conclusion. In the first place it is too small to need a support of this kind, being not a great deal longer, and not 62 Observations upon the History of of larger dimensions in other respects than an ordinary rifle of the pre- sent day; next that it is furnished with a sight, that the individual about to fire it may take his aim, whiie its cascable is too short to enable him at the same time to steady it with his hand; and lastly, that it by no means corresponds with what cotemporary writers have said respecting the arquebus a croc. It is a curious fact, but which shews how constantly alive the Go- vernment in ancient times was to improvements in every thing con- nected with ordnance, that very little time elapsed before this invention had not only traversed Europe and entered England, but was to be found in its most distant fortresses. It had, however, before this event undergone several alterations. While the touch-hole remained at top, as in its prototype, the priming was liable to be blown away by the wind. To remedy this inconvenience it was made on the right side, and a small pan placed under it to hold the powder. The pan there- fore was the first step towards the invention of the gun-lock. It was next discovered that a more ready mode for fabricating this weapon would be to cast it in brass, by which means loops might be formed under the barrel, through which it might be pinned to the stock instead of being held by clamps driven in over the trunnions. The trunnions were there- fore relinquished, and in the form described it acquired the name of The Hand-gun. What we now term the stock was anciently called the frame of the gun, and though it was rested against the chest in the hand-gun as well as hand-cannon, it was made rather wider at the butt, and extended at the other end almost to the muzzle. Two other inconveniences in the former weapon, were obviated by improvements in the hand-gun. It was found that, notwithstanding the advantage of the pan for containing the powder, it became in rainy weather a receptacle for water. Hence a flat piece of brass made to turn on a pin was adapted to it as a cover. The other was the diffi- culty of preserving the aim, from the liability of the eye to be diverted Hand Fire-arms and their appurtenances. 63 from the sight by the motion of the right hand when conveying the lighted match to the priming. It was effectually prevented by a piece of brass being fixed on the breech and perforated. As a proof of the assertion before made, in a roll of purchases for the castle on Holy Island, in the county of Durham, in the year 1446, are the following items: £. s. d. Bought ii handgunnes de ere - .. iiii. D° Gonepowder - iiii. .. The Greeks made use of them to great advantage in their last defence of Constantinople in 1463. Gibbon, in his spirited detail of that event, says: " Their small arms discharged at the same time either five or even ten balls of lead of the size of a walnut, and according to the close- ness of the ranks and the force of the powder several breast-plates and bodies were transpierced by the same shot." Monstrelet, who con- cluded his Chronicles in 1467, also speaks of these weapons. Grose, on the authority of a MS. in the British Museum, says, that in the year 1471 King Edward the Fourth landed at Ravenspurg in York- shire, having among his troops three hundred Flemings armed with hange-guns, which if not a corrupted reading for hand-guns, may have been so called from a long hasp of iron generally affixed to them, and by which they might be hung in a girdle. Arquebus. When the hand-gun received a contrivance suggested by the trigger of the cross-bow, to convey with certainty and instantaneous motion the burning match to the pan, it acquired the appellation of Arquebus, corrupted into Harquebus.
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