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An Anarchist FAQ — Section I Contents An Anarchist FAQ — Section I Contents Section I: What would an anarchist society look like? 4 I.1 Isn’t libertarian socialism an oxymoron? 12 I.1.1 Is socialism impossible? ................................ 17 I.1.2 Is libertarian communism impossible? ........................ 27 I.1.3 What is wrong with markets anyway? ........................ 39 I.1.4 If capitalism is exploitative, then isn't socialism as well? . 45 I.1.5 Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources? .................... 48 I.2 Is this a blueprint for an anarchist society? 62 I.2.1 Why discuss what an anarchist society would be like at all? . 66 I.2.2 Will it be possible to go straight to an anarchist society from capitalism? . 68 I.2.3 How is the framework of an anarchist society created? . 72 I.3 What could the economic structure of anarchy look like? 79 I.3.1 What is a "syndicate"? ................................. 83 I.3.2 What is workers' self-management? ......................... 90 I.3.3 What does socialisation mean? ............................ 96 I.3.4 What relations would exist between individual syndicates? . 102 I.3.5 What would confederations of syndicates do? . 106 I.3.6 What about competition between syndicates? . 113 I.3.7 What about people who do not want to join a syndicate? . 118 I.3.8 Do anarchists seek "small autonomous communities, devoted to small scale produc- tion"? .......................................... 119 I.4 How would an anarchist economy function? 123 I.4.1 What is the point of economic activity in anarchy? . 127 I.4.2 Why do anarchists desire to abolish work? . 129 I.4.3 How do anarchists intend to abolish work? . 132 I.4.4 What economic decision making criteria could be used in anarchy? . 139 I.4.5 What about "supply and demand"? . 145 I.4.6 Surely communist-anarchism would just lead to demand exceeding supply? . 150 I.4.7 What will stop producers ignoring consumers? . 154 I.4.8 What about investment decisions? . 157 I.4.9 Should technological advance be seen as anti-anarchistic? . 161 I.4.10 What would be the advantage of a wide basis of surplus distribution? . 166 I.4.11 If socialism eliminates the profit motive, won't performance suffer? . 173 I.4.12 Won't there be a tendency for capitalist enterprise to reappear? . 176 2 I.4.13 Who will do the dirty or unpleasant work? . 182 I.4.14 What about the person who will not work? . 186 I.4.15 What will the workplace of tomorrow look like? . 189 I.4.16 Won't a libertarian communist society be inefficient? . 191 I.5 What would the social structure of anarchy look like? 194 I.5.1 What are participatory communities? . 197 I.5.2 Why are confederations of participatory communities needed? . 202 I.5.3 Would confederations produce bureaucrats and politicians? . 206 I.5.4 How will anything ever be decided by all these meetings? . 209 I.5.5 Aren't participatory communities and confederations just new states? . 213 I.5.6 Won't there be a danger of a "tyranny of the majority" under libertarian socialism? 216 I.5.7 What if I don't want to join a commune? . 222 I.5.8 What about crime? ................................... 224 I.5.9 What about freedom of speech under anarchism? . 232 I.5.10 What about political parties, interest groups and professional bodies? . 237 I.5.11 How will an anarchist society defend itself against the power hungry? . 240 I.5.12 Would an anarchist society provide health care and other public services? . 244 I.6 What about the ”Tragedy of the Commons” ? 249 I.6.1 How can property "owned by everyone in the world" be used? . 253 I.6.2 Doesn't communal ownership involve restricting individual liberty? . 256 I.7 Won’t libertarian socialism destroy individuality? 261 I.7.1 Do tribal cultures indicate that communalism defends individuality? . 265 I.7.2 Do anarchists worship the past or the "noble savage"? . 267 I.7.3 Is the law required to protect individual rights? . 270 I.7.4 Does capitalism protect individuality? . 273 I.8 Does revolutionary Spain show that libertarian socialism can work in practice? 276 I.8.1 Is the Spanish Revolution inapplicable as a model for modern societies? . 279 I.8.2 How were the anarchists able to obtain mass popular support in Spain? . 281 I.8.3 How were the Spanish industrial collectives organised? . 285 I.8.4 How were the Spanish industrial collectives co-ordinated? . 287 I.8.5 How were the Spanish agricultural co-operatives organised and co-ordinated? . 290 I.8.6 What did the agricultural collectives accomplish? . 292 I.8.7 Were the rural collectives created by force? . 294 I.8.8 But did the Spanish collectives innovate? . 303 I.8.9 Why, if it was so good, did it not survive? . 304 I.8.10 Why did the CNT collaborate with the state? . 305 I.8.11 Was the decision to collaborate a product of anarchist theory? . 309 I.8.12 Was the decision to collaborate imposed on the CNT's membership? . 319 I.8.13 What political lessons were learned from the revolution? . 322 I.8.14 What economic lessons were learned from the revolution? . 327 3 Section I: What would an anarchist society look like? So far this FAQ has been largely critical, focusing on hierarchy, capitalism, the state and so on, and the problems to which they have led, as well as refuting some bogus "solutions" that have been offered by authoritarians of both the right and the left. It is now time toexaminethe constructive side of anarchism – the libertarian-socialist society that anarchists envision. This is important because anarchism is essentially a constructive theory, in stark contradiction to the picture usually painted of anarchism as chaos or mindless destruction. In this section of the FAQ we will give an outline of what an anarchist society might look like. Such a society has basic features – such as being non-hierarchical, decentralised and, above all else, spontaneous like life itself. To quote Glenn Albrecht, anarchists "lay great stress on the free unfolding of a spontaneous order without the use of external force or authority." ["Ethics, Anarchy and Sustainable Development", pp. 95-117, Anarchist Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 110] This type of development implies that anarchist society would be organised from the simple to the complex, from the individual upwards to the community, the bio-region and, ultimately, the planet. The resulting society, which would be the outcome of nature freely unfolding toward greater diversity and complexity, is ethically preferable to any other sort of order simply because it allows for the highest degree of organic solidarity and freedom. Kropotkin described this vision of a truly free society as follows: "We foresee millions and millions of groups freely constituting themselves for the satis- faction of all the varied needs of human beings . All these will be composed of human beings who will combine freely . 'Take pebbles,' said Fourier, 'put them in a box and shake them, and they will arrange themselves in a mosaic that you could never get by instructing to anyone the work of arranging them harmoniously.'" [The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution, pp. 11-12] Anarchist opposition to hierarchy is an essential part of a "spontaneously ordered" society, for authority stops the free development and growth of the individual. From this natural growth of individuals, groups and society as a whole anarchists expect a society which meets the needs of all – for individual and social freedom, material goods to meet physical needs and free and equal social relationships that meet what could be termed "spiritual needs" (i.e., mental and emotional wellbeing, creativity, ethical development and so on). Any attempt to force society or individuals into a pre-determined structure which restricts their liberty will produce dis-order as natural balances and development is hindered and distorted in anti-social and destructive directions. Thus an anarchist society must be a free society of free individuals, associating within libertarian structures, rather than a series of competing hierarchies (be they political or economical). Only in freedom can society and individuals develop and create a just and fair world. In Proudhon's words, "liberty is the mother of order, not its daughter." As the individual does not exist in a social vacuum, appropriate social conditions are required for individual freedom to develop and blossom according to its full potential. The theory of an- archism is built around the central assertion that individuals and their organisations cannot be considered in isolation from each other. That is, social structures shape us, "that there is an in- terrelationship between the authority structures of institutions and the psychological qualities and attitudes of individuals" and that "the major function of participation is an educative one." [Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory, p. 27] Anarchism presents this position in its most coherent and libertarian form. In other words, freedom is only sustained and protected by 5 activity under conditions of freedom, namely self-government. Freedom is the only precondition for acquiring the maturity required for continued freedom: "Only in freedom can man grow to his full stature. Only in freedom will be learn to think and move, and give the very best in him." [Emma Goldman, Red Emma Speaks, p. 72] As individual freedom can only be created, developed and defended by self-government and free association, a system which encourages individuality must be decentralised and participa- tory in order for people to develop a psychology that allows them to accept the responsibilities of self-management.
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