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Silicascaled Chrysophytes from Hainan, Guangdong Provinces And Nordic Journal of Botany 32: 881–896, 2014 doi: 10.1111/njb.00493 © 2014 Th e Authors. Nordic Journal of Botany © 2014 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Nina Lundholm. Accepted 25 March 2014 Silica-scaled chrysophytes from Hainan, Guangdong Provinces and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China Yin-Xin Wei , Xiu-Ping Yuan and J ø rgen Kristiansen Y.-X. Wei ([email protected]) and X.-P. Yuan, Inst. of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CN-430072 Wuhan, P. R. China. – J. Kristiansen, Biological Inst., Univ. of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark. Twenty fi ve phytoplankton samples containing chrysophytes were collected in Hainan and Guangdong Provinces and in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in January 2010 and October to November 2011. Forty nine taxa of silica-scaled chrysophytes were identifi ed by means of transmission electron microscopy, twelve of them belonging to Paraphysomonadaceae and thirty seven to Synurales. Spiniferomonas cornuta , Paraphysomonas sp., Mallomonas hexareticulata , M . ceylanica , M . plumosa , M . ocellata , M . elevata and M . spinosa are reported for the fi rst time from China. A new species, Paraphysomonas hainanensis Wei & Kristiansen, was found in a pond in Haikou City, Hainan Province. An amended description of Mallomonas spinosa Gusev is proposed. Th e sampled localities are situated in the tropical and subtropical region of southern China. Th ere is great similarity in the geographical distribution of the observed silica-scaled chrysophytes with that of east Asia, southeast Asia and south Asia, and their ecological characteristics are discussed. Since Fott (1955) fi rst reported the fi ne structures of In order to compile a freshwater silica-scaled chrysophyte Mallomonas scales using transmission electron microscopy, fl ora of China, extensive investigations on geographical dis- many electron microscope-based silica-scaled chrysophyte tribution have been performed since 1988 (Kristiansen studies have been made in diff erent parts of the world, espe- 1989, 1990, Kristiansen and Tong 1988, 1989a, 1989b, cially in Europe and North America (Takahashi 1978, Siver 1991, Wei and Kristiansen 1994, 1998, Wei and Yuan 2001, 1991, Kristiansen 2002, 2005, Kristiansen and Preisig 2013, Ma and Wei 2013, Pang and Wang 2013). Th e pres- 2007, Š kaloud et al. 2013). Silica-scaled chrysophytes ent study focuses on the occurrence and distribution of these are often important components of the phytoplankton algal groups in the Hainan and Guangdong Provinces and in community of freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Th ey not lim- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Th ese regions ited to cold and oligotrophic areas, as rich silica-scaled belong to the tropical and subtropical region of southern chrysophyte fl oras have been found in diverse localities China which have not been studied in detail with regards to including temperate, tropical and subtropical regions and in chrysophyte diversity before. eutrophic water bodies (D ü rrschmidt and Cronberg 1989, Hansen 1996, Kristiansen 2001, Gusev 2012). Th e freshwater silica-scaled chrysophytes in localities of Material and methods 20 Chinese provinces have previously been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. In total, eighty Twenty fi ve phytoplankton samples were collected during two taxa have been reported of which forty eight taxa belong- 12 – 21 January 2010, 17 October and 7 – 17 November ing to the genus Mallomonas . Mallomonas asymmetrica and 2011 in Hainan and Guangdong Provinces and in Hong Synura morusimila are two endemic species which have only Kong Special Administrative Region (18 ° 17 ′ 34.95 ″ – been found in northeast China so far. Mallomonas koreana is 23 ° 11 ′ 19.52 ″ N, 109 ° 11 ′ 13.16 ″ – 114 ° 16 ′ 32.01 ″ E). Biologi- a rare species found in Korea (Kim et al. 2008) and France cally important ponds, lakes and reservoirs of diff erent (N ě mcov á et al. 2012), and afterwards recorded from habitat types were selected (Fig. 1, Table 1). Water bodies the Zhejiang Province, China (Wei and Yuan 2013). with diff erent ecological features have been collected in these Mallomonas grata is distributed in eastern Asia, North and regions, but in the twenty fi ve examined ponds, lakes Central America and has been recorded from the Heilongjiang, and reservoirs containing chrysophytes the water is mainly Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Fujian, and Guangdong Prov- oligotrophic. All samples were collected using a plankton inces, China. net (10 μ m mesh size) and were immediately fi xed in the 881 Figure 1. Map (A) Th e map of China showing studied regions; (B) Locations of 25 sampling sites see Table 1. a: 1-2 (Haikou City); b: 3 (Wenchang City); c: 4-8 (Xinglong County); d: 9-11 (Sanya City); e: 12-15 (Guangzhou City); f: 16-21 (Shenzhen City); g: 22-25 (Hong Kong) . fi eld using Lugol ’ s solution with acetic acid. Th e water tem- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. perature and pH of each site were measured in the fi eld Environmental parameters and geographic coordinates are with a CT-6021A pH meter. Th e samples were examined summarized in Table 1. preliminary using an Olympus BH-2 light microscope in order to determine species composition, focusing on the chrysophytes. Th e fi xed material was dried onto Results formvar-coated copper grids (150 mesh) and rinsed with distilled water. After drying, the grids were examined in a In total, forty four species and fi ve varieties of silica- JEOL, JEM-1230 transmission electron microscope in the scaled chrysophytes were identifi ed from the twenty fi ve Table 1. Surveyed water bodies, their water temperature ( o C), pH and geographic coordinates. Locality Water body type Date Temp. ( o C) pH Geographic coordinates Hainan 1. Haikou City Shabo Reservoir 12/01/2010 22 6.2 19 ° 57 ′ 36.03 ″ N, 110 ° 19 ′ 27.97 ″ E 2. Haikou City Pond 12/01/2010 22 7.2 20 ° 0 ′ 55.62 ″ N, 110 ° 19 ′ 2.22 ″ E 3.Wenchang City Pond 13/01/2010 16 7.5 19 ° 38 ′ 46.83 ″ N, 110 ° 54 ′ 5.46 ″ E 4. Xinglong County small lake 14/01/2010 21 6.9 18 ° 44 ′ 3.52 ″ N, 110 ° 11 ′ 45.84 ″ E 5. Xinglong County Shengtai Lake 14/01/2010 21 6.9 18 ° 44 ′ 3.5 ″ N, 110 ° 11 ′ 45.86 ″ E 6. Xinglong County Pond 15/01/2010 22 7.2 18 ° 44 ′ 3.55 ″ N, 110 ° 11 ′ 45.86 ″ E 7. Xinglong County Pond 15/01/2010 22 7.1 18 ° 44 ′ 12.04 ″ N, 110 ° 11 ′ 32.58 ″ E 8. Xinglong County Xiao Lake 15/01/2010 24 6.8 18 ° 44 ′ 17.36 ″ N, 110 ° 11 ′ 56.23 ″ E 9. Sanya City Pond 17/01/2010 24 6.9 18 ° 17 ′ 34.95 ″ N, 109 ° 11 ′ 17.86 ″ E 10. Sanya City Pond 17/01/2010 24 6.9 18 ° 17 ′ 37.06 ″ N, 109 ° 11 ′ 15.21 ″ E 11. Sanya City Pond 17/01/2010 24 7.2 18 ° 17 ′ 44.43 ″ N, 109 ° 11 ′ 13.16 ″ E Guangdong 12. Guangzhou City Pond 20/01/2010 18 6.3 23 ° 11 ′ 12.58 ″ N, 113 ° 21 ′ 49.21 ″ E 13. Guangzhou City Pond 20/01/2010 18 6.3 23 ° 11 ′ 19.52 ″ N, 113 ° 21 ′ 51.06 ″ E 14. Guangzhou City Pond 20/01/2010 18 7.1 23 ° 11 ′ 13.86 ″ N, 113 ° 21 ′ 45.52 ″ E 15. Guangzhou City Pond 21/01/2010 19 7.5 23 ° 11 ′ 4.96 ″ N, 113 ° 21 ′ 43.23 ″ E 16. Shenzhen City Tiegang Reservoir 17/10/2011 25 7.4 22 ° 37 ′ 16.02 ″ N, 113 ° 53 ′ 55.06 ″ E 17. Shenzhen City Bijiashan Reservoir 17/10/2011 25 6.9 22 ° 34 ′ 0.42 ″ N, 114 ° 4 ′ 38.36 ″ E 18. Shenzhen City Shatoujiao Reservoir 17/10/2011 26 7.1 22 ° 35 ′ 7.48 ″ N, 114 ° 16 ′ 27.89 ″ E 19. Shenzhen City Xili Reservoir 17/10/2011 25 7.4 22 ° 35 ′ 26.96 ″ N, 113 ° 57 ′ 35.41 ″ E 20. Shenzhen City Donghu Reservoir 7/11/2011 26 7.4 22 ° 34 ′ 2.11 ″ N, 114 ° 8 ′ 54.91 ″ E 21. Shenzhen City Meisha Reservoir 7/11/2011 25 6.8 22 ° 37 ′ 15.33 ″ N, 114 ° 16 ′ 32.01 ″ E Hong Kong 22. Hong Kong Datan Reservoir 14/11/2011 25 6.9 22 ° 15 ′ 33.01”N, 114 ° 12 ′ 36.21”E 23. Hong Kong Bofulincun Reservoir 16/11/2011 25 6.8 22 ° 15 ′ 36.53”N, 114 ° 8 ′ 12.69”E 24. Hong Kong Shilibei Reservoir 16/11/2011 25 6.5 22 ° 21 ′ 21.55”N, 114 ° 8 ′ 52.88”E 25. Hong Kong Shibi Reservoir 17/11/2011 24 7.5 22 ° 13 ′ 57.48”N, 113 ° 53 ′ 55.01”E 882 Table 2. Occurrence of silica-scaled chrysophytes found in Hainan, Guangdong Provinces and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. abundant ϭ a; common ϭ c; occasional ϭ o; single (one ∗ scales on three grids) ϭ s. Species marked with are new to China. Locations Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 pH Temp. ( ° C) Chrysophyceae Paraphysomonadaceae Chrysosphaerella annulata Kristiansen & Tong a a a a o c c 6.2 – 7.2 21 – 26 coronacircumspina Wujek & Kristiansen c c c a a c c c c c a c c a a o c 6.2 – 7.5 21 – 26 longispina Lauterbornem. Nicholls s 7.2 22 septispina (Nicholls) Kristiansen & Tong c 7.4 25 Spiniferomonas ∗ cornuta Balonov o c s 6.3 – 7.1 18 trioralis Takahashi c c o c c c a o o a c c 6.3 – 7.5 18 – 25 Paraphysomonas gladiata Preisig & Hibberd c c 7.4 25 ∗ hainanensis Wei & Kristiansen sp.
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