DOCSLIB.ORG

Glossary Common Terms in Molecular Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glossary Common Terms in Molecular Biology Postgrad Med J7 1997; 73: 317-318 ©) The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, 1997 Glossary Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.73.859.317 on 1 May 1997. Downloaded from Common terms in molecular biology part 1 (a-f) Janardan D Khandekar Presently, cardiovascular surgeons cannot practise Base pair (bp) - Pairing ofA with T or C with good surgery without understanding the structure G in a double helix. Other pairs can be formed and function of the heart; similarly a modern in RNA under certain conditions. The distance physician will not be able to practise good medicine along a piece of DNA is measured in bps. without understanding the structure andffunction of genes. - Professor Paul Berg, Nobel Laureate C-value-Total amount of DNA in a haploid (paraphrased) genome. CCAAT box-Part of a conserved sequence, Molecular biology is increasingly taking centre located upstream of the starting point of the stage in all aspects of medicine, especially eukaryotic transcription site. It may be in- oncology, and may soon have therapeutic volved in binding RNA polymerase. It is only applications. Here, I present some of the one of the many protein-binding motifs in- commonly used terms in molecular biology volved in transcriptional regulation. which may be useful for oncologists in their Cap-Addition of a modified 7-methylguano- practice as well as in understanding the patho- sine nucleotide to the 5' end of the growing physiology of the diseases. The list is not all- mRNA chain. inclusive, but covers most important terms. CDC - Cell division cycle protein, involved directly in the control of the cell cycle, eg, Acute transforming retroviruses-Viruses CDC2(p34) is a kinase enzyme. that have acquired sequences from the host CdK (cyclin-dependent kinase) - Enzymes genome, giving them the property of causing with activities that are tightly regulated by tumours or transformation of cells in culture. protein phosphorylation and associated with They are also known as viral oncogenes. cyclins. Sequential activation of the cyclin/ Allele-One of several alternate forms of a CdK complexes probably governs the orderly gene occupying a locus on a chromosome. transitions of the cell cycle. Allosteric control-Ability of an interaction cDNA- Single-stranded DNA complementary at one site of a protein to influence the activity to RNA and synthesized from it by reverse http://pmj.bmj.com/ at another site. transcription, in vitro. Amplification- Induction ofadditional copies cDNA clone -Duplex DNA sequence repre- of a chromosomal sequence seen as intra- senting RNA. chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. cDNA libraries-A collection of clones re- Anchorage dependent-Need of normal eu- presentative of the mRNA of a given cell type karytic cells for a surface to which to attach in that is formed using reverse transcriptase. order to grow in culture. Cell line -A cell culture composed of a single on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Anneal-To form hydrogen-bonded base pairs immortalised stem cell population. between complementary strands of nucleic Cellular oncogene-Altered proto-oncogene, acids. eg, by mutation, which leads it to acquire an Antiparallel-Strands of the double helix are altered cellular function that contributes to organised in opposite directions, so that the 5' carcinogenesis. end of one strand is aligned with the 3' end of CentiMorgan-Unit representing a recombi- the other strand. nation frequency of 1% or approximately 1 Antisense-This is a noncoding strand, and million base pairs in humans. serves as a template for mRNA synthesis. It is Chromosomal walking and jumping- complementary to the sense strand. Antisense Techniques of mapping segments of DNA oligonucleotides have been synthesized to (up to several hundred kb) through the block information flow at mRNA. identification of overlapping DNA fragments Apoptosis-Also known as programmed cell in a genomic DNA library. They are per- death. It is conceptualised as a preprogrammed formed to reach a particular point of Division of Medical pathway of sequential biochemical events that interest. Oncology, Evanston leads to cleavage of nuclear chromatin and Cis-acting locus -A regulatory sequence that Hospital and eventual cell death with characteristic morpho- effects activity of DNA sequences on its own Northwestern Univer- logical changes. Apoptosis is an active process molecule of DNA. sity Medical School, as compared to passive cell necrosis. - Evanston, IL 60201, Cis-configuration Two sites on the same USA molecule of DNA. JD Khandekar Bacteriophage-Bacterial viruses which have Clone - Large number of identical cells or been extensively modified for use as molecular molecules with a single ancestral cell or Accepted 24 September 1996 cloning vehicles. molecule. 318 Khandekar Cloning vector- Plasmid or phage that is around histones (to form a nucleosome) which used as a vector for an inserted foreign gene are twisted into a 30-nm wide fibre; this fibre is for the purpose of producing more DNA coiled into loops attached to the nuclear matrix Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.73.859.317 on 1 May 1997. Downloaded from product or characterisation of DNA. and the loops/matrix are themselves coiled into Closed reading frame- Contains termina- chromosome bands. tion codons that prevent its translation into DNA cloning-A technique involving the proteins. integration of a specific DNA sequence into a Coding sequence-That part of the genome self-replicating element (plasmid or virus) that or mRNA that is translated into protein. reproduces itself in bacteria to generate huge Codon-A triplet ofnucleotides coding for one numbers of identical copies. amino acid or termination signal. DNA library-Collection of different cDNAs Complementary bases - Bases which are or fragments of genomic DNA propagated in a hydrogen bonded specifically in a DNA duplex cloning vector (phage or plasmid) from which or in DNA/RNA heteroduplex. specific sequences can be isolated (cloned). Conditional expression - Gene expression Another term used is genomic library. that occurs only in response to certain stimuli DNA transfection- The transfer ofDNA into or specific conditions. cells in culture. Consensus sequence-An idealised nucleo- Domain-Large polypeptide chains are folded tide or amino acid sequence in which each into units and each folded unit is known as a position represents the base most often domain. Frequently used to indicate a region found when many actual sequences are of a protein that has a specific function, eg, compared. ligand-binding domain. Constitutional deletion-Deletion inherited Double minutes-Extra pairs of chromoso- in the germline from one or other parent and mal fragments visualised on metaphase present in every cell of the body (usually spreads, associated with amplification, eg, examined in lymphocytes), cf somatic. multidrug resistance, myc oncogene. Constitutive expression - A gene that is Down-regulation-Process by which a cell present and expressed at the same level for loses its sensitivity to growth factor or hormone most of the cell cycle. stimulation (often by endocytosis of growth Copy number-The number of copies of a factor receptors). gene present in genomic DNA. Downstream-Sequences proceeding further Cosmid-A lambda-derived cloning vector in the direction of expression. which can carry large fragments of DNA. Drug adducts-DNA modified by a cova- The vector contains a selectable marker, a lently bound drug or the reactive side-group of plasmid origin of replication, a polylinker, or a drug. restriction site into which DNA can be inserted. (The yeast artificial chromosome End-labelling-Addition of a radioactively system, known as the YAC system, which labelled group to one end (5' or 3') of a DNA allows large human DNA fragments to be strand. http://pmj.bmj.com/ cloned in the yeast, is not a cosmid). Endonucleases - Enzymes which cleave CpG islands- Sequences relatively rich in the bonds within a nucleic acid chain. dinucleotide CpG; often associated with genes Enhancer element- Cis-acting sequence that and possibly involved in transcriptional regula- increases the utilisation of eukaryotic promo- tion. ters (see Cis-acting locus). Cytokines-Proteins which act as signals to Epigenetic phenomenon- Passed from a cell coordinate the cellular response. to its progeny without any alteration in the Cytoskeleton-Network of fibres in the cyto- coding sequence of DNA. on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. plasm of the eukaryotic cells. Episome - Plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA. Deletion- Loss of a single base pair or a large Epitope - Antigenic determinant (there may sequence of DNA on chromosomes. be several per molecule). Denaturation- (a) of DNA; melting (separa- Euchromatin-The decondensed form of tion) of the complementary strands caused by chromatin typical of the interphase nucleus. high temperature or chemical conditions, Excision repair- System that removes a usually reversible. (b) of protein; loss of higher single-stranded DNA sequence containing order structures caused by high temperature or damaged or misplaced bases and replaces them chemical conditions, usually irreversible. in duplex with a complementary strand. Determination-A commitment to follow a Exonucleases - Enzymes which cleave nu- given developmental lineage (pathway). cleotides at the end of a polynucleotide chain, Differentiation-An increase in specialisation eg, 5' or 3' end of DNA or RNA. towards a specific function as related to Exons- Transcribed sequence not spliced out embryological development. of mature RNAs. DNAase -An enzyme that breaks bonds in the DNA. Footprinting-Technique for identifying the DNA chromatin - Structural packing ofDNA site of DNA/protein binding. double helix into nucleus. The helix is coiled.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary - Cellbiology
    1 Glossary - Cellbiology Blotting: (Blot Analysis) Widely used biochemical technique for detecting the presence of specific macromolecules (proteins, mRNAs, or DNA sequences) in a mixture. A sample first is separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel usually under denaturing conditions; the separated components are transferred (blotting) to a nitrocellulose sheet, which is exposed to a radiolabeled molecule that specifically binds to the macromolecule of interest, and then subjected to autoradiography. Northern B.: mRNAs are detected with a complementary DNA; Southern B.: DNA restriction fragments are detected with complementary nucleotide sequences; Western B.: Proteins are detected by specific antibodies. Cell: The fundamental unit of living organisms. Cells are bounded by a lipid-containing plasma membrane, containing the central nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Cells are generally capable of independent reproduction. More complex cells like Eukaryotes have various compartments (organelles) where special tasks essential for the survival of the cell take place. Cytoplasm: Viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm not contained in any organelle is called the Cytosol. Cytoskeleton: (Gk. ) Three dimensional network of fibrous elements, allowing precisely regulated movements of cell parts, transport organelles, and help to maintain a cell’s shape. • Actin filament: (Microfilaments) Ubiquitous eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (one end is attached to the cell-cortex) of two “twisted“ actin monomers; are important in the structural support and movement of cells. Each actin filament (F-actin) consists of two strands of globular subunits (G-Actin) wrapped around each other to form a polarized unit (high ionic cytoplasm lead to the formation of AF, whereas low ion-concentration disassembles AF).
    [Show full text]
  • Exogenous Antigens Gain Access to the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Processing Pathway in B Cells by Receptor-Mediated Uptake Byyong Ke and Judith A
    Brief Definitive Report Exogenous Antigens Gain Access to the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Processing Pathway in B Cells by Receptor-mediated Uptake ByYong Ke and Judith A. Kapp From the Department of Pathology and Winship Cancer Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Summary Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells, take up soluble, exogenous antigens (Ags) and process them through the class II pathway, Several re- ports have shown that phagocytic macrophages also process particulate or soluble forms of ex- ogenous Ag via the class I pathway. By contrast, B cells normally do not process soluble, exog- enous Ag by way of the class I pathway unless Ags are directly introduced into the cytoplasm. Here we report that B cells present exogenous Ag via the class I pathway when Ags are taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thus, specialized methods of Ag uptake such as phago- cytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis deliver exogenous Ag into the class I pathway of Ag processing and presentation. xogenous Ags are taken up nonspecifically by fluid- Materials and Methods phase pinocytosis or endocytosis, processed, and pre- E Antigens and Reagents. Chicken egg OVA, TNP, chloroquine, sented via class II pathway by professional APCs, such as brefeldin A, and phenazine methosulfate (PMS) were purchased macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells. Exogenous Ags do from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Crystallized beef in- not enter the class I pathway of most cells (1-3). However, sulin was purchased from Lilly Research Labs (Indianapolis, IN). a small population of phagocytic macrophages can process TNP was conjugated to OVA or insulin as described (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Cell Membrane
    BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE Dr. Rakesh Sharda Department of Veterinary Microbiology NDVSU College of Veterinary Sc. & A.H., MHOW CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE ➢The cytoplasmic membrane, also called a cell membrane or plasma membrane, is about 7 nanometers (nm; 1/1,000,000,000 m) thick. ➢It lies internal to the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm of the bacterium. ➢It is the most dynamic structure of a prokaryotic cell. Structure of cell membrane ➢The structure of bacterial plasma membrane is that of unit membrane, i.e., a fluid phospholipid bilayer, composed of phospholipids (40%) and peripheral and integral proteins (60%) molecules. ➢The phospholipids of bacterial cell membranes do not contain sterols as in eukaryotes, but instead consist of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (rarely, polyunsaturated fatty acids). ➢Many bacteria contain sterol-like molecules called hopanoids. ➢The hopanoids most likely stabilize the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. ➢The phospholipids are amphoteric molecules with a polar hydrophilic glycerol "head" attached via an ester bond to two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails. ➢The phospholipid bilayer is arranged such that the polar ends of the molecules form the outermost and innermost surface of the membrane while the non-polar ends form the center of the membrane Fluid mosaic model ➢The plasma membrane contains proteins, sugars, and other lipids in addition to the phospholipids. ➢The model that describes the arrangement of these substances in lipid bilayer is called the fluid mosaic model ➢Dispersed within the bilayer are various structural and enzymatic proteins, which carry out most membrane functions. ➢Some membrane proteins are located and function on one side or another of the membrane (peripheral proteins).
    [Show full text]
  • A Chloroplast Gene Is Converted Into a Nucleargene
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 391-395, January 1988 Biochemistry Relocating a gene for herbicide tolerance: A chloroplast gene is converted into a nuclear gene (QB protein/atrazine tolerance/transit peptide) ALICE Y. CHEUNG*, LAWRENCE BOGORAD*, MARC VAN MONTAGUt, AND JEFF SCHELLt: *Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; tLaboratorium voor Genetica, Rijksuniversiteit Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; and TMax-Planck-Institut fur Zuchtungsforschung, D-500 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of Germany Contributed by Lawrence Bogorad, September 30, 1987 ABSTRACT The chloroplast gene psbA codes for the the gene for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase photosynthetic quinone-binding membrane protein Q which can transport the protein product into chloroplasts (5). We is the target of the herbicide atrazine. This gene has been have spliced the coding region of the psbA gene isolated converted into a nuclear gene. The psbA gene from an from the chloroplast DNA of the atrazine-resistant biotype atrazine-resistant biotype of Amaranthus hybridus has been of Amaranthus to the transcriptional-control and transit- modified by fusing its coding region to transcription- peptide-encoding regions of a nuclear gene, ss3.6, for the regulation and transit-peptide-encoding sequences of a bona SSU of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of pea fide nuclear gene. The constructs were introduced into the (6). The fusion-gene constructions (designated SSU-ATR) nuclear genome of tobacco by using the Agrobacteium tumor- were introduced into tobacco plants via the Agrobacterium inducing (Ti) plasmid system, and the protein product of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid transformation system using the nuclear psbA has been identified in the photosynthetic mem- disarmed Ti plasmid vector pGV3850 (7).
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
    Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists
    CHAPTER 1 Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists Lawrence Hunter “Computers are to biology what mathematics is to physics.” — Harold Morowitz One of the major challenges for computer scientists who wish to work in the domain of molecular biology is becoming conversant with the daunting intri- cacies of existing biological knowledge and its extensive technical vocabu- lary. Questions about the origin, function, and structure of living systems have been pursued by nearly all cultures throughout history, and the work of the last two generations has been particularly fruitful. The knowledge of liv- ing systems resulting from this research is far too detailed and complex for any one human to comprehend. An entire scientific career can be based in the study of a single biomolecule. Nevertheless, in the following pages, I attempt to provide enough background for a computer scientist to understand much of the biology discussed in this book. This chapter provides the briefest of overviews; I can only begin to convey the depth, variety, complexity and stunning beauty of the universe of living things. Much of what follows is not about molecular biology per se. In order to 2ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY explain what the molecules are doing, it is often necessary to use concepts involving, for example, cells, embryological development, or evolution. Bi- ology is frustratingly holistic. Events at one level can effect and be affected by events at very different levels of scale or time. Digesting a survey of the basic background material is a prerequisite for understanding the significance of the molecular biology that is described elsewhere in the book.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer
    DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer Cancer Education Project University of Rochester DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/graduate/plantbio/images/spot/microarray.jpg http://www.affymetrix.com Part 1 Gene Expression and Cancer Nucleus Proteins DNA RNA Cell membrane All your cells have the same DNA Sperm Embryo Egg Fertilized Egg - Zygote How do cells that have the same DNA (genes) end up having different structures and functions? DNA in the nucleus Genes Different genes are turned on in different cells. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION GENE EXPRESSION (Genes are “on”) Transcription Translation DNA mRNA protein cell structure (Gene) and function Converts the DNA (gene) code into cell structure and function Differential Gene Expression Different genes Different genes are turned on in different cells make different mRNA’s Differential Gene Expression Different genes are turned Different genes Different mRNA’s on in different cells make different mRNA’s make different Proteins An example of differential gene expression White blood cell Stem Cell Platelet Red blood cell Bone marrow stem cells differentiate into specialized blood cells because different genes are expressed during development. Normal Differential Gene Expression Genes mRNA mRNA Expression of different genes results in the cell developing into a red blood cell or a white blood cell Cancer and Differential Gene Expression mRNA Genes But some times….. Mutations can lead to CANCER CELL some genes being Abnormal gene expression more or less may result
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Evolution and Nucleotide Sequences of the Maize Plastid Genes for the Cy Subunit of CFI (Atpa)And the Proteolipid Subunit of Cfo (Atph)
    Copyright 0 1987 by the Genetics Society of America Molecular Evolution and Nucleotide Sequences of the Maize Plastid Genes for the cy Subunit of CFI (atpA)and the Proteolipid Subunit of CFo (atpH) Steven R. Rodermel and Lawrence Bogorad The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 021 38 Manuscript received December 8, 1986 Accepted February 16, 1987 ABSTRACT The nucleotide sequences of the maize plastid genes for the a subunit of CFI (atpA) and the proteolipid subunit of CFo (atpH)are presented. The evolution of these genes among higher plants is characterized by a transition mutation bias of about 2:l and by rates of synonymous and nonsynony- mous substitution which are much lower than similar rates for genes from other sources. This is consistent with the notion that the plastid genome is evolving conservatively in primary sequence. Yet, the mode and tempo of sequence evolution of these and other plastidencoded coupling factor genes are not the same. In particular, higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution in atpE (the gene for the t subunit of CFI)and higher rates of synonymous substitution in atpH in the dicot vs. monocot lineages of higher plants indicate that these sequences are likely subject to different evolutionary constraints in these two lineages. The 5‘- and 3‘- transcribed flanking regions of atpA and atpH from maize, wheat and tobacco are conserved in size, but contain few putative regulatory elements which are conserved either in their spatial arrangement or sequence complexity. However, these regions likely contain variable numbers of “species-specific”regulatory elements. The present studies thus suggest that the plastid genome is not a passive participant in an evolutionary process governed by a more rapidly changing, readily adaptive, nuclear compartment, but that novel strategies for the coordinate expression of genes in the plastid genome may arise through rapid evolution of the flanking sequences of these genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of Regulatory Elements by a Computational Method for Phylogenetic Footprinting Mathieu Blanchette and Martin Tompa
    Discovery of Regulatory Elements by a Computational Method for Phylogenetic Footprinting Mathieu Blanchette and Martin Tompa Presented by Ben Bachman What is a regulatory element? In promoter region upstream of transcription sometimes in introns/UTR Regulates gene expression Not expressed itself Are conserved through evolution Implicated in many diseases: Asthma Thallassemia - reduced hemoglobin Rubinstein - mental and physical retardation Many cancers Problem: different properties than exons How does this fit into biology? G. Orphnides and D. Reinberg (2002) A Unified Theory of Gene Expression. Cell 108: 439-451. How does this fit into biology? http://kachkeis.com/img/essay3_pic1.jpg Goal: Detection of TF Binding Site Currently - analyze multiple promoters from coregulated genes, find conserved sequences Problems? Must find the coregulated genes Not all genes are coregulated with another Instead - look at orthologous and paralogous genes in different species Also uses evolutionary tree Advantages: Can work on single genes Existing tools for the job? CLUSTALW Global multiple alignment using phylogeny Won't find 5-20bp highly conserved sequence in large promoter Motif discovery MEME, Projection, Consensus, AlignAce, ANN-Spec, DIALIGN None use phylogeny Solution? New tool "FootPrinter" Method - Algorithm Dynamic programming For two related leaves, find the most parsimonious way to have all possible k-mers (4^k) for some value of k Continue up the tree Return k-mers under max parsimony score for clade Work back to find locations Only allowed
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Pharmacology (GRAD) 1
    Department of Pharmacology (GRAD) 1 faculty participate fully at all levels. The department has the highest DEPARTMENT OF level of NIH funding of all pharmacology departments and a great diversity of research areas is available to trainees. These areas PHARMACOLOGY (GRAD) include cell surface receptors, G proteins, protein kinases, and signal transduction mechanisms; neuropharmacology; nucleic acids, cancer, Contact Information and antimicrobial pharmacology; and experimental therapeutics. Cell and molecular approaches are particularly strong, but systems-level research Department of Pharmacology such as behavioral pharmacology and analysis of knock-in and knock-out Visit Program Website (http://www.med.unc.edu/pharm/) mice is also well-represented. Excellent physical facilities are available for all research areas. Henrik Dohlman, Chair Students completing the training program will have acquired basic The Department of Pharmacology offers a program of study that leads knowledge of pharmacology and related fields, in-depth knowledge in to the degree of doctor of philosophy in pharmacology. The curriculum is their dissertation research area, the ability to evaluate scientific literature, individualized in recognition of the diverse backgrounds and interests of mastery of a variety of laboratory procedures, skill in planning and students and the broad scope of the discipline of pharmacology. executing an important research project in pharmacology, and the ability The department offers a variety of research areas including to communicate results, analysis, and interpretation. These skills provide a sound basis for successful scientific careers in academia, government, 1. Receptors and signal transduction or industry. 2. Ion channels To apply to BBSP, students must use The Graduate School's online 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW of BASICS
    Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW OF BASICS CELL PART OR TYPE OF CELL WHERE FOUND WHAT DOES IT FUNCTION: MISCELLANEOUS ORGANELLE Prokaryotic cell Plant cell LOOK LIKE: Job it does in INFORMATION: things Eukaryotic cell Animal cell Describe or Draw the cell such as color, what it is Both Both made of, size, etc. plasma/cell See diagram Holds cell together Phospholipid bilayer with membrane both both Regulates what goes proteins in/out of cell Semipermeable cytoplasm both Clear thick jelly- Supports/protects both like material in cell cell organelles See diagram Control center nucleus eukaryotic both Contains DNA See diagram Where proteins are ribosome both both made See diagram Process proteins Golgi complex eukaryotic both that go to other /apparatus parts of cell Membrane-bound Digests materials lysosome eukaryotic animal sac of digestive within the cell enzymes Membrane-bound Stores water, food, One large one in plants vacuole eukaryotic both storage area waste and dissolved Many smaller ones in minerals animals endoplasmic Network of Transport materials Can be rough (with reticulum eukaryotic both membrane tubes throughout the cell ribosomes attached) or smooth (without ribosomes) See diagram Where cell respiration Called Powerhouse of cell mitochondria eukaryotic both occurs (releases Makes ATP from energy for cell to use) breaking down glucose See diagram Where photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll chloroplast eukaryotic plant takes place Converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose Some pro- and plant (also fungi Rigid structure
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Sequencing and Sorting: Identifying Genetic Variations
    BioMath DNA Sequencing and Sorting: Identifying Genetic Variations Student Edition Funded by the National Science Foundation, Proposal No. ESI-06-28091 This material was prepared with the support of the National Science Foundation. However, any opinions, findings, conclusions, and/or recommendations herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF. At the time of publishing, all included URLs were checked and active. We make every effort to make sure all links stay active, but we cannot make any guaranties that they will remain so. If you find a URL that is inactive, please inform us at [email protected]. DIMACS Published by COMAP, Inc. in conjunction with DIMACS, Rutgers University. ©2015 COMAP, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. COMAP, Inc. 175 Middlesex Turnpike, Suite 3B Bedford, MA 01730 www.comap.com ISBN: 1 933223 71 5 Front Cover Photograph: EPA GULF BREEZE LABORATORY, PATHO-BIOLOGY LAB. LINDA SHARP ASSISTANT This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties. DNA Sequencing and Sorting: Identifying Genetic Variations Overview Each of the cells in your body contains a copy of your genetic inheritance, your DNA which has been passed down to you, one half from your biological mother and one half from your biological father. This DNA determines physical features, like eye color and hair color, and can determine susceptibility to medical conditions like hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
    [Show full text]