DOCSLIB.ORG

A Glossopteris with Whorled Leaves

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Glossopteris with Whorled Leaves A GLOSSOPTERIS WITH WHORLED LEAVES H. HAMSHAW THOMAS Botany School, Cambridge MONG the many valuable contribu­ the mode of attachment of the leaves is tions to palaeobotany made by the different. It seems highly probable that this A late Prof. Birbal Sahni, his description specimen shows a whorl of Glossopteris leaves of the cuticles of Glossopteris angustifolia attached to a slender stem, for in the speci­ Brongn. (SAHNI, 1923, p. 277, PL. 17) will men of G. angustifolia figured by Sahni ( 1923, always be remembered. Leaves of this type PL. 17, FIG. 1 ) the midrib appears to become had been known for a century and had usually very slender at some distance from the leaf been regarded as ferns, but this work showed apex. In the same work Feistmantel (1881, that they had characters now only known to p. 113, PL. 41 A, FIGS. 3, 4) described another exist in the leaves of seed-bearing plants. form as Sagenopteris (?) PolYPhylla founded The purpose of the present communication on two specimens each showing seven stalked is to add one more fact to our knowledge of leaves arising from a common axis. The this same genus by describing the attach­ venation of these leaves resembles that of ment of leaves, somewhat similar to those of Glossopteris retifera Feist. G. angustifolia, to a slender stem in a verti­ Etheridge ( 1894, p. 228 ) described another cillate manner. This is seen in a species specimen from Australia which was believed from the Molteno beds of South Africa. to have come from the Newcastle Coal Measures, showing a small stem or caudex PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING surmounted by a clump of closely packed THE HABIT OF GLOSSOPTERIS fronds. All traces of organic matter had disappeared but the leaves were stated to The h~bit of the plants bearing the leaves resemble those of Glossopteris clarkei Feist. named Glossopteris has been debated for more The stem was ! in. in width and appeared than a hundred years. A century ago Dana to be covered with transversely elongated (in WILKES, 1849, p. 716, PL. 12, FIG. 13 c) leaf scars arranged alternately. Etheridge described and figured a number of fronds thought that his specimen resembled Feist­ referred to G. browniana attached in a clump mantel's Sagenopteris longifolia. to a fragment of a stem. The figure shows None of the above-mentioned examples a number of petioles radiating from a com­ showed stems of the Vertebraria type, long mon level as though belonging to a whorl. known to be commonly associated with Later the opinion was expressed by Zigno Glossopteris leaves, but at the end of the (BUNBURY, 1861, p. 327) that this species century Zeiller ( 1896, pp. 356-362) described had a compound or digitate frond like that specimens from South Africa which seemed of Sagenopteris. There is, of course, consi­ to show Glossopteris leaves attached to these derable similarity between a leaf of Glossop­ stems. It now seems very uncertain that the teris and a leaflet of Sagenopteris in form and specimens which he figured did show the venation. It may well be due to parallel organic connection between leaves and stems, evolution, but it has led to considerable con­ and there can be little doubt that his inter­ fusion. Thus Feistmantel (1881, p. 113) pretation of the structure of Vertebraria is gave the name of Sagenopteris longifolia to a incorrect. Walton and Wilson's important specimen showing about six leaves or leaflets study of the structure of a Vertebraria stem attached at the same level to a common stalk, from southern Rhodesia shows that this but he remarked that" a single leaflet might organ is entirely different from the structure occasionally pass for a Glossopteris angusti­ envisaged by Zeiller. The paper by these folia Brongt. as regards general form and the authors (WALTON & WILSON, 1932, p. 201, secondary veins but the midrib in this latter TEXT-FIG. 1) includes a new figure of an is quite distinct throughout". The stalk, interesting specimen from Vereeniging, South which he figures but does not describe, is Africa, which had previously been figured quite unlike the petiole of a Sagenopteris and by Seward ( 1910, p. 504, FIG. 339). This 436 THE PAL.J\EOBOTANIST shows a group of four leaves of Glossopteris thickening of the lamina along its crenulate browniana Bgt. at the end of a slightly margin. One of the leaflets showed a small tapering axis, about I em. wide. There can lamina and a very long stalk, a remarkable be little doubt that the leaves were attached feature for a compound leaf of the Sagenop­ to the axis in a whorl, while the stem shows teris type. The way in which the leaves or traces of other transverse nodes suggesting leaflets of the two groups cross each other the production of a series of leaf whorls. was figured but not mentioned; it is very There is no evidence that this stem had the similar to the appearance of the specimen Vertebraria structure. which will be described below. I examined this specimen when I was in Cape Town; it GLOSSOPTERIS IN THE MOLTENO BEDS OF seemed to differ considerably from any SOUTH AFRICA specimen of Sagenopteris that I had seen, and its derivation from a member of the Cayto­ Leaves belonging to several species of niales seemed unlikely. Glossopteris are common in the beds of the New E vidence from the Molteno Black Ecca series; they occur less frequently in the Shales - After examinning du Toit's co]]ec­ Beaufort beds, and have been recorded by tion in Cape Town I was able, through the du Toit in the middle portion of the Molteno kindness of Mr. J. W. 13. MacLean, to spend beds. Among the plants forming the rich some time in collecting at the waterfall and well-preserved flora from the waterfall locality in the valley of the Upper Umkomaas in the valley of the Upper Umkomaas, du in Natal from which the specimens had been Toit found leaves which he named G. brown­ obtained. It seemed most important to iana and G. conspicua Feist. (DU TOIT, ascertain if. in fact, the remains of plants 1927, p. 364-367). He also discovered and referable to the CaytoniaJes did occur in the described a beautiful specimen which he Triassic rocks of South Africa. The plant designated Sagenopteris longicaulis sp. nov. remains at this locality are singularly well ( 1927, p. 325, TEXT-FIG. 4). This requires preserved and often allow the preparation further consideration since it is probably an of good cuticle preparations. Many leaves example of the same plant which will be and reproductive structures referabl.e to the described below. In his account of this Pteridosperms (THOMAS, 1933, pp. 193-265 ) form, du Toit states that the slab of black were discovered, but no trace of any structure shale No. 8670 (South African Museum, belonging to the Caytoniales was found. Cape Town) carries the impressions of eight My collection contains, however, about leaflets seemingly belonging to two verticils. twenty examples of leaves referable to Glos­ The largest leaflet was 7 em. long and 1·5 sopteris and a unique specimen, with its em. wide, lanceolate in shape with an acute counterpart, which explains the nature of apex and a lamina which tapers gradually du Toit's supposed Sagenopteris. towards the base in an asymmetric manner; This specimen, which is shown in the photo­ at the base of each leaflet there was a foot­ graphs in Plate 1, Fig. 1, shows two whorls of stalk more than I em. long which passes leaves of the Glossopteris type springing from upwards into a midrib, prominent at the a slender stem.l The attachment of the lower end but breaking up towards the apex leaves of one whorl to the stem is clearly seen into subparallel or gradually diverging veins ( PLATE 1, FIG. 1, lower part, and FIG. 2) but with occasional cross connections. The the specimen is fractured at the place where secondary veins were coarse, given off very the leaves of the other whorl (the uppermost acutely from the midrib from which they in PLATE I, FIG. 1) join the stalk. gradually curved away, forked and anas­ The stem from which the leaves sprang tomosed, producing a network very like that is 3 mm. wide throughout most of its length of Glossopteris. The specimen did not show but its width increases to 4 mm. at the nodes. the attachment of the leaflets to a stem or Its surface is generally smooth but traces of petiole, but from their converging arrange­ low longitudinal ridges are visible in places, ment it was assumed that they had formed as if due to the presence of lines of harder parts of two leaves. In assign~ing the speci­ tissue in its internal structure; it shows men to Sagenopteris, du Toit seems to have been influenced by the crenulate margin of 1. In order to give a more correct representation of the specimen the whorl which was originally some of the leaflets, the character of the the lower one is shown in the upper part of the midrib, and by the appearance of a slight photograph. THOMAS - A GLOSSOPTERIS WITH WHOI<LED LEAVES 437 nothing comparable to the Vertebraria struc­ longitudinal ridges may become more notice­ ture. The length of the internode is 5·8 cm. able, and above this level the midrib becomes The leaves of each whorl appear to have little thicker than a secondary vein. Even­ spread upwards and outwards from the stem; tually it divides up and looses its identity thus the whorl seen in the upper part of the over the last 5 mm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Middle Jurassic of Sardinia (Italy) Based on Integrated Palaeobotanical, Palynological and Lithofacies Data Assessment
    Palaeobio Palaeoenv DOI 10.1007/s12549-017-0306-z ORIGINAL PAPER A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Middle Jurassic of Sardinia (Italy) based on integrated palaeobotanical, palynological and lithofacies data assessment Luca Giacomo Costamagna1 & Evelyn Kustatscher2,3 & Giovanni Giuseppe Scanu1 & Myriam Del Rio1 & Paola Pittau1 & Johanna H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert4,5 Received: 15 May 2017 /Accepted: 19 September 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract During the Jurassic, Sardinia was close to con- diverse landscape with a variety of habitats. Collection- tinental Europe. Emerged lands started from a single is- and literature-based palaeobotanical, palynological and land forming in time a progressively sinking archipelago. lithofacies studies were carried out on the Genna Selole This complex palaeogeographic situation gave origin to a Formation for palaeoenvironmental interpretations. They evidence a generally warm and humid climate, affected occasionally by drier periods. Several distinct ecosystems can be discerned in this climate, including alluvial fans This article is a contribution to the special issue BJurassic biodiversity and with braided streams (Laconi-Gadoni lithofacies), paralic ^ terrestrial environments . swamps and coasts (Nurri-Escalaplano lithofacies), and lagoons and shallow marine environments (Ussassai- * Evelyn Kustatscher [email protected] Perdasdefogu lithofacies). The non-marine environments were covered by extensive lowland and a reduced coastal Luca Giacomo Costamagna and tidally influenced environment. Both the river and the [email protected] upland/hinterland environments are of limited impact for Giovanni Giuseppe Scanu the reconstruction. The difference between the composi- [email protected] tion of the palynological and palaeobotanical associations evidence the discrepancies obtained using only one of those Myriam Del Rio [email protected] proxies.
    [Show full text]
  • Cretaceous Deposits and Flora of the Muravyov Amurskii Peninsula
    ISSN 08695938, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 281–299. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2015. Original Russian Text © E.B. Volynets, 2015, published in Stratigrafiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 50–68. Cretaceous Deposits and Flora of the MuravyovAmurskii Peninsula (Amur Bay, Sea of Japan) E. B. Volynets Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia email: [email protected] Received August 21, 2013; in final form, March 24, 2014 Abstract—The Cretaceous sections and plant macrofossils are investigated in detail near Vladivostok on the MuravyovAmurskii Peninsula of southern Primorye. It is established that the Ussuri and Lipovtsy forma tions in the reference section of the Markovskii Peninsula rest with unconformity upon Upper Triassic strata. The continuous Cretaceous succession is revealed in the Peschanka River area of the northern Muravyov Amurskii Peninsula, where plant remains were first sampled from the lower and upper parts of the Korkino Group, which are determined to be the late Albian–late Cenmanian in age. The taxonomic composition of floral assemblages from the Ussuri, Lipovtsy, and Galenki formations is widened owing to additional finds of plant remains. The Korkino Group received floral characteristics for the first time. The Cretaceous flora of the peninsula is represented by 126 taxa. It is established that ferns and conifers are dominant elements of the Ussuri floral assemblage, while the Lipovtsy Assemblage is dominated by ferns, conifers, and cycadphytes. In addition, the latter assemblage is characterized by the highest taxonomic diversity. The Galenki Assemblage is marked by the first appearance of rare flowering plants against the background of dominant ferns and coni fers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lower Cretaceous Flora of the Gates Formation from Western Canada
    The Lower Cretaceous Flora of the Gates Formation from Western Canada A Shesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geological Sciences Univ. of Saska., Saskatoon?SI(, Canada S7N 3E2 b~ Zhihui Wan @ Copyright Zhihui Mian, 1996. Al1 rights reserved. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KlA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraxy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur foxmat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. College of Graduate Studies and Research SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirernents for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ZHIRUI WAN Depart ment of Geological Sciences University of Saskatchewan Examining Commit tee: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Palynology of the Upper Chinle Formation in Northern New Mexico, U.S.A
    Lindström et al. 1 1 Palynology of the upper Chinle Formation in northern New Mexico, U.S.A.: 2 implications for biostratigraphy and terrestrial ecosystem change during the Late 3 Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian) 4 a* b c d 5 Sofie Lindström , Randall B. Irmis , Jessica H. Whiteside , Nathan D. Smith , Sterling J. e f 6 Nesbitt , and Alan H. Turner 7 a 8 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen 9 K, DENMARK, [email protected] b 10 Natural History Museum of Utah and Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of 11 Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1214, USA c 12 Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of 13 Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UNITED KINGDOM d 14 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 15 90007, USA e 16 Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 17 Virginia 24601 USA f 18 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 19 11794-8081, USA 20 21 Abstract 22 A new densely sampled palynological record from the vertebrate-bearing upper Chinle 23 Formation at Ghost Ranch in the Chama Basin of northwestern New Mexico provides insights 24 into the biostratigraphy and terrestrial ecosystem changes during the Late Triassic of 25 northwestern Pangaea. Spore-pollen assemblages from the Poleo Sandstone, Petrified Forest, Lindström et al. 2 26 and 'siltstone' members are dominated by pollen of corystospermous seed ferns (Alisporites) 27 and voltziacean conifers (Enzonalasporites, Patinasporites). Other abundant taxa include 28 Klausipollenites gouldii and the enigmatic fused tetrad Froelichsporites traversei, whereas 29 spores of ferns and fern allies are generally rare.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stable Isotopic Investigation of Resource Partitioning Among Neosauropod Dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation
    A stable isotopic investigation of resource partitioning among neosauropod dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation Benjamin T. Breeden, III SID: 110305422 [email protected] GEOL394H University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Geology 29 April 2011 Advisors: Dr. Thomas R. Holtz1, Jr., Dr. Alan Jay Kaufman1, and Dr. Matthew T. Carrano2 1: University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Geology 2: National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology ABSTRACT For more than a century, morphological studies have been used to attempt to understand the partitioning of resources in the Morrison Fauna, particularly between members of the two major clades of neosauropod (long-necked, megaherbivorous) dinosaurs: Diplodocidae and Macronaria. While it is generally accepted that most macronarians fed 3-5m above the ground, the feeding habits of diplodocids are somewhat more enigmatic; it is not clear whether diplodocids fed higher or lower than macronarians. While many studies exploring sauropod resource portioning have focused on differences in the morphologies of the two groups, few have utilized geochemical evidence. Stable isotope geochemistry has become an increasingly common and reliable means of investigating paleoecological questions, and due to the resistance of tooth enamel to diagenetic alteration, fossil teeth can provide invaluable paleoecological and behavioral data that would be otherwise unobtainable. Studies in the Ituri Rainforest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have shown that stable isotope ratios measured in the teeth of herbivores reflect the heights at which these animals fed in the forest due to isotopic variation in plants with height caused by differences in humidity at the forest floor and the top of the forest exposed to the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Sahanaj Jamil Associate Professor of Botany M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga
    Subject BOTANY Paper No V Paper Code BOT521 Topic Taxonomy and Diversity of Seed Plant: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Dr. Sahanaj Jamil Associate Professor of Botany M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants UNIT- I BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants Classification of Gymnosperms. # Robert Brown (1827) for the first time recognized Gymnosperm as a group distinct from angiosperm due to the presence of naked ovules. BENTHAM and HOOKSER (1862-1883) consider them equivalent to dicotyledons and monocotyledons and placed between these two groups of angiosperm. They recognized three classes of gymnosperm, Cyacadaceae, coniferac and gnetaceae. Later ENGLER (1889) created a group Gnikgoales to accommodate the genus giankgo. Van Tieghem (1898) treated Gymnosperm as one of the two subdivision of spermatophyte. To accommodate the fossil members three more classes- Pteridospermae, Cordaitales, and Bennettitales where created. Coulter and chamberlain (1919), Engler and Prantl (1926), Rendle (1926) and other considered Gymnosperm as a division of spermatophyta, Phanerogamia or Embryoptyta and they further divided them into seven orders: - i) Cycadofilicales ii) Cycadales iii) Bennettitales iv) Ginkgoales v) Coniferales vi) Corditales vii) Gnetales On the basis of wood structure steward (1919) divided Gymnosperm into two classes: - i) Manoxylic ii) Pycnoxylic The various classification of Gymnosperm proposed by various workers are as follows: - i) Sahni (1920): - He recognized two sub-divison in gymnosperm: - a) Phylospermae b) Stachyospermae BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants ii) Classification proposed by chamber lain (1934): - He divided Gymnosperm into two divisions: - a) Cycadophyta b) Coniterophyta iii) Classification proposed by Tippo (1942):- He considered Gymnosperm as a class of the sub- phylum pteropsida and divided them into two sub classes:- a) Cycadophyta b) Coniferophyta iv) D.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and the Reconstruction of Early Jurassic Flora from the Mecsek
    Acta Palaeobotanica 51(2): 127–179, 2011 Biodiversity and the reconstruction of Early Jurassic fl ora from the Mecsek Mountains (southern Hungary) MARIA BARBACKA Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Botany, H-1476, P.O. Box 222, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Received 15 June 2011; accepted for publication 27 October 2011 ABSTRACT. Rich material from Hungary’s Early Jurassic (the Mecsek Mts.) was investigated in a palaeoen- vironmental context. The locality (or, more precisely, area with a number of fossiliferous sites) is known as a delta plain, showing diverse facies, which suggest different landscapes with corresponding plant assemblages. Taphonomical observations proved that autochthonous and parautochthonous plant associations were present. The reconstruction of the biomes is based on the co-occurrence of taxa and their connection with the rock matrix and sites in the locality, as well as the environmental adaptation of the plants expressed in their morphology and cuticular structure. The climatic parameters were confi rmed as typical for the Early Jurassic by resolution of a palaeoatmospheric CO2 level based on the stomatal index of one of the common species, Ginkgoites mar- ginatus (Nathorst) Florin. Plant communities were differentiated with the help of Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA); the rela- tionship between taxa and sites and lithofacies and sites, were analysed by Ward’s minimal variance and cluste- red with the help
    [Show full text]
  • Taylorsville Region, California
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 353 GEOLOGY OF THE TAYLORSVILLE REGION, CALIFORNIA BY J. S. DILLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 t f CONTENTS. Page Introduction.............................................................. 7 Location and extent................................................... 7 Outline of geography and geology of region.............................. 7 Topography............................................................... 9 Relief. ............................................................... 9 Diamond Mountain block.......................................... 9 The escarpment. .............................................. 10 The plateau slope.............................................. 10 Valleys on southwest border.................................... 10 Genesee Valley............................................. 10 Indian Valley............................................. 10 Mountain Meadows........................................ 11 Jura Valley................................................ 11 Grizzly Mountain block........................................... 11 Crest line and escarpment..................................... 11 Southwest slope............................................... .12 Drainage.............................................................. 12 Descriptive geology........................................................ 13 General statement........'............................................... 13 Sedimentary rocks....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Caytoniales Name of Teacher – Smt
    Subject – Gymnosperms Topic – Caytoniales Name of teacher – Smt . Sibi O.S. Academic year – 2020 – 2021 ➢ Caytoniales were a small group of extinct gymnospermic plants. ➢ First described by Hamshaw Thomas in 1925 from late Triassic period. ➢ Caytonia is a berry like cupules with numerous small seeds. Examples of Caytoniales ➢ Leaves : Sagenopteris ➢ Microsporophyll : Caytonanthus ➢ Megasporophylls: Caytonia and Gristhorpia General characteristics ➢ Caytoniales were small branched trees or shrubs. ➢ Leaves ( Sagenopteris ). ➢ Leaves petiolate. ➢ Petiole slender with 3 to 6 terminal leaflets. ➢ Leaflets arrangement was palmate in pairs. Sagenopteris ➢ Each leaflet with distinct midrib. ➢ Leaf margin smooth with an acute apex. ➢ Venation similar to glossopteris. ➢ Upper and lower epidermis with thick cuticle. ➢ Stomatal development haplocheilic. ➢ Mesophyll differentiated into palisade and transfusion tissue. ➢ Leaflets fall by the formation of abscission layers , it is an Angiospermic character . ➢ Caytoniales had fertile branches with seed bearing cupules. ➢ Ovules were located inside the fleshy cupules with tough outer cuticle . ➢ Outer layers of the cupules were fleshy and fruit – like. ➢ Individual ovules had an apical tube like structure called micropylar canal. ➢ Mature ovule resembles a blueberry fruit. ➢ The extra protection of seeds in Caytoniales indicates they were predecessors of angiosperms Microsporophyll ➢ Example : Caytonanthus ➢ Microsporophyll consists of dorsi – ventral and pinnate rachis. ➢ Each rachis bears pinnate on either side. ➢ Each pinnae branches irregularly. ➢ The ultimate branches of pinnae bear the synangia. ➢ Each branch bears two sporangia terminally. ➢ Each sporangium was with four pollen sacs . ➢ Pollen grains were produced in the pollen sacs in groups of four. ➢ Pollen grains were small , shape similar to that of pine trees ➢ Pollen grains winged. ➢ Pollination is achieved through the wind.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Trip 2 Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Terrestrial Environments in the Dolomites and Surrounding Areas 71-116 Geo.Alp, Vol
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Geo.Alp Jahr/Year: 2016 Band/Volume: 013 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kustatscher Evelyn, Bernardi Massimo, Petti Fabio Massimo, Avanzini Marco, Tomasoni Riccardo Artikel/Article: Field trip 2 Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic terrestrial environments in the Dolomites and surrounding areas 71-116 Geo.Alp, Vol. 13 2016 71 - 116 Field trip 2 Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic terrestrial environments in the Dolomites and surrounding areas Evelyn Kustatscher1,2, Massimo Bernardi3,4, Fabio Massimo Petti3,5, Marco Avanzini3 & Riccardo Tomasoni3 1 Naturmuseum Südtirol, Bindergasse 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy; e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 München, Germany; 3 Museo delle Scienze di Trento, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38123 Trento, Italy; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 4 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS81RJ, UK; 5 PaleoFactory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy. 1 Topics and highlights of the excursion Mojsisovics, 1879, 1882; Mojsisovics et al., 1895; Bittner, 1892; Brack et al., 2005, Mietto & Man- The Southern Alps represent
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Relationships of Angiosperms To
    Relationships of Angiosperms to 1 Other Seed Plants Seed plants are of fundamental importance both evolution- all gymnosperms (living and extinct) together are not arily and ecologically. They dominate terrestrial landscapes, monophyletic. Importantly, several fossil lineages, Cayto- and the seed has played a central role in agriculture and hu- niales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, and Glossopteridales man history. There are fi ve extant lineages of seed plants: (glossopterids), have been proposed as putative close rela- angiosperms, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, and Ginkgo. tives of the angiosperms based on phylogenetic analyses These fi ve groups have usually been treated as distinct (e.g., Crane 1985; Rothwell and Serbet 1994; reviewed in phyla — Magnoliophyta (or Anthophyta), Cycadophyta, Doyle 2006, 2008, 2012; Friis et al. 2011). These fossil lin- Co ni fe ro phyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta, respec- eages, sometimes referred to as the para-angiophytes, will tively. Cantino et al. (2007) used the following “rank- free” therefore be covered in more detail later in this chapter. An- names (see Chapter 12): Angiospermae, Cycadophyta, other fossil lineage, the corystosperms, has been proposed Coniferae, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgo. Of these, the angio- as a possible angiosperm ancestor as part of the “mostly sperms are by far the most diverse, with ~14,000 genera male hypothesis” (Frohlich and Parker 2000), but as re- and perhaps as many as 350,000 (The Plant List 2010) to viewed here, corystosperms usually do not appear as close 400,000 (Govaerts 2001) species. The conifers, with ap- angiosperm relatives in phylogenetic trees. proximately 70 genera and nearly 600 species, are the sec- The seed plants represent an ancient radiation, with ond largest group of living seed plants.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Same Forms Are the Characteristic Fossils There, Ax
    1861.] BUNBUI~Y--FOSSILPLANTS, NAGPUR, 32~ Turbo helicinus. In the equivalent strata of the Zechstein there is a similar falling off in the distribution of species ; and the same forms are the characteristic fossils there, Ax. dubius under its "Schlotheimi" character being the most common. It would thus appear that in the whole of the West European area there was a most remarkable decrease in the Permian fauna during the period of deposition of the Upper Permian strata, the decrease being greater towards the close than at the beginning of that period, and affecting the same classes, and even the same species in most cases, in the different parts of that area, thus leaving a similar though exceedingly meagre group of species distributed throughout. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. Rissoa Leighi, Brown. Five specimens illustrative of its variation of form ; magnified about 14 times. Hampole. Fig. 3. Rissoa Leighi, Brown. Youngindividual ; magnified16 times. Hampole. lfigs. 7, 8. .Natica minima ? Brown. Outer lip of specimen imperfect; mag- nified 12 times. Hampole. Figs. 9, 10. Turri~ella Al~enburgensis. Geinitz. ~[agnified16 times, ltampole. Fig. ] 1. Axinus dubius, Schlotheim." New variety. Cast; somewhat enlarged. Moorhouse. Fig. 12. A~inus dubius, Sehlotheim. New variety. Cast; somewhat enlarged. Conisborough. MAac~ 20, 1861. The following communications were read :-- 1. Notes on a CoT.~cTIo~ of FossIT. PLXWTSfrom N~aeUl~, CENTRAL INDIA. By Sir CHARLES J. F. B~BbRY, BART., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. [Plates VIII--XII.] Introduction.--It is now some considerable time since the fine collection of fossil vegetable remains from the district of N~gpur in Central India, which had been presented to the Geological Society by the Rev.
    [Show full text]